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</div> <div class="control"> <button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15801">arXiv:2306.15801</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15801">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2306.15801">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12137-y">10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12137-y <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Production of antihydrogen atoms by 6 keV antiprotons through a positronium cloud </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Adrich%2C+P">P. Adrich</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Blumer%2C+P">P. Blumer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Caratsch%2C+G">G. Caratsch</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chung%2C+M">M. Chung</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Clad%C3%A9%2C+P">P. Clad茅</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Comini%2C+P">P. Comini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Crivelli%2C+P">P. Crivelli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dalkarov%2C+O">O. Dalkarov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Debu%2C+P">P. Debu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">A. Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Drapier%2C+D">D. Drapier</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Froelich%2C+P">P. Froelich</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garroum%2C+N">N. Garroum</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Guellati-Khelifa%2C+S">S. Guellati-Khelifa</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Guyomard%2C+J">J. Guyomard</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hervieux%2C+P">P-A. Hervieux</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">L. Hilico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Indelicato%2C+P">P. Indelicato</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Jonsell%2C+S">S. Jonsell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J">J-P. Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+B">B. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+S">S. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+E">E-S. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ko%2C+Y+J">Y. J. Ko</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kosinski%2C+T">T. Kosinski</a> , et al. (39 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2306.15801v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report on the first production of an antihydrogen beam by charge exchange of 6.1 keV antiprotons with a cloud of positronium in the GBAR experiment at CERN. The antiproton beam was delivered by the AD/ELENA facility. The positronium target was produced from a positron beam itself obtained from an electron linear accelerator. We observe an excess over background indicating antihydrogen productio… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2306.15801v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2306.15801v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2306.15801v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report on the first production of an antihydrogen beam by charge exchange of 6.1 keV antiprotons with a cloud of positronium in the GBAR experiment at CERN. The antiproton beam was delivered by the AD/ELENA facility. The positronium target was produced from a positron beam itself obtained from an electron linear accelerator. We observe an excess over background indicating antihydrogen production with a significance of 3-4 standard deviations. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2306.15801v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2306.15801v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 3 July, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 27 June, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2023. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> European Physical Journal C 83, 1004 (2023) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.04530">arXiv:2205.04530</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.04530">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2205.04530">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.167263">10.1016/j.nima.2022.167263 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Positron accumulation in the GBAR experiment </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Blumer%2C+P">P. Blumer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Charlton%2C+M">M. Charlton</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chung%2C+M">M. Chung</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Clade%2C+P">P. Clade</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Comini%2C+P">P. Comini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Crivelli%2C+P">P. Crivelli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dalkarov%2C+O">O. Dalkarov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Debu%2C+P">P. Debu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dodd%2C+L">L. Dodd</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">A. Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Guellati%2C+S">S. Guellati</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hervieux%2C+P+-">P. -A Hervieux</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">L. Hilico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Indelicato%2C+P">P. Indelicato</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Janka%2C+G">G. Janka</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Jonsell%2C+S">S. Jonsell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J+-">J. -P. Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+B+H">B. H. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+E+S">E. S. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+S+K">S. K. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ko%2C+Y">Y. Ko</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kosinski%2C+T">T. Kosinski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kuroda%2C+N">N. Kuroda</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Latacz%2C+B+M">B. M. Latacz</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lee%2C+B">B. Lee</a> , et al. (45 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2205.04530v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We present a description of the GBAR positron (e+) trapping apparatus, which consists of a three stage Buffer Gas Trap (BGT) followed by a High Field Penning Trap (HFT), and discuss its performance. The overall goal of the GBAR experiment is to measure the acceleration of the neutral antihydrogen (H) atom in the terrestrial gravitational field by neutralising a positive antihydrogen ion (H+), whic… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2205.04530v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2205.04530v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2205.04530v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We present a description of the GBAR positron (e+) trapping apparatus, which consists of a three stage Buffer Gas Trap (BGT) followed by a High Field Penning Trap (HFT), and discuss its performance. The overall goal of the GBAR experiment is to measure the acceleration of the neutral antihydrogen (H) atom in the terrestrial gravitational field by neutralising a positive antihydrogen ion (H+), which has been cooled to a low temperature, and observing the subsequent H annihilation following free fall. To produce one H+ ion, about 10^10 positrons, efficiently converted into positronium (Ps), together with about 10^7 antiprotons (p), are required. The positrons, produced from an electron linac-based system, are accumulated first in the BGT whereafter they are stacked in the ultra-high vacuum HFT, where we have been able to trap 1.4(2) x 10^9 positrons in 1100 seconds. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2205.04530v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2205.04530v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 9 May, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2022. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, Volume 1040, 2022, 167263 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.05966">arXiv:2006.05966</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.05966">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2006.05966">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164657">10.1016/j.nima.2020.164657 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Positron production using a 9 MeV electron linac for the GBAR experiment </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Charlton%2C+M">M. Charlton</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Choi%2C+J+J">J. J. Choi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chung%2C+M">M. Chung</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Clade%2C+P">P. Clade</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Comini%2C+P">P. Comini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Crepin%2C+P">P-P. Crepin</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Crivelli%2C+P">P. Crivelli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dalkarov%2C+O">O. Dalkarov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Debu%2C+P">P. Debu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dodd%2C+L">L. Dodd</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">A. Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Guellati-Khelifa%2C+S">S. Guellati-Khelifa</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hervieux%2C+P">P-A. Hervieux</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">L. Hilico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Husson%2C+A">A. Husson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Indelicato%2C+P">P. Indelicato</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Janka%2C+G">G. Janka</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Jonsell%2C+S">S. Jonsell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J">J-P. Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+B+H">B. H. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+E">E-S. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+S+K">S. K. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ko%2C+Y">Y. Ko</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kosinski%2C+T">T. Kosinski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kuroda%2C+N">N. Kuroda</a> , et al. (45 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2006.05966v3-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> For the GBAR (Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest) experiment at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility we have constructed a source of slow positrons, which uses a low-energy electron linear accelerator (linac). The driver linac produces electrons of 9 MeV kinetic energy that create positrons from bremsstrahlung-induced pair production. Staying below 10 MeV ensures no persistent… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2006.05966v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2006.05966v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2006.05966v3-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> For the GBAR (Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest) experiment at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility we have constructed a source of slow positrons, which uses a low-energy electron linear accelerator (linac). The driver linac produces electrons of 9 MeV kinetic energy that create positrons from bremsstrahlung-induced pair production. Staying below 10 MeV ensures no persistent radioactive activation in the target zone and that the radiation level outside the biological shield is safe for public access. An annealed tungsten-mesh assembly placed directly behind the target acts as a positron moderator. The system produces $5\times10^7$ slow positrons per second, a performance demonstrating that a low-energy electron linac is a superior choice over positron-emitting radioactive sources for high positron flux. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2006.05966v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2006.05966v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 6 October, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 10 June, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">published in NIM A. 33 pages 9 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 985, 164657 (2021) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03347">arXiv:1705.03347</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.03347">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1705.03347">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1705.03347">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Computational Physics">physics.comp-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> $\bar{\textrm{H}}^{+}$ Sympathetic Cooling Simulations with a Variable Time Step </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sillitoe%2C+N">Nicolas Sillitoe</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J">Jean-Philippe Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Heinrich%2C+J">Johannes Heinrich</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Louvradoux%2C+T">Thomas Louvradoux</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">Albane Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">Laurent Hilico</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1705.03347v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In this paper we present a new variable time step criterion for the velocity-Verlet algorithm allowing to correctly simulate the dynamics of charged particles exchanging energy via Coulomb collisions while minimising simulation time. We present physical arguments supporting the use of the criterion along with numerical results proving its validity. We numerically show that $\bar{\textrm{H}}^{+}$ i… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1705.03347v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1705.03347v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1705.03347v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In this paper we present a new variable time step criterion for the velocity-Verlet algorithm allowing to correctly simulate the dynamics of charged particles exchanging energy via Coulomb collisions while minimising simulation time. We present physical arguments supporting the use of the criterion along with numerical results proving its validity. We numerically show that $\bar{\textrm{H}}^{+}$ ions with 18 meV initial energy can be captured and sympathetically cooled by a Coulomb crystal of $\textrm{Be}^{+}$ and $\textrm{HD}^{+}$ in less than 10 ms, an important result for the GBAR project. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1705.03347v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1705.03347v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 16 June, 2017; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 9 May, 2017; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2017. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">LEAP 2016 proceeding</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.1695">arXiv:1402.1695</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.1695">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1402.1695">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Atomic Physics">physics.atom-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Quantum Physics">quant-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010194514602695">10.1142/S2010194514602695 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Cooling antihydrogen ions for the free-fall experiment GBAR </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">Laurent Hilico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J">Jean-Philippe Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">Albane Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Indelicato%2C+P">Paul Indelicato</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Wolf%2C+S">Sebastian Wolf</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kaler%2C+F+S">Ferdinand Schmidt Kaler</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1402.1695v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We discuss an experimental approach allowing to prepare antihydrogen atoms for the GBAR experiment. We study the feasibility of all necessary experimental steps: The capture of incoming $\bar{\rm H}^+$ ions at keV energies in a deep linear RF trap, sympathetic cooling by laser cooled Be$^+$ ions, transfer to a miniaturized trap and Raman sideband cooling of an ion pair to the motional ground state… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1402.1695v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1402.1695v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1402.1695v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We discuss an experimental approach allowing to prepare antihydrogen atoms for the GBAR experiment. We study the feasibility of all necessary experimental steps: The capture of incoming $\bar{\rm H}^+$ ions at keV energies in a deep linear RF trap, sympathetic cooling by laser cooled Be$^+$ ions, transfer to a miniaturized trap and Raman sideband cooling of an ion pair to the motional ground state, and further reducing the momentum of the wavepacket by adiabatic opening of the trap. For each step, we point out the experimental challenges and discuss the efficiency and characteristic times, showing that capture and cooling are possible within a few seconds. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1402.1695v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1402.1695v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 7 February, 2014; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2014. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">10 pages, 5 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 30, 1460269 (2014) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.1653">arXiv:1309.1653</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.1653">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1309.1653">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1309.1653">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Atomic Physics">physics.atom-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.88.033421">10.1103/PhysRevA.88.033421 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Two-photon spectroscopy of trapped HD$^+$ ions in the Lamb-Dicke regime </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tran%2C+V+Q">Vu Quang Tran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J">Jean-Philippe Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">Albane Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Koelemeij%2C+J+C+J">Jeroen C. J. Koelemeij</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">Laurent Hilico</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1309.1653v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We study the feasibility of nearly-degenerate two-photon rovibrational spectroscopy in ensembles of trapped, sympathetically cooled hydrogen molecular ions using a resonance-enhanced multiphoton dissociation (REMPD) scheme. Taking advantage of quasi-coincidences in the rovibrational spectrum, the excitation lasers are tuned close to an intermediate level to resonantly enhance two-photon absorption… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1309.1653v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1309.1653v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1309.1653v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We study the feasibility of nearly-degenerate two-photon rovibrational spectroscopy in ensembles of trapped, sympathetically cooled hydrogen molecular ions using a resonance-enhanced multiphoton dissociation (REMPD) scheme. Taking advantage of quasi-coincidences in the rovibrational spectrum, the excitation lasers are tuned close to an intermediate level to resonantly enhance two-photon absorption. Realistic simulations of the REMPD signal are obtained using a four-level model that takes into account saturation effects, ion trajectories, laser frequency noise and redistribution of population by blackbody radiation. We show that the use of counterpropagating laser beams enables optical excitation in an effective Lamb-Dicke regime. Sub-Doppler lines having widths in the 100 Hz range can be observed with good signal-to-noise ratio for an optimal choice of laser detunings. Our results indicate the feasibility of molecular spectroscopy at the $10^{-14}$ accuracy level for improved tests of molecular QED, a new determination of the proton-to-electron mass ratio, and studies of the time (in)dependence of the latter. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1309.1653v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1309.1653v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 6 September, 2013; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2013. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">16 pages, 17 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Phys. Rev. A 88, 033421 (2013) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.2216">arXiv:1103.2216</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.2216">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1103.2216">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1103.2216">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Atomic Physics">physics.atom-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3640004">10.1063/1.3640004 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Faraday optical isolator in the 9.2 $渭$m range for QCL applications </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">Laurent Hilico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">Albane Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J">Jean-Philippe Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tournie%2C+E">Eric Tournie</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1103.2216v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We have fabricated and characterized a n-doped InSb Faraday isolator in the mid-IR range (9.2 $渭$m). A high isolation ratio of $\approx$30 dB with a transmission over 80% (polarizer losses not included) is obtained at room temperature. Further possible improvements are discussed. A similar design can be used to cover a wide wavelength range (lambda ~ 7.5-30 $渭$m). </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1103.2216v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We have fabricated and characterized a n-doped InSb Faraday isolator in the mid-IR range (9.2 $渭$m). A high isolation ratio of $\approx$30 dB with a transmission over 80% (polarizer losses not included) is obtained at room temperature. Further possible improvements are discussed. A similar design can be used to cover a wide wavelength range (lambda ~ 7.5-30 $渭$m). <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1103.2216v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1103.2216v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 11 March, 2011; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2011. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Review of Scientific Instruments 82, 096106 (2016) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.2218">arXiv:0707.2218</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/0707.2218">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/0707.2218">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/0707.2218">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Atomic Physics">physics.atom-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jms.2007.10.003">10.1016/j.jms.2007.10.003 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> HCOOH high resolution spectroscopy in the 9.18$渭$m region </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bielsa%2C+F">Franck Bielsa</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Djerroud%2C+K">Khelifa Djerroud</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Goncharov%2C+A">Andrei Goncharov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">Albane Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Valenzuela%2C+T">Tristan Valenzuela</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daussy%2C+C">Christophe Daussy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">Laurent Hilico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Amy-Klein%2C+A">Anne Amy-Klein</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="0707.2218v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report on higly accurate absolute frequency measurement against a femtosecond frequency comb of 6 saturated absorption lines of formic acid (HCOOH) with an accuracy of 1 kHz. We also report the frequency measurement of 17 other lines with an accuracy of 2 kHz. Those lines are in quasi coincidence with the 9R(36) to 9R(42) CO$_2$ laser emission lines and are probed either by a CO$_2$ or a wide… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('0707.2218v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('0707.2218v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="0707.2218v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report on higly accurate absolute frequency measurement against a femtosecond frequency comb of 6 saturated absorption lines of formic acid (HCOOH) with an accuracy of 1 kHz. We also report the frequency measurement of 17 other lines with an accuracy of 2 kHz. Those lines are in quasi coincidence with the 9R(36) to 9R(42) CO$_2$ laser emission lines and are probed either by a CO$_2$ or a widely tunable quantum cascade laser phase locked to a master CO$_2$ laser. The relative stability of two HCOOH stabilized lasers is characterized by a relative Allan deviation of 4.5 10$^{-12}$ $蟿^{-1/2}$. They give suitable frequency references for H$_2^+$ Doppler free two-photon spectroscopy. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('0707.2218v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('0707.2218v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 15 July, 2007; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2007. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0703138">arXiv:physics/0703138</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0703138">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/physics/0703138">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/physics/0703138">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.001641">10.1364/OL.32.001641 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Narrow-line phase-locked quantum cascade laser in the 9.2 micron range </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bielsa%2C+F">Franck Bielsa</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">Albane Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Valenzuela%2C+T">Tristan Valenzuela</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karr%2C+J">Jean-Philippe Karr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hilico%2C+L">Laurent Hilico</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0703138v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report on the operation of a 50 mW continuous wave quantum cascade laser (QCL) in the 9.2 micrometer range, phase locked to a single mode CO2 laser with a tunable frequency offset. The wide free running emission spectrum of the QCL (3-5 MHz) is strongly narrowed down to the kHz range making it suitable for high resolution molecular spectroscopy. </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0703138v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report on the operation of a 50 mW continuous wave quantum cascade laser (QCL) in the 9.2 micrometer range, phase locked to a single mode CO2 laser with a tunable frequency offset. The wide free running emission spectrum of the QCL (3-5 MHz) is strongly narrowed down to the kHz range making it suitable for high resolution molecular spectroscopy. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0703138v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('physics/0703138v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 16 March, 2007; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 13 March, 2007; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2007. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">4 pages</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Opt. Lett. 32, 1641 (2007) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0011034">arXiv:physics/0011034</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0011034">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/physics/0011034">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/physics/0011034">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.63.023814">10.1103/PhysRevA.63.023814 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Theory of self phase-locked optical parametric oscillators </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zondy%2C+J+-">J. -J. Zondy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">A. Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tallet%2C+A">A. Tallet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ressayre%2C+E">E. Ressayre</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Berre%2C+M+L">M. Le Berre</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0011034v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The plane-wave dynamics of 3*omega => (2*omega, omega) subharmonic optical parametric oscillators containing a second harmonic generator of the idler wave omega is analyzed analytically by using the meanfield approximation and numerically by taking into account the field propagation inside the media. The resonant Chi(2):Chi(2) cascaded second-order nonlinearities induce a mutual injection-lockin… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0011034v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('physics/0011034v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0011034v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The plane-wave dynamics of 3*omega => (2*omega, omega) subharmonic optical parametric oscillators containing a second harmonic generator of the idler wave omega is analyzed analytically by using the meanfield approximation and numerically by taking into account the field propagation inside the media. The resonant Chi(2):Chi(2) cascaded second-order nonlinearities induce a mutual injection-locking of the signal and idler waves that leads to coherent self phase-locking of the pump and subharmonic waves, freezing the phase diffusion noise. In case of signal-and-idler resonant devices, largely detuned sub-threshold states occur due to a subcritical bifurcation, broadening out the self-locking frequency range to a few cavity linewidths. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0011034v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('physics/0011034v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 15 November, 2000; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2000. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">RevTeX file + 11 figures (.jpg format) Accepted in Phys. Rev. A (oct 2000)</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0011009">arXiv:physics/0011009</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0011009">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/physics/0011009">ps</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/19.918188">10.1109/19.918188 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> A phase-locked frequency divide-by-3 optical parametric oscillator </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Douillet%2C+A">A. Douillet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zondy%2C+J+-">J. -J. Zondy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Santarelli%2C+G">G. Santarelli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Makdissi%2C+A">A. Makdissi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Clairon%2C+A">A. Clairon</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0011009v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Accurate phase-locked 3:1 division of an optical frequency was achieved, by using a continuous-wave (cw) doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator. A fractional frequency stability of 2*10^(-17) of the division process has been achieved for 100s integration time. The technique developed in this work can be generalized to the accurate phase and frequency control of any cw optical parametric o… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0011009v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('physics/0011009v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0011009v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Accurate phase-locked 3:1 division of an optical frequency was achieved, by using a continuous-wave (cw) doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator. A fractional frequency stability of 2*10^(-17) of the division process has been achieved for 100s integration time. The technique developed in this work can be generalized to the accurate phase and frequency control of any cw optical parametric oscillator. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0011009v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('physics/0011009v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 3 November, 2000; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2000. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">4 pages, 5 figures in a postscript file. To appear in a special issue of IEEE Trans. Instr. & Meas., paper FRIA-2 presented at CPEM'2000 conference, Sydney, May 2000</span> </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/contact.html"> Contact</a> </li> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>subscribe to arXiv mailings</title><desc>Click here to subscribe</desc><path d="M476 3.2L12.5 270.6c-18.1 10.4-15.8 35.6 2.2 43.2L121 358.4l287.3-253.2c5.5-4.9 13.3 2.6 8.6 8.3L176 407v80.5c0 23.6 28.5 32.9 42.5 15.8L282 426l124.6 52.2c14.2 6 30.4-2.9 33-18.2l72-432C515 7.8 493.3-6.8 476 3.2z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/subscribe"> Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/license/index.html">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/policies/privacy_policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column sorry-app-links"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/web_accessibility.html">Web Accessibility Assistance</a></li> <li> <p class="help"> <a class="a11y-main-link" href="https://status.arxiv.org" target="_blank">arXiv Operational Status <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" class="icon filter-dark_grey" role="presentation"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg></a><br> Get status notifications via <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/email/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg>email</a> or <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/slack/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M94.12 315.1c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06S0 341 0 315.1c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h47.06v47.06zm23.72 0c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v117.84c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06s-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V315.1zm47.06-188.98c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06S139 32 164.9 32s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v47.06H164.9zm0 23.72c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H47.06C21.16 243.96 0 222.8 0 196.9s21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06H164.9zm188.98 47.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06h-47.06V196.9zm-23.72 0c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V79.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06V196.9zM283.1 385.88c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06v-47.06h47.06zm0-23.72c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06 0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h117.84c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H283.1z"/></svg>slack</a> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </footer> <script src="https://static.arxiv.org/static/base/1.0.0a5/js/member_acknowledgement.js"></script> </body> </html>

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