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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera_operating_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genera operating system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera_operating_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>User interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Symbolics operating system based on Lisp</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Genera</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolics-document-examiner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Symbolics-document-examiner.png/300px-Symbolics-document-examiner.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Symbolics-document-examiner.png 1.5x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="237" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> OS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Source-available" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-available">Source-available</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1982<span class="noprint">; 42 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1982</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Portable Genera 2.0.6 / 17 August 2024<span class="noprint">; 3 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-08-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data">various <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp Machine">Lisp Machines</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Arm64" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm64">Arm64</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon#M_series" title="Apple silicon"> Apple Silicon M Series</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dynamic Windows <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://symbolics-dks.com">symbolics-dks<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Genera</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a>. It is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> of an earlier operating system originating on the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">AI Lab's</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a> which Symbolics had used in common with <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machines" title="Lisp Machines">Lisp Machines</a>, Inc. (LMI), and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> (TI). Genera was also sold by Symbolics as <b>Open Genera</b>, which runs Genera on computers based on a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> processor using <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a>. In 2021 a new version was released as <b>Portable Genera</b> which runs on Tru64 UNIX on Alpha, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> on <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arm64" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm64">Arm64</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> on x86-64 and Arm64 (<a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon#M_series" title="Apple silicon">Apple Silicon M Series</a>). It is released and <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">licensed</a> as <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>. </p><p>Genera is an example of an <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">object-oriented operating system</a> based on the programming language <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. </p><p>Genera supports incremental and interactive development of complex software using a mix of programming styles with extensive support for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MIT's_Lisp_machine_operating_system"><span id="MIT.27s_Lisp_machine_operating_system"></span>MIT's Lisp machine operating system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: MIT's Lisp machine operating system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lisp Machine operating system was written in <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a>. It was a one-user workstation initially targeted at software developers for <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) projects.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system had a large <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> screen, a mouse, a keyboard, a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> interface, a disk drive, and slots for expansion. The operating system was supporting this hardware and it provided (among others): </p> <ul><li>code for a frontend processor</li> <li>means to boot the operating system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a></li> <li>interface to various hardware: mouse, keyboard, bitmap frame buffer, disk, printer, network interface</li> <li>an interpreter and a native code compiler for Lisp Machine Lisp</li> <li>an object system: <a href="/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) window system and <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window manager</a></li> <li>a local <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a></li> <li>support for the <a href="/wiki/Chaosnet" title="Chaosnet">Chaosnet</a> (CHAOS) network</li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>-like Editor named <a href="/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a></li> <li>a mail program named Zmail</li> <li>a Lisp listener</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a></li></ul> <p>This was already a complete one-user Lisp-based operating system and development environment. </p><p>The MIT Lisp machine operating system was developed from the middle 1970s to the early 1980s. </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for this Lisp machine operating system from MIT was released as <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genera_operating_system">Genera operating system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genera operating system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a> developed new <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a> and published the operating system under the name <i>Genera</i>. The latest version is 8.5. Symbolics Genera was developed in the early 1980s and early 1990s. In the final years, development entailed mostly patches, with very little new function. </p><p>Symbolics developed Genera based on this foundation of the MIT Lisp machine operating system. It sells the operating system and <i>layered software</i>. Some of the layered software has been integrated into Genera in later releases. Symbolics improved the operating system software from the original MIT Lisp machine and expanded it. The Genera operating system was only available for Symbolics Lisp machines and the Open Genera <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>. </p><p>Symbolics Genera has many features and supports all the versions of various hardware that Symbolics built over its life. Its source code is more than a million lines; the number depends on the release and what amount of software is installed. Symbolics Genera was published on <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">magnetic tape</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>. The release of the operating system also provided most of the source code of the operating system and its applications. The user has free access to all parts of the running operating system and can write changes and extensions. The source code of the operating system is divided into <i>systems</i>. These systems bundle sources, binaries and other files. The <i>system construction toolkit</i> (SCT) maintains the dependencies, the components and the versions of all the systems. A system has two numbers: a major and a minor version number. The major version number counts the number of full constructions of a system. The minor version counts the number of patches to that system. A <i>patch</i> is a file that can be loaded to fix problems or provide extensions to a particular version of a system. </p><p>Symbolics developed a version named <i>Open Genera</i>, that included a virtual machine that enabled executing Genera on DEC Alpha based workstations, plus several Genera extensions and applications that were sold separately (like the Symbolics <i>S-Graphics</i> suite). Also, they made a new operating system named <i>Minima</i> for embedded uses, in <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>. The latest version is <i>Portable Genera</i>, which has the virtual machine ported to <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arm64" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm64">Arm64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a> processors - additionally to the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a> processor. The virtual machine then runs under the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, additionally to <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a>. </p><p>The original Lisp machine operating system was developed in <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a>, using the <i>Flavors</i> object-oriented extension to that Lisp. Symbolics provided a successor to Flavors named <i>New Flavors</i>. Later Symbolics also supported <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS). Then Symbolics Common Lisp became the default Lisp dialect for writing software with Genera. The software of the operating system was written mostly in Lisp Machine Lisp (named <a href="/wiki/ZetaLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="ZetaLisp">ZetaLisp</a>) and Symbolics Common Lisp. These Lisp dialects are both provided by Genera. Also parts of the software was using either Flavors, New Flavors, and Common Lisp Object System. Some of the older parts of the Genera operating system have been rewritten in Symbolics Common Lisp and the Common Lisp Object system. Many parts of the operating systems remained written in ZetaLisp and Flavors (or New Flavors). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_interface">User interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: User interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early versions of Symbolics Genera were built with the original <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> of the Lisp machine operating system. Symbolics then developed a radically new windowing system named <i>Dynamic Windows</i> with a <i>presentation-based user interface</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This window system was introduced with Genera 7 in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the applications of Genera have then been using Dynamic Windows for their <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>. Eventually there was a move to port parts of the window system to run on other Common Lisp implementations by other vendors as the <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a> (CLIM). Versions of CLIM have been available (among others) for <a href="/wiki/Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a>. An open source version is available (<a href="/wiki/McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a>). </p><p><i>Dynamic Windows</i> uses <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">typed objects</a> for all output to the screen. All displayed information keeps its connection to the objects displayed (<i>output recording</i>). This works for both textual and graphical output. At runtime the applicable operations to these objects are computed based on the class hierarchy and the available operations (<i><a href="/wiki/Command_pattern" title="Command pattern">commands</a></i>). Commands are organized in <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> <i>command tables</i> with typed parameters. Commands can be entered with the mouse (making extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Mouse_chording" title="Mouse chording">mouse chording</a>), keystrokes, and with a command line interface. All applications share one command line interpreter implementation, which adapts to various types of usage. The graphical abilities of the window system are based on the <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> graphics model. </p><p>The user interface is mostly in <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>) since that was what the hardware console typically provided. But extensive support exists for color, using color frame buffers or <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> (X11) servers with color support. The <i>activities</i> (applications) use the whole screen with several panes, though windows can also be smaller. The layout of these activity windows adapts to different screen sizes. Activities can also switch between different pane layouts. </p><p>Genera provides a <i>system menu</i> to control windows, switch applications, and operate the window system. Many features of the user interface (switching between activities, creating activities, stopping and starting processes, and much more) can also be controlled with keyboard commands. </p><p>The <i>Dynamic Lisp Listener</i> is an example of a command line interface with full graphics abilities and support for mouse-based interaction. It accepts Lisp expressions and commands as input. The output is mouse sensitive. The Lisp listener can display forms to input data for the various built-in commands. </p><p>The user interface provides extensive <a href="/wiki/Online_help" title="Online help">online help</a> and <a href="/wiki/Context_sensitive_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Context sensitive help">context sensitive help</a>, completion of choices in various contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genera supports fully <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a> online documentation. The documentation is read with the <a href="/wiki/Symbolics_Document_Examiner" title="Symbolics Document Examiner">Document Examiner</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> browser. The documentation is based on small reusable documentation records that can also be displayed in various contexts with the Editor and the Lisp Listener. The documentation is organized in books and sections. The books were also provided in printed versions with the same contents as the online documentation. The documentation <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> information is delivered with Genera and can be modified with incremental patches. </p><p>The documentation was created with a separate application that was not shipped with Genera: Symbolics <i>Concordia</i>. Concordia provides an extension to the <i>Zmacs</i> editor for editing documentation records, a graphics editor and a page previewer. </p><p>The documentation provides user guides, installation guidelines and references of the various Lisp constructs and libraries. </p><p>The markup language is based on the <a href="/wiki/Scribe_(markup_language)" title="Scribe (markup language)">Scribe</a> markup language and also usable by the developer. </p><p>Genera supports printing to postscript printers, provides a printing queue and also a PostScript interpreter (written in Lisp). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genera also has support for various network protocols and applications using those. It has extensive support for <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>. </p><p>Genera supports one-processor machines with several threads (called <i>processes</i>). </p><p>Genera supports several different types of <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> (GC): full GC, in-place GC, incremental GC, and ephemeral GC. The ephemeral collector uses only physical memory and uses the <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a> unit to get information about changed pages in physical memory. The collector uses generations and the virtual memory is divided into areas. Areas can contain objects of certain types (strings, bitmaps, pathnames, ...), and each area can use different memory management mechanisms. </p><p>Genera implements two <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>: the FEP file system for large files and the <i>Lisp Machine File System</i> (LMFS) optimized for many small files. These systems also maintain different versions of files. If a file is modified, Genera still keeps the old versions. Genera also provides access to, can read from and write to, other, local and remote, file systems including: NFS, FTP, HFS, CD-ROMs, <a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">tape drives</a>. </p><p>Genera supports netbooting. </p><p>Genera provides a client for the <i>Statice</i> <a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">object database</a> from Symbolics. </p><p>Genera makes extensive use of the <i>condition system</i> (exception handling) to handle all kinds of runtime errors and is able to recover from many of these errors. For example, it allows retrying network operations if a network connection has a failure; the application code will keep running. When errors occur, users are presented a menu of restarts (abort, retry, continue options) that are specific to the error signalled. </p><p>Genera has extensive debugging tools. </p><p>Genera can save versions of the running system to <i>worlds</i>. These worlds can be booted and then will contain all the saved data and code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_languages">Programming languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolics provided several <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> for use with Genera: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZetaLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="ZetaLisp">ZetaLisp</a>, the Symbolics version of Lisp Machine Lisp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> in several versions: Symbolics Common Lisp, Future Common Lisp (ANSI Common Lisp), CLtL1</li> <li>Symbolics Pascal, a version of <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> written in Lisp (Lisp source is included in Genera distribution)</li> <li>Symbolics C, a version of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> written in Lisp (Lisp source is included in Genera distribution)</li> <li>Symbolics Fortran, a version of <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> written in Lisp (Lisp source is included in Genera distribution)</li></ul> <p>Symbolics Common Lisp provides most of the Common Lisp standard with very many extensions, many of them coming from ZetaLisp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages_from_Symbolics">Other languages from Symbolics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other languages from Symbolics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Symbolics <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, a version of Prolog written and integrated in Lisp</li> <li>Symbolics <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, a version of Ada written in Lisp</li></ul> <p>It is remarkable that these programming language implementations inherited some of the dynamic features of the Lisp system (like garbage collection and checked access to data) and supported incremental software development. </p><p>Third-party developers provided more programming languages, such as <a href="/wiki/OPS5" title="OPS5">OPS5</a>, and development tools, such as the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a> (KEE) from IntelliCorp). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolics Genera comes with several applications. Applications are called <i>activities</i>. Some of the activities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zmacs" title="Zmacs">Zmacs</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a></li> <li>Zmail, a mail reader also providing a calendar</li> <li>File system browser with tools for file system maintenance</li> <li>Lisp Listener with command-line interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolics_Document_Examiner" title="Symbolics Document Examiner">Document Examiner</a> for browsing documentation</li> <li>Restore Distribution to install software.</li> <li>Distribute Systems, to create software distributions</li> <li>Peek to examine system information (processes, windows, network connections, ...)</li> <li>Debugger</li> <li>Namespace Editor to access information about objects in the network (users, computers, file systems, ...)</li> <li>Converse, a chat client</li> <li>Terminal</li> <li>Inspector, for browsing Lisp data structures</li> <li>Notifications</li> <li>Frame-Up, for designing user interfaces</li> <li>Flavor Examiner, to examine the classes and methods of the Flavor object-oriented extension to Lisp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications_from_Symbolics">Other applications from Symbolics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other applications from Symbolics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbolics sold several applications that run on Symbolics Genera. </p> <ul><li>Symbolics Concordia, a document production suite</li> <li>Symbolics Joshua, an <a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert system</a> shell</li> <li>Symbolics <a href="/wiki/Macsyma" title="Macsyma">Macsyma</a>, a computer algebra system</li> <li>Symbolics NS, a chip design tool</li> <li>Symbolics Plexi, a <a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">neural network</a> development tool</li> <li>Symbolics S-Graphics, a suite of tools: S-Paint, S-Geometry, S-Dynamics, S-Render</li> <li>Symbolics S-Utilities: S-Record, S-Compositor, S-Colorize, S-Convert</li> <li>Symbolics Scope, <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Pixar_Image_Computer" title="Pixar Image Computer">Pixar Image Computer</a></li> <li>Symbolics Statice, an object database</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_applications">Third-party applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third-party applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several companies developed and sold applications for Symbolics Genera. Some examples: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascent.com">Ascent Technology</a> Gatekeeper, a rule-based resource manager for airports and airlines</li> <li>Automated Reasoning Tool (ART), an expert system shell from Inference Corporation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAD_(software)" title="ICAD (software)">ICAD</a>, 3d parametric CAD system</li> <li>Illustrate, graphics editor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a> (KEE), an expert system shell, from IntelliCorp</li> <li>Knowledge Craft, an expert system shell, from Carnegie Group</li> <li>Metal, machine translation system from Siemens</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highlights">Highlights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Highlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Genera is written fully in Lisp, using ZetaLisp and Symbolics Common Lisp, including all low-level system code, such as device drivers, garbage collection, process scheduler, network stacks, etc.</li> <li>The source code is more than a million lines of Lisp, yet relatively compact, compared to the provided functions, due to extensive reuse. It is also available for users to inspect and change.</li> <li>The operating system is mostly written in an object-oriented style using Flavors, New Flavors, and CLOS</li> <li>It has extensive online documentation readable with the Document Examiner</li> <li>Dynamic Windows provides a presentation-based user interface</li> <li>The user interface can be used locally (on Lisp Machines and MacIvories) and remotely (using X11)</li> <li>Groups of developers can work together in a networked environment</li> <li>A central <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespace</a> server provides a directory of machines, users, services, networks, file systems, databases, and more</li> <li>There is little protection against changing the operating system. The whole system is fully accessible and changeable.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits">Limits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genera's limits include: </p> <ul><li>Only runs on Symbolics Lisp Machines or the Open Genera emulator.</li> <li>Only one user can be logged in at once.</li> <li>Only one Lisp system can run at once. Data and code is shared by applications and the operating system. However, multiple instances of Open Genera can run on one DEC Alpha.</li> <li>Development effectively stopped in the middle 1990s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1982 – Release 78</li> <li>1982 – Release 210</li> <li>1983 – Release 4.0</li> <li>1984 – Release 5.0</li> <li>1985 – Release 6.0, introduces Symbolics Common Lisp, the Ephemeral Object Garbage Collector, and Document Examiner</li> <li>1986 – Genera 7.0, introduces Dynamic Windows</li> <li>1990 – Genera 8.0, introduces CLOS</li> <li>1991 – Genera 8.1, introduces CLIM</li> <li>1992 – Genera 8.2</li> <li>1993 – Genera 8.3</li> <li>1993 – Open Genera 1.0, introduces the Virtual Lisp Machine</li> <li>1998 – Open Genera 2.0</li> <li>2021 – Portable Genera 2.0, the Virtual Lisp Machine ported to additional platforms</li></ul> <p>A stable version of Open Genera that can run on <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arm64" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm64">arm64</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a> has been released<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been renamed to Portable Genera. </p><p>A hacked version of Open Genera that can run on <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> exists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenblattKnightHollowayMoon1980" class="citation journal cs1">Greenblatt, Richard D.; Knight, Thomas F.; Holloway, John T.; Moon, David A. (1980). "A Lisp Machine". <i>Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computer Architecture for Non-numeric Processing</i>. Association for Computing Machinery – Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval: 137–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800083.802703">10.1145/800083.802703</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10081363">10081363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+Workshop+on+Computer+Architecture+for+Non-numeric+Processing&rft.atitle=A+Lisp+Machine&rft.pages=137-138&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800083.802703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10081363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Greenblatt&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft.au=Knight%2C+Thomas+F.&rft.au=Holloway%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Moon%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenera+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unlambda.com/index.php?n=Main.Mit">"Retrocomputing – MIT CADR Lisp Machines"</a>. <i>Unlambda.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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DSpace@MIT. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F6946">1721.1/6946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentation+Based+User+Interface&rft.pub=DSpace%40MIT&rft.date=1984-08-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F6946&rft.aulast=Ciccarelli&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F6946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenera+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/symbolics/brochures/Genera_7_1986.pdf">"Genera 7 Brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bitsavers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitsavers&rft.atitle=Genera+7+Brochure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fsymbolics%2Fbrochures%2FGenera_7_1986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenera+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalter2021" class="citation web cs1">Palter, Gary (Feb 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/gmpalter/status/1359360886415233029">"And there it is!"</a>. twitter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jan 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=And+there+it+is%21&rft.pub=twitter&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft.aulast=Palter&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fgmpalter%2Fstatus%2F1359360886415233029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenera+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegley2007" class="citation web cs1">Wiegley, John (October 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630125155/http://www.advogato.org/person/johnw/diary/12.html">"The Symbolics Lisp Machine on Linux"</a>. Advogato. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Symbolics+Lisp+Machine+on+Linux&rft.pub=Advogato&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft.aulast=Wiegley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advogato.org%2Fperson%2Fjohnw%2Fdiary%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenera+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollison2008" class="citation web cs1">Collison, Patrick (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827074503/http://collison.ie/blog/2008/04/lisp-machines">"Lisp Machines"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lisp+Machines&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Collison&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollison.ie%2Fblog%2F2008%2F04%2Flisp-machines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenera+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symbolics-dks.com">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3100483#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symbolics-dks.com/Genera-1.htm">Symbolics Genera Integrated Development Environment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifis.uni-luebeck.de/~moeller/symbolics-info/symbolics-tech-summary.html">"Symbolics Technical Summary"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lispm.de/genera-concepts">"Genera Concepts"</a> web copy of Symbolics' introduction to Genera</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/symbolics/software/">Symbolics software documents at bitsavers.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifis.uni-luebeck.de/~moeller/symbolics-info/development-environment/index.html">A page of screenshots of Genera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifis.uni-luebeck.de/~moeller/symbolics-info/docex/docex.html">Screenshots of the award-winning Symbolics Document Examiner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pt.withy.org/publications/VLM.html">"The Symbolics Virtual Lisp Machine, Or, Using The Dec Alpha As A Programmable Micro-engine"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4-YnLpLgtk">"2013 Video Demonstration by Symbolics programmer Kalman Reti"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lisp_programming_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lisp_programming_language" title="Template:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lisp_programming_language" title="Template talk:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lisp_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lisp_programming_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Automatic storage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-expression" title="M-expression">M-expressions</a> (deprecated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">Read–eval–print loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree data structure">Tree data structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonLoops" title="CommonLoops">CommonLoops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standardized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common<br />Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Bear Common Lisp">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a> (ABCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a> (CMUCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corman_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Corman Common Lisp">Corman Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Common_Lisp" title="GNU Common Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a> (GCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocl" title="Mocl">Mocl</a></li> <li>Movitz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a> (SBCL)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbolics Common Lisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language" title="History of the Scheme programming language">History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigloo" title="Bigloo">Bigloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit_(scheme_implementation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit (scheme implementation)">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp" title="Game Oriented Assembly Lisp">Game Oriented Assembly Lisp</a> (GOAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Ikarus (Scheme implementation)">Ikarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScheme" title="JScheme">JScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Kawa (Scheme implementation)">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">MIT/GNU Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiLisp" title="MultiLisp">MultiLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_(programming_language)" title="Pico (programming language)">Pico</a></li> <li>Pocket Scheme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> (<a href="/wiki/Racket_features" title="Racket features">features</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCM_(Scheme_implementation)" title="SCM (Scheme implementation)">SCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIOD" title="SIOD">SIOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_(programming_language)" title="T (programming language)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TinyScheme" title="TinyScheme">TinyScheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unstandardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCBLogo" title="UCBLogo">UCBLogo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> (POP-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-2" title="POP-2">POP-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(programming_language)" title="Arc (programming language)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_LISP" title="BBN LISP">BBN LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Dylan" title="Apple Dylan">Apple</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dylan_programming_language" title="History of the Dylan programming language">history</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy_(programming_language)" title="Hy (programming language)">Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/*Lisp" title="*Lisp">*Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="LeLisp">LeLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LFE_(programming_language)" title="LFE (programming language)">LFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDL_(programming_language)" title="MDL (programming language)">MDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLisp" title="MLisp">MLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIL_(programming_language)" title="NIL (programming language)">NIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Picolisp">Picolisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Standard_Lisp" title="Portable Standard Lisp">Portable Standard Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_(programming_language)" title="RPL (programming language)">RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Lisp" title="S-1 Lisp">S-1 Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_SKILL" title="Cadence SKILL">SKILL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetalisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetalisp">Zetalisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)#Operating_systems" title="Lisp (programming language)">List</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scsh" title="Scsh">Scsh</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community<br />of practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_Requests_for_Implementation" title="Scheme Requests for Implementation">Scheme Requests for Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_HyperSpec" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3J13" title="X3J13">X3J13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_the_Language" title="Common Lisp the Language">Common Lisp the Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a> (HTDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Lisp" title="On Lisp">On Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Common_Lisp" title="Practical Common Lisp">Practical Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> (SICP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curriculum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_(software_company)" title="Harlequin (software company)">Harlequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanalys" title="Xanalys">Xanalys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Berkeley" title="Edmund Berkeley">Edmund Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clinger_(computer_scientist)" title="William Clinger (computer scientist)">William Clinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Kent_Dybvig" title="R. Kent Dybvig">R. Kent Dybvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robert Bruce Findler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a></li> <li>Timothy P. Hart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hodes" title="Louis Hodes">Louis Hodes</a></li> <li>Mike Levin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Luckham" title="David Luckham">David Luckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Park_(computer_scientist)" title="David Park (computer scientist)">David Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenspun%27s_tenth_rule" title="Greenspun's tenth rule">10th rule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Sussman">Julie Sussman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_Bollay" title="Denison Bollay">Denison Bollay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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