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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Direct heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Boiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Roasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Grilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Frying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Baking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_ovens_and_other_pots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_ovens_and_other_pots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Dutch ovens and other pots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_ovens_and_other_pots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Steaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_covered_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_covered_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Other covered techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_covered_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backwoods_cooking,_without_utensils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backwoods_cooking,_without_utensils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Backwoods cooking, without utensils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backwoods_cooking,_without_utensils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialist_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specialist equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialist_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_rigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_rigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cooking rigs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking_rigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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data-title="בישול שדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masak_ing_njaba" title="Masak ing njaba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Masak ing njaba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%A4%96%E8%AA%BF%E7%90%86" title="野外調理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="野外調理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2920305#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Outdoor_cooking" title="Special:EditPage/Outdoor cooking">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Outdoor_cooking" title="Talk:Outdoor cooking">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Outdoor_cooking" title="Special:EditPage/Outdoor cooking">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Outdoor+cooking%22">"Outdoor cooking"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Outdoor+cooking%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Outdoor+cooking%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Outdoor+cooking%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Outdoor+cooking%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Outdoor+cooking%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about the history of outdoor cooking.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Outdoor_cooking" title="Talk:Outdoor cooking">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochen_auf_Fahrt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kochen_auf_Fahrt2.JPG/220px-Kochen_auf_Fahrt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kochen_auf_Fahrt2.JPG/330px-Kochen_auf_Fahrt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kochen_auf_Fahrt2.JPG/440px-Kochen_auf_Fahrt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Outdoor cooking with a large pot and other utensils</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primus_stove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Primus_stove.jpg/170px-Primus_stove.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Primus_stove.jpg/255px-Primus_stove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Primus_stove.jpg/340px-Primus_stove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption>A gas cartridge <a href="/wiki/Portable_stove" title="Portable stove">portable stove</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Outdoor cooking</b> is the preparation of food in the outdoors. A significant body of techniques and specialized equipment exists for it, traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomad</a> in cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> of North Africa, the Arab <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a> in North America, and indigenous tribes in South America. These methods have been refined in modern times for use during recreational outdoor pursuits, by <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">campers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">backpackers</a>. </p><p>Currently, much of the work of maintaining and developing outdoor cooking traditions in Westernized countries is done by the <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> movement and by <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_education" title="Outdoor education">wilderness educators</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Outdoor_Leadership_School" title="National Outdoor Leadership School">National Outdoor Leadership School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outward_Bound" title="Outward Bound">Outward Bound</a>, as well as by writers and cooks closely associated with the outdoors community. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_and_recipes">Food and recipes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Food and recipes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type of food common in <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">outdoors</a> settings is somewhat different compared to household foods and also differs depending on the type of cooking activity. While someone at a public campground may have easy access to a grocery store and be able to prepare plenty of recipes with fresh meat and vegetables, someone on an extended trip into the <a href="/wiki/Backcountry" title="Backcountry">backcountry</a> will not be able to carry large amounts of fresh food, due to the extra weight from high water content, and will have to rely heavily on food with low water content, such as dried meats and vegetables, packaged dehydrated <a href="/wiki/Camping_food" title="Camping food">camping foods</a>, and starches such as <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>, and dried potato flakes. Wilderness experts in both categories sometimes make use of locally available wild foods as well, particularly wild vegetables and fruit but also occasionally fresh fish and <a href="/wiki/Wild_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild game">wild game</a>; however, it is not unusual for camping food, especially backcountry food, to be partially or totally <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>. </p><p>Camping food is often very high in fat and carbohydrates to provide energy for long hikes, and hikers (much like <a href="/wiki/MRE" class="mw-redirect" title="MRE">soldiers</a>) must rely heavily on energy-packed snacks such as <a href="/wiki/Trail_mix" title="Trail mix">trail mix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">energy bars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">sports drinks</a>. Water can also be at a premium, so important parts of a camper's pantry include <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>-based water disinfectants as well as <a href="/wiki/Drink_mix" title="Drink mix">drink mixes</a> to mask the flavor of the chemical treatment. </p><p>Recipes are often designed with significant planning and home preparation in mind, with certain ingredients mixed at home and then cooked on the trail; to that end, there are several providers of <a href="/wiki/Freeze-dried" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-dried">freeze-dried</a> food, both ingredients and full meals, to the outdoors market, and just-add-water instant meals (including hot cereals, pasta or rice in sauce, and <a href="/wiki/Instant_soup" title="Instant soup">instant soup</a>) from the supermarket are popular as well. Alternatively, some wilderness experts advocate bulk rationing, in which each hiker is given a selection of raw ingredients and prepares a meal from scratch on the trail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking_snags_over_campfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cooking_snags_over_campfire.jpg/220px-Cooking_snags_over_campfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cooking_snags_over_campfire.jpg/330px-Cooking_snags_over_campfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cooking_snags_over_campfire.jpg/440px-Cooking_snags_over_campfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Australian "snags" (English style <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>) cooking on a <a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">campfire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobo_stove_convection_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hobo_stove_convection_2.jpg/170px-Hobo_stove_convection_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hobo_stove_convection_2.jpg/255px-Hobo_stove_convection_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hobo_stove_convection_2.jpg/340px-Hobo_stove_convection_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Heat <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Hobo_stove" title="Hobo stove">hobo stove</a> (schematic)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most outdoor cooking is dictated by the foods themselves which are to be cooked. The first five discussions below, of direct heat, boiling, frying, grilling, and roasting, will, perhaps, describe the cooking methods employed most often in outdoor cooking. These techniques will require only rudimentary, commonsensical tools. Additional methods described further below may be of interest only to those "<a href="/wiki/Foodie" title="Foodie">foodies</a>" who carry their interests into the outdoors for gourmet meals. These advanced methods may require additional equipment or techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_heat">Direct heat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Direct heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonfire_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bonfire_11.jpg/220px-Bonfire_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bonfire_11.jpg/330px-Bonfire_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bonfire_11.jpg/440px-Bonfire_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Cooking potatoes in a bonfire</figcaption></figure> <p>The most traditional method for outdoor cooking (and indeed the oldest form of cooking known to humanity) is using a <a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">campfire</a>. Campfires can be used for <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> by several techniques. The techniques for cooking on a campfire are no different from those used for everyday cooking before the invention of stoves or when stoves were still not available. Individuals who are <a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">backpacking</a> in an area that allows the gathering of <a href="/wiki/Fire-Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-Wood">firewood</a> may decide to cook on a campfire to avoid the need to carry extra equipment; however, most campfire cooking is done in outside of wilderness areas. Cooking food using a campfire can be tricky for those not accustomed to it; also, due to the risk of fire damage, campfires are illegal in many areas, so many campers prefer to use a <a href="/wiki/Portable_stove" title="Portable stove">portable stove</a> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boiling">Boiling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In backpacking particularly, <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> water is the most common kitchen operation undertaken on the trail, used for cooking or reconstituting food, making hot beverages, cleaning up, and even sanitizing drinking water. Portable stoves are therefore generally rated in terms of how quickly they can boil a liter (or another appropriate size) of water; indeed, some commercial stove models are specifically optimized for fast boiling, with other operations such as frying or baking being an afterthought. </p><p>Like camp frying pans, camp pots are generally made of very lightweight material (often aluminum or, at a considerable price premium, titanium). Though less of a worry given the thermal mass of water, the camp cook must still take care not to allow food to burn, since the pot itself has very little mass to spread the heat out. </p><p>Alternatively, a fireproof container (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mess_can&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mess can (page does not exist)">mess can</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> segment or improvised tree <a href="/wiki/Bark_pot" title="Bark pot">bark pot</a>) is placed (or hung) above the fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roasting">Roasting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the simplest method of cooking over a campfire and one of the most common is to <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roast</a> food on long <a href="/wiki/Skewer" title="Skewer">skewers</a> that can be held above the flames. This is popular for cooking <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dogs</a> or toasting <a href="/wiki/Marshmallow" title="Marshmallow">marshmallows</a> for making <a href="/wiki/S%27more" title="S'more">s'mores</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a> often roast slab bacon (<a href="/wiki/Szalonna_(bacon)" title="Szalonna (bacon)">Szalonna</a>) over a campfire. Besides skewers and fireplace popcorn poppers, <a href="/wiki/Pie_iron" title="Pie iron">pie irons</a> too may be used (small iron molds with long handles), into which can be placed slices of bread with some form of filling — which are placed over hot coals to cook. When using meat, roasting can have the advantage over grilling in that the grease that drips from the food can be reused. This can be done by placing a fireproof container under the food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grilling">Grilling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grilling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3229_-_Athens_-_Grill_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3229_-_Athens_-_Grill_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/220px-3229_-_Athens_-_Grill_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3229_-_Athens_-_Grill_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/330px-3229_-_Athens_-_Grill_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3229_-_Athens_-_Grill_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/440px-3229_-_Athens_-_Grill_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Barbecue_grill" title="Barbecue grill">grill</a>, circa 4th-6th century BC, exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Agora Museum">Ancient Agora Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoa of Attalus">Stoa of Attalus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Grill_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grill (cooking)">Grills</a> are simple to use and food being grilled tends to pick up some flavor from the <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a>, although that is not by design as in a <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a> where the meat is cooked slowly over hours at a significantly lower temperature. Grills over a campfire are used in the same way as an ordinary backyard charcoal grill. If the food is simply placed on the grill, it may catch fire so it requires constant attention. Hand-held grills, aka broilers that clamp over the food may be used for various tasks like warming food, grilling burgers or sausages or making <a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">toast</a>. In cases where open fires are not allowed, lightweight charcoal grills (sometimes considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Hibachi" title="Hibachi">hibachi</a>) are sometimes used for direct grilling of food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frying">Frying</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a> is not always necessary, but is often used for <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">wild game</a> caught while on the trip, as well as pancakes and certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> and desserts made on the trail. As a general rule, the frying medium used in camp cooking is usually either vegetable oil or <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>. Normal (salted) butter may also be appropriate for camp use, but unsalted butter or lard may not be, due to their shorter shelf life. </p><p>Camp frying pans often lack handles for easy packing, with the camp cook using a clamp-like device to pick up and move the pan. Camp frying pans are generally made out of very thin metal (though some campers do use <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> pans for this purpose as well), so extra care must be taken to evenly cook the food, especially over the small-diameter flame of a portable stove. A "round the clock" technique, where the frying pan is moved repeatedly to expose different parts of its base to the flame, is the most commonly recommended solution to the problem, though it is also possible to use a flame diffuser to achieve the same effect. For campfire use, on the other hand, some camp cooks prefer a legged cast-iron pan called a "spider", which is elevated to allow a small fire directly beneath it. </p><p>Camp cooks making <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a> in a moderate-size pan often simplify their work and speed up their service by pouring enough batter to make one large, moderate-thickness pancake that takes up the entire pan and then cutting the final product with the spatula to serve individual portions. Also, camp cooks often replicate toast using a frying pan: a bread slice (or more, or a combination of whole and cut portions) is placed in a well-greased pan, pressed down with a spatula, flipped, and pressed down again. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CampCooking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CampCooking.jpg/220px-CampCooking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CampCooking.jpg/330px-CampCooking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/CampCooking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> in the outdoors using heated stone</figcaption></figure> <p>An improvised griddle can be made by putting a flat stone directly on the fire (or above it, on top of other stones). Food is then placed on the stone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baking">Baking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">A homemade <a href="/wiki/Reflector_oven" title="Reflector oven">reflector oven</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflector_Oven_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Reflector_Oven_02.jpg/200px-Reflector_Oven_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Reflector_Oven_02.jpg/300px-Reflector_Oven_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Reflector_Oven_02.jpg/400px-Reflector_Oven_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A reflector oven prior to use</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflector_Oven_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reflector_Oven_01.jpg/200px-Reflector_Oven_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reflector_Oven_01.jpg/300px-Reflector_Oven_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reflector_Oven_01.jpg/400px-Reflector_Oven_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The oven set directly on hot coals</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Putting a baking sheet pan over a furnace can allow for <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, which is in turn derived from the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Masonry_oven" title="Masonry oven">masonry oven</a>. This was common for centuries, used to make bread, pies, and other items, and is still popular today, particularly among campers who enjoy <a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">stuffing</a> their meats. Ovens can be made from cast iron, sheet metal, or aluminum foil-covered cardboard boxes. <a href="/wiki/Reflector_oven" title="Reflector oven">Reflector ovens</a> are metal containers designed to surround an article of food being baked over an open flame and reflect the heat towards the food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_ovens_and_other_pots">Dutch ovens and other pots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dutch ovens and other pots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ijzeren_kookpot_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ijzeren_kookpot_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ijzeren_kookpot_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Ijzeren_kookpot_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>A cast iron <i>potjie</i> on a fire, very similar to a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_oven" title="Dutch oven">Dutch oven</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American Old West</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_oven" title="Dutch oven">Dutch oven</a> of tradition is a heavy <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> pot, traditionally made with three short legs and a concave cover for holding hot coals on top. While such pots are generally considered too heavy for backpackers, Dutch ovens are often used in group camp-outs and <a href="/wiki/Barbecue#Events_and_gatherings" title="Barbecue">cookouts</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_oven" title="Dutch oven">Dutch ovens</a> were traditionally specially designed for camping, and such pots (often with legs and a handle, both for suspending the pot over a fire) are still widely available, though sometimes at a premium over flat-bottomed stove-top models. The oven is placed in a bed of hot coals, often from a <a href="/wiki/Campfire#Construction_styles" title="Campfire">keyhole fire</a> with additional coals placed on top of the lid, which in camp ovens usually has a raised rim to keep the coals from falling off. Dutch ovens are made of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and are generally not considered suitable for <a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">backpacking</a> due to the heavy weight of the pot. Dutch ovens are convenient for cooking dishes that take a long time such as stews, joints of meat, and baked goods. They are not the only option for <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a> on a campout as devices for baking on portable stoves exist and clay ovens can be constructed at longer encampments. A pot hanging over the fire, although picturesque, may spill, and the rigging may be difficult to construct from found wood. Generally, this is done with metal rigging, much of it identical to that historically used in home fireplaces before the invention of stoves. Two vertical iron bars with an iron cross-piece allow pots to be hung at various heights or over different temperatures of fire. Griddles, grills, and skewers can also be hung over the fire. When working with wood, one may use two tripods, lashed with <a href="/wiki/Tripod_lashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripod lashing">tripod lashings</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> will be liable to melt or burn. <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail joints</a> are more secure but difficult to carve. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Md.Boualam_Tajine,Outdoor_cooking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Md.Boualam_Tajine%2COutdoor_cooking.jpg/200px-Md.Boualam_Tajine%2COutdoor_cooking.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Md.Boualam_Tajine%2COutdoor_cooking.jpg/300px-Md.Boualam_Tajine%2COutdoor_cooking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Md.Boualam_Tajine%2COutdoor_cooking.jpg/400px-Md.Boualam_Tajine%2COutdoor_cooking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Outdoor cooking using a <a href="/wiki/Tajine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajine">Tajine</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cookcampfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cookcampfire.jpg/150px-Cookcampfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cookcampfire.jpg/225px-Cookcampfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cookcampfire.jpg/300px-Cookcampfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">oven</a> constructed from found materials</figcaption></figure> <p>A good alternative to cooking with a tripod is to cook directly on the fire itself. To do this properly the fire needs to have a reasonable bed of coals and to have burned down to the point where it is not a roaring fire. While the pot may be set directly upon the coals, this is not preferable since that will tend to extinguish the coals. To lift the pot up off the fire, often two small logs of similar size may be used on either side of the pot; camp-style Dutch ovens have three legs built into the pot to perform this function. An alternative is the use of a metal thread or mesh fire basket. This allows continued airflow through the fire while providing optimal heat. The one downside to this form of cooking is that the pots will become blackened with soot and ash, which can be difficult to scrub off. The ash and soot buildup can be easily avoided by applying a thin layer of dish soap (preferably biodegradable) to the outside of the pot before cooking. The ash and soot will stick to the soap which is then easily rinsed off later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steaming">Steaming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Steaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_steaming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bamboo_steaming.svg/150px-Bamboo_steaming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bamboo_steaming.svg/225px-Bamboo_steaming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bamboo_steaming.svg/300px-Bamboo_steaming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Bamboo steaming</figcaption></figure> </div><div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Can-in-can_steaming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Can-in-can_steaming.svg/150px-Can-in-can_steaming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Can-in-can_steaming.svg/225px-Can-in-can_steaming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Can-in-can_steaming.svg/300px-Can-in-can_steaming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Can-in-can steaming</figcaption></figure> </div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a> is possible with plants such as <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. In this method, a piece of bamboo is set diagonally above a fire. The bamboo is perforated from within (between the joints) and water is placed in the lowest bamboo segment. Food (e.g. rice) is then placed in the top segment which is steamed due to the water evaporating from the heat in the lowest segment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_covered_techniques">Other covered techniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other covered techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maori_earth_oven.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Maori_earth_oven.svg/275px-Maori_earth_oven.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Maori_earth_oven.svg/413px-Maori_earth_oven.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Maori_earth_oven.svg/550px-Maori_earth_oven.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A Māori earth oven</figcaption></figure> <p>The original form of covered cooking is the <a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">earth oven</a>, simply a covered pit with a fire built in it, demonstrated in techniques such as the <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ng%C4%AB" title="Hāngī">umu/Hāngī</a>, the Indian <a href="/wiki/Tandoori" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandoori">tandoori</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_England_clam_bake" class="mw-redirect" title="New England clam bake">Native American clambake</a>. </p><p>Another commonly used technique is the baking of food in <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_foil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum foil">aluminum foil</a> packets. Food is wrapped inside a durable packet of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> or aluminum foil, crimped to seal, and placed on or under hot coals. <a href="/wiki/Baked_potato" title="Baked potato">Baked potatoes</a> are commonly cooked this way but entire meals can be cooked in one packet. Besides aluminum or tin, organic material such as leaves (of trees, "<a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Nelumbo nucifera</a>" lotus, "Dendrocalamus lactiferous Munro" bamboo aka <a href="/wiki/Bambusa_oldhamii" title="Bambusa oldhamii">Bambusa oldhamii</a> (麻竹葉), <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">phragmites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, etc.), husks (of corn, "<a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys" title="Phyllostachys">Phyllostachys</a> makinoi" bamboo (桂竹籜), etc.), and skins of fruit (<a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, etc.) are also frequently employed. Tree leaves such as those from the <a href="/wiki/Banana_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana tree">banana tree</a> do not burn/ignite as they contain enough oil to resist the heat from the flames (at least until the frying is complete). The way to adapt recipes where food is wrapped in foil is to use a barrier such as baking or silicone paper between the food and the foil; the overall technique is similar to the <a href="/wiki/En_papillote" title="En papillote">en papillote</a> technique developed in <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> but uses a more robust container. </p><p>Other simple methods include clay wrapping food (such as in the <i>kleftiko</i> method used in <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a>), leaf wrapping, and plank grilling,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where food is cooked on a wooden plank set above the fire. Hot-stone cooking, where food is placed on a heated stone next to or even in the fire, or where fire-heated stones are dropped into a pot are other methods. </p><p>Long-distance truckers, automotive travelers, and <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rally</a> racers have occasionally resorted to cooking on accessible sections of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">vehicle engine</a>; the book <i><a href="/wiki/Manifold_Destiny_(cookbook)" title="Manifold Destiny (cookbook)">Manifold Destiny</a></i>, though written to a certain extent as a humor book, is considered the authoritative reference on the subject. The food is usually wrapped in several layers of aluminum foil and secured onto the engine block or other hot parts of the engine. </p><p>In some areas where there is a significant amount of steady, less-hazardous <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic activity</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> cooking</i> (invented in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>) is sometimes practiced as a novelty.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The food does not come in direct contact with the molten rock, instead being wrapped in a moist barrier (usually wet tropical leaves such as <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> foliage or <a href="/wiki/Ti_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti (plant)">ti leaves</a>). The wrapper is <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">sacrificial</a>, and is chipped or otherwise cleaned off along with the cooled lava before serving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backwoods_cooking,_without_utensils"><span id="Backwoods_cooking.2C_without_utensils"></span>Backwoods cooking, without utensils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Backwoods cooking, without utensils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking_over_an_open_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cooking_over_an_open_fire.jpg/220px-Cooking_over_an_open_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cooking_over_an_open_fire.jpg/330px-Cooking_over_an_open_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cooking_over_an_open_fire.jpg/440px-Cooking_over_an_open_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>From a 1921–1922 yearbook, <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin">Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Backwood cooking is a method of cooking without the use of kitchen implements.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It commonly takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">backwoods</a>, often in combination with wild or conventional <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a>. Some variants of backwoods cooking allow the use of items of <a href="/wiki/Cookware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookware">cookware</a> such as a cooking pot;<sup id="cite_ref-TiB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TiB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however there are many recipes without any. Some backwoods alternatives to cookware include <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">aluminium foil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fruit skins,<sup id="cite_ref-SW_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and heated stones.<sup id="cite_ref-CDH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally backwoods cooking takes place over a wood-burning fire because wood is the most available fuel source in the backwoods.<sup id="cite_ref-CS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, some recipes include information about the intensity of the fire to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Backwoods cooking is widely practiced within the <a href="/wiki/Scouting_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouting movement">Scouting movement</a>. While it is most associated with scouting today, the term "backwoods cooking" pre-dates Scouting by at least 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-DFP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within scouting it may also be known as "lightweight cooking," which may also have a focus on using aluminum foil for cookware for much lighter-weight cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-LC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scouts around the world take part in different backwoods cooking competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-SO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These competitions are often local in scope, group or district competitions, but some are held by national scout associations; such as that held by the <a href="/wiki/Scout_Association_of_Malta" title="Scout Association of Malta">Scout Association of Malta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ToM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialist_equipment">Specialist equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Specialist equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepsi-can_stove_lit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pepsi-can_stove_lit.JPG/170px-Pepsi-can_stove_lit.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pepsi-can_stove_lit.JPG/255px-Pepsi-can_stove_lit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pepsi-can_stove_lit.JPG/340px-Pepsi-can_stove_lit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Beverage-can_stove" title="Beverage-can stove">beverage-can stove</a>, fueled by <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denatured alcohol</a> (the pot stand is omitted for clarity)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HotPot_solar_cooker_with_panel_reflector_(5_liter_capacity,_front_view).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/HotPot_solar_cooker_with_panel_reflector_%285_liter_capacity%2C_front_view%29.png/220px-HotPot_solar_cooker_with_panel_reflector_%285_liter_capacity%2C_front_view%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/HotPot_solar_cooker_with_panel_reflector_%285_liter_capacity%2C_front_view%29.png/330px-HotPot_solar_cooker_with_panel_reflector_%285_liter_capacity%2C_front_view%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/HotPot_solar_cooker_with_panel_reflector_%285_liter_capacity%2C_front_view%29.png/440px-HotPot_solar_cooker_with_panel_reflector_%285_liter_capacity%2C_front_view%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Solar_cooker" title="Solar cooker">solar cooker</a> (HotPot brand)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Portable_stove" title="Portable stove">Portable stoves</a> are widely used in areas where fuel such as wood is scarce or there is a significant fire or environmental hazard to building a campfire. Such devices usually use liquid fuel (usually a <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> derivative or some kind of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>), but gaseous fuels like <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a> and solid fuels such as wood shavings and <a href="/wiki/Hexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamine">hexamine</a> are also used depending on the stove design; while two-burner models are commonly used for front-country camp stoves and function much like residential gas stoves, backpacking stoves generally put out a much more concentrated and less powerful flame and require lightweight cooking equipment ("<a href="/wiki/Billycan" title="Billycan">billycans</a>") made of aluminum or <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> rather than more typical kitchen-type utensils. </p><p>In addition, there are often special techniques for baked goods made on the trail in the absence of specialized camp oven equipment, including flipping over the (lidded) pan while on the heat and the "twiggy fire", which mimics the use of charcoal on the lid of a Dutch oven using a small campfire on the lid of the pan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reflector_oven" title="Reflector oven">Reflector ovens</a> are placed on the ground next to the fire, and gather <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> from it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooker" title="Solar cooker">Solar cookers</a> are a type of equipment that is powered by the sun, and no other fuel is required, creating a positive environmental impact. There are large variations of design and functionality, where the parabolic solar cookers offer the highest temperature, often more than 750 degrees F. SolSource solar stove is an example of a high-temperature solar stove. </p><p>Ceramic grills come in many guises and have been around in simple format since ancient times. Many modern cookers sport ornate designs that can be quite beautiful. These grills cook well and efficiently because they retain heat and seal in moisture. Most quality grills are weatherproof and can be used year-round to grill, BBQ, smoke, and bake. Other benefits include fast heating time and a lack of hot spots. They are fuel-efficient, using a minimum of charcoal, and may be safer for children due to the lack of hot spots. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooking_rigs">Cooking rigs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cooking rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 654px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Various cooking rigs</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Cooking_Crane_03.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp cooking crane"><img alt="Camp cooking crane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_Cooking_Crane_03.svg/175px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_Cooking_Crane_03.svg/263px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_Cooking_Crane_03.svg/350px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camp cooking crane</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Cooking_Crane_02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp cooking crane"><img alt="Camp cooking crane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Camp_Cooking_Crane_02.svg/175px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Camp_Cooking_Crane_02.svg/263px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Camp_Cooking_Crane_02.svg/350px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camp cooking crane</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Cooking_Crane_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp cooking crane"><img alt="Camp cooking crane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camp_Cooking_Crane_01.svg/175px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camp_Cooking_Crane_01.svg/263px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camp_Cooking_Crane_01.svg/350px-Camp_Cooking_Crane_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camp cooking crane</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Trench_Fire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp cooking trench"><img alt="Camp cooking trench" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Camp_Trench_Fire.svg/169px-Camp_Trench_Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Camp_Trench_Fire.svg/254px-Camp_Trench_Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Camp_Trench_Fire.svg/338px-Camp_Trench_Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camp cooking trench</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Hunters_Fire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cooking over a hunter's fire"><img alt="Cooking over a hunter's fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Camp_Hunters_Fire.svg/175px-Camp_Hunters_Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Camp_Hunters_Fire.svg/263px-Camp_Hunters_Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Camp_Hunters_Fire.svg/350px-Camp_Hunters_Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cooking over a hunter's fire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Cooking_Pot_Hook_with_Hand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camp cooking pot hook"><img alt="Camp cooking pot hook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Camp_Cooking_Pot_Hook_with_Hand.svg/46px-Camp_Cooking_Pot_Hook_with_Hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Camp_Cooking_Pot_Hook_with_Hand.svg/70px-Camp_Cooking_Pot_Hook_with_Hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Camp_Cooking_Pot_Hook_with_Hand.svg/93px-Camp_Cooking_Pot_Hook_with_Hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camp cooking pot hook</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dangers">Dangers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_resistant_food_storage_canister_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bear_resistant_food_storage_canister_1.JPG/160px-Bear_resistant_food_storage_canister_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bear_resistant_food_storage_canister_1.JPG/240px-Bear_resistant_food_storage_canister_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bear_resistant_food_storage_canister_1.JPG/320px-Bear_resistant_food_storage_canister_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bear-resistant_food_storage_container" title="Bear-resistant food storage container">bear-resistant food storage container</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Campfire#Safety" title="Campfire">Campfire safety</a></div> <p>Outdoor cooking elements can be dangerous due to their high flammability and proximity to occupants. Use of highly <a href="/wiki/Flammable_liquid" title="Flammable liquid">flammable alcohols</a> to refuel portable cookers, gas cookers need to be checked for leaks and kept well away from heat and tents in a sheltered and stable setting. Most modern tents are made of lightweight synthetic materials that are not fire retardant. Fires and flames must be properly extinguished and not left unattended. Wind can carry hot embers, possibly igniting <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>. In rare occasions, portable camping canisters have been known to explode. These can be caused by leaks or overheating around the compressed canister. Adequate air ventilation can prevent overheating during use. It is recommended to operate such portable cooking instruments in the open, despite the pull of luxury in having them operate inside a tent. Several incidents involving camping and cooking fires have resulted in fatalities<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and severe injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special precautions are required for camping in the <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> country because cooking activities and food storage attract these potentially dangerous animals. Food preparation and storage must be located a safe distance from sleeping areas, so a fire near the camp cannot be used for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food may need to be stored in <a href="/wiki/Bear_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear can">bear cans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bear_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear bag">bear bags</a> hung from a tree or post. Other animals may be attracted to food too; most notably <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beverage-can_stove" title="Beverage-can stove">Beverage-can stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curanto" title="Curanto">Curanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(food)" title="Damper (food)">Damper (food)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_oven" title="Dutch oven">Dutch oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81ng%C4%AB" title="Hāngī">Hāngī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalua">Kalua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_oven" title="Masonry oven">Masonry oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_clam_bake" class="mw-redirect" title="New England clam bake">New England clam bake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachamanca" title="Pachamanca">Pachamanca</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/One_chef%27s_hat.png/19px-One_chef%27s_hat.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/One_chef%27s_hat.png/29px-One_chef%27s_hat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/One_chef%27s_hat.png/37px-One_chef%27s_hat.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="299" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Cooking">Cooking</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/18px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/27px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/36px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scouting" title="Portal:Scouting">Scouting</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_cooking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has travel information for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/outdoor_cooking#Q2920305" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:outdoor cooking">outdoor cooking</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/6551371.stm">Documentary in which rice steaming in bamboo is demonstrated</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backyardprovisions.com/blogs/grilling-101/10784049-wood-plank-grilling">Backyard Provisions - Wood Plank Grilling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107062202/http://backyardprovisions.com/blogs/grilling-101/10784049-wood-plank-grilling">Archived</a> January 7, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolphinbayhilo.com/cook.html"><i>How To Cook With Lava</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banburycake.co.uk/news/banbury/8273692.Scouts_celebrate_100_years_of_the_Scouting_movement/">"Scouts celebrate 100 years of the Scouting movement"</a>. Banbury Cake. 15 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scouts+celebrate+100+years+of+the+Scouting+movement&rft.pub=Banbury+Cake&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banburycake.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbanbury%2F8273692.Scouts_celebrate_100_years_of_the_Scouting_movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutdoor+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TiB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TiB_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Matthews2010" class="citation web cs1">Harry Matthews (14 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130505064832/http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Woodland-Wonder-Harry-Matthews/story-11253136-detail/story.html">"Woodland Wonder: Harry Matthews"</a>. This is Bristol. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Woodland-Wonder-Harry-Matthews/story-11253136-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodland+Wonder%3A+Harry+Matthews&rft.pub=This+is+Bristol&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.au=Harry+Matthews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisbristol.co.uk%2FWoodland-Wonder-Harry-Matthews%2Fstory-11253136-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutdoor+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Wiggins1997" class="citation web cs1">Scott Wiggins (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.home-cov.demon.co.uk/backfood.htm">"Backwoods Cooking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backwoods+Cooking&rft.date=1997-07&rft.au=Scott+Wiggins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.home-cov.demon.co.uk%2Fbackfood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutdoor+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDH_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zhNkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1240,1481650&dq=backwoods-cooking&hl=en">"Desert Island Cookery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Calgary_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calgary Herald">The Calgary Daily Herald</a>. 13 May 1933<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Desert+Island+Cookery&rft.date=1933-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DzhNkAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1240%2C1481650%26dq%3Dbackwoods-cooking%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutdoor+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CS_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Stafford1953" class="citation book cs1">Charles Stafford (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjwnPAAACAAJ&q=backwoods+cooking"><i>Backwoods Cooking</i></a>. London: The Boy Scouts Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backwoods+Cooking&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Boy+Scouts+Association&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Charles+Stafford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjwnPAAACAAJ%26q%3Dbackwoods%2Bcooking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutdoor+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFP-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DFP_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131210749/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1875953352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+28,+1880&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=A+SAILORS'+HUNTING+PARTY">"A SAILORS' HUNTING PARTY"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a>. 28 May 1880. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1875953352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+28%2C+1880&author=&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+%281858-1922%29&edition=&startpage=3&desc=A+SAILORS%27+HUNTING+PARTY">the original</a> on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+SAILORS%27+HUNTING+PARTY&rft.date=1880-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Ffreep%2Faccess%2F1875953352.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DMay%2B28%252C%2B1880%26author%3D%26pub%3DDetroit%2BFree%2BPress%2B%25281858-1922%2529%26edition%3D%26startpage%3D3%26desc%3DA%2BSAILORS%2527%2BHUNTING%2BPARTY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutdoor+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LC_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_BaerleinEric_Colley1961" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Baerlein; Eric Colley (1961). <i>Lightweight cooking</i>. 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The Observer of Sri Lanka. 19 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075348/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2006/02/19/juniorob07.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scouts%27+first+ever+Backwoods+Cooking+Competition&rft.date=2004-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20040425%2Flocal%2Fscouts-first-ever-backwoods-cooking-competition.124496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutdoor+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, Claudia, <i>The <a href="/wiki/National_Outdoor_Leadership_School" title="National Outdoor Leadership School">NOLS</a> Cookery</i>, 4e and 5e. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997 and 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3108-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-3108-1">0-8117-3108-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/no-survivors-father-young-daughter-lose-fight-for-life-after-tent-blast-claims-teen-son-20110505-1e8y1.html">No survivors: Father, young daughter lose fight for life after tent blast claims teen son</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/tent-catches-fire-in-campsite-gas-blast-20110228-1ba9j.html">Tent catches fire in campsite gas blast</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/ipnf/visit/brochures/bears/index.html">Bear country precautions</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cooking_techniques" title="Template talk:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooking_techniques215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_roasting" title="Dry roasting">Dry roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_salt_frying" title="Hot salt frying">Hot salt frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">Searing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Convection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbroiler" title="Charbroiler">Charbroiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling (charbroiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (traditional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling#In_cooking" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocking_(cooking)" title="Shocking (cooking)">Shocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coddling" title="Coddling">Coddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaming_(cooking)" title="Creaming (cooking)">Creaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow cooking">Slow cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothering_(cooking)" title="Smothering (cooking)">Smothering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">Stewing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Indirect heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain-marie" title="Bain-marie">Bain-marie (Double boiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">Basting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackening_(cooking)" title="Blackening (cooking)">Blackening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_(cooking)" title="Browning (cooking)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">Pan frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">Shallow frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_frying" title="Gentle frying">Gentle frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_(cooking)" title="Sweating (cooking)">Sweating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carryover_cooking" title="Carryover cooking">Carryover cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">Caramelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)" title="Deglazing (cooking)">Deglazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">Flambé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricassee" title="Fricassee">Fricassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_grilling" title="Indirect grilling">Indirect grilling/Plank cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying#Chao_technique" title="Stir frying">Stir frying (chao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_frying" title="Pressure frying">Pressure frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_cooking" title="Thermal cooking">Thermal cooking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">Purée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">Souring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances" title="List of cooking appliances">List of cooking appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_vessels" title="List of cooking vessels">List of cooking vessels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Outdoor cooking"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85096140">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cuisine en plein air"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931824x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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