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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disease outbreak in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFCCCB">1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disease</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First outbreak</th><td class="infobox-data">ship <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_(steamer)" title="Brother Jonathan (steamer)">Brother Jonathan</a></i>, San Francisco to Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Arrival date</th><td class="infobox-data">1862</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deaths</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000+</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">outbreak</a> that started in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> and spread among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Plateau">indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau</a>, killing a large portion of natives from the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_region" title="Puget Sound region">Puget Sound region</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast Alaska</a>. Two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> natives died—around 20,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death rate was highest in southeast Alaska and <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>—over 70% among the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> and 60% among the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>. Almost all native nations along the coast, and many in the interior, were devastated, with a death rate of over 50% for the entire coast from Puget Sound to <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka, Alaska</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-lange_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas the native population fell by as much as 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-ostroff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostroff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease was controlled among colonists in 1862 but it continued to spread among natives through 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-lange_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While colonial authorities used <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> to keep the disease from spreading among colonists and settlers, it was largely allowed to spread among indigenous peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> made attempts to save some natives, but most were forced to leave the vicinity of Victoria and go back to their homelands, despite awareness that it would result in a major smallpox epidemic among natives along the Pacific Northwest coast. Many colonists and newspapers were vocally in favor of expulsion. The situation in the Puget Sound region was similar, with newspapers encouraging settlers to get vaccinated, but with little effort towards protecting natives. Most papers supported removing natives. The effect of the epidemic in the Puget Sound area is not well documented and it appears it did not spread south beyond the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_people" title="Lower Chehalis people">Chehalis people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chehalis_River_(Washington)" title="Chehalis River (Washington)">Chehalis River</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-lange_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have described it as a deliberate <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> because the Colony of Vancouver Island and the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> could have prevented the epidemic but chose not to, and in some ways facilitated it.<sup id="cite_ref-ostroff_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostroff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Kiran van Rijn, "opportunistic self-interest, coupled with hollow pity, revulsion at the victims, and smug feelings of inevitability, shaped the colonial response to the epidemic among First Nations"; and that for some residents of Victoria the eviction of native people was a "long-sought opportunity" to be rid of them; and, for some, an opportunity to take over First Nation lands. At the time, and still today, some natives say that the colonial government deliberately spread smallpox for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">stealing their land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rijn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rijn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples experienced several earlier smallpox epidemics, about once per generation after European contact began in the late 18th century: in the late 1770s, 1801–03, 1836–38, and 1853. These epidemics are not as well documented in historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction_and_spread_of_smallpox">Introduction and spread of smallpox</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction and spread of smallpox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smallpox was brought to Victoria by the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_(steamer)" title="Brother Jonathan (steamer)">Brother Jonathan</a></i>, which carried 350 passengers from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. The population of Victoria at the time was about 4,000 colonists and slightly more indigenous people from all over the Pacific Northwest coast camped nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-ostroff_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostroff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were several large semi-permanent native camps around Victoria at the time. The largest, known as the "Northern Encampment", had been in place since the gold rush of 1858 and was populated by northern coastal natives, especially <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk" title="Heiltsuk">Heiltsuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a>. There were also <a href="/wiki/Songhees" title="Songhees">Songhees</a> villages and other natives from nearby areas, including <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a> speaking peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sto:lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sto:lo">Sto:lo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nuu-chah-nulth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Brother Jonathan</i> arrived at Victoria on 12 March 1862. The ship left the next day. On 18 March <i>The Daily British Colonist</i> reported one passenger had the disease. A second case was reported on 19 March. By 22 March this second infected person was in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a>, having traveled across the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Otter_(steamship)" title="Otter (steamship)">Otter</a></i>. On 24 March another vessel from San Francisco, the <i>Oregon</i> arrived with at least one passenger infected with smallpox. California was struggling with smallpox at the time, but vaccinations and other preventative measures had kept the death toll relatively low.<sup id="cite_ref-lange_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response">Response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late March the paper <i>The Daily British Colonist</i> published the first of several articles calling upon the government to take action, including quarantine and vaccination, to control the spread of smallpox among colonists as well as native people camped near Victoria. By 1 April about half of the colonists in Victoria had been vaccinated. On the same day the first infected native was reported. It is unclear how large a supply of the smallpox vaccine was available. Some sources stated that there was a shortage of vaccines. During May, 3,400 Indians along the lower Fraser River were reportedly vaccinated, as were others, in Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia. These groups avoided much deaths from the epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-lange_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">James Douglas</a> enlisted <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> physician Dr. John Helmcken to vaccinate the Songhees. Little was done to prevent smallpox from spreading to the other natives encamped near Victoria. Two missionaries tended to the sick at the Northern Encampment and asked for government assistance. The colonial police commissioner, Augustus Pemberton, said the colony had no authority to interfere or even help bury the dead. On 28 April the <i>Daily British Colonist</i> called upon the government to "remove...the entire Indian population" from the Victoria area. Pemberton, with Governor Douglas's permission, ordered the Tsimshians to leave within one day, had a gunboat stationed to enforce the order, and placed armed guards around Victoria to prevent natives from entering.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Tsimshians left on 1 May, along with a number of Haida and Tlingit. However, during May the epidemic continued to ravage the natives still living in the Northern Encampment. Many moved to other nearby camps. The Haida set up a large camp at <a href="/wiki/Cadboro_Bay" title="Cadboro Bay">Cadboro Bay</a>. In early May two gunboats arrived, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Grappler_(1856)" title="HMS Grappler (1856)">HMS <i>Grappler</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Forward_(1855)" title="HMS Forward (1855)">HMS <i>Forward</i></a>. On 11 May Police Commissioner Pemberton brought the gunboats and many policemen to Cadboro Bay. They forced about 300 natives to evacuate in 26 canoes. One of the gunboats towed the canoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Cadboro Bay camp was empty the police went to what remained of the Northern Encampment and burned all the dwellings, leaving about 200 Haidas with no canoes. On 13 May the <i>Daily British Colonist</i> reported that these Haida were to be evicted "to one of the islands in the Straits—there to rot and die with the loathsome disease which is now destroying the poor wretches at the rate of six each day."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were taken to <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Island" title="San Juan Island">San Juan Island</a> where they died at a place today called <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_Bay" title="Smallpox Bay">Smallpox Bay</a>. Police efforts to drive the natives away from Victoria continued through late May, as small groups still remained near Victoria. Reports of natives dying of smallpox near Victoria continued into June. The number of native deaths near Victoria in 1862 is not known, but on 11 June newspapers reported about 1,000 to 1,200 unburied Northern Indian corpses just west of Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April, when the outbreak was just starting, Dr. Helmcken vaccinated about 500 Songhees. On 29 April the Songhees abandoned their villages and moved to <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Island_(British_Columbia)" title="Discovery Island (British Columbia)">Discovery Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haro_Strait" title="Haro Strait">Haro Strait</a>. Due to this and Dr. Helmcken's vaccines the Songhees survived the epidemic with few deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-lange_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a>-speaking people of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a> were saved due to the vaccination efforts of missionaries. The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a> missionary Leon Fouquet and his partner Father Pandosy vaccinated a large number Halkomelem peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Tribes" title="Cowichan Tribes">Cowichan</a> Quwutsun, as well as some members of other groups like the <a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shishalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishalh">Shishalh</a>. Fourquet also sent a large supply of vaccine to Casimir Chirouse at <a href="/wiki/Tulalip" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulalip">Tulalip</a>. Chirouse vaccinated most of the Tulalip and <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_people" title="Nooksack people">Nooksack</a> people. In August, when smallpox arrived in the Puget Sound area the Tulalip and Nooksack were mostly safe, while other native groups were devastated. The Anglican missionary John Good vaccinated the <a href="/wiki/Snuneymuxw_First_Nation" title="Snuneymuxw First Nation">Snuneymuxw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Hudson's Bay Company officials took part in vaccination efforts, such as Hamilton Moffat who vaccinated over 100 natives near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rupert" title="Fort Rupert">Fort Rupert</a>, and William Manson who vaccinated "a large number" at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kamloops" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kamloops">Fort Kamloops</a>. Despite Manson's efforts he reported "violent outbreaks" of smallpox in the Kamloops area. Some natives attempted to inoculate themselves, although how many and how effective it was is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-rijn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rijn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_to_the_north">Spread to the north</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spread to the north"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in May 1862, thousands of infected natives were evicted from the Victoria area and forced to return to their homes in the north, all along the coast from <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stikine_River" title="Stikine River">Stikine River</a> in southeast Alaska. Unlike the region around the <a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a> the northern coast had less previous exposure to smallpox and no vaccines available. As the disease spread indigenous peoples suffered devastating losses. There are no first-hand accounts of the initial stages of the epidemic in the north. By mid-June Victoria newspapers began receiving reports of the toll the disease was taking. The <a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a>, Eeksen, and Qualicom peoples were greatly reduced and merged with the <a href="/wiki/K%27%C3%B3moks" class="mw-redirect" title="K'ómoks">K'ómoks</a> (Comox). Although a few <a href="/wiki/Shishalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishalh">Shishalh</a> people had been vaccinated the nation as a whole was devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Kwakwakaʼwakw lived near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rupert" title="Fort Rupert">Fort Rupert</a>, on northern Vancouver Island. Over the summer of 1862 various ships reported high death tolls. The disease reduced the Kwakwakaʼwakw population by over 50%. Likewise there were harrowing reports about the <a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk" title="Heiltsuk">Heiltsuk</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Bella_Bella,_British_Columbia" title="Bella Bella, British Columbia">Bella Bella</a> area. On 18 July 1862 the <i>Daily British Colonist</i> reported that smallpox had killed about 60% of the Heiltsuk people. Robert Boyd estimates the Heiltsuk population fell by about 72% due to the epidemic. Many villages were abandoned and survivors soon moved to the consolidated settlement at Bella Bella. Large areas of traditional Heiltsuk territory were abandoned. By 1899 the Heiltsuk population had dropped to 319, almost all at Bella Bella. The <a href="/wiki/Nuxalk" title="Nuxalk">Nuxalk</a> people were also decimated by smallpox, with a loss of about 58%, and a similar abandonment of villages and whole regions, with consolidation at <a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola,_British_Columbia" title="Bella Coola, British Columbia">Bella Coola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haida people suffered the most from the smallpox epidemic. <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> experienced a large amount of village abandonment and consolidation. No contemporary accounts describe what happened when the first infected Haida returned, but later reports suggest that smallpox circulated among Haida villages for over a year killing about 72% of the Haida people. Many historic <a href="/wiki/List_of_Haida_villages" title="List of Haida villages">Haida villages</a> were abandoned in the years following the epidemic, including <a href="/wiki/Ninstints" title="Ninstints">Ninstints</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Clew,_British_Columbia" title="New Clew, British Columbia">Kloo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skedans" title="Skedans">Skedans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumshewa,_British_Columbia" title="Cumshewa, British Columbia">Cumshewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadens" title="Dadens">Dadens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haina_(Haida_village)" title="Haina (Haida village)">Haina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiellen" title="Hiellen">Hiellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kung_(Haida_village)" title="Kung (Haida village)">Kung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klinkwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Klinkwan">Klinkwan</a>, and "Old" <a href="/wiki/Kasaan,_Alaska" title="Kasaan, Alaska">Kasaan</a>, among others. Survivors consolidated in four main settlements: <a href="/wiki/Skidegate" title="Skidegate">Skidegate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Massett" title="Old Massett">Masset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydaburg,_Alaska" title="Hydaburg, Alaska">Hydaburg</a>, and "New" <a href="/wiki/Kasaan,_Alaska" title="Kasaan, Alaska">Kasaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tsimshian forced away from Victoria brought smallpox to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Simpson_(Columbia_Department)" title="Fort Simpson (Columbia Department)">Fort Simpson</a>, whence it spread widely starting in June 1862. By early July the native settlement outside the fort was deserted due to deaths and people fleeing the area. The Tsimshian settlement at <a href="/wiki/Metlakatla,_British_Columbia" title="Metlakatla, British Columbia">Metlakatla</a> had only just been founded by the missionary <a href="/wiki/William_Duncan_(missionary)" title="William Duncan (missionary)">William Duncan</a>, who intended it to be a utopian Christian community. Duncan was able to quarantine Metlakatla by refusing to allow natives to be admitted who showed any signs of smallpox. His efforts resulted in Metlakatla being mostly spared from the disease. Duncan also used the epidemic to proselytize, saying that the epidemic had been sent by God as a punishment for the sins of the Tsimshian, and that those who repented and "came to Jesus" and were baptized would be spared. Duncan also recorded news about the spread of the disease up the <a href="/wiki/Skeena_River" title="Skeena River">Skeena River</a>, and elsewhere, as refugees sought entrance to Metlakatla.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tlingits driven from Victoria brought smallpox to the Stikine River area. Some of the refugees were escorted by the gunboat HMS <i>Topaz</i> all the way from Victoria to Alaska. No records survive of the situation in the Stikine area during July and August, when the epidemic was likely at its height. In early September HMS <i>Devastation</i> visited the area and noted major population loss and the continuing spread of smallpox. The epidemic spread north into the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago" title="Alexander Archipelago">Alexander Archipelago</a> but was limited due to an extensive Russian vaccination program. Some Tlingit groups had not been part of the Russian program and these were decimated by the disease, especially the Henya Tlingit of northern Prince of Wales island. The Mainland Tlingit suffered losses of about 60%, and the Island Tlingit about 37%.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other indigenous peoples who suffered major population loss include the <a href="/wiki/Saanich_people" title="Saanich people">Saanich</a> (about 72%), <a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a" title="Nisga'a">Nisga'a</a> (about 37%), <a href="/wiki/Gitxsan" title="Gitxsan">Gitxsan</a> (about 22%), Sabassas or Kitkatla Tsimshian (about 67%), <a href="/wiki/Wuikinuxv" title="Wuikinuxv">Wuikinuxv</a> (Oweekeno), as well as the interior nations of the <a href="/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux" title="Nlaka'pamux">Nlaka'pamux</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%CA%BCat%CA%BCimc" title="Stʼatʼimc">Stʼatʼimc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakelh" title="Dakelh">Dakelh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin" title="Tsilhqotʼin">Tsilhqotʼin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secwepemc" class="mw-redirect" title="Secwepemc">Secwepemc</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up until the 1862–1863 epidemic, the colonial authorities acquired indigenous land through treaties. Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">James Douglas</a> had signed 14 land cession treaties on Vancouver Island, known as the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Treaties" title="Douglas Treaties">Douglas Treaties</a>. In 1864, after the epidemic, the colony's Chief Commissioner of Land and Works <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trutch" title="Joseph Trutch">Joseph Trutch</a> decided to stop recognizing <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">indigenous title</a> and abandon the treaty process. This set the precedent of British Columbia taking indigenous land by fiat rather than treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-ostroff_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostroff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large population losses also caused widespread native village abandonment and consolidation, cultural loss, and increased conflict and hostility with colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Haida Gwaii, following the 1862 epidemic, over nineteen villages diminished to four by the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1994_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin" title="Tsilhqotʼin">Tsilhqotʼin</a> people resisted when a wagon road began to be built through their territory without permission, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_War" title="Chilcotin War">Chilcotin War</a>. One of the foremen of the road-building project threatened the Tsilhqotʼin with smallpox. The war ended with the hanging of six Tsilhqotʼin chiefs. In 2014, British Columbia Premier <a href="/wiki/Christy_Clark" title="Christy Clark">Christy Clark</a> formally exonerated the executed chiefs and apologized for these acts, acknowledging that "there is an indication [that smallpox] was spread intentionally."<sup id="cite_ref-ostroff_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostroff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of epidemics">List of epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770s_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1770s Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">1770s Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American disease and epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_disease_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of notable disease outbreaks in the United States">List of notable disease outbreaks in the United States</a></li> <li><i><b><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></small></b></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boyd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoydBoyd1999" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Robert; Boyd, Robert Thomas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_FdUPbmwCgC&pg=PA172">"A final disaster: the 1862 smallpox epidemic in coastal British Columbia"</a>. <i>The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874</i>. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 172–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97837-6"><bdi>978-0-295-97837-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106083406/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_FdUPbmwCgC&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+final+disaster%3A+the+1862+smallpox+epidemic+in+coastal+British+Columbia&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Spirit+of+Pestilence%3A+Introduced+Infectious+Diseases+and+Population+Decline+Among+Northwest+Coast+Indians%2C+1774%E2%80%931874&rft.pages=172-201&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97837-6&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Robert+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_FdUPbmwCgC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lange-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lange_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lange_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lange_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lange_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lange_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lange_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange" class="citation web cs1">Lange, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylink.org/File/5171">"Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians"</a>. HistoryLink. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125204435/https://www.historylink.org/File/5171">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smallpox+Epidemic+of+1862+among+Northwest+Coast+and+Puget+Sound+Indians&rft.pub=HistoryLink&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2FFile%2F5171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ostroff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ostroff_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ostroff_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ostroff_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ostroff_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ostroff_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstroff" class="citation web cs1">Ostroff, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/how-a-smallpox-epidemic-forged-modern-british-columbia">"How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia"</a>. Maclean's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118211838/https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/how-a-smallpox-epidemic-forged-modern-british-columbia/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+a+smallpox+epidemic+forged+modern+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Maclean%27s&rft.aulast=Ostroff&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhow-a-smallpox-epidemic-forged-modern-british-columbia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanky2013" class="citation book cs1">Swanky, Tom (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSyPLwEACAAJ"><i>The True Story of Canada's "War" of Extermination on the Pacific - Plus the Tsilhqot'in and other First Nations Resistance</i></a>. Dragon Heart Enterprises. pp. 617–619. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-105-71164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-105-71164-0"><bdi>978-1-105-71164-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Story+of+Canada%27s+%22War%22+of+Extermination+on+the+Pacific+-+Plus+the+Tsilhqot%27in+and+other+First+Nations+Resistance&rft.pages=617-619&rft.pub=Dragon+Heart+Enterprises&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-105-71164-0&rft.aulast=Swanky&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSyPLwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rijn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rijn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rijn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Rijn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Van Rijn, Kiran (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcbmh.23.2.541">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Lo! The poor Indian!" Colonial Responses to the 1862-63 Smallpox Epidemic in British Columbia and Vancouver Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bulletin_of_Medical_History" title="Canadian Bulletin of Medical History">Canadian Bulletin of Medical History</a></i>. <b>23</b> (2): 541–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcbmh.23.2.541">10.3138/cbmh.23.2.541</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17214129">17214129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Bulletin+of+Medical+History&rft.atitle=%22Lo%21+The+poor+Indian%21%22+Colonial+Responses+to+the+1862-63+Smallpox+Epidemic+in+British+Columbia+and+Vancouver+Island&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=541-560&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcbmh.23.2.541&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17214129&rft.aulast=Van+Rijn&rft.aufirst=Kiran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%252Fcbmh.23.2.541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanky2019" class="citation web cs1">Swanky, Tom (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsilhqotin.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_Chief-Ahans-Story_Chilcotin-War.pdf">"Commemorating Nits'il?in Ahan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tŝilhqot’in National Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405064918/https://www.tsilhqotin.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_Chief-Ahans-Story_Chilcotin-War.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorating+Nits%27il%3Fin+Ahan&rft.pub=T%C5%9Dilhqot%E2%80%99in+National+Government&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Swanky&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsilhqotin.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2F2021_Chief-Ahans-Story_Chilcotin-War.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd1994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd1994_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyd1994_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1994" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, Robert T. (Spring 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac/141">"Smallpox in the Pacific Northwest: the First Epidemics"</a>. <i>BC Studies</i>. <b>101</b>: 33–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2Fbcs.v0i101.864">10.14288/bcs.v0i101.864</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709213946/https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac/141/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BC+Studies&rft.atitle=Smallpox+in+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+the+First+Epidemics&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2Fbcs.v0i101.864&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdxscholar.library.pdx.edu%2Fanth_fac%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarmie1968" class="citation journal cs1">Yarmie, Andrew (1968). "Smallpox and the British Columbia Indians: epidemic of 1862". <i>British Columbia Library Quarterly</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 13–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Columbia+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Smallpox+and+the+British+Columbia+Indians%3A+epidemic+of+1862&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Yarmie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmckenBlakey_Smith1975" class="citation book cs1">Helmcken, John Sebastian; Blakey Smith, Dorothy (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LULVsuw34IC"><i>The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastian Helmcken</i></a>. University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4161-0"><bdi>978-0-7748-4161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reminiscences+of+Doctor+John+Sebastian+Helmcken&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-4161-0&rft.aulast=Helmcken&rft.aufirst=John+Sebastian&rft.au=Blakey+Smith%2C+Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LULVsuw34IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1862+Pacific+Northwest+smallpox+epidemic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epidemics" title="Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epidemics" title="Template talk:Epidemics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pandemics,_epidemics_and_notable_disease_outbreaks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> and notable <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">disease outbreaks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List of epidemics and pandemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_plague" title="Hittite plague">Hittite plague</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1330</span> BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Athens" title="Plague of Athens">Plague of Athens</a> (429–426 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> (165–180 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a> (250–266)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-<br />classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a> (541–542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Plague_of_590" title="Roman Plague of 590">Roman Plague</a> (590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Sheroe" title="Plague of Sheroe">Plague of Sheroe</a> (627–628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Amwas" title="Plague of Amwas">Plague of Amwas</a> (638–639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_664" title="Plague of 664">Plague of 664</a> (664–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic" title="735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic">Japanese smallpox</a> (735–737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness" title="Sweating sickness">Sweating sickness</a> (1485–1551)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early<br />modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox_in_Mexico" title="History of smallpox in Mexico">Mexican smallpox</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics" title="Cocoliztli epidemics">"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico</a> (1545, 1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1563_London_plague" title="1563 London plague">London plague</a> (1563–1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_London_plague" title="1592–1593 London plague">London plague</a> (1592–1593)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1603_London_plague" title="1603 London plague">London plague</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1623_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1623 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague" title="1629–1631 Italian plague">Italian plague</a> (1629–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_smallpox_epidemic" title="Massachusetts smallpox epidemic">Massachusetts smallpox</a> (1633)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty</a> (1633–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville" title="Great Plague of Seville">Great Plague of Seville</a> (1647–1652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1655_Malta_plague_outbreak" title="1655 Malta plague outbreak">Maltese plague</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)" title="Naples Plague (1656)">Naples Plague</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a> (1665–1666)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1675%E2%80%931676_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1675–1676)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna" title="Great Plague of Vienna">Great Plague of Vienna</a> (1679)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1707%E2%80%9308_Iceland_smallpox_epidemic" title="1707–08 Iceland smallpox epidemic">Iceland smallpox epidemic</a> (1707–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">Great Northern War plague</a> (1710–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a> (1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_1738" title="Great Plague of 1738">Great Plague of 1738</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague" title="1770–1772 Russian plague">Russian plague</a> (1770–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772%E2%80%931773_Persian_Plague" title="1772–1773 Persian Plague">Persian Plague</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%931782_North_American_smallpox_epidemic" title="1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic">North American smallpox</a> (1780–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic">Philadelphia yellow fever</a> (1793–1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic" title="1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic">Ottoman plague</a> (1812–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813%E2%80%931814_Malta_plague_epidemic" title="1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic">Maltese plague</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague" title="Caragea's plague">Caragea's plague</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_epidemic" title="Groningen epidemic">Groningen epidemic</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">Great Plains smallpox</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_North_American_typhus_epidemic" title="1847 North American typhus epidemic">Typhus</a> (1847–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak">Copenhagen cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Stockholm_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak">Stockholm cholera</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">Broad Street cholera</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Guam_smallpox_epidemic" title="1856 Guam smallpox epidemic">Guam smallpox</a> (1856)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific Northwest smallpox</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Barcelona_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1870 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic">Barcelona yellow fever</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires" title="Yellow fever in Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires yellow fever</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Hong_Kong_plague" title="1894 Hong Kong plague">Hong Kong plague</a> (1894)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_plague_of_1900%E2%80%931904" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco plague of 1900–1904">San Francisco plague</a> (1900–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Los_Angeles_pneumonic_plague_outbreak" title="1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak">LA pneumonic plague</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_typhoid_outbreak_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937">Croydon typhoid</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_New_York_City_smallpox_outbreak" title="1947 New York City smallpox outbreak">NYC smallpox</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_smallpox_epidemic_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="1963 smallpox epidemic in Wrocław">Wrocław smallpox</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Yugoslav_smallpox_outbreak" title="1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak">Yugoslav smallpox</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_flu" title="London flu">London flu</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_in_India" title="1974 smallpox epidemic in India">Indian smallpox</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_plague_in_India" title="1994 plague in India">Surat plague</a> (1994)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">Malaysian Nipah virus</a> (1998–1999)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Midwest_monkeypox_outbreak" title="2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak">Midwest monkeypox</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Bird flu</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_India" title="2006 dengue outbreak in India">Indian dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_chikungunya" title="Epidemiology of chikungunya">Chikungunya outbreaks</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">Iraqi cholera</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2008–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bolivian_dengue_fever_epidemic" title="2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic">Bolivian dengue</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Gujarat_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak">Gujarat hepatitis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_West_African_meningitis_outbreak" title="2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak">Western African meningitis</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">Haiti cholera</a> (2010–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan">Pakistani dengue</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_yellow_fever_outbreak_in_Darfur,_Sudan" title="2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan">Darfur yellow fever</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 MERS outbreak">MERS</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swansea_measles_epidemic" title="2013 Swansea measles epidemic">Swansea measles</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_chikungunya_outbreak" title="2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak">Chikungunya</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak">DR Congo Ebola</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks">Madagascar plague</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Odisha_hepatitis_outbreak" title="2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak">Odisha hepatitis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication#2011–2015" title="Polio eradication">Polio declaration</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_swine_flu_outbreak" title="2015 Indian swine flu outbreak">Indian swine flu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_MERS_outbreak_in_South_Korea" title="2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea">South Korean MERS</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Zika_virus_epidemic" title="2015–16 Zika virus epidemic">Zika</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Angola_and_DR_Congo_yellow_fever_outbreak" title="2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak">Angolan yellow fever</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">Yemeni cholera</a> (2016–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Gorakhpur_hospital_deaths" title="2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths">Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis</a> (2017)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 MERS outbreak">Saudi Arabian MERS</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus_outbreaks_in_Kerala#2018_outbreak" title="Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala">Kerala Nipah virus</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_%C3%89quateur_province_Ebola_outbreak" title="2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak">Équateur province Ebola</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic" title="Kivu Ebola epidemic">Kivu Ebola</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Madagascar_measles_outbreak" title="2018 Madagascar measles outbreak">Madagascar measles</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Samoa_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Samoa measles outbreak">Samoa measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_measles_outbreak_in_the_Philippines" title="2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines">Philippine measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pacific_Northwest_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Pacific Northwest measles outbreak">Pacific NW measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_York_measles_outbreak" title="2019 New York measles outbreak">New York measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kuala_Koh_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak">Kuala Koh measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tonga_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Tonga measles outbreak">Tonga measles</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_measles_outbreak_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC measles</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_New_Zealand_measles_outbreak" title="2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak">New Zealand measles</a> (2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore" title="2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore">Singaporean dengue</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022-2023_Uganda_Ebola_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2022-2023 Uganda Ebola outbreak">Uganda Ebola</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_dengue_outbreak_in_Jamaica" title="2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica">Jamaica dengue</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Bangsamoro_measles_outbreak" title="2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak">Bangsamoro measles</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_outbreak_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="2024 dengue outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean">2024 Latin American dengue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_dengue_epidemic_in_Argentina" title="2024 dengue epidemic in Argentina">Argentina</a> (2024)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_plague_pandemic" title="First plague pandemic">First plague pandemic</a> (541–767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic" title="Second plague pandemic">Second plague pandemic</a> (1348–19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic</a> (1557–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">First cholera pandemic</a> (1816–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic" title="1826–1837 cholera pandemic">Second cholera pandemic</a> (1829–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic" title="1846–1860 cholera pandemic">Third cholera pandemic</a> (1852–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic" title="1863–1875 cholera pandemic">Fourth cholera pandemic</a> (1863–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic" title="1881–1896 cholera pandemic">Fifth cholera pandemic</a> (1881–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic">Russian flu</a> (1889–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">Sixth cholera pandemic</a> (1899–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919%E2%80%931930_encephalitis_lethargica_epidemic" title="1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic">encephalitis lethargica epidemic</a> (1919–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic" title="1957–1958 influenza pandemic">Asian flu</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic" title="Seventh cholera pandemic">Seventh cholera pandemic</a> (1961–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu" title="Hong Kong flu">Hong Kong flu</a> (1968–1970)</li> <li><a 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