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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development of the scripture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_the_scripture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of the scripture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>History and creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preface" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_essence_of_Vedic_corpus_and_Hindu_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_essence_of_Vedic_corpus_and_Hindu_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The essence of Vedic corpus and Hindu texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_essence_of_Vedic_corpus_and_Hindu_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Ontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamics_of_spiritual_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamics_of_spiritual_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Dynamics of spiritual 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manuscript.jpg/220px-Manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manuscript.jpg/330px-Manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manuscript.jpg/440px-Manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Vachanamrut manuscript</figcaption></figure><p>The <b>Vachanamrut</b> (IAST: <i>Vacanāmṛta,</i> lit. "immortalising ambrosia in the form of words") is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">sacred text</a> consisting of 273 religious discourses delivered by <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> from 1819 to 1829 CE and is considered the principal theological text within the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Compiled by five of his senior disciples, Swaminarayan edited and approved the scripture. As followers believe Swaminarayan to be Parabrahman, or God, the Vachanamrut is considered a direct revelation from God and thus the most precise interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, and other important <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–14, 45">: 13–14, 45 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> </p><p>Various branches of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya differ in their belief of how to attain moksha. The Narnarayan and Laxminarayan Gadis believe moksha is attained by worshiping the sacred images of Swaminarayan installed by acharyas.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308">: 308 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha" title="Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">BAPS</a>, followers emphasize the role of God manifesting through the Aksharbrahman guru to attain moksha.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40, 47, 200–201">: 40, 47, 200–201 </span></sup> This scripture is read by followers regularly and discourses are conducted daily in Swaminarayan temples around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–27">: 21–27 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name given to the collection of Swaminarayan’s sermons is “Vachanamrut,” a compound word derived from two Gujarati words: vachan (<i>vacan</i>), meaning “words,” and amrut (<i>amṛta</i>), meaning “immortalising nectar.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> Thus, Vachanamrut translates to “immortalising ambrosia in the form of words,” as it is believed that Swaminarayan's teaching in this scripture deliver eternal liberation<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> An individual discourse within the collection is also called a Vachanamrut.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_scripture">Development of the scripture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of the scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vachanamrut is a chronological anthology of 273 religious discourses delivered by Swaminarayan towards the end of his life, between 1819 and 1829 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> Although the Vachanamrut is received in text form, it is revered in the tradition because of Swaminarayan's spoken words captured within it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> </p><p>Five of Swaminarayan's senior disciples, <a href="/wiki/Gopalanand_Swami" title="Gopalanand Swami">Gopalanand Swami</a> (<i>Gopālānanda Svāmī</i>), <a href="/wiki/Muktanand_Swami" title="Muktanand Swami">Muktanand Swami</a> (<i>Muktānanda Svāmī</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Swami_(Paramhansa)" title="Nityanand Swami (Paramhansa)">Nityanand Swami (<i>Nityānanda Svāmī</i>)</a>, Shukanand Swami (<i>Śukānanda Svāmī</i>) and Brahmanand Swami (Brahmānanda Svāmī), transcribed and compiled the discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nar_Narayan_Dev_Gadi" title="Nar Narayan Dev Gadi">Ahmedabad diocese</a> within the Swaminarayan Sampradaya accepts <a href="/wiki/Brahmanand_Swami" title="Brahmanand Swami">Brahmanand Swami</a> (<i>Brahmānanda Svāmī</i>) as a fifth editor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> The compilers' scholarly aptitude, literary and poetic expertise, and transparency contribute to the merits of the Vachanamrut.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The compilers wrote the text in Gujarati, the vernacular of the region in which Swaminarayan delivered his discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> Although Swaminarayan was from a Hindi-speaking region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar-Pradesh</a>, he adopted the Gujarati language for his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> In 1859, a front-ranking Gujarati monthly quoted specimens from the Vachanamrut showing how Swaminarayan raised the standard of Gujarati prose.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–37">: 36–37 </span></sup> </p><p>The Vachanamrut has also been translated from Gujarati to other languages, like English, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, and Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> Brahmanand Swami translated the Vachanamrut to the Vraj language.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> The Shri Harivakyasudhasindhu (Śrī Harivākyasudhāsindhu) is the Vachanamrut's Sanskrit adaptation by Shatanand Muni (Śatānanda Muni).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_creation">History and creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History and creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The compilers of the Vachanamrut began documenting and editing Swaminarayan’s discourses in 1819 CE and collected about 2,000 sermons over ten years. At Swaminarayan’s instruction, to keep the text at a manageable size without excessive repetition, they selected a total of 262 sermons. An additional 11 are accepted as canonical by the Ahmedabad diocese, totaling 273.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p><p>The first discourse occurred on 21 November 1819, and the last discourse occurred on 25 July 1829 – both in <a href="/wiki/Gadhada" title="Gadhada">Gadhada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Loya 7, the 115th discourse which took place on 8 December 1820, Nityanand Swami presents Swaminarayan with the text for his review and approval. It states that Swaminarayan was "extremely pleased" with the manuscript. This documentation of approval further supports its authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtyard_of_Dada_Khachar%27s_darbar_in_Gadhada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Courtyard_of_Dada_Khachar%27s_darbar_in_Gadhada.jpg/220px-Courtyard_of_Dada_Khachar%27s_darbar_in_Gadhada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Courtyard_of_Dada_Khachar%27s_darbar_in_Gadhada.jpg/330px-Courtyard_of_Dada_Khachar%27s_darbar_in_Gadhada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Courtyard_of_Dada_Khachar%27s_darbar_in_Gadhada.jpg/440px-Courtyard_of_Dada_Khachar%27s_darbar_in_Gadhada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of Dada Khachar's darbar in Gadhada</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preface">Preface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vachanamrut begins with a preface, termed, partharo (<i>parthāro</i>), that provides a detailed account of Swaminarayan’s activities, his interactions with devotees, and his appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title">Title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual discourses are numbered, chronologically arranged, and categorized based on the location where they were delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> The discourses took place across various towns and villages of Gujarat, India, specifically Gadhada, Sarangpur, Kariyani, Loya, Panchala, Vartal, Amdavad, Ashlali, and Jetalpur.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup> An additional section, accepted by the Ahmedabad diocese, includes discourses from Amdavad, Ashlali, and Jetalpur. While individual discourses were untitled in early manuscripts, with individual Vachanamruts referred to only by their section and number, <a href="/wiki/Gunatitanand_Swami" title="Gunatitanand Swami">Gunatitanand Swami</a> and the swamis of the Junagadh mandir created titles for individual discourses to serve as mnemonic tools.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha" title="Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha</a> uses these titles in its version of the text, which is an exact printed version of the Vachanamrut text published in 1928 under the auspices of Acharya Shripatiprasad of the <a href="/wiki/Laxmi_Narayan_Dev_Gadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi">Vartal diocese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13n39">: 13n39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductory_paragraph">Introductory paragraph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Introductory paragraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Places_of_the_Vachanamrut_-_Gujarat_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Places_of_the_Vachanamrut_-_Gujarat_Map.png/220px-Places_of_the_Vachanamrut_-_Gujarat_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Places_of_the_Vachanamrut_-_Gujarat_Map.png/330px-Places_of_the_Vachanamrut_-_Gujarat_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Places_of_the_Vachanamrut_-_Gujarat_Map.png/440px-Places_of_the_Vachanamrut_-_Gujarat_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Map of Gujarat showing the villages where the Vachanamrut was recorded</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the compilers, <a href="/wiki/Muktanand_Swami" title="Muktanand Swami">Muktanand Swami</a>, was instructed by Swaminarayan to include the precise date of each discourse and names of who asked questions in the assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introductory paragraph also notes the setting and atmosphere of the assembly and describes the audience seated. Furthermore, Swaminarayan himself is described with intricate detail with mention to the colour and style of his clothes and adornments. Occasionally, the seat upon which Swaminarayan is seated and the direction in which he is facing is detailed.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 204">: 204 </span></sup> </p><p>Regarding the details and precise dating present in the introductory paragraphs of each Vachanamrut, John Carmen, Professor of Comparative Religion at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard</a>, notes that the inclusion of such information in a scriptural text nullifies a common Western misunderstanding that religious India lacks a sense of history.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207">: 207 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_of_discourse">Style of discourse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Style of discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The style of discourse is highly dialogical and didactic, with most in the form of a question-and-answer session similar to the Upanishadic tradition of guru-disciple dialogue in which dialogues occur between the guru and pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> These sermons were not restricted to any social group or gender as monks, scholars, peasants, craftsmen, and women were all present in the assemblies and all actively participated in the dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Vachanamrut, Swaminarayan outlines his theology and its ultimate goal, moksha (<i>mokṣa</i>), a spiritual state characterized by eternal bliss and devotion to God.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 272–84">: 272–84 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_essence_of_Vedic_corpus_and_Hindu_texts">The essence of Vedic corpus and Hindu texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The essence of Vedic corpus and Hindu texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swaminarayan states in Gadhada II-28 and Gadhada III-10 that his teachings reflect the fundamentals he identified from various authoritative Hindu scriptures, like the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Shrimad Bhagavatam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–9">: 47–9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ontology">Ontology</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vachanamarut Gadhada I-7, Swaminarayan explains that there are five eternal existential entities: jiva (<i>jīva</i>), ishwar (<i>iśvara</i>), maya (<i>māyā</i>), Aksharbrahman (<i>Akṣarabrahman</i>, also Akshara, <i>Akṣara</i>, or Brahman), Parabrahman (<i>Parabrahman</i>, or Purushottam, <i>Puruṣottama</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> </p><p>A critical aspect of the ontological entities presented by Swaminarayan is the interpretation and description of Akshar.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> Shankara, Ramanuja, and others shift the meaning of Akshar to either Supreme Being (God), <i>jada-prakrut</i>i, or <i>mukta atma</i>. In contrast, Swaminarayan explains Akshar is a distinct reality with four different forms, including Parabrahman’s abode, the personal servant of Parabrahman in that divine abode, the sentient substratum pervading and supporting creation (chidakash, <i>cidākāśa</i>) and the Aksharbrahman Guru present on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158">: 158 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156, 165–9">: 156, 165–9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>In Gadhada I-63, Swaminarayan describes the prominence and vastness of Akshar relative to other entities<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198">: 198 </span></sup> to emphasize the need to understand Akshar first before one can understand God (Parabrahman) perfectly and completely.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162">: 162 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dynamics_of_spiritual_life">Dynamics of spiritual life</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dynamics of spiritual life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swaminarayan explains the ultimate goal of his theology is moksha, the release from the ignorance borne of maya and the cycle of births and deaths to attain infinite bliss through endless devotion to God.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274, 277">: 274, 277 </span></sup> Different denominations within the faith have varying interpretations of attaining moksha.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277, 282, 303–4">: 277, 282, 303–4 </span></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308">: 308 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239–40">: 239–40 </span></sup> </p><p>In Gadhada III-39, Swaminarayan describes maya as self-identification with the physical body, which also encompasses material possessions and personal talents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 273">: 273 </span></sup> To overcome this ignorance, Swaminarayan explains in Gadhada II-20 that an individual must become brahmarup (<i>brahmarūp</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 275">: 275 </span></sup> an elevated state attained after developing the qualities of Aksharbrahman.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> The distinction between the jiva (i.e. individual) and Aksharbrahman is not lost in this higher state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> </p><p>While an individual can persevere for this state, only through God’s grace can it be attained.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 286">: 286 </span></sup> In Sarangpur 11, Swaminarayan defines ekantik dharma (<i>ekāntik dharma</i>), the four-fold practice requisite to receive this grace. Ekantik dharma consists of dharma (<i>dharma</i>; adherence to codes of conduct),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> gnan (<i>jñāna</i>; knowledge of the atman),<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> vairagya (<i>vairāgya</i>; detachment from worldly pleasure), and bhakti (<i>bhakti</i>; devotion coupled with the understanding of God’s greatness).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">: 287 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> </p><p>Ekantik dharma is perfected through associating with an ekantik sant, which Swaminarayan explains as following the sants commands (in Gadhada I-78 and Gadhada II-51),<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174, 485">: 174, 485 </span></sup> reflecting upon his virtues (in Gadhada I-58),<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112–3">: 112–3 </span></sup> and offering worship to him (in Vartal 5 and Sarangpur 3).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184, 536–7">: 184, 536–7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293–304">: 293–304 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Narnarayan and Laxminarayan Gadis believe moksha is attained by worshiping the sacred images of Swaminarayan installed by acharyas.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308">: 308 </span></sup> Baps believes the jiva needs the guidance of the Aksharbrahman Guru to transcend maya and become brahmarup to reside in the service of Parabrahman.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 303–304">: 303–304 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_Swaminarayan_Sampradaya">Role in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engaging_with_the_text">Engaging with the text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Engaging with the text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Devotees regularly read the Vachanamrut with the intention of understanding and implementing Swaminarayan’s teachings, which form the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 216">: 216 </span></sup> Regular lectures and discussions on the Vachanamrut in Swaminarayan mandirs foster spiritual development.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217">: 217 </span></sup> The Vachanamrut is also used for recitation and exegesis in daily and weekly spiritual assemblies in Swaminarayan temples. Douglas Brear described a discussion of the Vachanamrut as a forum in which the presenter would use examples from everyday life to explain difficult concepts but also encourage others to participate with questions or personal examples.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224">: 224 </span></sup> </p><p>To accommodate the growing audience, the Vachanamrut has been translated from Gujarati to English, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> Additionally, the Vachanamrut is available in a cross-platform digital application format with extensive annotations and study aids.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpreting_the_text">Interpreting the text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interpreting the text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swaminarayan himself states in the discourse Loya 11, “One should only hear the sacred scriptures from the Satpurush (<i>Satpuruṣa</i>), but never from an unholy person.” Again, in Vadtal 12, Swaminarayan states, “...no one can ever attain liberation by listening to the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Gitā</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Śrimad-Bhāgavata</a> from a person who does not have faith in God coupled with the knowledge of his greatness.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> Interpretations by the Baps denomination, teaches that the Aksharbrahman Guru is the most qualified person to provide interpretations of the text. Because it is only he, who is Aksharbrahman (Brahman), fully established in Parabrahman (<i>niṣtḥa</i>), and possessing the direct and absolute realization of the scriptures (<i>śrotriyam</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51–53">: 51–53 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParamtattvadas,_Sadhu2017" class="citation book cs1">Paramtattvadas, Sadhu (2017-08-17). <i>An introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu theology</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15867-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15867-2"><bdi>978-1-107-15867-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964861190">964861190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hindu+theology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964861190&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15867-2&rft.au=Paramtattvadas%2C+Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksharananddasBhadreshdas2016" class="citation book cs1">Aksharananddas, Sadhu; Bhadreshdas, Sadhu (2016). Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (eds.). <i>Swaminarayan's Brahmajnana as Aksarabrahma-Parabrahma-Darsanam</i> (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3"><bdi>978-0-19-908657-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948338914">948338914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swaminarayan%27s+Brahmajnana+as+Aksarabrahma-Parabrahma-Darsanam&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948338914&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908657-3&rft.aulast=Aksharananddas&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rft.au=Bhadreshdas%2C+Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamtattvadas2017" class="citation book cs1">Paramtattvadas, Swami (2017). <i>An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu Theology</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316666005">10.1017/9781316666005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-66600-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-66600-5"><bdi>978-1-316-66600-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004609905">1004609905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hindu+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004609905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316666005&rft.isbn=978-1-316-66600-5&rft.aulast=Paramtattvadas&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrear1996" class="citation book cs1">Brear, Douglas (1996). Williams, Raymond Brady (ed.). <i>Transmission of a Swaminarayan Hindu scripture in the British East Midlands</i> (Columbia University Press ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10779-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10779-X"><bdi>0-231-10779-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34984234">34984234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transmission+of+a+Swaminarayan+Hindu+scripture+in+the+British+East+Midlands&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Columbia+University+Press&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34984234&rft.isbn=0-231-10779-X&rft.aulast=Brear&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukundcharandas,_Sadhu2004" class="citation book cs1">Mukundcharandas, Sadhu (2004). <i>Vachanamrut handbook: insights into Bhagwan Swaminarayan's teachings</i>. Amdavad, Gujarat, India: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7526-263-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7526-263-X"><bdi>81-7526-263-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/297207255">297207255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vachanamrut+handbook%3A+insights+into+Bhagwan+Swaminarayan%27s+teachings&rft.place=Amdavad%2C+Gujarat%2C+India&rft.pub=Swaminarayan+Aksharpith&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F297207255&rft.isbn=81-7526-263-X&rft.au=Mukundcharandas%2C+Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhadreshdas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bhadreshdas, Sadhu (October 2019). "An introduction to Parabrahman Svāminārāyaṇa's Vacanāmṛta". <i>The BAPS Swaminarayan Research Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 11–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+BAPS+Swaminarayan+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+Parabrahman+Sv%C4%81min%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a%27s+Vacan%C4%81m%E1%B9%9Bta&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=11-23&rft.date=2019-10&rft.aulast=Bhadreshdas&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond Brady (2018-11-08). <i>An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42114-0"><bdi>978-1-108-42114-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089924172">1089924172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089924172&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42114-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Brady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2016" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Makrand (2016). "Sahajanand Swami's Language and Communication". In Williams, Raymond Brady; <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Trivedi</a> (eds.). <i>Swaminarayan Hinduism</i> (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3"><bdi>978-0-19-908657-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948338914">948338914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sahajanand+Swami%E2%80%99s+Language+and+Communication&rft.btitle=Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=38-48&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948338914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908657-3&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Makrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhiprakash, March 1859. Ahmedabad: Gujarat Vernacular Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave, Jyotindra. <i>Śri Harivākyasudhāsindhu of Srī Śatānanda Muni – a critical study with reference to the original structure of the philosophy of Lord Swāminārāyana as reflected in Vacanāmṛtam.</i> 2006. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, PhD dissertation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahajānanda,_Swami2014" class="citation book cs1">Sahajānanda, Swami (2014). <i>The Vachanāmrut: spiritual discourses of Bhagwān Swāminārāyan</i>. Contributors: Bochasanvasi Shri Aksharpurushottama Sanstha, Swaminarayan Aksharpith (2 ed.). Ahmedabad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-431-1"><bdi>978-81-7526-431-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/820357402">820357402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vachan%C4%81mrut%3A+spiritual+discourses+of+Bhagw%C4%81n+Sw%C4%81min%C4%81r%C4%81yan&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F820357402&rft.isbn=978-81-7526-431-1&rft.au=Sahaj%C4%81nanda%2C+Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paramtattvadas, Sadhu. "Educational Insight: Akshar-Purushottam School of Vedanta" <i>Hinduism Today,</i> 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swami Prasadanand, <i>Sadguru Prasadanand Swamini Vato</i> (Ahmedabad: Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur, 1995), p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackert2016" class="citation book cs1">Packert, Cynthia (2016). Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (eds.). <i>Early Swaminarayan iconography and its relationship to Vaishnavism</i> (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3"><bdi>978-0-19-908657-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948338914">948338914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Swaminarayan+iconography+and+its+relationship+to+Vaishnavism&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948338914&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908657-3&rft.aulast=Packert&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarman1981" class="citation book cs1">Carman, John (1981). <i>New dimensions in Vedanta philosophy</i>. Vol. 1. Amdavad: Swaminarayan Mudran Mandir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+dimensions+in+Vedanta+philosophy&rft.place=Amdavad&rft.pub=Swaminarayan+Mudran+Mandir&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukundcharandas" class="citation web cs1">Mukundcharandas, Sadhu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baps.org/EnlighteningEssays/2019/The-Vachanamrut--An-Introduction-(Part-1)-16429.aspx">"The Vachanamrut- An Introduction (Part 1)"</a>. <i>BAPS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BAPS&rft.atitle=The+Vachanamrut-+An+Introduction+%28Part+1%29&rft.aulast=Mukundcharandas&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baps.org%2FEnlighteningEssays%2F2019%2FThe-Vachanamrut--An-Introduction-%28Part-1%29-16429.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallison2016" class="citation book cs1">Mallison, Francoise (2016). "Gujarati Socio-religious Context of Swaminarayan Devotion and Doctrine". In Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (eds.). <i>Swaminarayan Hinduism</i> (1 ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0004">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908657-3"><bdi>978-0-19-908657-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948338914">948338914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gujarati+Socio-religious+Context+of+Swaminarayan+Devotion+and+Doctrine&rft.btitle=Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=49-57&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948338914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908657-3&rft.aulast=Mallison&rft.aufirst=Francoise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation cs2">Kim, Hanna H. (2013-12-04), "Svāminārāyaṇa: Bhaktiyoga and the Akṣarabrahman Guru", <i>Gurus of Modern Yoga</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 237–258, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199938704.003.0012">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.003.0012</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993870-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993870-4"><bdi>978-0-19-993870-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sv%C4%81min%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a%3A+Bhaktiyoga+and+the+Ak%E1%B9%A3arabrahman+Guru&rft.btitle=Gurus+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.pages=237-258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199938704.003.0012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993870-4&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hanna+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadhia2016" class="citation cs2">Gadhia, Smit (2016-04-01), "Akshara and Its Four Forms in Swaminarayan's Doctrine", <i>Swaminarayan Hinduism</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 156–171, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0010">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0010</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946374-9"><bdi>978-0-19-946374-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.atitle=Akshara+and+Its+Four+Forms+in+Swaminarayan%27s+Doctrine&rft.pages=156-171&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-946374-9&rft.aulast=Gadhia&rft.aufirst=Smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hanna H. (2013). "Devotional expressions in the Swaminarayan community". In Kumar, P. Pratap (ed.). <i>Contemporary Hinduism</i>. United Kingdom: Acumen Publishing Limited. pp. 126–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-690-5"><bdi>978-1-84465-690-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824353503">824353503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devotional+expressions+in+the+Swaminarayan+community&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=126-37&rft.pub=Acumen+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824353503&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-690-5&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hanna+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangalnidhidas2016" class="citation cs2">Mangalnidhidas, Sadhu (2016-04-01), "Sahajanand Swami's Approach to Caste", <i>Swaminarayan Hinduism</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 115–128, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0007">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946374-9"><bdi>978-0-19-946374-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.atitle=Sahajanand+Swami%27s+Approach+to+Caste&rft.pages=115-128&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-946374-9&rft.aulast=Mangalnidhidas&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swaminarayan.faith/scriptures/verse">"Verse"</a>. <i>swaminarayan.faith</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swaminarayan.faith&rft.atitle=Verse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swaminarayan.faith%2Fscriptures%2Fverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anirdesh.com/vachanamrut/index.php?format=en&vachno=78">"GI-78: The Predominance of Place, Time, Etc. :: Anirdesh Vachanamrut // Anirdesh.com"</a>. <i>www.anirdesh.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anirdesh.com&rft.atitle=GI-78%3A+The+Predominance+of+Place%2C+Time%2C+Etc.+%3A%3A+Anirdesh+Vachanamrut+%2F%2F+Anirdesh.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anirdesh.com%2Fvachanamrut%2Findex.php%3Fformat%3Den%26vachno%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamtattvadas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Paramtattvadas, Sadhu (October 2019). "The Akṣarabrahman guru as the essential hermeneutical tool for receiving scripture". <i>The BAPS Swaminarayan Research Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 53–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+BAPS+Swaminarayan+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ak%E1%B9%A3arabrahman+guru+as+the+essential+hermeneutical+tool+for+receiving+scripture&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=53-70&rft.date=2019-10&rft.aulast=Paramtattvadas&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVachanamrut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swaminarayan.faith/scriptures/en/vachnamrut">Translated in Gujarati and English by Nar Narayan Dev Gadi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anirdesh.com/vachanamrut/">Vachanamrut in Gujarati and English by Baps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vachanamrut-learning-app/id1476077803">Vachanamrut iOS Learning App by Nar Narayan Dev Gadi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vachanamrut-study-app/id482931473">Vachanamrut iOS Study App by Baps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bhujmandir.vachanamrut&hl=en_US&gl=US">Vachanamrut Android Learning App by Nar Narayan Dev Gadi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.baps.vachanamrut&hl=en_US">Vachanamrut Android Study App by Baps</a></li></ul> <div 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Narayan Dev Gadi (Ahmedabad Diocese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha" title="Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">BAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Mandir_Vasna_Sanstha" title="Swaminarayan Mandir Vasna Sanstha">SMVS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagwan_Swaminarayan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bhagwan_Swaminarayan.png/70px-Bhagwan_Swaminarayan.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bhagwan_Swaminarayan.png/105px-Bhagwan_Swaminarayan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bhagwan_Swaminarayan.png/140px-Bhagwan_Swaminarayan.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5BC85;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunatitanand_Swami" title="Gunatitanand Swami">Gunatitanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktanand_Swami" title="Muktanand Swami">Muktanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanand_Swami" title="Brahmanand Swami">Brahmanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premanand_Swami" title="Premanand Swami">Premanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalanand_Swami" title="Gopalanand Swami">Gopalanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkulanand_Swami" title="Nishkulanand Swami">Nishkulanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Swami_(Paramhansa)" title="Nityanand Swami (Paramhansa)">Nityanand Swami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5BC85;">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vachanamrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikshapatri" title="Shikshapatri">Shikshapatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsangi_Jeevan" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsangi Jeevan">Satsangi Jeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamini_Vato" title="Swamini Vato">Swamini Vato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5BC85;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Jayanti" title="Swaminarayan Jayanti">Swaminarayan Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&oldid=1246392846">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vachanamrut&oldid=1246392846</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_literature" title="Category:Indian literature">Indian literature</a></li><li><a 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