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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endgame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Endgame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endgame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_.com_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_.com_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>First .com domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_.com_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Networking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contributions to computer science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolics_Graphics_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolics_Graphics_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Symbolics Graphics Division</span> </div> 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vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symbolics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8" title="সিম্বলিকস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিম্বলিকস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="سیمبولیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیمبولیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%B3%BC%EB%A6%AD%EC%8A%A4" title="심볼릭스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심볼릭스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="シンボリックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンボリックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Symbolics" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Symbolism (disambiguation)">Symbolism</a>, or the religious study of <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Symbolics</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Symbolics" title="Special:EditPage/Symbolics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Symbolics%22">"Symbolics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Symbolics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Symbolics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Symbolics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Symbolics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Symbolics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Symbolics, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics_logo_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Symbolics_logo_color.svg/220px-Symbolics_logo_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Symbolics_logo_color.svg/330px-Symbolics_logo_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Symbolics_logo_color.svg/440px-Symbolics_logo_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Privately-held Symbolics, Inc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">April 9, 1980<span class="noprint">; 44 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1980-04-09</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Noftsker" title="Russell Noftsker">Russell Noftsker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">May 7, 1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1996-05-07</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Servers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a><br />Services</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symbolics-dks.com">www<wbr />.symbolics-dks<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3600-front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/3600-front.jpg/100px-3600-front.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/3600-front.jpg/150px-3600-front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/3600-front.jpg/200px-3600-front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Symbolics 3600</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Symbolics, Inc.</b>, was a privately held American <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> manufacturer that acquired the assets of the former company and continues to sell and maintain the <a href="/wiki/Open_Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Genera">Open Genera</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> system and the <a href="/wiki/Macsyma" title="Macsyma">Macsyma</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">computer algebra system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-symbolics-dks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symbolics-dks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics_logo_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Symbolics_logo_color.svg/220px-Symbolics_logo_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Symbolics_logo_color.svg/330px-Symbolics_logo_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Symbolics_logo_color.svg/440px-Symbolics_logo_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="103" /></a><figcaption>Symbolics Logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The symbolics.com domain was <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently-registered_Internet_domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the oldest currently-registered Internet domain names">originally registered</a> on March 15, 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the first <a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a>-domain in the world. In August 2009, it was sold to napkin.com (formerly XF.com) Investments.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:X-peek.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/X-peek.gif" decoding="async" width="353" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>A view of running processes in a Symbolics machine</figcaption></figure> <p>Symbolics, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> manufacturer headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, and later in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, with manufacturing facilities in <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatsworth, California">Chatsworth, California</a> (a suburban section of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>). Its first CEO, chairman, and founder was <a href="/wiki/Russell_Noftsker" title="Russell Noftsker">Russell Noftsker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbolics designed and manufactured a line of <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a>, single-user computers optimized to run the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. Symbolics also made significant advances in software technology, and offered one of the premier software development environments of the 1980s and 1990s, now sold commercially as <a href="/wiki/Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Open Genera</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (HP) <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>. The Lisp Machine was the first commercially available <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer workstation">workstation</a></i>, although that word had not yet been coined. </p><p>Symbolics was a spinoff from the <a href="/wiki/MIT_AI_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT AI Lab">MIT AI Lab</a>, one of two companies to be founded by AI Lab staffers and associated <a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hackers</a> for the purpose of manufacturing Lisp machines. The other was <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machines" title="Lisp Machines">Lisp Machines</a>, Inc., although Symbolics attracted most of the hackers, and more funding. </p><p>Symbolics' initial product, the LM-2, introduced in 1981, was a repackaged version of the MIT CADR <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> design. The <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and software development environment, over 500,000 lines, was written in Lisp from the <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> up, based on MIT's <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a>. </p><p>The software bundle was later renamed <a href="/wiki/ZetaLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="ZetaLisp">ZetaLisp</a>, to distinguish the Symbolics' product from other vendors who had also licensed the MIT software. Symbolics' <a href="/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a> text editor, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>, was implemented in a text-processing package named <i>ZWEI</i>, an acronym for <i>Zwei was Eine initially</i>, with <i>Eine</i> being an acronym for <i>Eine Is Not Emacs</i>. Both are <a href="/wiki/Recursive_acronym" title="Recursive acronym">recursive acronyms</a> and puns on the German words for <i>one</i> (<i>eins</i>, <i>eine</i>) and <i>two</i> (<i>zwei</i>). </p><p>The Lisp Machine system software was then copyrighted by MIT, and was licensed to both Symbolics and LMI. Until 1981, Symbolics shared all its copyrighted enhancements to the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> with MIT and kept it on an MIT server. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, Symbolics engaged in a business tactic in which it forced MIT to make all Symbolics' copyrighted fixes and improvements to the Lisp Machine OS available only to Symbolics (and MIT but not to Symbolics competitors), and thereby choke off its competitor LMI, which at that time had insufficient resources to independently maintain or develop the OS and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symbolics felt that they no longer had sufficient control over their product. At that point, Symbolics began using their own copy of the software, located on their company servers, while Stallman says that Symbolics did that to prevent its Lisp improvements from flowing to Lisp Machines, Inc. From that base, Symbolics made extensive improvements to every part of the software, and continued to deliver almost all the source code to their customers (including MIT). However, the policy prohibited MIT staff from distributing the Symbolics version of the software to others. With the end of open collaboration came the end of the MIT hacker community. As a reaction to this, Stallman initiated the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> project to make a new community. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> would ensure that a hacker's software could remain <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. In this way, Symbolics played a key, albeit adversarial, role in instigating the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>CADR machines </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Model</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>LM-2</td> <td>1981</td> <td>Workstation based on MIT CADR architecture </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_3600_series">The 3600 series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The 3600 series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics3640_Modified.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Symbolics3640_Modified.JPG/220px-Symbolics3640_Modified.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="434" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Symbolics3640_Modified.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Symbolics 3640</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics-3600-on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Symbolics-3600-on.jpg/220px-Symbolics-3600-on.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Symbolics-3600-on.jpg/330px-Symbolics-3600-on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Symbolics-3600-on.jpg/440px-Symbolics-3600-on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Symbolics 3600 Front Panel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics-3670-boards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Symbolics-3670-boards.jpg/220px-Symbolics-3670-boards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Symbolics-3670-boards.jpg/330px-Symbolics-3670-boards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Symbolics-3670-boards.jpg/440px-Symbolics-3670-boards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>Symbolics Boards</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, a year later than planned, Symbolics introduced the 3600 family of Lisp machines. Code-named the "L-machine" internally, the 3600 family was an innovative new design, inspired by the CADR architecture but sharing few of its implementation details. The main processor had a 36-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> (divided up as 4 or 8 bits of tags, and 32 bits of data or 28 bits of memory address). Memory words were 44 bits, the additional 8 bits being used for <a href="/wiki/Error-correcting_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correcting code">error-correcting code</a> (ECC). The <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> was that of a <a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machine</a>. The 3600 architecture provided 4,096 hardware registers, of which half were used as a <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">cache</a> for the top of the <a href="/wiki/Control_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Control stack">control stack</a>; the rest were used by the <a href="/wiki/Microprogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogram">microcode</a> and time-critical routines of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and Lisp run-time environment. Hardware support was provided for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>, which was common for machines in its class, and for <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>, which was unique. </p><p>The original 3600 processor was a <a href="/wiki/Microprogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogram">microprogrammed</a> design like the CADR, and was built on several large circuit boards from standard <a href="/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor-transistor logic">TTL</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, both features being common for commercial computers in its class at the time. <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU) <a href="/wiki/Clock_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock speed">clock speed</a> varied depending on which instruction was being executed, but was typically around 5 MHz. Many Lisp primitives could be executed in a single <a href="/wiki/Clock_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock cycle">clock cycle</a>. Disk <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O) was handled by <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Microprogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogram">microcode</a> level. A <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68000 processor</a> (termed the <i>front-end processor</i>, (FEP)) started the main computer up, and handled the slower peripherals during normal operation. An <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> interface was standard equipment, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Chaosnet" title="Chaosnet">Chaosnet</a> interface of the LM-2. </p><p>The 3600 was roughly the size of a household refrigerator. This was partly due to the size of the processor (the cards were widely spaced to allow <a href="/wiki/Wire-wrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire-wrap">wire-wrap</a> prototype cards to fit without interference) and partly due to the size of disk drive technology in the early 1980s. At the 3600's introduction, the smallest disk that could support the <a href="/wiki/ZetaLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="ZetaLisp">ZetaLisp</a> software was 14 inches (360 mm) wide (most 3600s shipped with the 10½-inch <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Eagle" title="Fujitsu Eagle">Fujitsu Eagle</a>). The 3670 and 3675 were slightly shorter in height, but were essentially the same machine packed a little tighter. The advent of 8 inches (200 mm), and later <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches (130 mm), disk drives that could hold hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> led to the introduction of the 3640 and 3645, which were roughly the size of a two-drawer file cabinet. </p><p>Later versions of the 3600 architecture were implemented on custom integrated circuits, reducing the five cards of the original processor design to two, at a large manufacturing cost savings and with performance slightly better than the old design. The 3650, first of the <i>G machines</i>, as they were known within the company, was housed in a cabinet derived from the 3640s. Denser memory and smaller disk drives enabled the introduction of the 3620, about the size of a modern full-size tower PC. The 3630 was a <i>fat 3620</i> with room for more memory and video interface cards. The 3610 was a lower priced variant of the 3620, essentially identical in every way except that it was licensed for application deployment rather than general development. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>36xx machines </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Model </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3600 </th> <td>1983</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3670 </th> <td>1984</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3640 </th> <td>1984</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3675 </th> <td>1985</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3645 </th> <td>1985</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3610 </th> <td>1986</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3620 </th> <td>1986</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3650 </th> <td>1986</td> <td>Workstation </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics-keyboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Symbolics-keyboard.jpg/220px-Symbolics-keyboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Symbolics-keyboard.jpg/330px-Symbolics-keyboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Symbolics-keyboard.jpg/440px-Symbolics-keyboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Symbolics Keyboard</figcaption></figure> <p>The various models of the 3600 family were popular for <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) research and commercial applications throughout the 1980s. The AI commercialization boom of the 1980s led directly to Symbolics' success during the decade. Symbolics computers were widely believed to be the best platform available for developing AI software. The LM-2 used a Symbolics-branded version of the complex <a href="/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">space-cadet keyboard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while later models used a simplified version (at right), known simply as the <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Symbolics_keyboard"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Symbolics keyboard</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Symbolics keyboard featured the many <a href="/wiki/Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">modifier keys</a> used in Zmacs, notably Control/Meta/Super/Hyper in a block, but did not feature the complex symbol set of the space-cadet keyboard. </p><p>Also contributing to the 3600 series' success was a line of <a href="/wiki/Bit-mapped_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-mapped graphics">bit-mapped graphics</a> color video interfaces, combined with extremely powerful animation software. Symbolics' Graphics Division, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Westwood, Los Angeles">Westwood, Los Angeles</a>, California, near to the major Hollywood movie and television studios, made its S-Render and S-Paint software into industry leaders in the animation business and its 24 fps lock displays were featured in Star Trek movies.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalman_Reti_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalman_Reti-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symbolics developed the first workstations able to process <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV) quality video, which enjoyed a popular following in Japan. A 3600, with the standard black-and-white monitor, made a cameo appearance in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Genius" title="Real Genius">Real Genius</a></i>. The company was also referenced in Michael Crichton's novel <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)" title="Jurassic Park (novel)"><i>Jurassic Park</i></a>. </p><p>Symbolics' Graphics Division was sold to Nichimen Trading Company in the early 1990s, and the S-Graphics software suite (S-Paint, S-Geometry, S-Dynamics, S-Render) ported to Franz Allegro Common Lisp on <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> (SGI) and PC computers running <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>. Today it is sold as <a href="/wiki/Mirai_(software)" title="Mirai (software)">Mirai</a> by Izware LLC, and continues to be used in major motion pictures (most famously in New Line Cinema's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>), video games, and military simulations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics-3600-ports.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Symbolics-3600-ports.jpg/220px-Symbolics-3600-ports.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Symbolics-3600-ports.jpg/330px-Symbolics-3600-ports.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Symbolics-3600-ports.jpg/440px-Symbolics-3600-ports.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>3600 ports, with Connection Machine interface</figcaption></figure> <p>Symbolics' 3600-series computers were also used as the first front end <i>controller</i> computers for the <a href="/wiki/Connection_Machine" title="Connection Machine">Connection Machine</a> massively parallel computers manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Thinking_Machines_Corporation" title="Thinking Machines Corporation">Thinking Machines Corporation</a>, another MIT spinoff based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Connection Machine ran a parallel variant of Lisp and, initially, was used primarily by the AI community, so the Symbolics Lisp machine was a particularly good fit as a front-end machine. </p><p>For a long time, the operating system didn't have a name, but was finally named <i>Genera</i> around 1984. The system included several advanced dialects of Lisp. Its heritage was <a href="/wiki/Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a> on the PDP-10, but it included more data types, and multiple-inheritance <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> features. This Lisp dialect was called <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a> at MIT. Symbolics used the name ZetaLisp. Symbolics later wrote new software in <i>Symbolics Common Lisp</i>, its version of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivory_and_Open_Genera">Ivory and Open Genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ivory and Open Genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s (2 years later than planned), the Ivory family of single-chip Lisp Machine processors superseded the G-Machine 3650, 3620, and 3630 systems. The Ivory 390k transistor VLSI implementation designed in Symbolics Common Lisp using NS, a custom Symbolics Hardware Design Language (HDL), addressed a 40-bit word (8 bits tag, 32 bits data/address). Since it only addressed full words and not bytes or half-words, this allowed addressing of 4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gigaword&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gigaword (page does not exist)">Gigawords</a> (GW) or 16 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabytes</a> (GB) of memory; the increase in <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a> reflected the growth of programs and data as semiconductor memory and disk space became cheaper. The Ivory processor had 8 bits of ECC attached to each word, so each word fetched from external memory to the chip was actually 48 bits wide. Each Ivory instruction was 18 bits wide and two instructions plus a 2-bit CDR code and 2-bit Data Type were in each instruction word fetched from memory. Fetching two instruction words at a time from memory enhanced the Ivory's performance. Unlike the 3600's <a href="/wiki/Microprogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogram">microprogrammed</a> architecture, the Ivory instruction set was still microcoded, but was stored in a 1200 × 180-bit ROM inside the Ivory chip. The initial Ivory processors were fabricated by <a href="/wiki/VLSI_Technology,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI Technology, Inc">VLSI Technology Inc</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>, on a 2 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> CMOS process, with later generations fabricated by <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon" title="Corvallis, Oregon">Corvallis, Oregon</a>, on 1.25 μm and 1 μm CMOS processes. The Ivory had a stack architecture and operated a 4-stage pipeline: Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write Back. Ivory processors were marketed in stand-alone Lisp Machines (the XL400, XL1200, and XL1201), headless Lisp Machines (NXP1000), and on add-in cards for <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (UX400, UX1200) and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a> (MacIvory I, II, III) computers. The Lisp Machines with Ivory processors operated at speeds that were between two and six times faster than a 3600 depending on the model and the revision of the Ivory chip. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Ivory machines </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Model </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">MacIvory I </th> <td>1988</td> <td>Nubus Board for Apple Macintosh </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XL400 </th> <td>1988</td> <td>Workstation, VMEBus </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">MacIvory II </th> <td>1989</td> <td>Nubus Board for Apple Macintosh </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">UX400 </th> <td>1989</td> <td>VMEBus Board for Sun </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XL1200 </th> <td>1990</td> <td>Workstation, VMEBus </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">UX1200 </th> <td>1990</td> <td>VMEBus Board for Sun </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">MacIvory III </th> <td>1991</td> <td>Nubus Board for Apple Macintosh </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XL1201 </th> <td>1992</td> <td>Compact Workstation, VMEBus </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">NXP1000 </th> <td>1992</td> <td>Headless Machine </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Ivory <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> was later emulated in software for <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> implementing the 64-bit <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> architecture. The "Virtual Lisp Machine" <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a>, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and software development environment from the XL machines, is sold as Open Genera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunstone">Sunstone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sunstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sunstone was a processor similar to a <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">reduced instruction set computer</a> (RISC), that was to be released shortly after the Ivory. It was designed by Ron Lebel's group at the Symbolics Westwood office. However, the project was canceled the day it was supposed to tape out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endgame">Endgame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Endgame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As quickly as the commercial AI boom of the mid-1980s had propelled Symbolics to success, the <i><a href="/wiki/AI_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Winter">AI Winter</a></i> of the late 1980s and early 1990s, combined with the slowdown of the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> administration's <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>, popularly termed <i>Star Wars</i>, <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a> program, for which the <i>Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</i> (<a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>) had invested heavily in AI solutions, severely damaged Symbolics. An internal war between Noftsker and the CEO the board had hired in 1986, Brian Sear, over whether to follow Sun's suggested lead and focus on selling their software, or to re-emphasize their superior hardware, and the ensuing lack of focus when both Noftsker and Sear were fired from the company caused sales to plummet. This, combined with some ill-advised real estate deals by company management during the boom years (they had entered into large long-term lease obligations in California), drove Symbolics into <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>. Rapid evolution in <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass market</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> technology (the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_personal_computers" title="History of personal computers">PC revolution</a></i>), advances in Lisp <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> technology, and the economics of manufacturing custom <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> severely diminished the commercial advantages of purpose-built Lisp machines. By 1995, the Lisp machine era had ended, and with it Symbolics' hopes for success. </p><p>Symbolics continued as an enterprise with very limited revenues, supported mainly by service contracts on the remaining MacIvory, UX-1200, UX-1201, and other machines still used by commercial customers. Symbolics also sold Virtual Lisp Machine (VLM) software for DEC, Compaq, and HP Alpha-based workstations (<a href="/wiki/AlphaStation" title="AlphaStation">AlphaStation</a>) and servers (<a href="/wiki/AlphaServer" title="AlphaServer">AlphaServer</a>), refurbished MacIvory IIs, and Symbolics keyboards. </p><p>In July 2005, Symbolics closed its <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatsworth, California">Chatsworth, California</a>, maintenance facility. The reclusive owner of the company, Andrew Topping, died that same year. The current legal status of Symbolics software is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An assortment of Symbolics hardware was still available for purchase as of August 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (US DoD) awarded Symbolics a 5 year contract for maintenance work, ending in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_.com_domain">First .com domain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First .com domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Symbolics.com</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Commercial</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">XF.com Investments</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://symbolics.com">Symbolics.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">March 15, 1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985-03-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On March 15, 1985, symbolics.com became <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">the first (and currently, since it is still registered, the oldest) registered <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000022-QINU`"'</style><span class="monospaced">.com</span> domain of the Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbolics.com domain was purchased by Napkin.com in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Networking">Networking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genera also featured the most extensive networking interoperability software seen to that point. A <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> system called <a href="/wiki/Chaosnet" title="Chaosnet">Chaosnet</a> had been invented for the Lisp Machine (predating the commercial availability of <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>). The Symbolics system supported Chaosnet, but also had one of the first <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> implementations. It also supported <a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a> and IBM's <a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">SNA</a> network protocols. A Dialnet protocol used phone lines and <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a>. Genera would, using hints from its distributed <i><a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespace</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> (somewhat similar to <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS), but more comprehensive, like parts of Xerox's Grapevine), automatically select the best protocol combination to use when connecting to network service. An application program (or a user command) would only specify the name of the host and the desired service. For example, a host name and a request for "Terminal Connection" might yield a connection over TCP/IP using the <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a> protocol (although there were many other possibilities). Likewise, requesting a file operation (such as a Copy File command) might pick <a href="/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network File System (protocol)">NFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>, NFILE (the Symbolics network file access protocol), or one of several others, and it might execute the request over TCP/IP, Chaosnet, or whatever other network was most suitable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_programs">Application programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Application programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular application program for the Symbolics Lisp Machine was the <a href="/wiki/ICAD_(software)" title="ICAD (software)">ICAD</a> computer-aided engineering system. One of the first networked multi-player video games, a version of <a href="/wiki/Spacewar_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewar (video game)">Spacewar</a>, was developed for the Symbolics Lisp Machine in 1983. Electronic CAD software on the Symbolics Lisp Machine was used to develop the first implementation of the Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture (<a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_computer_science">Contributions to computer science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contributions to computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolics' research and development staff (first at MIT, and then later at the company) produced several major innovations in software technology: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a>, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> extensions to Lisp, was a <a href="/wiki/Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a> object system patterned after <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, but with <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a> and several other enhancements. The Symbolics <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> made heavy use of Flavors objects. The experience gained with Flavors led to the design of New Flavors, a short-lived successor based on <a href="/wiki/Generic_function" title="Generic function">generic functions</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a>. Many of the concepts in New Flavors formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/CLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOS">CLOS</a> (Common Lisp Object System) standard.</li> <li>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> techniques by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Baker_(computer_scientist)" title="Henry Baker (computer scientist)">Henry Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a> and others, particularly the first commercial use of <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)#Generational_GC_.28ephemeral_GC.29" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">generational scavenging</a>, allowed Symbolics computers to run large Lisp programs for months at a time.</li> <li>Symbolics staffers <a href="/wiki/Dan_Weinreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Weinreb">Dan Weinreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a>, Neal Feinberg, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a>, Scott McKay, Sonya Keene, and others made significant contributions to the emerging Common Lisp language standard from the mid-1980s through the release of the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) Common Lisp standard in 1994.</li> <li>Symbolics introduced one of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">object databases</a>, Statice, in 1989. Its developers later went on to found <a href="/wiki/Object_Design,_Incorporated" title="Object Design, Incorporated">Object Design, Inc.</a> and create <a href="/wiki/ObjectStore" title="ObjectStore">ObjectStore</a>.</li> <li>Symbolics introduced in 1987 one of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> designed to support the execution of Lisp programs: the Symbolics Ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbolics also used its own CAD system (NS, New Schematic) for the development of the Ivory chip.</li> <li>Under contract from AT&T, Symbolics developed Minima, a real-time Lisp run-time environment and operating system for the Ivory processor. This was delivered in a small hardware configuration featuring much <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM), no disk, and dual network ports. It was used as the basis for a next-generation carrier class long-distance telephone switch.</li> <li>The Graphics Division's <a href="/wiki/Craig_Reynolds_(computer_graphics)" title="Craig Reynolds (computer graphics)">Craig Reynolds</a> devised an algorithm that simulated the flocking behavior of birds in flight. <i><a href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</a></i> made their first appearance at <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a> in the 1987 animated short "<a href="/wiki/Stanley_and_Stella_in:_Breaking_the_Ice" title="Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice">Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice</a>", produced by the Graphics Division. Reynolds went on to win the Scientific And Engineering Award from <a href="/wiki/The_Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> in 1998.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Symbolics_Document_Examiner" title="Symbolics Document Examiner">Symbolics Document Examiner</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> system originally used for the Symbolics manuals- it was based on Zmacs following a design by Janet Walker, and proved influential in the evolution of hypertext.</li> <li>Symbolics was very active in the design and development of the <a href="/wiki/CLIM" class="mw-redirect" title="CLIM">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a> (CLIM) presentation-based <a href="/wiki/User_Interface_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="User Interface Management System">User Interface Management System</a>. CLIM is a descendant of Dynamic Windows, Symbolics' own window system. CLIM was the result of the collaboration of several Lisp companies.</li> <li>Symbolics produced the first workstation which could <a href="/wiki/Genlock" title="Genlock">genlock</a>, the first to have real time video I/O, the first to support digital video I/O and the first to do HDTV.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolics_Graphics_Division">Symbolics Graphics Division</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Symbolics Graphics Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Symbolics Graphics Division (SGD, founded in 1982, sold to Nichimen Graphics in 1992) developed the S-Graphics software suite (S-Paint, S-Geometry, S-Dynamics, S-Render) for Symbolics Genera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This software was also used to create a few computer-animated movies and was used for some popular movies. </p> <ul><li>1984, graphics for the little screens on the bridges of the Enterprise and the Klingon ship in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock" title="Star Trek III: The Search for Spock">Star Trek III: The Search for Spock</a></i></li> <li>1985, 3D animations for <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Genius" title="Real Genius">Real Genius</a></i></li> <li>1987, Symbolics, <i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_and_Stella_in:_Breaking_the_Ice" title="Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice">Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice</a></i></li> <li>1989, Symbolics, The Little Death</li> <li>1990, 3D animations for <i><a href="/wiki/Robocop_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Robocop 2">Robocop 2</a></i></li> <li>1990, 3D animations for <i><a href="/wiki/Jetsons:_The_Movie" title="Jetsons: The Movie">Jetsons: The Movie</a></i></li> <li>1990, 3D animations for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Funtastic_World_of_Hanna-Barbera_(ride)" title="The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (ride)">The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera</a></i></li> <li>1991, Symbolics, <i>Ductile Flow</i>, presented at SIGGRAPH 1991 <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991, Symbolics, Virtually Yours</li> <li>1991, 3D animations for <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail:_Fievel_Goes_West" title="An American Tail: Fievel Goes West">An American Tail: Fievel Goes West</a></i></li> <li>1993, 3D animation of the Orca for <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Willy" title="Free Willy">Free Willy</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smbx.org/symbolics-bancruptcy-filed/">"Symbolics Bancruptcy Filed"</a>. <i>Symbolics Lisp Machine Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Symbolics+Lisp+Machine+Museum&rft.atitle=Symbolics+Bancruptcy+Filed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmbx.org%2Fsymbolics-bancruptcy-filed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-symbolics-dks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-symbolics-dks_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symbolics-dks.com/">Symbolics</a>, Sales by David Schmidt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whois.domaintools.com/symbolics.com">"Symbolics.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS">WHOIS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHOIS&rft.atitle=Symbolics.com+WHOIS%2C+DNS%2C+%26+Domain+Info+%E2%80%93+DomainTools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhois.domaintools.com%2Fsymbolics.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWauters2009" class="citation web cs1">Wauters, Robin (27 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2009/08/27/25-years-later-first-registered-domain-name-changes-hands/">"25 Years Later, First Registered Domain Name Changes Hands"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+Years+Later%2C+First+Registered+Domain+Name+Changes+Hands&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft.aulast=Wauters&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F08%2F27%2F25-years-later-first-registered-domain-name-changes-hands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Incorporated April 9, 1980, in Delaware by Robert P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Project&rft.atitle=My+Lisp+Experiences+and+the+Development+of+GNU+Emacs&rft.date=2002-10-28&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Frms-lisp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/symbolics/brochures/LM-2.pdf">"Symbolics LM-2 Symbol Processing System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bitsavers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitsavers&rft.atitle=Symbolics+LM-2+Symbol+Processing+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fsymbolics%2Fbrochures%2FLM-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/symbolics/brochures/3600_Jul83.pdf">"Symbolics 3600 Symbol Processing System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bitsavers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitsavers&rft.atitle=Symbolics+3600+Symbol+Processing+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fsymbolics%2Fbrochures%2F3600_Jul83.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalman_Reti-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalman_Reti_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@lispwizard/videos">Kalman Reti</a> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jACcgLfyiyM">History of Symbolics Lisp machines</a> (including a demo of Brad Parker's emulator port) – The Last Symbolics Developer, at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> at a meeting of the Boston Lisp group, 28 June 2012 @ <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fare.livejournal.com/168016.html">"Boston Lisp Meeting Thursday 2012-06-28 Kalman Reti on Symbolics Lisp Machines"</a>. <i>LiveJournal</i>. 19 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chan, David; Cherry, Jim; Corry, Alan; Efland, Greg; Edwards, Bruce; Matson, Mark; Minsky, Henry; Nestler, Eric; Reti, Kalman; Sarrazin, David; Sommer, Charles; Tan, David; Weste, Neil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/symbolics-ivory-processor-a-40-bit-tagged-architecture-lisp-micro">"The Symbolics Ivory Processor: A 40 Bit Tagged Architecture Lisp Microprocessor"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Design</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">512–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Symbolics+Ivory+Processor%3A+A+40+Bit+Tagged+Architecture+Lisp+Microprocessor&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Computer+Design&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E512-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft.au=Chan%2C+David&rft.au=Cherry%2C+Jim&rft.au=Corry%2C+Alan&rft.au=Efland%2C+Greg&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Matson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Minsky%2C+Henry&rft.au=Nestler%2C+Eric&rft.au=Reti%2C+Kalman&rft.au=Sarrazin%2C+David&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Charles&rft.au=Tan%2C+David&rft.au=Weste%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchers.mq.edu.au%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fsymbolics-ivory-processor-a-40-bit-tagged-architecture-lisp-micro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ph/nyit/masson/companies.htm">"The Computer Graphics Essential Reference"</a>. <i>www.cs.cmu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.cmu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Computer+Graphics+Essential+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~ph%2Fnyit%2Fmasson%2Fcompanies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RqZsVvArso">"Ductile Flow 1991"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i>. 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=Ductile+Flow+1991&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7RqZsVvArso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon" class="citation conference cs1">Moon, David A. "Garbage collection in a large LISP system". <i>Proceedings of the 1984 ACM Symposium on LISP and functional programming, August 6–8, 1984, Austin, Texas</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Garbage+collection+in+a+large+LISP+system&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1984+ACM+Symposium+on+LISP+and+functional+programming%2C+August+6%E2%80%938%2C+1984%2C+Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon" class="citation conference cs1">Moon, David A. "Architecture of the Symbolics 3600". <i>Proceedings of the 12th annual international symposium on Computer architecture, June 17–19, 1985, Boston, Massachusetts</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+the+Symbolics+3600&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+12th+annual+international+symposium+on+Computer+architecture%2C+June+17%E2%80%9319%2C+1985%2C+Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon1986" class="citation conference cs1">Moon, David A. (1986). "Object-oriented programming with Flavors". In N. Meyrowitz (ed.). <i>Conference Proceedings on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications (Portland, Oregon, United States, September 29–October 2, 1986)</i>. OOPLSA '86. New York, NY: ACM. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Object-oriented+programming+with+Flavors&rft.btitle=Conference+Proceedings+on+Object-Oriented+Programming+Systems%2C+Languages+and+Applications+%28Portland%2C+Oregon%2C+United+States%2C+September+29%E2%80%93October+2%2C+1986%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon1987" class="citation journal cs1">Moon, David A. (January 1987). "Symbolics Architecture". <i>Computer</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1987.1663356">10.1109/MC.1987.1663356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14958379">14958379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=Symbolics+Architecture&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.1987.1663356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14958379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerMoonWeinrebMcMahon1987" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, J. 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San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. pp. <span class="nowrap">545–</span>617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbolic+computing+architectures&rft.btitle=Exploring+Artificial+intelligence&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E545-%3C%2Fspan%3E617&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Shrobe&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1988" class="citation conference cs1">Walker, J. H. (1988). "Supporting document development with concordia". In Shriver, B.D. (ed.). <i>Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Hawaii international Conference on Software Track (Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, United States)</i>. 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(1989). "A presentation manager based on application semantics". <i>Proceedings of the 2nd Annual ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Williamsburg, Virginia, United States, November 13–15, 1989)</i>. UIST '89. New York, NY: ACM. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+presentation+manager+based+on+application+semantics&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2nd+Annual+ACM+SIGGRAPH+Symposium+on+User+interface+Software+and+Technology+%28Williamsburg%2C+Virginia%2C+United+States%2C+November+13%E2%80%9315%2C+1989%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=York%2C+W.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1991" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, S. (September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F114669.114675">"CLIM: the Common Lisp interface manager"</a>. <i>Comm. ACM</i>. <b>34</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F114669.114675">10.1145/114669.114675</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30569359">30569359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comm.+ACM&rft.atitle=CLIM%3A+the+Common+Lisp+interface+manager&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F114669.114675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30569359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F114669.114675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbolics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symbolics-dks.com">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829063407/http://www.symbolics-dks.com/">www.symbolics-dks.com</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 29, 2009)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7881288">the legal owner?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/pubs/lists/lisp/slug/">Archives from the Symbolics Lisp Users Group (SLUG) Mailing List, 1986-1993</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705054013/ftp://ftp.ai.sri.com/pub/slug">Archives from the Symbolics Lisp Users Group (SLUG) Mailing List, 1990-1999</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smbx.org">The Symbolics Museum</a></li> <li>Ralf Möller's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifis.uni-luebeck.de/~moeller/symbolics-info/symbolics.html">Symbolics Lisp Machine Museum</a> @ ifis.uni-luebeck.de</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lispm.de/genera-concepts">"Genera Concepts"</a> – Web copy of Symbolic's introduction to Genera</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifis.uni-luebeck.de/~moeller/symbolics-info/development-environment/">screenshots of Genera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014172022/http://home.rbcarleton.com/rbc/symbolics/announcements/">A collection of press releases from Symbolics</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014172025/http://home.rbcarleton.com/rbc/symbolics/announcements/19870519-ivory.txt">"Symbolics announces the first true Single-Chip Lisp CPU"</a> – Symbolics press release announcing the Ivory chip</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813021907/http://www.andromeda.com/people/ddyer/lisp/">Lisp machines timeline – A timeline of Symbolics' and others' Lisp machines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@lispwizard/videos">Kalman Reti</a> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jACcgLfyiyM">History of Symbolics Lisp machines</a> (including a demo of Brad Parker's emulator port) – The Last Symbolics Developer, at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> at a meeting of the Boston Lisp group, 28 June 2012 @ <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snapshot.internetx.com/en/blogpost/its-all-about-domains-interview-with-aron-meystedt-symbolics-com/">It's all about domains with... Aron Meystedt from symbolics.com</a> – The story of the domain <i>symbolics.com</i> and how it is used today</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Automatic storage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-expression" title="M-expression">M-expressions</a> (deprecated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">Read–eval–print loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree data structure">Tree data structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonLoops" title="CommonLoops">CommonLoops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standardized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common<br />Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Bear Common Lisp">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a> (ABCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a> (CMUCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corman_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Corman Common Lisp">Corman Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Common_Lisp" title="GNU Common Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a> (GCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocl" title="Mocl">Mocl</a></li> <li>Movitz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a> (SBCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Symbolics Common Lisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language" title="History of the Scheme programming language">History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigloo" title="Bigloo">Bigloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit_(scheme_implementation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit (scheme implementation)">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp" title="Game Oriented Assembly Lisp">Game Oriented Assembly Lisp</a> (GOAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Ikarus (Scheme implementation)">Ikarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScheme" title="JScheme">JScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Kawa (Scheme implementation)">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">MIT/GNU Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiLisp" title="MultiLisp">MultiLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_(programming_language)" title="Pico (programming language)">Pico</a></li> <li>Pocket Scheme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> (<a href="/wiki/Racket_features" title="Racket features">features</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCM_(Scheme_implementation)" title="SCM (Scheme implementation)">SCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIOD" title="SIOD">SIOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_(programming_language)" title="T (programming language)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TinyScheme" title="TinyScheme">TinyScheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unstandardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCBLogo" title="UCBLogo">UCBLogo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> (POP-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-2" title="POP-2">POP-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(programming_language)" title="Arc (programming language)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_LISP" title="BBN LISP">BBN LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Dylan" title="Apple Dylan">Apple</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dylan_programming_language" title="History of the Dylan programming language">history</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy_(programming_language)" title="Hy (programming language)">Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/*Lisp" title="*Lisp">*Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="LeLisp">LeLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LFE_(programming_language)" title="LFE (programming language)">LFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lispkit_Lisp" title="Lispkit Lisp">Lispkit Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDL_(programming_language)" title="MDL (programming language)">MDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLisp" title="MLisp">MLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIL_(programming_language)" title="NIL (programming language)">NIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Picolisp">Picolisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Standard_Lisp" title="Portable Standard Lisp">Portable Standard Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_(programming_language)" title="RPL (programming language)">RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Lisp" title="S-1 Lisp">S-1 Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_SKILL" title="Cadence SKILL">SKILL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetalisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetalisp">Zetalisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)#Operating_systems" title="Lisp (programming language)">List</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scsh" title="Scsh">Scsh</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community<br />of practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_Requests_for_Implementation" title="Scheme Requests for Implementation">Scheme Requests for Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_HyperSpec" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3J13" title="X3J13">X3J13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_the_Language" title="Common Lisp the Language">Common Lisp the Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a> (HTDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Lisp" title="On Lisp">On Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Common_Lisp" title="Practical Common Lisp">Practical Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> (SICP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curriculum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_(software_company)" title="Harlequin (software company)">Harlequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbolics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanalys" title="Xanalys">Xanalys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Berkeley" title="Edmund Berkeley">Edmund Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clinger_(computer_scientist)" title="William Clinger (computer scientist)">William Clinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Kent_Dybvig" title="R. Kent Dybvig">R. Kent Dybvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robert Bruce Findler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a></li> <li>Timothy P. Hart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hodes" title="Louis Hodes">Louis Hodes</a></li> <li>Mike Levin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Luckham" title="David Luckham">David Luckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Park_(computer_scientist)" title="David Park (computer scientist)">David Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenspun%27s_tenth_rule" title="Greenspun's tenth rule">10th rule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Sussman">Julie Sussman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_Bollay" title="Denison Bollay">Denison Bollay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lisp-family_programming_languages" title="List of Lisp-family programming languages">List</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Lisp_programming_language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Subject:Lisp programming language">Books</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lisp (programming language)">Commons</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Category:Lisp (programming language)">Category</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lisp_programming_language_family" title="Category:Lisp programming language family">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata677" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034213#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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