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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Common_illnesses_and_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_illnesses_and_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Common illnesses and complications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_illnesses_and_complications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common illnesses and complications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_illnesses_and_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iatrogenic_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iatrogenic_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Iatrogenic complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iatrogenic_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cardiovascular complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atrial_fibrillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrial_fibrillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Atrial fibrillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrial_fibrillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolic_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolic_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Metabolic complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolic_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diabetes_mellitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes_mellitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Diabetes mellitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes_mellitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurologic_/_psychiatric_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurologic_/_psychiatric_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Neurologic / psychiatric complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurologic_/_psychiatric_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reproductive complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Respiratory complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Streptococcal_pharyngitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streptococcal_pharyngitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Streptococcal pharyngitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streptococcal_pharyngitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_/_procedural_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_/_procedural_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Surgical / procedural complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_/_procedural_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples_of_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples_of_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Other examples of complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples_of_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A9_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="مضاعفة (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضاعفة (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Ускладненьне (мэдыцына) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ускладненьне (мэдыцына)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplikacija_(medicina)" title="Komplikacija (medicina) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Komplikacija (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicaci%C3%B3_(medicina)" title="Complicació (medicina) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Complicació (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplikation" title="Komplikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Komplikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCsistus" title="Tüsistus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tüsistus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicaci%C3%B3n_(medicina)" title="Complicación (medicina) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Complicación (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%87_(%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="عارضه (پزشکی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عارضه (پزشکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_(m%C3%A9decine)" title="Complication (médecine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Complication (médecine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A9%EB%B3%91%EC%A6%9D" title="합병증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="합병증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplikasi_(medis)" title="Komplikasi (medis) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komplikasi (medis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicanza" title="Complicanza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Complicanza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9A" title="סיבוך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיבוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompl%C3%AEkasyon" title="Komplîkasyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komplîkasyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3mplikaasje" title="Kómplikaasje – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kómplikaasje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerumitan_(perubatan)" title="Kerumitan (perubatan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerumitan (perubatan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicatie_(medisch)" title="Complicatie (medisch) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Complicatie (medisch)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5%E7%97%87" title="合併症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="合併症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powik%C5%82anie" title="Powikłanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powikłanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Complicação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Complicação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication" title="Complication – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Complication" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplik%C3%A1cia_choroby" title="Komplikácia choroby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komplikácia choroby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Компликација (медицина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Компликација (медицина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplikacija_(medicina)" title="Komplikacija (medicina) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komplikacija (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplikaatio" title="Komplikaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Komplikaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ภาวะแทรกซ้อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะแทรกซ้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplikasyon_(t%C4%B1p)" title="Komplikasyon (tıp) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Komplikasyon (tıp)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Ускладнення (медицина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ускладнення (медицина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81%DB%81_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="مضاعفہ (طب) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مضاعفہ (طب)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BA%BFn_ch%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Biến chứng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biến chứng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E7%99%BC%E7%97%87" title="併發症 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="併發症" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E7%99%BC%E7%97%87" title="併發症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="併發症" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unfavorable result of disease or medical treatment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adverse_event" title="Adverse event">Adverse event</a></div> <p>A <b>complication</b> in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, or medical complication, is an unfavorable result of a <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> condition, or <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">treatment</a>. Complications may adversely affect the <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a>, or outcome, of a disease. Complications generally involve a worsening in the severity of the disease or the development of new signs, <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">symptoms</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathological</a> changes that may become widespread throughout the body and affect other organ systems. Thus, complications may lead to the development of new diseases resulting from previously existing diseases. Complications may also arise as a result of various treatments. </p><p>The development of complications depends on a number of factors, including the degree of vulnerability, susceptibility, <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">age</a>, health status, and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> condition. Knowledge of the most common and severe complications of a disease, procedure, or treatment allows for prevention and preparation for treatment if they should occur. </p><p>Complications are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sequela" title="Sequela">sequelae</a>, which are residual effects that occur after the acute (initial, most severe)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> phase of an illness or injury. Sequelae can appear early in the development of disease or weeks to months later and are a result of the initial injury or illness. For example, a scar resulting from a burn or dysphagia resulting from a stroke would be considered sequelae.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, complications should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbidities</a>, which are diseases that occur concurrently but have no causative association. Complications are similar to <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a>, but the latter term is typically used in pharmacological contexts or when the negative consequence is expected or common. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_illnesses_and_complications">Common illnesses and complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common illnesses and complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iatrogenic_complications">Iatrogenic complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iatrogenic complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical errors can fall into various categories listed below:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a>: Medication medical errors include wrong prescription, impaired delivery, or improper adherence. The process of prescribing medication is a complex process that relies on the accurate transfer of information through various parties. Prevention methods include increased use of electronic prescription, pre-packaging unit dosing, and ensuring medical literacy among patients.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgical</a>: Surgery-related medical errors can be anesthesia-related, but most often include wrong-site and wrong-patient procedural errors. Preventive measures include following and double-checking standardized surgical protocol before, during, and after procedures. Universal surgical protocols include verification of patient identity and proper site-marking.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">Diagnostic</a>: Diagnostic errors include misdiagnosis, wrong diagnosis, and over diagnosis. Diagnostic errors are often the result of patient characteristics and physician bias.</li> <li>Machine interface: Errors in this category refer to mistakes in human interaction with tools or machines. Machine-related errors can be reduced by standardization and clear differentiation in design of products.</li> <li>Transition and handoff: Errors in this category can occur person-to-person or site-to-site during transfer, and can be managed by adhering to proper hand-off protocols.</li> <li>Human factors, teamwork, and communication: Errors in this category highlight the impact of culture and relationships on communication. These concepts can play a role in other categories of medical errors. Preventive measures include cultivating a "culture of safety" which includes creating an environment where people feel comfortable discussing concerns, feedback, and errors without fear of punishment.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_a_urinary_catheter_in_a_woman_CRUK_085.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_a_urinary_catheter_in_a_woman_CRUK_085.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_a_urinary_catheter_in_a_woman_CRUK_085.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_a_urinary_catheter_in_a_woman_CRUK_085.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_a_urinary_catheter_in_a_woman_CRUK_085.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_a_urinary_catheter_in_a_woman_CRUK_085.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_a_urinary_catheter_in_a_woman_CRUK_085.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Image of a urinary catheter, a common cause of healthcare-associated infections. </figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Healthcare-associated infections</a> (HAIs): HAIs are complications of general treatments involving <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> or viral infections and are most commonly caused by indwelling devices (<a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheterization" title="Urinary catheterization">urinary catheters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">central lines</a>) or previous surgical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-health.gov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common microbes involved in HAIs are <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile" title="Clostridioides difficile">Clostridioides difficile</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-health.gov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most effective preventive measure is <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand-hygiene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_complications">Cardiovascular complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atrial_fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atrial fibrillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a> characterized by rapid and irregular heart rhythms due to irregular atrial activation by the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular</a> (AV) node.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation, there is no effective pumping of blood into either the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> from the left <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> of the heart. The left and right ventricles (lower chambers of the heart) do not fill properly due to the irregular contraction of the left and right <a href="/wiki/Atria_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Atria of the heart">atria</a> (upper chambers of the heart).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A patient with atrial fibrillation may experience symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">heart palpitations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart does not effectively pump blood into the pulmonary or systemic vasculature, and causes the blood to remain within the chambers of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection of blood within the heart due to atrial fibrillation can cause and increase the risk of development of a <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">thrombus</a> (blood clot).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thrombus can also develop into an <a href="/wiki/Embolus" title="Embolus">embolus</a> (mobile blood clot) and travel into the systemic circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increase in risk of having a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> especially if the embolus travels to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Other examples</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">Thrombosis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acute_myocardial_infarction" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myocardial infarction">acute myocardial infarction</a> can be complications of <a href="/wiki/Blood_coagulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood coagulation">blood coagulation</a> disorders, <a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">phlebitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (inflammation of the <a href="/wiki/Veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Veins">veins</a>), <a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">endocarditis</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart_valve" title="Artificial heart valve">artificial heart valves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolic_complications">Metabolic complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metabolic complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diabetes_mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diabetes mellitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a>, also known simply as diabetes, is a disorder of the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">blood glucose</a> (a common type of sugar) levels. There are two types of chronic diabetes mellitus: type I and type II. Both lead to abnormally high levels of blood glucose as the body is not able to properly absorb the sugar into tissues. Diabetes requires a life-long consistent monitoring of food intake, blood sugar levels, and physical activity. <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> may present a series of complications in an advanced or more severe stage, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a>. Adults with diabetes are significantly more likely to die from heart disease than are those without diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-heart.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diabetes is associated with risk factors for various cardiovascular diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, high blood cholesterol and triglyceride content, and high blood pressure. These conditions increase risk of <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> (blockage of coronary arteries leading to inadequate supply of oxygen to parts of the heart), and hypertension<sup id="cite_ref-heart.org_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> (CAD), and others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">Diabetic neuropathy</a>. Hyperglycemia can eventually cause damage to nerves in the distal extremities (<a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>), thighs and hips (radiculoplexus neuropathy), face (<a href="/wiki/Mononeuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononeuropathy">mononeuropathy</a>), and internal organs (<a href="/wiki/Autonomic_neuropathy" title="Autonomic neuropathy">autonomic neuropathy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mayoclinic.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial symptoms may present as numbness, tingling, pain, muscular weakness, loss of reflexes or proper bodily functions, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-mayoclinic.org_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">Diabetic nephropathy</a>. Excessive amounts of certain solutes passing through the kidneys for prolonged periods of time can lead to kidney damage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diabetic nephropathy is specifically characterized by abnormally high levels of urinary <a href="/wiki/Albuminuria" title="Albuminuria">albumin</a> excretion. This affects approximately 40% of patients with type I or type II diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">Diabetic retinopathy</a>. Chronic or prolonged type I and type II diabetes can lead to damage in the blood vessels of the retina due to <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">hyperglycemia</a> (excessive blood glucose). Damage and blockage of the vessels causes <a href="/wiki/Microaneurysms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microaneurysms">microaneurysms</a>, tears, and leakage of fluid into the back of the eye. This can eventually lead to abnormal blood vessel growth, nerve damage, or excessive pressure buildup in the eye. Symptoms initially present as blurred vision but can lead to more serious complications such as <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retinal_detachment" title="Retinal detachment">retinal detachment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_hemorrhage" title="Vitreous hemorrhage">vitreous hemorrhage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foot damage. Diabetes mellitus can lead to poor vascular blood flow to the extremities. Injury of the foot with inadequate blood flow can progress to <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a> and become infected. Individuals with <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">diabetic neuropathy</a> may not notice the damage<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may develop <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (tissue necrosis due to inadequate blood supply).<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diabetic_foot_ulceration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diabetic_foot_ulceration.jpg/220px-Diabetic_foot_ulceration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diabetic_foot_ulceration.jpg/330px-Diabetic_foot_ulceration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Diabetic_foot_ulceration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Commonly referred to as "diabetic foot," wounds and ulcers are a common complication of elevated blood sugar levels in diabetes.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Skin conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insulin insensitivity in the case of type II diabetes can cause prolonged increases in blood insulin. Insulin normally binds to insulin receptors but in excess amounts may bind to <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor">insulin-like growth factor</a> (IGF) receptors in epithelial tissue. This can cause excessive proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presents as <a href="/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">acanthosis nigricans</a>, a thickening and darkening of areas of the skin such as the armpits, necks, hands, and face.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other skin conditions include <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_dermopathy" title="Diabetic dermopathy">diabetic dermopathy</a>, digital sclerosis, eruptive xanthomatosis, and others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurologic_/_psychiatric_complications"><span id="Neurologic_.2F_psychiatric_complications"></span>Neurologic / psychiatric complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neurologic / psychiatric complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hepatic encephalopathy is a possible complication of liver <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Significant intellectual, physical, and developmental disability are common complications of untreated <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> is a common complication of many disorders and conditions that consistently affect a person's life negatively, such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>.</li> <li>Complications of outpatient drugs are very common and many patients experience worry or discomfort due to them.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid107188942_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid107188942-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_reaction" title="Paradoxical reaction">Paradoxical reaction</a> to a drug; that is, a reaction that is the opposite to the intended purpose of the drug. An example is <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a>, a class of psychoactive drugs considered minor <a href="/wiki/Tranquilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizers">tranquilizers</a> with varying hypnotic, sedative, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, and muscle relaxant effects; paradoxically they may also create hyperactivity, anxiety, convulsions etc. in susceptible individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid154601782_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid154601782-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_complications">Reproductive complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reproductive complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> is the development of an embryo or <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> inside the womb of a female for the rough duration of 9 months or 40 weeks from the last menstrual period until birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_of_Pregnancy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_Pregnancy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is divided into three trimesters, each lasting for about 3 months. The first trimester is when the developing embryo becomes a fetus, organs start to develop, limbs grow, and facial features appear.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd and 3rd trimesters are marked by a significant amount of growth and functional development of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_of_Pregnancy_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_Pregnancy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the woman's body undergoes a series of changes and many complications may arise involving either the fetus, the mother, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a>. The developing fetus enlarges in the mother's womb, placing pressure on the arteries and vasculature of the mother. This causes a reduction in blood flow and a systemic increase in blood pressure. If the mother had high blood pressure prior to and after pregnancy it is considered <a href="/wiki/Chronic_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic hypertension">chronic hypertension</a>; if it occurs after 20 weeks of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> or pregnancy, it is <a href="/wiki/Gestational_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational hypertension">gestational hypertension</a>. A previously hypertensive mother who shows signs of gestational hypertension can lead to <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">preeclampsia</a>, a more severe case which can be detrimental to the mother and developing fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a>. Appropriate levels of blood sugar is typically maintained by <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> secretion from the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During pregnancy the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> surrounding the developing fetus produces hormones that can inhibit the action of insulin, preventing the mother's blood sugar from decreasing. Occurs primarily in the second half of pregnancy and can cause excessive birth weight, preterm delivery, and place the child at greater risk for type II diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm labor</a>. Delivery of the baby prior to 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered preterm.<sup id="cite_ref-nichd.nih.gov_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichd.nih.gov-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause a variety of issues with the child including underdeveloped viscera (organs), behavioral or learning disabilities, low birth weight, and respiratory issues.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a>. The loss of the developing fetus prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-nichd.nih.gov_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichd.nih.gov-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common causes may be related to <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality" title="Chromosome abnormality">chromosomal abnormalities</a> (abnormal genetic makeup) of the fetus but can also include <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>, maternal age, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a>. The loss of the developing fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Can be due to a variety of reasons including chromosomal abnormalities, developmental issues, or health-related problems of the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-nichd.nih.gov_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichd.nih.gov-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persistent, acute nausea throughout pregnancy that does not go away after the first trimester. Different from morning sickness which is more common and less severe.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ectopic_Pregnancy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ectopic_Pregnancy.png/220px-Ectopic_Pregnancy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ectopic_Pregnancy.png/330px-Ectopic_Pregnancy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ectopic_Pregnancy.png/440px-Ectopic_Pregnancy.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Ectopic pregnancies can lead to various complications during pregnancy including miscarriage and stillbirth.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_complications">Respiratory complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Respiratory complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Streptococcal_pharyngitis">Streptococcal pharyngitis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Streptococcal pharyngitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcal_pharyngitis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Streptococcal_pharyngitis_1.jpg/220px-Streptococcal_pharyngitis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Streptococcal_pharyngitis_1.jpg/330px-Streptococcal_pharyngitis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Streptococcal_pharyngitis_1.jpg/440px-Streptococcal_pharyngitis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>White exudates at the back of the mouth, a manifestation of strep throat.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Streptococcal pharyngitis</a>, also known as strep throat, is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">group A Strep</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i>, a gram-positive, cocci, <a href="/wiki/Beta-hemolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hemolytic">beta-hemolytic</a> (lyses blood cells) bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primarily spread by direct contact and the transfer of fluids via oral or other secretions and manifests largely in children.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common symptoms associated with streptococcal pharyngitis include sore throat, fever, white excretions at the back of the mouth, and cervical adenopathy (swollen lymph nodes underneath the chin and around the neck area).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to various complications<sup id="cite_ref-medicinenet.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicinenet.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recurrent infection can increase the likelihood. In many of these, lack of treatment<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the body's <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</a> is responsible for the additional adverse reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include:<sup id="cite_ref-medicinenet.com_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicinenet.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">Scarlet fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the symptoms of strep throat, individuals may experience increased a red rash, increased red tone, and strawberry tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prominent rash generally fades after a few days and may peel for a few weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment is the same as for strep throat.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a>. Rheumatic fever generally develops a few weeks after symptoms of strep throat have passed and is less likely to develop if prompt treatment (antibiotics) is given.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical symptoms can include <a href="/wiki/Polyarthritis" title="Polyarthritis">polyarthritis</a> (temporary joint pain in multiple areas), <a href="/wiki/Carditis" title="Carditis">carditis</a> or chest pain, rash, subcutaneous nodules, and involuntary jerks. Rheumatic fever is believed to be the result of an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> reaction to various tissues in the body that are similar to toxins produced by <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>. Rheumatic fever may lead to more serious complications of the heart such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_Heart_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic Heart Disease">rheumatic heart disease.</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">Glomerulonephritis</a>. Onset of kidney damage that may present a few weeks after strep infection. Rather than being a direct result of infection in the kidneys, It is believed to be caused by an overreactive immune response. Symptoms can include blood or protein in the urine, hypertension, and reduced urine output. Can lead to further kidney damage later in life<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a>. Infection of the middle ear.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a>. Infection of the meninges of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) that leads to swelling. Symptoms vary and differ between adults and children but can include headaches, fever, stiff neck, and other neurological-related issues. Early treatment is important to prevent more serious complications.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a>. A severe reaction of the body to toxins produced by various bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results from an overactive response by the immune system and can cause hypotension, fever, and in more severe cases, organ failure.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infected_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Infected_site.jpg/220px-Infected_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Infected_site.jpg/330px-Infected_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Infected_site.jpg/440px-Infected_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption>Image of a surgical site infection caused by stitching</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_/_procedural_complications"><span id="Surgical_.2F_procedural_complications"></span>Surgical / procedural complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Surgical / procedural complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerperal_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal fever">Puerperal fever</a> was a common complication of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, contributing to the high mortality of mothers before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Antisepsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisepsis">antisepsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a> which may follow <a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">prostatectomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Malignant hyperthermia can be a reaction to general <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthetics</a>, as a complication in a surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fractured <a href="/wiki/Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">ribs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a> may be a complication of <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples_of_complications">Other examples of complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other examples of complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Sepsis</a> (infection of the blood) may occur as a complication of a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a> is the most common complication of early <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE-2012_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE-2012-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eczema_vaccinatum" title="Eczema vaccinatum">Eczema vaccinatum</a> is a rare and severe complication of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in people with <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effect</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pharmaco-Therapeutic_Referrals" title="Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals">Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">Iatrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_effect" title="Late effect">Late effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocebo" title="Nocebo">Nocebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">Placebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequela" title="Sequela">Sequela</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Side+Effects+of+Smallpox+Vaccination+%7C+Smallpox+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fsmallpox%2Fvaccine-basics%2Fvaccination-effects.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplication+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoventry2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brendon_Coventry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brendon Coventry (page does not exist)">Coventry BJ</a> (2014). <i>Surgery: Complications, Risks and Consequences. Book series, seven volumes</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgery%3A+Complications%2C+Risks+and+Consequences.+Book+series%2C+seven+volumes.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Coventry&rft.aufirst=Brendon+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplication+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulhollandDoherty2006" class="citation book cs1">Mulholland MW, Doherty GM (2006). <i>Complications in Surgery</i>. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5316-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5316-6"><bdi>978-0-7817-5316-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complications+in+Surgery.&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+and+Wilkins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-5316-6&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Doherty%2C+Gerard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplication+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawande2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atul_Gawande" title="Atul Gawande">Gawande A</a> (2002). <i>Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complications%3A+A+Surgeon%27s+Notes+on+an+Imperfect+Science.&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gawande&rft.aufirst=Atul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplication+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&oldid=1252296760">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complication_(medicine)&oldid=1252296760</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_terminology" title="Category:Medical terminology">Medical terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 18:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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