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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D3%99%D3%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аалмышәӡахәақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аалмышәӡахәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A9" title="عارشة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عارشة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ліяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ліяна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ліяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лиана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лиана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poviju%C5%A1a" title="Povijuša – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Povijuša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A1na" title="Liána – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian" title="Lian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_(Pflanze)" title="Liane (Pflanze) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liane (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronitaim" title="Ronitaim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ronitaim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_(trepadora)" title="Liana (trepadora) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liana (trepadora)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liano" title="Liano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="گیاهان بالارونده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاهان بالارونده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_(plante)" title="Liane (plante) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liane (plante)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EA%B2%BD%EB%AA%A9" title="만경목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만경목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լիաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लिआना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिआना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijana" title="Lijana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lijana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liano" title="Liano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Лианæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лианæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лиана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лиана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лианалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лианалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C4%81na" title="Liāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaan" title="Liaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A1nok" title="Liánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ദാരുലതകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദാരുലതകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ლიანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_akar" title="Pokok akar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pokok akar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaan" title="Liaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaan" title="Liaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian_(plante)" title="Lian (plante) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lian (plante)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianar" title="Lianar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lianar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianalar" title="Lianalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lianalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liany" title="Liany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian%C4%83" title="Liană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waska_yura" title="Waska yura – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Waska yura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Лианы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лианы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mba" title="Kâmba – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kâmba" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лијана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лијана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaani" title="Liaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian" title="Lian – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lian" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="மரமயவேறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரமயவேறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เถาวัลย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เถาวัลย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ліани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_leo" title="Thân leo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thân leo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="藤本植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藤本植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%AA%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC" title="木質藤本 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木質藤本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of vine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a plant growth form. For other uses of liana, see <a href="/wiki/Liana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Liana (disambiguation)">liana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lianas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/220px-Lianas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/330px-Lianas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/440px-Lianas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Mixed-species tangle of lianas in tropical <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg/220px-Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg/330px-Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg/440px-Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Lianas in <a href="/wiki/Udawattakele" class="mw-redirect" title="Udawattakele">Udawattakele</a>, Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg/220px-Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg/330px-Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg/440px-Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A canopy of <i><a href="/wiki/Entada_gigas" title="Entada gigas">Entada gigas</a></i> that has formed over a monkey ladder vine (<i><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_glabra" title="Bauhinia glabra">Bauhinia glabra</a></i>) on <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, Hawaii</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LianaIndia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LianaIndia.jpg/220px-LianaIndia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LianaIndia.jpg/330px-LianaIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LianaIndia.jpg/440px-LianaIndia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Liana tangle across a forest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>liana</b> is a long-<a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stemmed</a> <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody</a> <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> in search of direct sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>liana</i> does not refer to a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> grouping, but rather a habit of plant growth – much like <i><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a></i>. It comes from standard French <i>liane</i>, itself from an Antilles French dialect word meaning to <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_(agriculture)" title="Sheaf (agriculture)">sheave</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lianas are characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical moist broadleaf forests</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Tropical_seasonal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical seasonal forest">seasonal forests</a>), but may be found in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate rainforests">temperate rainforests</a> and temperate deciduous forests. There are also <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> lianas, for example the members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Clematis" title="Clematis">Clematis</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i> (wild grape) genera. Lianas can form bridges amidst the forest canopy, providing <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreal</a> animals, including ants and many other invertebrates, lizards, rodents, sloths, monkeys, and <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a> with paths across the forest. For example, in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a> achieve higher mobility from the web of lianas draped amongst the vertical tree species. Many lemurs prefer trees with lianas because of their roots.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lianas do not derive nutrients directly from trees but live on and derive nutrients at the expense of trees. <sup id="cite_ref-ParasiteDefinition_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParasiteDefinition-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCHNITZER-BONGERS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHNITZER-BONGERS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, they greatly reduce tree growth<sup id="cite_ref-Schnitzer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnitzer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tree reproduction,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greatly increase tree mortality,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prevent tree seedlings from establishing,<sup id="cite_ref-Schnitzer_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnitzer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alter the course of regeneration in forests,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ultimately decrease tree population growth rates.<sup id="cite_ref-VisserSchnitzer2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VisserSchnitzer2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, forests without lianas grow 150% more fruit; trees with lianas have twice the probability of dying.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lianas are uniquely adapted to living in such forests as they use the host tree, for stability, to reach to top of the canopy. Lianas directly damage hosts by mechanical abrasion and strangulation, render hosts more susceptible to ice and wind damage,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and increase the probability that the host tree falls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lianas also provide support for weaker trees when strong winds blow by laterally anchoring them to stronger trees.<sup id="cite_ref-GarridoPerez_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarridoPerez-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they may be destructive in that when one tree falls, the connections made by the lianas may cause many other trees to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-GarridoPerez_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarridoPerez-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these negative effects, trees which remain free of lianas are at an advantage; some species have evolved characteristics which help them avoid or shed lianas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some lianas attain to great length, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia" title="Bauhinia">Bauhinia</a></i> sp. in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Surinam</a> which has grown as long as 600 meters (2000').<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawkins has accepted a length of 1.5 km (1 mile) for an <i>Entada phaseoloides</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest monocot liana is <i>Calamus manan</i> (or <i>Calamus ornatus</i>) at exactly 240 meters (787').<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_E._Putz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis E. Putz (page does not exist)">Francis E. Putz</a> states that lianas (species not indicated) have weighed "hundreds of tons" and been a half mile (0.8 km) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way of distinguishing lianas from trees and shrubs is based on the <a href="/wiki/Stiffness" title="Stiffness">stiffness</a>, specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> of various parts of the stem. Trees and shrubs have young twigs and smaller branches which are quite flexible and older growth such as <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">trunks</a> and large branches which are stiffer. A liana often has stiff young growths and older, more flexible growth at the base of the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some families and genera containing liana species include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mendoncia" title="Mendoncia">Mendoncia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunbergia" title="Thunbergia">Thunbergia</a></i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thunbergia_grandiflora" title="Thunbergia grandiflora">T. grandiflora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thunbergia_mysorensis" title="Thunbergia mysorensis">T. mysorensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Attilaea" title="Attilaea">Attilaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhus">Rhus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron" title="Toxicodendron">Toxicodendron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladus" title="Ancistrocladus">Ancistrocladus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabotrys" title="Artabotrys">Artabotrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fissistigma" title="Fissistigma">Fissistigma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uvaria" title="Uvaria">Uvaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fockea" title="Fockea">Fockea</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Fockea_multiflora" title="Fockea multiflora">F. multiflora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontadenia" title="Odontadenia">Odontadenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephanotis" title="Stephanotis">Stephanotis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strophanthus" title="Strophanthus">Strophanthus</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Strophanthus_sarmentosus" title="Strophanthus sarmentosus">S. sarmentosus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamus_(palm)" title="Calamus (palm)">Calamus</a></i> (synonyms including <i>Daemonorops</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pothos_(plant)" title="Pothos (plant)">Pothos</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Pothos_lancifolius" title="Pothos lancifolius">P. lancifolius</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Aristolochia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anemopaegma" title="Anemopaegma">Anemopaegma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrostegia" title="Pyrostegia">Pyrostegia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Capparis" title="Capparis">Capparis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celastrus" title="Celastrus">Celastrus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Connarus" title="Connarus">Connarus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doliocarpus" title="Doliocarpus">Doliocarpus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-SCHNITZER-BONGERS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHNITZER-BONGERS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_sylvatica" title="Dioscorea sylvatica">D. sylvatica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> <ul><li>some <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_concinna" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia concinna">A. concinna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callerya_megasperma" class="mw-redirect" title="Callerya megasperma">Callerya megasperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_armata" title="Dalbergia armata">Dalbergia armata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Derris" title="Derris">Derris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entada" title="Entada">Entada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hultholia_mimosoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Hultholia mimosoides">Hultholia mimosoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machaerium_(plant)" title="Machaerium (plant)">Machaerium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mezoneuron" title="Mezoneuron">Mezoneuron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucuna" title="Mucuna">Mucuna</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Mucuna_bennettii" title="Mucuna bennettii">M. bennettii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterolobium" title="Pterolobium">Pterolobium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lasiobema" title="Lasiobema">Lasiobema</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongylodon" title="Strongylodon">Strongylodon</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Strongylodon_macrobotrys" title="Strongylodon macrobotrys">S. macrobotrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">Wisteria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flagellaria_indica" title="Flagellaria indica">Flagellaria indica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strychnos" title="Strychnos">Strychnos</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strychnos_axillaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strychnos axillaris (page does not exist)">S. axillaris</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes" title="Nepenthes">Nepenthes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea" title="Bougainvillea">Bougainvillea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasminum">Jasminum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moutabea" title="Moutabea">Moutabea</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moutabea_aculeata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moutabea aculeata (page does not exist)">M. Aculeata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_banksiae" title="Rosa banksiae">Rosa banksiae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paullinia" title="Paullinia">Paullinia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ventilago" title="Ventilago">Ventilago</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus" title="Ziziphus">Ziziphus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Uncaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toddalia_asiatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Toddalia asiatica">Toddalia asiatica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlegelia" title="Schlegelia">Schlegelia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Smilax" title="Smilax">Smilax</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrea" title="Petrea">Petrea</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Petrea_volubilis" title="Petrea volubilis">P. volubilis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampelopsis" title="Ampelopsis">Ampelopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cissus" title="Cissus">Cissus</a></i>, e.g. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciccus_hypoglauca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciccus hypoglauca (page does not exist)">C. hypoglauca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthenocissus" title="Parthenocissus">Parthenocissus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetrastigma" title="Tetrastigma">Tetrastigma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338786/liana">"liana"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span 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(2000). <i>Tropical Plants of the World</i>. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. Inc. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Plants+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Sterling+Pub.+Co.+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Jens+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersonLoth1965" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, Ivan T.; Loth, David (1965). <i>Ivan Sanderson's Book of Great Jungles</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+Sanderson%27s+Book+of+Great+Jungles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Ivan+T.&rft.au=Loth%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1986" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, R.E. editor (1986). <i>Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History</i>. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Natural+History&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=R.E.+editor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiana" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1952" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Dr. Paul W. (1952). <i>Tropical Rain Forest</i>. Cambridge. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Rain+Forest&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=102&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiana" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> quoting: Prof. Melchior Treub, Observations sur les Plantes Grimphantes de Jardin Botanique Buitenzorg, ANNALES de JARDIN BUITENZORG (1883) p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutz1988" class="citation journal cs1">Putz, Francis E. (October 1988). "Woody Vines and Tropical Forests". <i>Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin</i>. <b>43</b> (4): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fairchild+Tropical+Garden+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Woody+Vines+and+Tropical+Forests&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1988-10&rft.aulast=Putz&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahaye,_R.CiveyrelSpeckRowe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lahaye, R.; Civeyrel, L.; Speck, T.; Rowe, N. P. (2005). "Evolution of shrub-like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae s.l.) of Madagascar: phylogeny, biomechanics, and development". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>92</b> (8): 1381–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.92.8.1381">10.3732/ajb.92.8.1381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21646158">21646158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+shrub-like+growth+forms+in+the+lianoid+subfamily+Secamonoideae+%28Apocynaceae+s.l.%29+of+Madagascar%3A+phylogeny%2C+biomechanics%2C+and+development&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1381-96&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.92.8.1381&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21646158&rft.au=Lahaye%2C+R.&rft.au=Civeyrel%2C+L.&rft.au=Speck%2C+T.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+N.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/botany/research/lianas-and-climbing-plants-neotropics">Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/botany/research/lianas-and-climbing-plants-neotropics/lianas-family-treatments">Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics: Family Treatments</a></li> <li>'Vines and Lianas' by Rhett Butler, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0406.htm">http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0406.htm</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Lianas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Lianas">"Lianas" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lianas&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Longest_Vines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Longest Vines (page does not exist)">List of Longest Vines</a> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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