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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Northeastern_Borneo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Northeastern_Borneo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Conquest of Northeastern Borneo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Northeastern_Borneo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_and_British_annexations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_and_British_annexations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Spanish and British annexations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_and_British_annexations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrid_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrid_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Madrid Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrid_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_within_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_within_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Status within the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_within_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pretenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pretenders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Borneo_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Borneo_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>North Borneo dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Borneo_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Weapons and slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pearling_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearling_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pearling industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearling_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_class_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_class_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Social class system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_class_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Sulu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="سلطنة سولك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة سولك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Sulu sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sulu sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="سولو سولطانلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سولو سولطانلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="সুলুর সালতানাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুলুর সালতানাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Сулу (султанат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сулу (султанат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_nin_Sulu" title="Sultanato nin Sulu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sultanato nin Sulu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Sulu" title="Sultanat de Sulu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultanat de Sulu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_von_Sulu" title="Sultanat von Sulu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sultanat von Sulu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_sultanaat" title="Sulu sultanaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sulu sultanaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σουλτανάτο του Σούλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουλτανάτο του Σούλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Jol%C3%B3" title="Sultanato de Joló – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultanato de Joló" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluko_Sultanerria" title="Suluko Sultanerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suluko Sultanerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="سلطان‌نشین سولو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطان‌نشین سولو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Sulu" title="Sultanat de Sulu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultanat de Sulu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A0%EB%A3%A8_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="술루 술탄국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="술루 술탄국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Sulu" title="Kesultanan Sulu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Sulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_di_Sulu" title="Sultanato di Sulu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultanato di Sulu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_sultonatas" title="Sulu sultonatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sulu sultonatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Sulu" title="Kesultanan Sulu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesultanan Sulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanaat_Sulu" title="Sultanaat Sulu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sultanaat Sulu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="スールー王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スールー王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatet_Sulu" title="Sultanatet Sulu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sultanatet Sulu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_sultonligi" title="Sulu sultonligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sulu sultonligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سولو سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سولو سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Sulu" title="Sultanato de Sulu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultanato de Sulu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Сулу (султанат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сулу (султанат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_ng_Sulu" title="Sultanato ng Sulu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sultanato ng Sulu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சூலு சுல்தானகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூலு சுல்தானகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9" title="รัฐสุลต่านซูลู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐสุลต่านซูลู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Sulu Sultanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sulu Sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Султанат Сулу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Султанат Сулу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="سلطنت سولو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت سولو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93i_qu%E1%BB%91c_Sulu" title="Hồi quốc Sulu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồi quốc Sulu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%A5%BF" title="蘇祿 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇祿" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%A5%BF%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="蘇祿蘇丹國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇祿蘇丹國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Sulu" title="Kesultanan Sulu – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kesultanan Sulu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422065#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sultanate_of_Sulu&params=6_03_07_N_121_00_07_E_source:kolossus-cawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°03′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°00′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.05194°N 121.00194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.05194; 121.00194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulu_Sultanate&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Sultanate">Sulu Sultanate</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1457–1915 state in Southeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sulu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sulu (disambiguation)">Sulu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Sulu</div><div class="ib-country-names">كسلطانن سن سوڬ<br /><i>Kasultanan sin Sūg</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1457–present<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sulu"><img alt="Flag of Sulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/125px-Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/188px-Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/250px-Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag (19th century)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanate_of_Sulu_Coat_of_Arms_(Lesser).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser coat of arms of Sulu"><img alt="Lesser coat of arms of Sulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sultanate_of_Sulu_Coat_of_Arms_%28Lesser%29.svg/85px-Sultanate_of_Sulu_Coat_of_Arms_%28Lesser%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sultanate_of_Sulu_Coat_of_Arms_%28Lesser%29.svg/128px-Sultanate_of_Sulu_Coat_of_Arms_%28Lesser%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sultanate_of_Sulu_Coat_of_Arms_%28Lesser%29.svg/170px-Sultanate_of_Sulu_Coat_of_Arms_%28Lesser%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div>Lesser coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the extent of the Sultanate of Sulu in 1845, with Northeast Borneo lowlands being under its nominal control."><img alt="Map showing the extent of the Sultanate of Sulu in 1845, with Northeast Borneo lowlands being under its nominal control." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png/250px-Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png/375px-Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png/500px-Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map showing the extent of the Sultanate of Sulu in 1845, with Northeast Borneo lowlands being under its nominal control.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1457–1578)</span></span> <br />Sovereign state <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1578–1851)</span></span> <br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1851–1899)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> protectorate <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1899–1915)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indanan#Barangays" title="Indanan">Buansa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1457–1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimbung,_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimbung, Sulu">Maimbung</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878–1893)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1893–1915)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Sulu">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1457–1480 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sharif_ul-Hashim_of_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif ul-Hashim of Sulu">Sharif ul-Hāshim</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1986–present (incumbent) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muedzul_Lail_Tan_Kiram" title="Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram">Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1457</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Temporal power ceded</span> to the United States </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 March 1915</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Philippine Peso<br /> or barter for local use<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lupah_Sug" title="Lupah Sug">Lupah Sug</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines"><b>1702</b><br />Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Calamianes</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan"><b>1878</b><br />Sultanate of Bulungan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_Bulungan_Sultanate.jpg/20px-Flag_of_the_Bulungan_Sultanate.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_Bulungan_Sultanate.jpg/30px-Flag_of_the_Bulungan_Sultanate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_Bulungan_Sultanate.jpg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bulungan_Sultanate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1658" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo"><b>1881</b><br />North Borneo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government of the Philippines"><b>1915</b><br />Insular Government of the Philippines</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sultanate of Sulu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>: <i lang="tsg">Kasultanan sin Sūg</i>; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Kesultanan Suluk</i>; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Kasultanan ng Sulu</i>) is a Sunni Muslim <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/State" class="mw-disambig" title="State">state</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that includes the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>, coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> and certain portions of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> in the today's <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, alongside parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a> in north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of <span class="fn org label">the Philippines</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Historically documented states/polities</b> <p><i>(north to south)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan (historical polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Events</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> <p><b>Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation period</a> (1942–1945)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos era</a> (1965–1986)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#Martial_law_(1972–1981)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law</a></li> <li><a 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</div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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href="/wiki/File:Naturales_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/125px-Naturales_4.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/188px-Naturales_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/250px-Naturales_4.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)#Social_classes" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Social classes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <dl><dt>Ruling class <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Maginoo" title="Maginoo">Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao</a>)</span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Apo, Datu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagani" title="Bagani">Bagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakan" title="Lakan">Lakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Panglima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimuay" title="Thimuay">Thimuay</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Middle class</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timawa" title="Timawa">Timawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharlika" title="Maharlika">Maharlika</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Commoners, serfs, and slaves</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipin" title="Alipin">Aliping</a> namamahay</li> <li>Alipin sa gigilid</li> <li>Bulisik</li> <li>Bulislis</li> <li>Horohan</li> <li>Uripon</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Political entities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <dl><dt>Luzon</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Visayas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo-ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bo-ol">Bo-ol/Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mindanao</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kumalarang" title="Kingdom of Kumalarang">Kumalarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agustin_de_Legazpi" title="Agustin de Legazpi">Agustin de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din I of Sulu">Azim ud-Din I of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batarah_Shah_Tengah" title="Batarah Shah Tengah">Batarah Shah Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu_Daya" title="Datu Daya">Datu Daya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu_Sikatuna" title="Datu Sikatuna">Datu Sikatuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayang_Kalangitan" title="Dayang Kalangitan">Dayang Kalangitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasangcay_Adel" title="Dimasangcay Adel">Dimasangcay Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Sasaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Sasaban">Dayang Sasaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_Pangil" title="Gat Pangil">Gat Pangil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Sarikula" title="Gugu Sarikula">Gugu Sarikula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadewa" title="Jayadewa">Jayadewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_ud-Din_of_Sulu" title="Kamal ud-Din of Sulu">Kamal ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Laut_Buisan" title="Kapitan Laut Buisan">Laut Buisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakandula" title="Lakandula">Lakandula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magat_Salamat" title="Magat Salamat">Magat Salamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muedzul_Lail_Tan_Kiram" title="Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram">Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kudarat" title="Muhammad Kudarat">Muhammad Kudarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwallil_Wasit_I_of_Sulu" title="Muwallil Wasit I of Sulu">Sultan Muwallil Wasit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Lontok" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah Lontok">Rajah Lontok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Salalila" title="Rajah Salalila">Rajah Salalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Tupas" title="Rajah Tupas">Rajah Tupas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regimo_Diraja" title="Regimo Diraja">Regimo Diraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Kabungsuwan" title="Sharif Kabungsuwan">Kabungsuwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_ul-H%C4%81shim_of_Sulu" title="Sharif ul-Hāshim of Sulu">Sharif ul-Hāshim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lumay" title="Sri Lumay">Sri Lumay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarik_Sulayman" title="Tarik Sulayman">Tarik Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urduja" title="Urduja">Urduja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Primary sources and artifacts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Islands,_1493%E2%80%931898" title="The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898">The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">Cultural achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recorded_monarchs_in_the_Philippines" title="List of recorded monarchs in the Philippines">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Philippine_consorts" title="List of ancient Philippine consorts">consorts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">Paramount rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines">Warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> See also: <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sultanate was founded either on 17 November 1405 or 1457<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a>-born explorer and Sunni <a href="/wiki/Religious_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious scholar">religious scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharif_ul-H%C4%81shim_of_Sulu" title="Sharif ul-Hāshim of Sulu">Sharif ul-Hashim</a>. <i>Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hashim</i> became his full <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a>; <i>Sharif-ul Hashim</i> is his abbreviated name. He settled in Buansa, <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genealogy_of_Sultan_Sharif_Ul-Hashim_of_Sulu_Sultanate_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogy_of_Sultan_Sharif_Ul-Hashim_of_Sulu_Sultanate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultanate gained its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> in 1578.<sup id="cite_ref-RingSalkin1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingSalkin1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its peak, it stretched over the islands that bordered the western peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> in the north. It also covered areas in the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Marudu_Bay" title="Marudu Bay">Marudu Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Tepian, Sembakung subdistrict, <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source stated the area included stretched from <a href="/wiki/Kimanis_Bay" title="Kimanis Bay">Kimanis Bay</a>, which also overlaps with the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate">Bruneian Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western powers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo">British</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germans</a>, the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> and sovereign political powers were relinquished by 1915 through an agreement that was signed with the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KempFry2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KempFry2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NathanKamali2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NathanKamali2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dreaming_Sultan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreaming_Sultan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carpenter_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the Filipino government officially recognised the historical territories of the Sultanate and the head of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_House_of_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal House of Sulu">royal house</a> as the Sultan of Sulu.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_order_427_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo_order_427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Kakawin Nagarakretagama</a>, the Sultanate of Sulu is referred to as Solot, one of the countries in the Tanjungnagara archipelago (Kalimantan-Philippines), which is one of the areas that is under the influence of the mandala area of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom in the archipelago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-establishment">Pre-establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulu_archipelago.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulu_archipelago.png/220px-Sulu_archipelago.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulu_archipelago.png/330px-Sulu_archipelago.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulu_archipelago.png/440px-Sulu_archipelago.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></div> <p>The present area of the Sultanate of Sulu was once under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> before it gained its own independence in 1578.<sup id="cite_ref-RingSalkin1996_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingSalkin1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 13th century the people of Sulu began migrating to present-day <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulu_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu archipelago">Sulu archipelago</a> from their homelands in northeastern Mindanao. Scott (1994) writes that the Sulu are the descendants of ancient <a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonons</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Rajahnate of Butuan</a>, which was then Hindu, like pre-islamic Sulu. They moved south and established a spice trading port in Sulu. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Batarah_Shah_Tengah" title="Batarah Shah Tengah">Batarah Shah Tengah</a>, who ruled as sultan in 1600, was said to be an actual native of Butuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994164_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994164-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Butuanon-Surigaonon origins of the Tausugs are suggested by the relationship of their languages, as the Butuanon, Surigaonon and Tausug languages are all members of the <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Southern sub-family of Visayan</a>. Later, the earliest known settlement in this area soon to be occupied by the sultanate was in <a href="/wiki/Maimbung,_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimbung, Sulu">Maimbung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a>. During this time, Sulu was called <a href="/wiki/Lupah_Sug" title="Lupah Sug">Lupah Sug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogy_of_Sultan_Sharif_Ul-Hashim_of_Sulu_Sultanate_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogy_of_Sultan_Sharif_Ul-Hashim_of_Sulu_Sultanate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principality of <a href="/wiki/Maimbung" title="Maimbung">Maimbung</a>, populated by Buranun people (or <i>Budanon</i>, literally means "mountain-dwellers"), was first ruled by a certain rajah who assumed the title Rajah Sipad the Older. According to Majul, the origins of the title <i>rajah sipad</i> originated from the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">sri</a> pada, which symbolises authority.<sup id="cite_ref-ibrahim_51_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrahim_51-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principality was instituted and governed using the system of rajahs. Sipad the Older was succeeded by Sipad the Younger. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> who migrated to Sulu were called Orang Dampuan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. url suggests a blog (February 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa civilization</a> and the port-kingdom of Sulu engaged in commerce with each other which resulted in merchant Chams settling in Sulu, where they were known as Orang Dampuan in the 10th–13th centuries. In contrast to their cousins in the Butuan Rajahnate, who considered themselves diplomatic competitors of Champa for China trade,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (under Butuan's Rajah Kiling); instead, Sulu freely traded with the Champa civilization. The Orang Dampuans from Champa however were eventually slaughtered by envious native Sulu Buranuns due to the wealth of the Orang Dampuan.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buranun were then subjected to retaliatory slaughter by the Orang Dampuan. Harmonious commerce between Sulu and the Orang Dampuan was later restored.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakans</a> were descendants of the Taguima-based Orang Dampuan who came to Sulu from Champa.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulu received civilization in its Indic form from the Orang Dampuan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of Sipad the Younger, a Sunni Sufi scholar and mystic<sup id="cite_ref-tan_85_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan_85-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named <i>Tuan</i> Mashā′ikha<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived in Jolo in 1280 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known to the origins and early biography of Tuan Mashā′ikha, except that he is a Muslim "who came from foreign lands" at the head of a fleet of Muslim traders,<sup id="cite_ref-decasa_321_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decasa_321-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or he was issued from a <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stalk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and was considered a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>, thus well respected by the people.<sup id="cite_ref-saleeby_155_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saleeby_155-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reports, however, insisted that Tuan Mashā′ikha together with his parents, Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga, were sent to <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (who is known as <i>Iskandar Zulkarnain</i> in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ibrahim_51_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrahim_51-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Najeeb_Mitry_Saleeby" title="Najeeb Mitry Saleeby">Najeeb Mitry Saleeby</a>, a Lebanese American doctor who wrote <i>A History of Sulu</i> in 1908 and other studies of the Moros, dismisses this claim by concluding that Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga were mythical names.<sup id="cite_ref-saleeby_155_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saleeby_155-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>tarsila</i>, during the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the people of Maimbung worshipped tombs and stones of any kind. After he preached Islam in the area, he married Sipad the Younger's daughter, Idda Indira Suga, who bore three children:<sup id="cite_ref-tan_86_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan_86-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuan Hakim, Tuan Pam and 'Aisha. Tuan Hakim, in turn, begot five children.<sup id="cite_ref-saleeby_149_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saleeby_149-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the genealogy of Tuan Mashā′ikha, another titular system of aristocracy called "tuanship" started in Sulu. Apart from the Idda Indira Suga, Tuan Mashā′ikha also married another "unidentified woman" and begot Moumin. Tuan Mashā′ikha died in 710 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">A.H.</a> (equivalent to 1310 AD), and was buried in Bud Dato near Jolo, with an inscription of <i>Tuan Maqbālū</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibrahim_54_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrahim_54-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A descendant of the Sunni Sufi Shaykh Tuan Mashā′ikha named Tuan May also begot a son named <i>Datu</i> Tka. The descendants of Tuan May did not assume the title of <i>tuan</i>, but instead, used <i><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datu</a></i>. This was the first time <i>datu</i> was used as a political institution.<sup id="cite_ref-tan_86_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan_86-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tan_88_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan_88-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the Tagimaha people (literally means "the party of the people") from <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a> and several places in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, also arrived and settled in Buansa. After the Tagimaha came the Baklaya people, (which means "seashore dwellers"), who are believed to have originated from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Patikul,_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Patikul, Sulu">Patikul</a>. After these came the <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajau peoples">Bajau people</a> (or <i>Samal</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>. The Bajau were driven towards Sulu by a heavy <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, some of them to the shores of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and others to <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-saleeby_41-42_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saleeby_41-42-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya in Sulu created three parties with distinct systems of government and subjects. In the 1300s the Chinese annals, <i>Nanhai zhi</i>, reported that Brunei invaded or administered the Philippine kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Butuan">Butuan</a>, Sulu and <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a> (Mindoro), which did not regain their independence until later date.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a> invaded Sulu in 1365. However in 1369, the Sulus rebelled and regained independence and in vengeance assaulted the Majapahit Empire and its province <i>Po-ni</i> (Brunei), as well as the northeast coast of Borneo<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thereafter went to the capital, looting it of treasure and gold. In the sacking of Brunei, the Sulus stole two sacred pearls from the Bruneian king.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fleet from the Majapahit capital succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but <i>Po-ni</i> was left weaker after the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Chinese historiographies later recorded there to be a Maharaja of Sulu, it is assumed that the Majapahit did not take it back, and it was a rival to it. By 1390 CE, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Baguinda" title="Rajah Baguinda">Rajah Baguinda</a> Ali, a prince of the <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a>, arrived at Sulu and married into the local nobility. At least in 1417, when Sulu rivaled Majapahit according to Chinese annals, three kings (or monarchs) ruled three civilised kingdoms in the island.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patuka Pahala (Paduka Batara) ruled the eastern kingdom (Sulu Archipelago) -- he was the most powerful; the western kingdom was ruled by Mahalachi (Maharajah Kamal ud-Din), ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> in Indonesia; and the kingdom near the cave (or Cave King) was Paduka Patulapok from Palawan Island.<sup id="cite_ref-tan_2010_128_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan_2010_128-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bajau settlers were distributed among the three kingdoms. During this time, Sulu avenged itself for Majapahit Imperialism by encroaching upon the Majapahit Empire as the alliance of the three Sulu kings had territory that reached <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a>, which were former Majapahit provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moumin's descendants the son of Tuan Mashā′ikha populated Sulu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After some time, a certain Timway Orangkaya Su'il was mentioned by the second page of tarsila; he received four Bisaya slaves (people from the Kedatuan of Madja-as) from Manila (presumably Kingdom of Maynila) as a sign of friendship between the two countries. The descendants of Su'il also inherited the title Timway, which means "chief". On tarsila's third page, it accounts the fact that the slaves were the ancestors of the inhabitants in the island to Parang, Lati, Gi'tung, and Lu'uk respectively. </p><p>The fourth page then narrates the coming of the Buranun (addressed in the <i>tarsila</i> as "the Maimbung people"), Tagimaha, Baklaya, and finally the drifted Bajau immigrants from Johor.<sup id="cite_ref-saleeby_152-153_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saleeby_152-153-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition of Sulu before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> can be summarised as such: The island was inhabited by several cultures, and was reigned over by three independent kingdoms ruled by the Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya peoples. Likewise, the socio-political systems of these kingdoms were characterised by several distinct institutions: rajahship, datuship, tuanship and timwayship. The arrival of Tuan Mashā′ikha afterwards established a core Islamic community in the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamisation_and_establishment">Islamisation and establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islamisation and establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Sulu">List of Sultans of Sulu</a></div> <p>The Sulu Archipelago was an <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> that attracted merchants from south China and various parts of Southeast Asia beginning in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Donoso_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donoso-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Sulu" is attested in Chinese historical records as early as 1349,<sup id="cite_ref-Abinales-43_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abinales-43-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the late <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), suggesting trade relations around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-gunn-93_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunn-93-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade continued into the early <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644); envoys were sent in several missions to China to trade and <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">pay tribute</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">the emperor</a>. Sulu merchants often exchanged goods with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Muslims">Chinese Muslims</a>, and also traded with Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Malay</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Donoso_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donoso-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic historian <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Adib_Majul" title="Cesar Adib Majul">Cesar Adib Majul</a> argues that Islam was introduced to the Sulu Archipelago in the late 14th century by Chinese and Arab merchants and missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">Ming China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abinales-43_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abinales-43-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gunn-93_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunn-93-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seven Arab missionaries were called "Lumpang Basih" by the Tausug, and were Sunni Sufi scholars from the <a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawi_sada" title="Ba 'Alawi sada">Ba 'Alawi sada</a> of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, a notable Arab judge, <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious scholar">religious scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Makhdum_Karim" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhdum Karim">Karim ul-Makhdum</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> arrived in Malacca. He preached Islam, particularly the Ash'ari Aqeeda and Shafi'i Madh'hab as well as the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> Tariqa, and many citizens, including the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a>, converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Saleeby%20158-159_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleeby%2520158-159-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulu leader <a href="/wiki/Paduka_Pahala" title="Paduka Pahala">Paduka Pahala</a> and his sons moved to China, where he died. Chinese Muslims brought up his sons in <a href="/wiki/Dezhou#Sulu_Royal_Family" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a>, where their descendants live and have the surnames An and Wen. In 1380 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karim ul-Makhdum arrived in <a href="/wiki/Simunul,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Simunul, Tawi-Tawi">Simunul island</a> from Malacca, again with Arab traders. Apart from being a scholar, he operated as a trader; some see him as a Sufi missionary from Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-Larousse%2040_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larousse%252040-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He preached Islam, and was accepted by the core Muslim community. He was the second person to preach Islam in the area, after Tuan Mashā′ikha. To facilitate conversion of nonbelievers, he established a mosque in Tubig-Indagan, Simunul, the first Islamic temple to be constructed in the area, or in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. This later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Karimal_Makdum_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque">Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in Sulu, although the exact location of his grave is unknown. In Buansa, he was known as Tuan Sharif Awliyā.<sup id="cite_ref-ibrahim_51_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrahim_51-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his alleged grave in Bud Agad, Jolo, an inscription reads "Mohadum Aminullah Al-Nikad". In <a href="/wiki/Lugus,_Sulu" title="Lugus, Sulu">Lugus</a>, he is referred to as Abdurrahman. In <a href="/wiki/Sibutu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibutu Island">Sibutu</a>, he is known by his name.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differing beliefs about his grave's location came about because the <a href="/wiki/Qadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiri">Qadiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">Shaykh</a> Karim ul-Makhdum travelled to several islands in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a> to preach Islam. In many places in the archipelago, he was beloved. It is said that the people of <a href="/wiki/Tapul,_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapul, Sulu">Tapul</a> built a mosque honouring him and that they claim descent from Karim ul-Makhdum. The customs, beliefs and political laws of the people changed and adapted to adopt the Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Saleeby%20159_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleeby%2520159-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulu abruptly stopped sending tributes to the Ming in 1424.<sup id="cite_ref-gunn-93_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunn-93-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> recorded in his journals that the sultan of Brunei invaded Sulu to retrieve the two sacred pearls Sulu had previously pillaged from Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sultan of Brunei, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bolkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Bolkiah">Sultan Bolkiah</a> married a princess (<i>dayang-dayang</i>) of Sulu, Puteri Laila Menchanai, and they became the grandparents of the Muslim prince of <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Maynila">Maynila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a>. Manila was a Muslim city-state and vassal to Brunei before the Spanish colonized it and converted it from Islam to Christianity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Islamic Manila ended after the failed attack of <a href="/wiki/Tarik_Sulayman" title="Tarik Sulayman">Tarik Sulayman</a>, a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a> commander, in the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Maharlikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy of the Maharlikas">Conspiracy of the Maharlikas</a>, when the formerly Muslim Manila nobility attempted a secret alliance with the Japanese shogunate and Bruneiean sultanate (together with her Manila and Sulu allies) to expel the Spaniards from the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Tausugs and other native Muslims of Sulu Sultanate already interacted with Kapampangan and Tagalog Muslims called <a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a> based in Brunei, and there were intermarriages between them. The Spanish had native allies against the former Muslims they conquered like Hindu Tondo which resisted Islam when Brunei invaded and established Manila as a Muslim city-state to supplant Hindu <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_power">Maritime power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maritime power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in the Sulu Sea">Piracy in the Sulu Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranun_pirate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iranun_pirate.png/220px-Iranun_pirate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iranun_pirate.png/330px-Iranun_pirate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iranun_pirate.png/440px-Iranun_pirate.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a> pirate.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sulu sultanate became notorious for its so-called "Moro Raids" or acts of piracy on Spanish settlements in the Visayan areas with the aim of capturing slaves and other goods from these coastal towns. Tausug pirates used boats known collectively by Europeans as <a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa"><i>proas</i></a> (predominantly the <i><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)"><i>garay</i></a> warships), which varied in design and were much lighter than the Spanish galleons and could easily out-sail these ships, and also often carried large swivel guns or <i><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">lantaka</a></i> and also carried a crew of pirates from different ethnic groups throughout Sulu, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajau peoples">Bajaus</a> and Tausugs alike. By the 18th century, Sulu pirates had become virtual masters of the Sulu seas and the surrounding areas, wreaking havoc on Spanish settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted the Spaniards to build a number of fortifications<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across the Visayan islands of Cebu and Bohol; churches were built on higher ground, and watchtowers were built along coastlines to warn of impending raids. </p><p>The maritime supremacy of Sulu was not directly controlled by the sultan; independent <i>datu</i>s and warlords waged their own wars against the Spaniards and even with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">capture of Jolo</a> on numerous occasions by the Spaniards, other settlements like <a href="/wiki/Maimbung,_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimbung, Sulu">Maimbung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banguingui,_Sulu" title="Banguingui, Sulu">Banguingui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a> were used as assembly areas and hideouts for pirates. </p><p>The sultanate's control over the Sulu seas was at its height around the late 17th to early 18th centuries when Moro raids became very common for the Visayans and Spaniards. </p><p>In Sulu and in the Mindanao interior, the slave trade flourished and majority of the slaves that were being imported and exported were of Visayan ethnicity; the term <i>Bisaya</i> eventually became synonymous to "slave" in these areas. Its maritime supremacy over the Spaniards, at the time, the Spaniards acquired steam-powered ships that began to curb Muslim piracy in the region, the Moro piratical raids began to decrease in number until Governor <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Claver%C3%ADa_y_Zald%C3%BAa,_1st_Count_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, 1st Count of Manila">Narciso Clavería</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui expedition</a> in 1848 to crush the pirate settlements there, effectively ending the Moro pirate raids. By the last quarter of the 19th century, Moro pirates had virtually disappeared and the maritime influence of the sultanate became dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_junk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese junk">Chinese junk</a> trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Northeastern_Borneo">Conquest of Northeastern Borneo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conquest of Northeastern Borneo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Sultanate of Bulungan</a></div> <p>In 1746, <a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din I of Sulu">Sultan Azim ud-Din I</a>, with Spanish assistance, carried out punitive expeditions around the <a href="/wiki/Sebuku_River" title="Sebuku River">Sebuku</a> region against the <a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidungs</a> to reconsolidate his power in Borneo. By April 1747, the expeditions were declared a success and the chief of <a href="/wiki/Tarakan" title="Tarakan">Tarakan</a> declared his allegiance to Sulu. After the Sultan returned to Sulu, he brought back 50 captives who were previously under the hands of the Tidung and among them was a friar, while others were Tidung chiefs. Two of the Tidung chiefs were left in Jolo while the rest were brought to Zamboanga.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tausug traders began settling in Tarakan. However, things began to complicate after the Tidungs made a political marriage with Bulungan, placing the Tidungs also under the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Sultanate of Bulungan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, amidst the civil war in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Berau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Berau (page does not exist)">Berau</a>, Sultan Azim ud-Din II raided Berau and Tarakan, which led to the de facto independence of Bulungan from Berau by the 18th-19th century. Sulu became the dominant power in the region and Bulungan was placed under the sphere of influence of the former. Tausug vessels began arriving in the region at a large scale to conduct trade. The status of Bulungan as a subject of Sulu however would later change after they stopped paying tribute to Sulu in 1855. This would later become official after the British annexation of North Borneo and the Dutch annexation of Bulungan in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_and_British_annexations">Spanish and British annexations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish and British annexations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Concession of Sabah</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concession_of_Sabah_(Brunei)_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/160px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/240px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/320px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7492" data-file-height="10580" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momin" title="Abdul Momin">Abdul Momin</a> of Brunei on 29 December 1877, appointing <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Overbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Overbeck">Baron de Overbeck</a> as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya and Sandakan<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concession_of_Sabah_(Sulu)_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/160px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/240px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/320px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7414" data-file-height="10546" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jamal_ul-Azam" title="Jamal ul-Azam">Jamal ul-Azam</a> of Sulu on 22 January 1878 also appointing Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the 18th century, Sulu's dominion covered most of northeastern part of Borneo. However areas like Tempasuk and Abai had never really shown much allegiance to its earlier ruler, Brunei, subsequently similar treatment was given to Sulu. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a>, who made a treaty of allegiance in 1761 with Sulu, had to make a similar agreement with the rulers of Tempasuk and Abai on the north Borneo coast in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sultanate of Sulu totally gave up its domain over Palawan to Spain in 1705 and Basilan to Spain in 1762. The territory ceded to Sulu by Brunei initially stretched south to Tapean Durian (now Tanjong Mangkalihat) (another source mentioned a southernmost boundary at Dumaring),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the Straits of Macassar (now <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>). From 1726 to 1733, the Sulu sultanate restarted their tributary relationship with China, now the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a>, about 300 years after it had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-dV_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dV-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1849, the areas gained from Brunei had been effectively controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Sultanate of Bulungan</a> in Kalimantan, reducing the boundary of Sulu to a cape named Batu Tinagat and the <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-icj638_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icj638-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Jamalul_Azam_(1879_photo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sultan_Jamalul_Azam_%281879_photo%29.jpg/150px-Sultan_Jamalul_Azam_%281879_photo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sultan_Jamalul_Azam_%281879_photo%29.jpg/225px-Sultan_Jamalul_Azam_%281879_photo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Sultan_Jamalul_Azam_%281879_photo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1879 photo of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jamal_ul-Azam" title="Jamal ul-Azam">Jamal ul-Azam</a>, Sultan of Sulu from 1862 to 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1848 and 1851, the Spanish launched <a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">attacks on Balanguingui</a> and Jolo respectively. A peace treaty was signed on 30 April 1851<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the sultan could only regain the capital if Sulu and its dependencies became a part of the Philippine Islands under the sovereignty of Spain. There were different understandings of this treaty; although the Spanish interpreted it as the sultan accepting Spanish sovereignty over Sulu and Tawi-Tawi, but the sultan took it as a friendly treaty amongst equals. These areas were only partially controlled by the Spanish, and their power was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements. This lasted until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. On 22 January 1878, an agreement was signed between the Sultanate of Sulu and British commercial syndicate of (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dent" title="Alfred Dent">Alfred Dent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Overbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Overbeck">Baron de Overbeck</a>), which stipulated that North Borneo was either ceded or leased (depending on translation used) to the British in return for payment of five thousand Malayan dollars per year.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Justice2003_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justice2003-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><b>Sulu version</b></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"...do hereby <b>lease</b> of our own freewill and satisfaction to...all the territories and lands being tributary to [us] together with their heirs, associates, successors and assigns forever and until the end of time, all rights and powers which we possess over all territories and lands tributary to us on the mainland of the Island of Borneo, commencing from the Pandassan River on the west coast to Maludu Bay, and extending along the whole east coast as far as Sibuco River on the south,..., and all the other territories and states to the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco River, ..., [9 nautical miles] of the coast."</p></blockquote> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><b>British version </b></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... hereby <b>grant and cede</b> of our own free and sovereign will to Gustavus Baron de Overbeck of Hong Kong and Alfred Dent Esquire of London...and assigns for ever and in perpetuity all the rights and powers belonging to us over all the territories and lands being tritutary to us on the mainland of the island of Borneo commencing from the Pandassan River </p><p>on the north-west coast and extending along the whole east coast as far as the Sibuco River in the south and comprising </p><p> amongst other the States of Paitan, Sugut, Bangaya, Labuk, Sandakan, Kina Batangan, Mumiang, and all the other territories and states to the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco river with all the islands within three marine leagues of the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>On 22 April 1903, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_II" title="Jamalul Kiram II">Jamalul Kiram II</a> signed a document known as "Confirmation of cession of certain islands", in which he granted and ceded additional islands in the neighbourhood of the mainland of North Borneo from <a href="/wiki/Banggi_Island" title="Banggi Island">Banggi Island</a> to Sibuku Bay to the British North Borneo Company. The confirmatory deed of 1903 makes it known and understood between the two parties that the islands mentioned were included in the cession of the districts and islands mentioned on 22 January 1878 agreement. Additional cession money was set at 300 dollars a year with arrears due for past occupation of 3,200 dollars. The originally agreed 5,000 dollars increased to 5,300 dollars per year payable annually.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madrid_Protocol">Madrid Protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Madrid Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_(1901).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png/220px-Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png/330px-Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png/440px-Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_II" title="Jamalul Kiram II">Jamalul Kiram II</a> with <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Philippine Commission</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu" title="Jolo, Sulu">Jolo, Sulu</a> (27 March 1901)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sulu sultanate later came under the control of Spain in Manila. In 1885, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a> to cement Spanish influence over the islands of the Philippines. In the same agreement, Spain relinquished all claim to North Borneo which had belonged to the sultanate in the past to the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Spanish Government renounces, as far as regards the British Government, all claims of sovereignty over the territories of the continent of Borneo, which belong, or which have belonged in the past to the Sultan of Sulu (Jolo), and which comprise the neighbouring islands of Balambangan, Banguey, and Malawali, as well as all those comprised within a zone of three maritime leagues from the coast, and which form part of the territories administered by the Company styled the "British North Borneo Company".</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article III, <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol of 1885</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bayan">Battle of Bayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bud_Dajo" title="First Battle of Bud Dajo">First Battle of Bud Dajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bud_Dajo" title="Second Battle of Bud Dajo">Second Battle of Bud Dajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bud_Bagsak" title="Battle of Bud Bagsak">Battle of Bud Bagsak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kiram-Bates_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiram-Bates Treaty">Kiram-Bates Treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Datu_Amil_with_Captain_W.O._Reed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Datu_Amil_with_Captain_W.O._Reed.jpg/220px-Datu_Amil_with_Captain_W.O._Reed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Datu_Amil_with_Captain_W.O._Reed.jpg/330px-Datu_Amil_with_Captain_W.O._Reed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Datu_Amil_with_Captain_W.O._Reed.jpg/440px-Datu_Amil_with_Captain_W.O._Reed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Datu Amil (sitting left), an influential leader of the Tausūgs in discussion with Captain W.O. Reed, US <a href="/wiki/6th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="6th Cavalry Regiment">6th Cavalry Regiment</a> during the American Moro Campaigns. Amil was later killed by the Americans which marking the starting end of the sovereignty of the Sulu Sultanate when the Americans relinquished their powers until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bud_Bagsak" title="Battle of Bud Bagsak">last battle with the Moros</a> in which their region fell under the American rules.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daru_Jambangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Daru_Jambangan.jpg/220px-Daru_Jambangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Daru_Jambangan.jpg/330px-Daru_Jambangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Daru_Jambangan.jpg/440px-Daru_Jambangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Darul_Jambangan" title="Darul Jambangan">Darul Jambangan</a> (Palace of Flowers) in <a href="/wiki/Maimbung,_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimbung, Sulu">Maimbung, Sulu</a> before it was destroyed by a typhoon in 1932. It used to be the largest royal palace built in the Philippines. A campaign to faithfully re-establish it in Maimbung town has been ongoing since 1933. A very small replica of the palace was made in a nearby town in the 2010s, but it was noted that the replica does not mean that the campaign to reconstruct the palace in Maimbung has stopped as the replica does not manifest the true essence of a Sulu royal palace. In 2013, Maimbung was officially designated as the royal capital of the Sultanate of Sulu by the remaining members of the Sulu royal family. Almost all Sulu royals who have died since the 19th century up to the present have been buried around the palace grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The sultanate's political power was relinquished in March 1915 after American commanders negotiated with Sultan Jamalul Kiram II on behalf of Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison" title="Francis Burton Harrison">Francis Burton Harrison</a>. An agreement was subsequently signed, called the "Carpenter Agreement". By this agreement, the sultan relinquished all political power over territory within the Philippines (except for certain specific land granted to Sultan Jamalul Kiram II and his heirs), with the religious authority as head of Islam in Sulu.<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_within_the_Philippines">Status within the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Status within the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962, the Philippine government under the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> officially recognised the continued existence of the Sultanate of Sulu.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been asserted that Macapagal was a cousin of the Sulu sultan due to his royal descent tracing to <a href="/wiki/Lakandula" title="Lakandula">Lakandula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-macapagal_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macapagal-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakandula was the uncle of the Muslim king of Manila, Rajah Sulayman,<sup id="cite_ref-macapagal_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macapagal-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they had a grandmother from Sulu in the person of the Tausug princess, Laila Mechanai, wife of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bolkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Bolkiah">Sultan Bolkiah</a> of Brunei and ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Maynila">Manila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-macapagal_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macapagal-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 May 1974, the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram" title="Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram">Mohammed Mahakuttah Kiram</a> began and lasted until 1986. He was the last officially recognized Sulu sultan in the Philippines, having been recognized by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pretenders">Pretenders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pretenders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Mahakuttah A. Kiram, the Philippine national government did not formally recognised a new sultan. Mahakutta's crown prince Muedzul Lail Kiram, the heir to the throne according to the line of succession as recognised by the Philippine governments from 1915 to 1986, was 20 years old upon his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Backo_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backo-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his young age, he failed to claim the throne in a time of political instability in the Philippines that led to the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">peaceful revolution and subsequent removal of President Marcos</a>. The gap in the sultanate leadership was filled by claimants of rival branches. Therefore, the succeeding claimants to the Sultanship were not crowned with the support of the Philippine government nor received formal recognition from the national government as their predecessors had until 1974, when <a href="/wiki/Muedzul_Lail_Tan_Kiram" title="Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram">Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram</a> was formally recognised as the legitimate successor as the 35th sultan of Sulu by Memorandum Order 427, signed by Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_order_427_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo_order_427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fabuan_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabuan-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The then-Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Philippines officially further recognized the sovereignty of the Sultanate of Sulu over North Borneo (now <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>), clarifying that "for the last two hundred years or more the title of sovereignty and dominion over the Territory of North Borneo has been vested in the Sultanate of Sulu."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Borneo_dispute">North Borneo dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North Borneo dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png/220px-W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png/330px-W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png/440px-W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Cowie_(merchant)" title="William Cowie (merchant)">W. C. Cowie</a>, managing director of <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">BNBC</a> with the sultan of Sulu.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dispute is based on a territorial claim by the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> since the era of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> over much of the eastern part of Sabah in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Sabah was known as <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963. The Eastern Sabah territory was allegedly gifted by the Brunei Sultanate to the Sulu Sultanate due to Sulu intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">Brunei Civil War</a>. However Brunei historian Leigh R. Wright has claimed that Sulu never really provided assistance during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines, via the heritage of the Sultanate of Sulu, claim Sabah on the basis that Sabah was only leased to the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">British North Borneo Company</a> with the sultanate's sovereignty never being relinquished. The dispute stems from the difference in the interpretation used on an agreement signed between Sultanate of Sulu and the British commercial syndicate (Alfred Dent and Baron von Overbeck) in 1878, which stipulated that North Borneo was either ceded or leased (depending on translation used) to the British chartered company in return for payment of 5,000 dollars per year. Malaysia views the dispute as a "non-issue", as it not only considers the agreement in 1878 as one of cession, but it also deems that the residents had exercised their act of self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As reported by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the independence of North Borneo was brought about as the result of the expressed wish of the majority of the people of the territory as supported by the findings of the <a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Court_Digest?_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Court_Digest?-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, a later 1903 Confirmation of Cession agreement between the sultan of Sulu and the British government, has provided reaffirmation regarding the understanding of the sultan of Sulu on the treaty in 1878, i.e. it is of the form of a cession.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the British administration of North Borneo, the British government continued to make the annual "cession money" payment to the sultan and its heir and these payments were expressly shown in the receipts as "cession money".<sup id="cite_ref-Salonga_cession_money_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salonga_cession_money-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1961 conference in London, a Philippine and British panel met to discuss the Philippine claim to North Borneo, the British informed the Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Salonga</a> that the wording of the receipts had not been challenged by the sultan or his heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Salonga_cession_money_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salonga_cession_money-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a meeting of <a href="/wiki/Maphilindo" title="Maphilindo">Maphilindo</a> between the Philippine, Malayan and Indonesian governments in 1963, the Philippine government said the sultan of Sulu wanted the payment of 5,000 from the Malaysian government.<sup id="cite_ref-dreaming_Sultan_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreaming_Sultan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysian Prime Minister</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> said he would go back to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and get on the request.<sup id="cite_ref-dreaming_Sultan_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreaming_Sultan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Malaysian Embassy in the Philippines issues a cheque in the amount of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a>5,300 (approx. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_pesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine pesos">₱</a>77,000 or US$1,710) to the legal counsel of the heirs of the sultan of Sulu. Malaysia considers the settlement an annual "cession payment" for the disputed state, while the sultan's descendants consider it "rent".<sup id="cite_ref-inq-timeline_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inq-timeline-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These payments however have been stopped as of 2013 in light of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">attempted invasion of Sabah</a> since Malaysia viewed that as an act of violation of the 1903 Confirmation of Cession agreement and its earlier 1878 agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republic Act 5446 in the Philippines, which took effect on 18 September 1968, regards Sabah as a territory "over which the Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion and sovereignty".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 July 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a> ruled that the Philippine claim over Sabah is retained and may be pursued in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 10 May 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Malaysia maintains that their Sabah claim is a non-issue and non-negotiable, thereby rejecting any calls from the Philippines to resolve the matter in the International Court of Justice. Sabah authorities sees the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of Justice as a non-issue and thus dismissed the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2022, an international court ruled that Malaysia had violated a treaty signed in 1878 of annual cession payment and would have to pay at least US$14.92 billion (RM62.59 billion) to the descendants of the Sulu sultan, which Malaysia ceased payment in 2013 as it deemed that the Sulu counterpart had first violated the treaty through the <a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Sabah incursion</a>. The award was reportedly issued in an arbitration court in Paris, France by Spanish arbitrator <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Stampa" title="Gonzalo Stampa">Gonzalo Stampa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2022, Malaysia filed an application to annul the final award over claims by Sulu sultan’s heirs since the appointment of Stampa had itself been annulled by Madrid High Court in June 2021, rendering any decisions by him to be invalid including the 2022 award.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawyers for the heirs indicated that they will seek the award’s recognition and execution, citing a 1958 U.N. Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2022, court bailiffs in Luxembourg served Petronas Azerbaijan (Shah Denis) and Petronas South Caucus with a "saiseie-arret," or a size order or behalf of descendants of the Sulu sultan. Petronas said it would defend its legal position.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Malaysian Government's appeal against the French arbitration court's 2022 decision to award US$15 billion to the claimants to the Sultanate of Sulu. The Court of Appeal also ruled that Stampa and the arbitration tribunal did not have jurisdiction over the case. In addition, the Court of Appeal annulled the US$15.9 billion award. The decision was welcomed by Malaysian law minister Datuk Seri <a href="/wiki/Azalina_Othman" class="mw-redirect" title="Azalina Othman">Azalina Othman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_7_Jun_2023_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP_7_Jun_2023-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stampa also faces legal proceedings in Spain for ignoring the decisions of earlier Spanish courts. However, Stampa's award remains enforceable outside of France due to a United Nations treaty on international arbitration. The Sulu claimants have also filed claims to seize Malaysian assets in the Netherlands and Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_7_Jun_2023_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP_7_Jun_2023-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 June 2023, a Dutch court of appeal dismissed a bid by the claimants to the Sultanate to enforce the US$15 billion arbitration award against the Malaysian Government. While the Malaysian Government welcomed the court's ruling, the Sulu heirs' lawyer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen_(lawyer)" title="Paul Cohen (lawyer)">Paul Cohen</a> expressed disappointment.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 November 2023, the Paris Court of Appeal dismissed legal attempts by the Sultanate's claimants to seize Malaysian diplomatic properties in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 November, the Madrid Court filed criminal charges against Stampa over his role in handing the US$14.92 billion arbitration award to the eight Sulu claimants.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 January 2024, Stampa was convicted for contempt of court.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for “knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice”.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Law360, the Spanish courts’ decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa marked a significant “victory for the Malaysian government”.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 17, 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence, and a one-year ban from practicing as an arbitrator.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Madrid Court highlighted that the arbitrator's appointment was a judicial decision made before the arbitration process. Consequently, once the nullification of the appointment was confirmed, all subsequent arbitral proceedings stemming from that appointment were rendered invalid, as if they had never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysian Minister Azalina Othman said, “In its judgment, the Madrid Court of Appeal confirms that Stampa knowingly and wilfully disobeyed the clear rulings and orders of the Madrid High Court of Justice resulting from the nullification of his appointment as arbitrator.”<sup id="cite_ref-auto_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on May 30, 2024, Malaysian state-owned petroleum firm Petronas moved a Manhattan court to seek directions for litigation funding firm Therium and its parent company to turn over subpoenaed financial documents and communications. </p><p>Petronas’ Azerbaijani arm said it would sue the companies and their lawyers in Spain over losses from the seizure of assets in Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Spanish Judge Josep Galvez – barrister at 4–5 Gray's Inn Square Chambers, which the lawyers of Sulu claimants <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen_(lawyer)" title="Paul Cohen (lawyer)">Paul Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Mason" title="Elisabeth Mason">Elisabeth Mason</a> also associate with – said the Madrid Court’s ruling underscored the importance of rigorous compliance with procedural requirements and judicial orders under Spanish law, as failure to do so could invite severe penalties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “The conviction of Stampa serves as a lesson for international arbitration practitioners, emphasizing the paramount importance of adhering to judicial orders in Spain,” he wrote. </p><p>On 6 September 2024, the Dutch Supreme Court rejected an appeal by the Sulus to enforce the US$15 billion arbitration award against Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling came as a continuation of previous decisions in Malaysia’s favor, such as those by the Hague Court of Appeal upholding Malaysia’s challenge against the award, and the Paris Court of Appeal annulling an attempt by the Sulu group to mortgage a Malaysian diplomatic building in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 October 2024, Malaysia's Federal Court upheld the death sentences of seven Filipino men involved in the 2013 Lahad Datu invasion, which had resulted in the deaths of nine Malaysian security personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling was seen as a step toward ensuring justice and strengthening national security in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 7, 2024, the French Court of Cassation – the highest court in the French judicial system – annulled a $15 billion arbitration ruling against Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-trib_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trib-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision marked a significant legal victory for Malaysia and reinforced its sovereignty in a dispute with the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-trib_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trib-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling highlighted irregularities in the arbitration process led by <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Stampa" title="Gonzalo Stampa">Gonzalo Stampa</a> and raised concerns about practices such as forum shopping and unregulated litigation funding in European courts.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French court’s decision was deemed a significant “win” for Malaysia that effectively marked the end of the Sulu case by several publications, including Law.com and Law360.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Keith Ellison, former vice chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Minnesota attorney general, pointed out that the case highlighted the enormous scope for “corruption,” irresponsible profiteering, and foreign influence operations to subvert arbitration proceedings”.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Malaysia's legal victory in the French Court, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen_(lawyer)" title="Paul Cohen (lawyer)">Paul Cohen</a> argued that the ruling allows the Sulu heirs to lease Sabah to other nations, such as China and the Philippines. Cohen also suggested that accepting the French court's decision implies recognition of the Sulu Sultanate descendants' sovereignty over Sabah, which Malaysia disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Datuk Seri Azalina Othman Said dismissed Cohen's statements as baseless and reaffirmed Sabah’s status as part of Malaysia, citing historical and legal foundations such as the Cobbold Commission and the 1963 referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early November 2024, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. signed the <i>Philippine Maritime Zones Act</i> and the <i>Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws reaffirmed the Philippines' maritime territories and rights to natural resources across the South China Sea, including Sabah, drawing strong criticism from Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 15, 2024, Kuala Lumpur lodged a diplomatic protest against the two maritime laws, arguing that they infringed upon Malaysia's territorial boundaries in the South China Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG/220px-North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG/330px-North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/North_Borneo_Dispute_territory.PNG 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territory in the 1878 agreement – From the Pandassan River on the north west coast to the Sibuco River in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside the North Borneo dispute, the heirs and claimants of the Sulu sultanate have been involved in contemporary Philippine politics such as the lobbying for the creation of a constituent state called Zambasulta within the Philippines under a federal form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-mindanaoexaminer.com_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindanaoexaminer.com-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_and_slave_trade">Weapons and slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Weapons and slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_(lantaka)_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago,_brass,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption>A Moro brass <i>lantaka</i> or swivel gun.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro datus and sultanates with weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultanates on <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. A trade involving the Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered the economy of the sultanate, taking almost total control of the sultanate's economies in Mindanao and dominating the markets. Though the sultans did not like one group of people exercising exclusive control over the economy, they did business with them. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/220px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/330px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/440px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>19th century illustration of a <i><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a></i>, the main warships used by the <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui people</a> of the navies of the sultanates of Sulu and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a> for piracy and slave raids</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese set up a trading network between <a href="/wiki/British_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="British Singapore">Singapore</a>, Zamboanga, Jolo and Sulu. The Chinese sold small arms like Enfield and Spencer Rifles to the Buayan Datu Uto. They were used to battle the Spanish invasion of <a href="/wiki/Buayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buayan">Buayan</a>. The datu paid for the weapons in slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren2007_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren2007-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Chinese in Mindanao in the 1880s was 1,000. The Chinese ran guns across a Spanish blockade to sell to Mindanao Moros. The purchases of these weapons were paid for by the Moros in slaves in addition to other goods. The main group of people selling guns were the Chinese in Sulu. The Chinese took control of the economy and used steamers to ship goods for exporting and importing. <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, textiles, and crockery were among the other goods which the Chinese sold. </p><p>The Chinese on <a href="/wiki/Maimbung" title="Maimbung">Maimbung</a> sent the weapons to the Sulu sultanate, who used them to battle the Spanish and resist their attacks. A <a href="/wiki/Chinese-Mestizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-Mestizo">Chinese-Mestizo</a> was one of the sultan's brothers-in-law, the sultan was married to his sister. He and the sultan both owned shares in the ship (named the Far East) which helped smuggle the weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren2007_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren2007-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish launched a surprise offensive under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Juan_Arolas" title="Juan Arolas">Juan Arolas</a> in April 1887 by attacking the sultanate's capital at Maimbung in an effort to crush resistance. Weapons were captured and the property of the Chinese were destroyed while the Chinese were deported to Jolo.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren2007_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren2007-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearling_industry">Pearling industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pearling industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Jamal_ul-Azam_of_Sulu_receiving_French_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sultan_Jamal_ul-Azam_of_Sulu_receiving_French_delegation.jpg/220px-Sultan_Jamal_ul-Azam_of_Sulu_receiving_French_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sultan_Jamal_ul-Azam_of_Sulu_receiving_French_delegation.jpg/330px-Sultan_Jamal_ul-Azam_of_Sulu_receiving_French_delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sultan_Jamal_ul-Azam_of_Sulu_receiving_French_delegation.jpg/440px-Sultan_Jamal_ul-Azam_of_Sulu_receiving_French_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A painting from 1880s depicting Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jamal_ul-Azam" title="Jamal ul-Azam">Jamal ul-Azam</a> having a conversation with the French visitors.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the destruction of the pirate haunts of <a href="/wiki/Balanguingui" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanguingui">Balanguingui</a> effectively ending the centuries of slave raids, which the Sulu sultanate's economy had so depended on, along with the economy of mainland Mindanao, the sultanate's economy experienced a sharp decline as slaves became more inaccessible and the islands' agricultural produce wasn't enough, thus it became dependent on the Mindanao interior even for <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and produce.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Spaniards thought they had dealt the death blow for the sultanate when they captured Jolo in 1876, rather, the sultanate's capital and economic and trading hub was moved to Maimbung on the other side of the island. Up until the American occupation, this was the residence and economic centre of Sulu. This is where the Sultan Jamalul Kiram II and his adviser Hadji Butu began the Sulu <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearling</a> industry to increase the sultan's wealth, they organised the Sulu pearling fleet, which remained active well into the early 20th century. In 1910, the sultan reportedly sold a giant pearl in London for $100,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_class_system">Social class system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social class system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the people of the Sultanate of Sulu, nobility could be acquired only by lineage, a closed hereditary system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulu_Craft_off_Sandakau,_with_Mecca_Pilgrims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sulu_Craft_off_Sandakau%2C_with_Mecca_Pilgrims.jpg/220px-Sulu_Craft_off_Sandakau%2C_with_Mecca_Pilgrims.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sulu_Craft_off_Sandakau%2C_with_Mecca_Pilgrims.jpg/330px-Sulu_Craft_off_Sandakau%2C_with_Mecca_Pilgrims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sulu_Craft_off_Sandakau%2C_with_Mecca_Pilgrims.jpg/440px-Sulu_Craft_off_Sandakau%2C_with_Mecca_Pilgrims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>Sulu vessel carrying pilgrims to Mecca, 1899.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were two royal classes:<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datu</a></b> (<i>susultanun</i>), acquired purely by lineage. All male members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_House_of_Sulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal House of Sulu">royal house of Sulu</a> held this title and style "His Royal Highness (HRH)". Their spouses automatically held the title of <i>Dayangdayang</i> (princess of the first degree). Adopted members of the royal house of Sulu were styled "His Highness (HH)" and their spouses also held the title of Dayangdayang and the style: "Her Highness".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Datu_Sadja" title="Datu Sadja">Datu sadja</a></b>, which may be acquired through confirming the titles (<i>gullal</i>) on the middleman of the sultan. The gullal is made if a commoner has achieved outstanding feats or services in line of duty through display of bravery, heroism, etc. Datu sadja is a life title of nobility and the title holders hold the style "His Excellency" and their spouses should hold the title of <i>dayang</i> the style "Her Excellency".</li></ul> <p><b>Maharlika</b>, or commoners, do not trace their descent from royalty. The upper subclasses held administrative roles: </p> <ul><li><b>Wakil Kesultanan</b> – regional representative outside the sultanate</li> <li><b>Panglima</b> – regional representative inside the sultanate</li> <li><b>Parkasa</b> – <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> of region representative inside the sultanate</li> <li><b>Laksaman</b>– subregional representative inside the sultanate</li></ul> <p>The males who hold the offices above were addressed by the title of nobility <i>Tuan</i> (the title is directly attached to the office), followed by the rank of the office they hold, their given name, surname and region. The females who held offices above shall be addressed by the title of nobility <i>Sitti</i> (the title is directly attached to the office), followed by the same name order. </p><p>A very large part of the Sulu society, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a> were slaves captured from slave raids or bought from slave markets. They were known as the <i>bisaya</i>, reflecting their most common origin – Christianized <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a> from Spanish territories in the Philippines – although they also included captured slaves from other ethnic groups throughout Southeast Asia. They were also known as <i>banyaga</i>, <i>ipun</i>, or <i>ammas</i>. It is estimated that as much as 50% of the population of Sulu in the 1850s were <i>bisaya</i> slaves and dominated the Sulu economy. For the most part, they were treated like commoners, with their own houses and were responsible for cultivating farms and fisheries of Tausug nobility. But there were harsh punishments for attempts to escape, and a large number of the slaves were sold to European, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bugis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis people">Bugis</a> slavers in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warren2_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren2-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-non_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-non-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">Okir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute_(kutyapi),_Mindanao,_wood,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lute_%28kutyapi%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_wood%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Lute_%28kutyapi%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_wood%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lute_%28kutyapi%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_wood%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Lute_%28kutyapi%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_wood%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lute_%28kutyapi%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_wood%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Lute_%28kutyapi%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_wood%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5131" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">kutiyapi</a></i> (lute) from Mindanao bearing <i>Ukkil</i> motifs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sultanate of Sulu, along with the rest of Mindanao, has a long tradition of decorative arts known as <i>ukkil</i> or <i>okir</i>. Ukkil is the Tausug word for "wood carving" or "engraving". The Tausug and <a href="/wiki/Maranao" class="mw-redirect" title="Maranao">Maranao</a> peoples traditionally carved and decorated their boats, houses and even grave markers with ukkil carvings. Aside from wood carvings, ukkil motifs were found on various clothing in the Sulu archipelago. Ukkil motifs tend to emphasise geometric patterns and a flowing design, with floral and leaf patterns as well as folk elements. The Tausug also decorated their weapons with these motifs, and various <i>kris</i> and <a href="/wiki/Barong_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barong (knife)"><i>barong</i></a> blades have finely decorated handles as well as blades covered in floral patterns and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronze <i><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">lantaka</a></i> also bear some ukkil patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A yellow-colored flag was used in Sulu by the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Sultanate of Sulu according to Pierre Sonnerat[153]"><img alt="Flag of the Sultanate of Sulu according to Pierre Sonnerat[153]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/120px-18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/180px-18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/240px-18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the Sultanate of Sulu according to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sonnerat" title="Pierre Sonnerat">Pierre Sonnerat</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchant flag of the Chinese community in the Sultanate of Sulu"><img alt="Merchant flag of the Chinese community in the Sultanate of Sulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg/120px-Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg/180px-Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg/240px-Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchant flag of the Chinese community in the Sultanate of Sulu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A war flag of the Sultanate of Sulu at the end of the 19th century"><img alt="A war flag of the Sultanate of Sulu at the end of the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg/120px-War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg/180px-War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg/240px-War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a> of the Sultanate of Sulu at the end of the 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeira_Sulu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The official flag of the Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu."><img alt="The official flag of the Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bandeira_Sulu.svg/120px-Bandeira_Sulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bandeira_Sulu.svg/180px-Bandeira_Sulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bandeira_Sulu.svg/240px-Bandeira_Sulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The official flag of the Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muedzul_Lail_Tan_Kiram" title="Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram">Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram</a> of Sulu.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Sulu" title="List of sultans of Sulu">List of sultans of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">John C. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_abolishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy abolishment">Monarchy abolishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(Before_1521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (Before 1521)">History of the Philippines (Before 1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiram-Bates_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiram-Bates Treaty">Kiram-Bates Treaty</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a>, "The Sultanate of Sulu was in no wise abolished by the Carpenter Agreement; but the sultan and his council merely relinquished their temporal powers to be exercised by regularly appointed or elected officials of the Philippine Government."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a>, "The Sultanate of Sulu was in no wise abolished by the Carpenter Agreement; but the sultan and his council merely relinquished their temporal powers to be exercised by regularly appointed or elected officials of the Philippine Government."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">WH Scott</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> aqeeda and <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawi_sada" title="Ba 'Alawi sada">Ba 'Alawi sada</a> ancestors. Even though the sultanate was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausūg people</a>, the subjects of the kingdom were a mix of <a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajau peoples">Samal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994177_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994177-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare with the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Yogyakarta">Sultanate of Yogyakarta</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The generally accepted date of the establishment of the sultanate by modern historians is 1457. However, the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a> list the date as "around 1450", or simply "1450s",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to uncertainty. On the other hand, independent Muslim studies marked the day to a more exact date 17 November 1405 (24th of <a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumada al-awwal">Jumada al-awwal</a>, 808 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Heirs_of_Sulu_Sultanate_urged_to_attend_general_convention_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heirs_of_Sulu_Sultanate_urged_to_attend_general_convention-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavendish20071178_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish20071178-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mashā′ikha is an Arabic term which originated from <i>mashā′ikh</i>, which means "an intelligent or pious man".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The generally accepted date for the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha is 1280 CE, however, other Muslim scholars dated his coming only as <i>second half of the 13th century</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <i>Karimul Makhdum</i>, <i>Karimal Makdum</i> or <i>Makhdum Karim</i> among others. Makhdum came from the Arabic word <i>makhdūmīn</i>, which means "master".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another uncertain date in Philippine Islamic history is the year of arrival of Karim ul-Makhdum. Though other Muslim scholars place the date as simply "the end of 14th century", Saleeby calculated the year as 1380 AD corresponding to the description of the <i>tarsilas</i>, in which Karim ul-Makhdum's coming is ten years before Rajah Baguinda's. The 1380 reference originated from the event in Islamic history when a huge number of <i>makhdūmīn</i> started to travel to Southeast Asia from India. See Ibrahim's "Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Confirmatory Deed of 1903 must be viewed in the light of the 1878 Agreement. The British North Borneo Company entered into a Confirmatory Deed with the Sultanate of Sulu in 1903, thereby confirming and ratifying what was done in 1878.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBEYER" class="citation web cs1">BEYER, HENRY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/12/08/brief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century/">"Brief Memorandum on the Government of the Sultanate of Sulu and Powers of the Sultan during the 19TH Century"</a>. <i>Official Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Brief+Memorandum+on+the+Government+of+the+Sultanate+of+Sulu+and+Powers+of+the+Sultan+during+the+19TH+Century&rft.aulast=BEYER&rft.aufirst=HENRY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1946%2F12%2F08%2Fbrief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaleeby_(1870–1935)" class="citation web cs1">Saleeby (1870–1935), Najeeb Mitry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41771/41771-h/41771-h.htm">"The History of Sulu"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Sulu&rft.aulast=Saleeby+%281870%E2%80%931935%29&rft.aufirst=Najeeb+Mitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F41771%2F41771-h%2F41771-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC" class="citation cs2">C, Josiah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429112342/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/historical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm"><i>Historical Timeline of The Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples</i></a>, NIU, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/historical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm">the original</a> on 29 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Timeline+of+The+Royal+Sultanate+of+Sulu+Including+Related+Events+of+Neighboring+Peoples&rft.pub=NIU&rft.aulast=C&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasite.niu.edu%2FTagalog%2FModules%2FModules%2FMuslimMindanao%2Fhistorical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/general-blogs/728/11-pieces-of-history-coins-used-by-filipinos-before-and-during-the-spanish-era">"11 scams used by Filipinos before and during the Spanish Era"</a>. <i>The Kahimyang Project</i>. 5 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kahimyang+Project&rft.atitle=11+scams+used+by+Filipinos+before+and+during+the+Spanish+Era&rft.date=2011-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkahimyang.com%2Fkauswagan%2Fgeneral-blogs%2F728%2F11-pieces-of-history-coins-used-by-filipinos-before-and-during-the-spanish-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBEYER" class="citation web cs1">BEYER, HENRY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/12/08/brief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century/">"Brief Memorandum on the Government of the Sultanate of Sulu and Powers of the Sultan during the 19TH Century"</a>. <i>Official Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Brief+Memorandum+on+the+Government+of+the+Sultanate+of+Sulu+and+Powers+of+the+Sultan+during+the+19TH+Century&rft.aulast=BEYER&rft.aufirst=HENRY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1946%2F12%2F08%2Fbrief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994177-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994177_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1994">Scott 1994</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1962/04/25/philippine-claim-to-a-portion-of-north-borneo-acceptance-by-the-republic-of-the-philippines-of-the-cession-and-transfer-of-the-terriroty-of-north-borneo-by-his-highness-sultan-mohammad-esmail-kiram/">"Acceptance by the Republic of the Philippines of the Cession and Transfer of the Terriroty of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, Acting with the Consent and Approval of the Ruma Bechara, in Council Assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. <i>Official Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Acceptance+by+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+of+the+Cession+and+Transfer+of+the+Terriroty+of+North+Borneo+by+His+Highness%2C+Sultan+Mohammad+Esmail+Kiram%2C+Sultan+of+Sulu%2C+Acting+with+the+Consent+and+Approval+of+the+Ruma+Bechara%2C+in+Council+Assembled%2C+to+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1962%2F04%2F25%2Fphilippine-claim-to-a-portion-of-north-borneo-acceptance-by-the-republic-of-the-philippines-of-the-cession-and-transfer-of-the-terriroty-of-north-borneo-by-his-highness-sultan-mohammad-esmail-kiram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005">Abinales & Amoroso 2005</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts</i></a>. 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Almanac+%26+Handbook+of+Facts&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuWzjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heirs_of_Sulu_Sultanate_urged_to_attend_general_convention-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heirs_of_Sulu_Sultanate_urged_to_attend_general_convention_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUsman2010" class="citation web cs1">Usman, Edd (10 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614134808/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/242781/heirs-sulu-sultanate-urged-attend-general-convention">"Heirs of Sulu Sultanate urged to attend general convention"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/242781/heirs-sulu-sultanate-urged-attend-general-convention">the original</a> on 14 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Heirs+of+Sulu+Sultanate+urged+to+attend+general+convention&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.aulast=Usman&rft.aufirst=Edd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Farticles%2F242781%2Fheirs-sulu-sultanate-urged-attend-general-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavendish20071178-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavendish20071178_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavendish2007">Cavendish 2007</a>, p. 1178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdurahman2002" class="citation book cs1">Abdurahman, Habib Jamasali Sharief Rajah Bassal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QpxAAAAMAAJ&q=balfaqi%20alawi%20sulu%20sultan"><i>The Sultanate of Sulu: Their Dominion</i></a>. University of Michigan: Astoria Print. & Publishing Company. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719262701" title="Special:BookSources/9789719262701"><bdi>9789719262701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+of+Sulu%3A+Their+Dominion&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Astoria+Print.+%26+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789719262701&rft.aulast=Abdurahman&rft.aufirst=Habib+Jamasali+Sharief+Rajah+Bassal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QpxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbalfaqi%2520alawi%2520sulu%2520sultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogy_of_Sultan_Sharif_Ul-Hashim_of_Sulu_Sultanate-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogy_of_Sultan_Sharif_Ul-Hashim_of_Sulu_Sultanate_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogy_of_Sultan_Sharif_Ul-Hashim_of_Sulu_Sultanate_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulkarnain2008" class="citation web cs1">Julkarnain, Datu Albi Ahmad (30 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718151329/http://www.zambotoday.com/archives/7439-Genealogy-of-Sultan-Sharif-Ul-Hashim-of-Sulu-Sultanate.html">"Genealogy of Sultan Sharif Ul-Hashim of Sulu Sultanate"</a>. <i>Zambo Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambotoday.com/archives/7439-Genealogy-of-Sultan-Sharif-Ul-Hashim-of-Sulu-Sultanate.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zambo+Times&rft.atitle=Genealogy+of+Sultan+Sharif+Ul-Hashim+of+Sulu+Sultanate&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft.aulast=Julkarnain&rft.aufirst=Datu+Albi+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambotoday.com%2Farchives%2F7439-Genealogy-of-Sultan-Sharif-Ul-Hashim-of-Sulu-Sultanate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RingSalkin1996-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RingSalkin1996_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RingSalkin1996_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkinLa_Boda1996" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA160"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Salkin%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=La+Boda%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunei1969" class="citation book cs1">Brunei, Muzium (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TumHAAAAIAAJ"><i>Brunei Museum Journal</i></a>. <q>The area from Kimanis Bay to the Paitan River not from Sulu but from Brunei</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei+Museum+Journal&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Brunei&rft.aufirst=Muzium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTumHAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCahoon" class="citation web cs1">Cahoon, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Malay_states.htm#Sabah">"Sabah"</a>. worldstatesmen.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>Sultan of Brunei cedes the lands east of Marudu Bay to the Sultanate of Sulu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabah&rft.pub=worldstatesmen.org&rft.aulast=Cahoon&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FMalay_states.htm%23Sabah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeppel">Keppel</a>, p. 385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2013" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Graham (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUv8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>A History of Brunei</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87394-2&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUv8AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KempFry2004-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KempFry2004_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKempFry2004" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Graham; Fry, Douglas P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mimdCjpaGN0C&pg=PA124"><i>Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies Around the World</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94761-9"><bdi>978-0-415-94761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+the+Peace%3A+Conflict+Resolution+and+Peaceful+Societies+Around+the+World&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94761-9&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Fry%2C+Douglas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmimdCjpaGN0C%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NathanKamali2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NathanKamali2005_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFK.S._NathanMohammad_Hashim_Kamali2005" class="citation book cs1">K.S. Nathan; Mohammad Hashim Kamali (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8d6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"><i>Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 52–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-282-3"><bdi>978-981-230-282-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Political%2C+Social+and+Strategic+Challenges+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-981-230-282-3&rft.au=K.S.+Nathan&rft.au=Mohammad+Hashim+Kamali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8d6BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dreaming_Sultan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dreaming_Sultan_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dreaming_Sultan_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dreaming_Sultan_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=84741">"Why 'Sultan' is dreaming"</a>. <i>Daily Express</i>. 27 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft.atitle=Why+%27Sultan%27+is+dreaming&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexpress.com.my%2Fnews.cfm%3FNewsID%3D84741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carpenter-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carpenter_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carpenter_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1915/03/22/memorandum-carpenter-agreement-march-22-1915/">"Memorandum: Carpenter Agreement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government of the Philippines</a>. 22 March 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum%3A+Carpenter+Agreement&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1915-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1915%2F03%2F22%2Fmemorandum-carpenter-agreement-march-22-1915%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memo_order_427-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memo_order_427_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memo_order_427_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1974/05/10/memorandum-order-no-427-s-1974/">"Memorandum Order No. 427, s. 1974"</a>. <i>CDAsia</i>. Government of the Philippines. 10 May 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDAsia&rft.atitle=Memorandum+Order+No.+427%2C+s.+1974&rft.date=1974-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1974%2F05%2F10%2Fmemorandum-order-no-427-s-1974%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994164-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994164_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1994">Scott 1994</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibrahim_51-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibrahim_51_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibrahim_51_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibrahim_51_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbrahim1985">Ibrahim 1985</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wattpad.com/5944709-history-of-the-philippines-chapter-3-our-early">https://www.wattpad.com/5944709-history-of-the-philippines-chapter-3-our-early</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tekalong.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/chps-1-3.pdf">https://tekalong.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/chps-1-3.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230228/https://tekalong.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/chps-1-3.pdf">Archived</a> 5 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William</a> (1984). <i>Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History</i> (revised ed.). Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9711002264" title="Special:BookSources/9711002264"><bdi>9711002264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehispanic+Source+Materials%3A+For+the+Study+of+Philippine+History&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9711002264&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&pg=RA3-PA18-IA1"><i>The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0"><bdi>978-971-23-4154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Moving+Onward+5%27+2007+Ed.&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4154-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIq_FvJUr40C%26pg%3DRA3-PA18-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA39"><i>Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3449-8"><bdi>978-971-23-3449-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+Module-based+Learning+I%27+2002+Ed.&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3449-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITLRpPrrcykC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA46"><i>Philippine History</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. pp. 46–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9"><bdi>978-971-23-3934-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.pages=46-&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3934-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUt5v8ET4QYC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2H0KWiOADLQC&pg=PA23"><i>Study Skills in English for a Changing World' 2001 Ed</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Bulungan&rft.aulast=Kuliangga&rft.aufirst=Mos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3642422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYunos2008" class="citation news cs1">Yunos, Rozan (21 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523144547/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province">"How Brunei lost its northern province"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brunei_Times" title="The Brunei Times">The Brunei Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province">the original</a> on 23 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=How+Brunei+lost+its+northern+province&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.aulast=Yunos&rft.aufirst=Rozan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Flife%2F2008%2F09%2F21%2Fhow_brunei_lost_its_northern_province&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYunos2013" class="citation news cs1">Yunos, Rozan (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617035533/http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims">"Sabah and the Sulu claims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brunei_Times" title="The Brunei Times">The Brunei Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims">the original</a> on 17 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=Sabah+and+the+Sulu+claims&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Yunos&rft.aufirst=Rozan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2F2013%2F03%2F07%2Fsabah-and-sulu-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2002">Saunders 2002</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajul1973">Majul 1973</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dV-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dV_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Vienne2015" class="citation book cs1">de Vienne, Marie-Sybille (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpIBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971698188" title="Special:BookSources/9789971698188"><bdi>9789971698188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei%3A+From+the+Age+of+Commerce+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789971698188&rft.aulast=de+Vienne&rft.aufirst=Marie-Sybille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfpIBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icj638-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icj638_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Publications2002">United Nations Publications 2002</a>, p. 638</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpain1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spain (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120"><i>Colección de los tratados, convenios y documentos internacionales celebrados por nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros desde el reinado de Doña Isabel II. hasta nuestros días. Acompañados de notas histórico-críticas sobre su negociación y cumplimiento y cotejados con los textos originales...</i></a> (in Spanish). pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colecci%C3%B3n+de+los+tratados%2C+convenios+y+documentos+internacionales+celebrados+por+nuestros+gobiernos+con+los+estados+extranjeros+desde+el+reinado+de+Do%C3%B1a+Isabel+II.+hasta+nuestros+d%C3%ADas.+Acompa%C3%B1ados+de+notas+hist%C3%B3rico-cr%C3%ADticas+sobre+su+negociaci%C3%B3n+y+cumplimiento+y+cotejados+con+los+textos+originales...&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0gMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see text of treaty (in Spanish),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Ooi, Keat Gin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1163"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1163–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=1163-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA1163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justice2003-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Justice2003_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Court_of_Justice2003" class="citation book cs1">International Court of Justice (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhIhqVaIpawC&pg=PA205"><i>Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders of the International Court of Justice, 1997–2002</i></a>. United Nations Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">205–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-133541-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-133541-5"><bdi>978-92-1-133541-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summaries+of+Judgments%2C+Advisory+Opinions%2C+and+Orders+of+the+International+Court+of+Justice%2C+1997%E2%80%932002&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-1-133541-5&rft.au=International+Court+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhIhqVaIpawC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Government" class="citation web cs1">British Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913005740/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/GrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf">"British North Borneo Treaties (British North Borneo, 1878)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sabah State Attorney-General's Chambers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/GrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo+Treaties+%28British+North+Borneo%2C+1878%29&rft.pub=Sabah+State+Attorney-General%27s+Chambers&rft.au=British+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawnet.sabah.gov.my%2FLawnet%2FSabahLaws%2FTreaties%2FGrantBySultanOfSuluOfTerritoriesAndLandsOnTheMainlandOfTheIslandOfBorneo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuenther_Dahlhoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Guenther Dahlhoff (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_L23IXwnFQC&pg=PA1133"><i>Bibliographic Set (2 Vol Set). International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946–2011</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 1133–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23062-0"><bdi>978-90-04-23062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliographic+Set+%282+Vol+Set%29.+International+Court+of+Justice%2C+Digest+of+Judgments+and+Advisory+Opinions%2C+Canon+and+Case+Law+1946%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=1133-&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23062-0&rft.au=Guenther+Dahlhoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_L23IXwnFQC%26pg%3DPA1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Government1903" class="citation web cs1">British Government (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174010/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/ConfirmationBySultanOfSuluOfCessionOfCertainIslands.pdf">"British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1903)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/ConfirmationBySultanOfSuluOfCessionOfCertainIslands.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo+Treaties.+%28British+North+Borneo%2C+1903%29&rft.pub=Sabah+State+Government+%28State+Attorney-General%27s+Chambers%29&rft.date=1903&rft.au=British+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawnet.sabah.gov.my%2FLawnet%2FSabahLaws%2FTreaties%2FConfirmationBySultanOfSuluOfCessionOfCertainIslands.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines2013" class="citation web cs1">Office of the President of the Philippines (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1903/04/22/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-confirmatory-deed-of-1903/">"Confirmation by Sultan of Sulu of Cession of Certain Islands"</a>. Government of the Philippines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmation+by+Sultan+of+Sulu+of+Cession+of+Certain+Islands&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Office+of+the+President+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1903%2F04%2F22%2Fphilippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-confirmatory-deed-of-1903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195606/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf">"British North Borneo Treaties (Protocol of 1885)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sabah State Attorney-General's Chambers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo+Treaties+%28Protocol+of+1885%29&rft.pub=Sabah+State+Attorney-General%27s+Chambers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawnet.sabah.gov.my%2FLawnet%2FSabahLaws%2FTreaties%2FProtocol%2528Madrid%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurleyHarris2010" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Vic; Harris, Christopher L. (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUkH7NgWlKUC&pg=PA228"><i>Swish of the Kris, the Story of the Moros, Authorized and Enhanced Edition</i></a>. Cerberus Books. pp. 228–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-38242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-38242-5"><bdi>978-0-615-38242-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swish+of+the+Kris%2C+the+Story+of+the+Moros%2C+Authorized+and+Enhanced+Edition&rft.pages=228-&rft.pub=Cerberus+Books&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-615-38242-5&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft.au=Harris%2C+Christopher+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUkH7NgWlKUC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold2011" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 236–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-365-3"><bdi>978-1-60819-365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moro+War%3A+How+America+Battled+a+Muslim+Insurgency+in+the+Philippine+Jungle%2C+1902-1913&rft.pages=236-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-365-3&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgWnN4hyjoQC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilatimes.net/sulu-sultan-dies-from-kidney-failure/219719/">"Sulu Sultan dies from kidney failure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a></i>. 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Sulu+Sultan+dies+from+kidney+failure&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2Fsulu-sultan-dies-from-kidney-failure%2F219719%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2015" class="citation news cs1">Whaley, Floyd (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/world/asia/esmail-kiram-ii-self-proclaimed-sultan-of-sulu-dies-at-75.html">"Esmail Kiram II, Self-Proclaimed Sultan of Sulu, Dies at 75"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Esmail+Kiram+II%2C+Self-Proclaimed+Sultan+of+Sulu%2C+Dies+at+75&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fesmail-kiram-ii-self-proclaimed-sultan-of-sulu-dies-at-75.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/41779-sulu-sultan-jamalul-kiram-iii-dies">"Sulu Sultan Jamalul Kiram III dies"</a>. 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulu+Sultan+Jamalul+Kiram+III+dies&rft.date=2013-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2F41779-sulu-sultan-jamalul-kiram-iii-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1915" class="citation web cs1">Beyer, Otley (22 March 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/12/08/brief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century/">"Memorandum Agreement between the Governor-General of the Philippine Islands and the Sultan of Sulu"</a>. <i>Official Gazette</i>. The Government of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Memorandum+Agreement+between+the+Governor-General+of+the+Philippine+Islands+and+the+Sultan+of+Sulu&rft.date=1915-03-22&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Otley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1946%2F12%2F08%2Fbrief-memorandum-on-the-government-of-the-sultanate-of-sulu-and-powers-of-the-sultan-during-the-19th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1950/04/28/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-concurrent-resolution-expressing-the-sense-of-the-philippines-that-north-borneo-belongs-to-the-heirs-of-the-sultan-of-sulu-and-to-the-ultimate-sovereignty-of/">"Concurrent resolution expressing the sense of the Philippines that North Borneo belongs to the heirs of the Sultan of Sulu and to the ultimate sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines, and authorizing the President to conduct negotiations for the restoration of such ownership and sovereign jurisdiction over said territory"</a>. <i>Official Gazette</i>. Government of the Philippines. 28 April 1950<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Concurrent+resolution+expressing+the+sense+of+the+Philippines+that+North+Borneo+belongs+to+the+heirs+of+the+Sultan+of+Sulu+and+to+the+ultimate+sovereignty+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines%2C+and+authorizing+the+President+to+conduct+negotiations+for+the+restoration+of+such+ownership+and+sovereign+jurisdiction+over+said+territory&rft.date=1950-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1950%2F04%2F28%2Fphilippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-concurrent-resolution-expressing-the-sense-of-the-philippines-that-north-borneo-belongs-to-the-heirs-of-the-sultan-of-sulu-and-to-the-ultimate-sovereignty-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macapagal-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macapagal_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macapagal_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macapagal_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGenealogist" class="citation web cs1">Genealogist, Filipino. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipinogenealogy.com/2019/06/gloria-macapagal-arroyos-royal-descent.html">"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's Royal Descent and the Value of Genealogical Provenance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gloria+Macapagal+Arroyo%27s+Royal+Descent+and+the+Value+of+Genealogical+Provenance&rft.aulast=Genealogist&rft.aufirst=Filipino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipinogenealogy.com%2F2019%2F06%2Fgloria-macapagal-arroyos-royal-descent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSantiago1990" class="citation journal cs1">Santiago, Luciano P. 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Belgrade, Serbia. p. 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/659437c7-dcc5-4756-821d-12d56d569732">the original</a></span> on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Petronas+subsidiaries+seized+as+lawyers+press+%2415bn+claim+on+Malaysia&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F659437c7-dcc5-4756-821d-12d56d569732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanarMonihuldin2023" class="citation news cs1">Vanar, Muguntan; Monihuldin, Mahadhir (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/06/07/sulu-claimants-award-thrown-out-by-paris-appeals-court?">"Sulu claimants' award thrown out by Paris Appeals Court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608051730/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/06/07/sulu-claimants-award-thrown-out-by-paris-appeals-court">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Sulu+claimants%27+award+thrown+out+by+Paris+Appeals+Court&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft.aulast=Vanar&rft.aufirst=Muguntan&rft.au=Monihuldin%2C+Mahadhir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F06%2F07%2Fsulu-claimants-award-thrown-out-by-paris-appeals-court%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCMP_7_Jun_2023-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_7_Jun_2023_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_7_Jun_2023_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSipalan2023" class="citation news cs1">Sipalan, Joseph (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3223215/malaysia-hails-decisive-victory-over-sulu-sultans-heirs-after-french-court-ruling">"Malaysia hails 'decisive victory' over Sulu sultan's heirs after French court ruling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607073733/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3223215/malaysia-hails-decisive-victory-over-sulu-sultans-heirs-after-french-court-ruling">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Malaysia+hails+%27decisive+victory%27+over+Sulu+sultan%27s+heirs+after+French+court+ruling&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft.aulast=Sipalan&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3223215%2Fmalaysia-hails-decisive-victory-over-sulu-sultans-heirs-after-french-court-ruling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/malaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs">"Malaysia hails 'victory' in row with Sulu sultan's Filipino heirs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 7 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608190616/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/malaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Malaysia+hails+%27victory%27+in+row+with+Sulu+sultan%27s+Filipino+heirs&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F6%2F7%2Fmalaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_BergLatiff2023" class="citation news cs1">van den Berg, Stephanie; Latiff, Rosanna (27 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27/">"Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627090800/https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Dutch+court+rules+sultan%27s+heirs+cannot+seize+Malaysian+assets&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft.aulast=van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Latiff%2C+Rosanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fdutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110031016/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/11/09/sulu-case-malaysia-ends-purported-sulu-heirs039-claims-on-m039sian-assets-in-france-says-azalina">"Sulu case: French court ends so-called heirs' claims over Malaysia's diplomatic assets, says Azalina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. 9 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/11/09/sulu-case-malaysia-ends-purported-sulu-heirs039-claims-on-m039sian-assets-in-france-says-azalina">the original</a> on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Sulu+case%3A+French+court+ends+so-called+heirs%27+claims+over+Malaysia%27s+diplomatic+assets%2C+says+Azalina&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F11%2F09%2Fsulu-case-malaysia-ends-purported-sulu-heirs039-claims-on-m039sian-assets-in-france-says-azalina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112011654/https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2023/11/976916/sulu-case-spanish-arbitrator-stampa-face-criminal-charges-madrid">"Sulu case: Spanish arbitrator Stampa to face criminal charges in Madrid on Dec 11 - Azalina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bernama" title="Bernama">Bernama</a>. 10 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2023/11/976916/sulu-case-spanish-arbitrator-stampa-face-criminal-charges-madrid">the original</a> on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Sulu+case%3A+Spanish+arbitrator+Stampa+to+face+criminal+charges+in+Madrid+on+Dec+11+-+Azalina&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcrime-courts%2F2023%2F11%2F976916%2Fsulu-case-spanish-arbitrator-stampa-face-criminal-charges-madrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastro2024-01-19T13:14:00+00:00" class="citation web cs1">Castro2024-01-19T13:14:00+00:00, Bianca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/arbitrator-in-149bn-case-jailed-following-intervention-by-malaysia/5118364.article">"Arbitrator in $14.9bn case jailed following intervention by Malaysia"</a>. <i>Law Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NUS Press. pp. 129–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-386-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-386-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sulu+Zone%2C+1768%E2%80%931898%3A+The+Dynamics+of+External+Trade%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Transformation+of+a+Southeast+Asian+Maritime+State&rft.pages=129-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-386-2&rft.au=James+Francis+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUZq93ydrrwC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynaldo_Clemeña_Ileto2007" class="citation book cs1">Reynaldo Clemeña Ileto (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bd94RtanksIC&pg=PR18"><i>Magindanao, 1860–1888: The Career of Datu Utto of Buayan</i></a>. 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Ateneo University Press. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-480-5"><bdi>978-971-550-480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukkil%3A+Visual+Arts+of+the+Sulu+Archipelago&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Ateneo+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-971-550-480-5&rft.aulast=Fernando-Amilbangsa&rft.aufirst=Ligaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCgW_lZy0LUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFpaopadd" class="citation web cs1">paopadd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalpanji.net/the_chinese_community_in__sulu_sultanate.html">"The Chinese Community in Sulu Sultanate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Community+in+Sulu+Sultanate&rft.au=paopadd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalpanji.net%2Fthe_chinese_community_in__sulu_sultanate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFpaopadd" class="citation web cs1">paopadd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalpanji.net/">"Royal Panji"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Panji&rft.au=paopadd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalpanji.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009" class="citation book cs1"><i>History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past</i>. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3"><bdi>978-99917-2-372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+Brunei+Darussalam%3A+Sharing+our+Past&rft.pub=Curriculum+Development+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-99917-2-372-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA44"><i>State and Society in the Philippines</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-1024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft.au=Amoroso%2C+Donna+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiOQdEzgP9kC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAng" class="citation cs2">Ang, Josiah C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429112342/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/historical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm"><i>Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples</i></a>, Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/historical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm">the original</a> on 29 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Timeline+of+the+Royal+Sultanate+of+Sulu+Including+Related+Events+of+Neighboring+Peoples&rft.pub=Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Northern+Illinois+University&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Josiah+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasite.niu.edu%2FTagalog%2FModules%2FModules%2FMuslimMindanao%2Fhistorical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2007" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZhJAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Asiatic Annual Register: or, A View of the History of Hindustan, and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia</i></a>, vol. 6, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asiatic+Annual+Register%3A+or%2C+A+View+of+the+History+of+Hindustan%2C+and+of+the+Politics%2C+Commerce+and+Literature+of+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZhJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2007" class="citation cs2">Cavendish, Marshall (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC"><i>World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</i></a>, vol. 9, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-7642-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72VwCFtYHCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecasa1999" class="citation cs2">Decasa, George C. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC"><i>The Qur'ānic Concept of Umma and its Function in Philippine Muslim Society</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universit%C3%A0_Gregoriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificia Università Gregoriana">Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-812-5"><bdi>978-88-7652-812-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27%C4%81nic+Concept+of+Umma+and+its+Function+in+Philippine+Muslim+Society&rft.pub=Editrice+Pontificia+Universit%C3%A0+Gregoriana&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-812-5&rft.aulast=Decasa&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhYNqz-1ayssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonoso2022" class="citation book cs1">Donoso, Isaac (2022). "The Qur'an in the Spanish Philippines". In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Wiegers, Gerard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110778847-019/html"><i>The Iberian Qur'an: From the Middle Ages to Modern Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">499–</span>532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110778847-019">10.1515/9783110778847-019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10045%2F139165">10045/139165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077884-7"><bdi>978-3-11-077884-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Qur%27an+in+the+Spanish+Philippines&rft.btitle=The+Iberian+Qur%27an%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10045%2F139165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110778847-019&rft.isbn=978-3-11-077884-7&rft.aulast=Donoso&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110778847-019%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonda1975" class="citation cs2">Gonda, Jan (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Religionen: Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indonesien, Malaysia und die Philippinen unter Einschluss der Kap-Malaien in Südafrika</i></a>, vol. 2, E.J. Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04330-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04330-5"><bdi>978-90-04-04330-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religionen%3A+Handbuch+der+Orientalistik%3A+Indonesien%2C+Malaysia+und+die+Philippinen+unter+Einschluss+der+Kap-Malaien+in+S%C3%BCdafrika&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04330-5&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunn2011" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C"><i>History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000–1800</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong University">Hong Kong University</a> Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789888083343" title="Special:BookSources/9789888083343"><bdi>9789888083343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Without+Borders%3A+The+Making+of+an+Asian+World+Region%2C+1000%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789888083343&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE10tnvapZt0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim1985" class="citation cs2">Ibrahim, Ahmad; Siddique, Sharon; Hussain, Yasmin (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BeDKqPTeHnUC"><i>Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia</i></a>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-08-1"><bdi>978-9971-988-08-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+on+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-9971-988-08-1&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft.au=Siddique%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Hussain%2C+Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBeDKqPTeHnUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeppel" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Keppel" title="Henry Keppel">Keppel, Henry</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8KajTcXlnwC"><i>The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Didio for the Suppression of Piracy</i></a>, Reprinted by The Forgotten Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-7547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-7547-6"><bdi>978-1-4400-7547-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+to+Borneo+of+H.M.S.+Didio+for+the+Suppression+of+Piracy&rft.pub=Reprinted+by+The+Forgotten+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-7547-6&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8KajTcXlnwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarousse2001" class="citation cs2">Larousse, William (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyo-Hti0-KAC"><i>A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965–2000</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-879-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-879-8"><bdi>978-88-7652-879-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Local+Church+Living+for+Dialogue%3A+Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Mindanao-Sulu%2C+Philippines+%3A+1965%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Editrice+Pontificia+Universit%C3%A0+Gregoriana&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-879-8&rft.aulast=Larousse&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqyo-Hti0-KAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajul1973" class="citation cs2">Majul, César Adib (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GVxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Muslims in the Philippines</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715421881" title="Special:BookSources/9789715421881"><bdi>9789715421881</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9789715421881&rft.aulast=Majul&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar+Adib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GVxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaleeby1908" class="citation cs2">Saleeby, Najeeb Mitry (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKETAAAAYAAJ"><i>The History of Sulu</i></a>, Bureau of Printing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sulu&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Printing&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Saleeby&rft.aufirst=Najeeb+Mitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKETAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2002" class="citation cs2">Saunders, Graham E. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC"><i>A History of Brunei</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1698-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1698-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-1698-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1698-2&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Graham+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ4t_OJgSjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC"><i>Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4"><bdi>978-971-550-135-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15KZU-yMuisC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTan2009" class="citation cs2">Tan, Samuel K. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C"><i>A History of the Philippines</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-568-1"><bdi>978-971-542-568-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-971-542-568-1&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Samuel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpw5FWmdNmj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTan2010" class="citation cs2">Tan, Samuel K. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=csrZOk6yLosC"><i>The Muslim South and Beyond</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-632-9"><bdi>978-971-542-632-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+South+and+Beyond&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-971-542-632-9&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Samuel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcsrZOk6yLosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Publications2002" class="citation cs2">United Nations Publications (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzlBxwniBBkC"><i>Case concerning sovereignty over Palau Ligitan and Palau Sipidan (Indonesia/Malaysia). Judgment of 17 December 2002. International Court of Justice Series. Issue 858 of Recueil des arrêts, avis consultatifs et ordonnances. Reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders</i></a>, United Nations Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-070964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-070964-4"><bdi>978-92-1-070964-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+concerning+sovereignty+over+Palau+Ligitan+and+Palau+Sipidan+%28Indonesia%2FMalaysia%29.+Judgment+of+17+December+2002.+International+Court+of+Justice+Series.+Issue+858+of+Recueil+des+arr%C3%AAts%2C+avis+consultatifs+et+ordonnances.+Reports+of+judgments%2C+advisory+opinions+and+orders&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-92-1-070964-4&rft.au=United+Nations+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzlBxwniBBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Sulu" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Sulu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sultanate_of_Sulu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/02/26/line-of-succession-of-the-sultans-of-sulu-of-the-modern-era">Line of succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era</a> as published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227230933/http://www.sulu.gov.ph/Profile.asp?mode=sultanate">Philippine Provincial Government of Sulu – The official list of Sultans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Philippines.htm">Sultanate of Sulu</a> on WorldStatesMen.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_sultans_of_Sulu_(1405–1915)_and_claimants_(1936–present)558" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sultans_of_Sulu_and_claimants" title="Template:Sultans of Sulu and claimants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sultans_of_Sulu_and_claimants" title="Template talk:Sultans of Sulu and claimants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans_of_Sulu_and_claimants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans of Sulu and claimants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_sultans_of_Sulu_(1405–1915)_and_claimants_(1936–present)558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Sulu" title="List of sultans of Sulu">List of sultans</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulu</a> <small>(1405–1915)</small> and claimants <small>(1936–present)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th century flag of the Sultanate of Sulu"><img alt="18th century flag of the Sultanate of Sulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/120px-18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/180px-18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/240px-18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Sultans from 1405 to 1915</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_ul-H%C4%81shim_of_Sulu" title="Sharif ul-Hāshim of Sulu">Sharif ul-Hāshim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_ud-Din_of_Sulu" title="Kamal ud-Din of Sulu">Kamal ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_ud-Din_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala ud-Din of Sulu (page does not exist)">Ala ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_ul-Umara_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir ul-Umara of Sulu (page does not exist)">Amir ul-Umara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muizz_ul-Mutawadi-in_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in of Sulu (page does not exist)">Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir ud-Din I of Sulu (page does not exist)">Nasir ud-Din I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ul-Halim_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ul-Halim of Sulu (page does not exist)">Muhammad ul-Halim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batarah_Shah_Tengah" title="Batarah Shah Tengah">Batarah Shah Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwallil_Wasit_I_of_Sulu" title="Muwallil Wasit I of Sulu">Muwallil Wasit I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_ud-Din_II_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir ud-Din II of Sulu (page does not exist)">Nasir ud-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salah_ud-Din_Bakhtiar_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salah ud-Din Bakhtiar of Sulu (page does not exist)">Salah ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Shah_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Shah of Sulu (page does not exist)">Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din I of Sulu">Azim ud-Din I (<i>Ferdinand I</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantilan_of_Sulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantilan of Sulu (page does not exist)">Bantilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_II_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din II of Sulu">Azim ud-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din I of Sulu">Azim ud-Din I (<i>Ferdinand I</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_I" title="Jamalul Kiram I">Jamalul Kiram I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_II" title="Jamalul Kiram II">Jamalul Kiram II</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th century flag of the Sultanate of Sulu"><img alt="19th century flag of the Sultanate of Sulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/120px-Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/180px-Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg/240px-Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Claimants after 1936</b> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Line_after_Jamalul_Kiram_II27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Line after Jamalul Kiram II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bomid-Din I (1936-73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwalill_Wasit_II_of_Sulu" title="Muwalill Wasit II of Sulu">Muwallil Wasit II</a> (-36, murdered)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombra_Amilbangsa" title="Ombra Amilbangsa">Amirul Umara I</a> (35-1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Claimants after Muwallil Wasit II</b> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Line_after_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Line after Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Esmail_Kiram_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Esmail Kiram I">Mohammed Esmail Kiram I</a> (1950-74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram" title="Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram">Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram</a> (74-86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muedzul_Lail_Tan_Kiram" title="Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram">Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram</a> (86 - current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Line after Punjungan Kiram</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Muhammad Punjungan Kiram (1980-83)</li> <li>Aguimuddin Abirin (83)</li> <li>Mohammad Akijal Atti (83-90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_III" title="Jamalul Kiram III">Jamalul Kiram III</a> (90-99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Kiram_II" title="Ismael Kiram II">Ismael Kiram II</a> (99-2015)</li> <li>Agbimuddin Kiram (2015)</li> <li>Phudgal Kiram</li> <li>Fuad Kiram</li> <li>Mohamad Akjan Ali Muhammad</li> <li>Abdul Rajak Aliuddin</li> <li>Eddy T. Sulaiman</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><sup>1</sup> The last recognised Sultan of Sulu was Sultan Jamalul Kiram II and based on historical records in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, he died in 1936 and had seven daughters but no son which in <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Islamic law</a>, a woman cannot be appointed as heir or successor. <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203111/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=84741">note</a>)</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_and_present-day_states_in_the_Philippines185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_and_present_states_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Former and present states in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_and_present_states_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Former and present states in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_and_present_states_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former and present states in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_and_present-day_states_in_the_Philippines185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical and present-day <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dt>Pre-16th century</dt> <dd>before 900–1589: <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></dd> <dd>before 971–after 1339: <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></dd> <dd>before 989–1521: <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></dd> <dd>before the 11th century–1571: <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></dd> <dd>before 1225–1576: <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></dd> <dd>c. 13th century–1457: <a href="/wiki/Lupah_Sug" title="Lupah Sug">Lupah Sug</a></dd> <dd>c. after the 11th century–1569: <a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></dd> <dd>c. 1350–1905: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></dd> <dd>c. 1400–1565: <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></dd> <dd>1457–1915: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sultanate of Sulu</a></dd> <dd>c. 1500–1571: <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></dd> <dd>1515–1899: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></dd> <dd>unknown–1581: <a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></dd> <dd>unknown–1593: <a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol/Dapitan</a></dd> <dd>unknown–1571: <a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>16th century</dt> <dd>1565–1898: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>17th century</dt> <dd>1616–1904: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Confederate States of Lanao</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>18th century</dt> <dd>1762–1764: <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British Manila</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dt>19th century</dt> <dd>1896–1897: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Bonifacio" title="Tagalog Republic">Sovereign Tagalog Nation</a></dd> <dd>1897–1897: <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Revolutionary Government</a></dd> <dd>1897–1897: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></dd> <dd>1898–1898: <a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_(Philippines)" title="Central Executive Committee (Philippines)">Central Executive Committee</a></dd> <dd>1898–1898: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government of the Philippines</a></dd> <dd>1898–1899: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government of the Philippines</a></dd> <dd>1898–1901: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a></dd> <dd>1898–1899: <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_the_Visayas" title="Federal State of the Visayas">Federal State of the Visayas</a></dd> <dd>1899–1901: <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></dd> <dd>1899–1903: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1900–1945</dt> <dd>1898–1902: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands</a></dd> <dd>1902–1906: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></dd> <dd>1902–1935: <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></dd> <dd>1935–1946: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></dd> <dd>1943–1945: <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1945–present</dt> <dd>1946–1981: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></dd> <dd>1981–1986: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></dd> <dd>1986–present: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)"><img alt="Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/200px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/300px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/400px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Philippine_history" title="Category:Former countries in Philippine history">Category:Former countries in Philippine history</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template talk:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India-related topics in Philippines articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves#Tabon_Caves_Garuda_Gold_Pendant" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Tara" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Tara">Golden Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized kingdom</a> in Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cultural_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities">Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Singhapala" title="Singhapala">Singhapala</a> city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Battle of Manila (1762)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines">Indian settlement in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cainta" title="Cainta">Cainta historic settlement of Indians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a> had Indianized Hindu and Buddhist influence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism in the Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswang" title="Aswang">Aswang</a> (Asura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Philippine mythology">Deities of Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Philippine folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Darbar_Indian_Sikh_Temple,_Iloilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo">Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">India–Philippines relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Indian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Indian citizens">Visa requirements for Indian citizens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Philippine_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Philippine citizens">Visa requirements for Philippine citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_India" title="Filipinos in India">Filipinos in India</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Indianized ancient Filipino script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines#Language" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Indian loanwords in various Filipino languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language#Vocabulary_and_borrowed_words" title="Tagalog language">Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Sanskrit language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Tamil language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language#Vocabulary" title="Cebuano language">Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita Filipino national flower is named from Indian sanskrit Champaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrah_buffalo" title="Murrah buffalo">Murrah buffalo</a> from Haryana imported to Philippine <ul><li>from <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Research_on_Buffaloes" title="Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes">Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Carabao_Center" title="Philippine Carabao Center">Philippine Carabao Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_to_India" title="Business process outsourcing to India">Business process outsourcing to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Indian Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_India-related_topics_in_the_Philippines#Cultural_traditions" title="List of India-related topics in the Philippines">Pre-Spanish Indian traditions of Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kudyapi guitar influenced by the Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Filipino martial arts inspired by the Indian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao#Alim_and_Hudhud_Oral_traditions_of_Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Alim and Hudhud of Ifugao based on Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Hudhud - the Ifugao epic based on the Indian epic Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang Ilocano epic based on the Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalong_Epic" title="Ibalong Epic">Ibalong epic of Bicol based on Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">Darangen epic of Maranao people based on Indian epics Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangalay" title="Pangalay">Pangalay or Daling Daling</a> (fingernail dance of Sulu and Sabah)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">People <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines#Filipino_people_of_Indian_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines"> List of Filipino-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name#Indian.2FHindu_surnames" title="Filipino name">Indian surnames in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_population_by_country_of_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine population by country of citizenship">Foreign citizens residing in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ramos-Shahani" title="Leticia Ramos-Shahani">Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - sister of former President Fidel Ramos is married to an Indian</a></li> <li>Dang Cecilio (Binibining Pilipinas 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_San_Miguel" title="Janina San Miguel">Janina San Miguel (Binibining Pilipinas 2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Raj" title="Venus Raj">Venus Raj (Binibining Pilipinas 2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parul_Shah" title="Parul Shah">Parul Shah (Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing" title="Ramon Bagatsing">Ramon Bagatsing (Manila mayor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Bagatsing" title="Raymond Bagatsing">Raymond Bagatsing (actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Ponti" title="Cassandra Ponti">Cassandra Ponti (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Romero" title="Chanda Romero">Chanda Romero (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Zulueta" title="Dawn Zulueta">Dawn Zulueta (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardo_Versoza" title="Gardo Versoza">Gardo Versoza (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Marquez" title="Melanie Marquez">Melanie Marquez (director)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepe_Diokno_(director)" title="Pepe Diokno (director)">Pepe Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharmaine_Arnaiz" title="Sharmaine Arnaiz">Sharmaine Arnaiz (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_Marquez" title="Zia Marquez">Zia Marquez (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">José W. Diokno (politician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Francisco" title="Juan R. Francisco">Dr. Juan R. Francisco (Indologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Acosta_Pasricha" title="Josephine Acosta Pasricha">Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_East_Malaysia250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_East_Malaysia250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common<br />history<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia" title="Proclamation of Malaysia">Proclamation of Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_2019_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2019 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkred;">(on hold) ★ first tabling</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia#March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2021 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkgreen;">(passed) ★ second tabling</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_and_Dutch_Borneo,_1898.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898."><img alt="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/150px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/225px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/300px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of<br />Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">Brunei Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_conflict_(1771)" title="Sabah conflict (1771)">Sabah conflict (1771)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy#North_Borneo" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austrian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanum" title="Antanum">Antanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">Self-government of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Oath_Stone" title="Keningau Oath Stone">Keningau Oath Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Double Six Crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks from the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">1986 Sabah riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sabah_political_arrests" title="1991 Sabah political arrests">1991 Sabah political arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IC" title="Project IC">Project IC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Water_Department_corruption_probe" title="Sabah State Water Department corruption probe">Sabah State Water Department corruption probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of<br />Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan_Bang" title="Liu Shan Bang">Liu Shan Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Masahor" title="Syarif Masahor">Syarif Masahor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Self-government of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-point_agreement" title="18-point agreement">18-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">1987 Ming Court Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sarawak_HFMD_outbreak" title="1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak">1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_rabies_outbreak" title="Sarawak rabies outbreak">Sarawak rabies outbreak</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labuan#History" title="Labuan">History of<br />Labuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1904)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907–46)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Battle of Labuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–63)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Covers the three territories</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hinduism_in_Asia412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hinduism_in_Asia412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Asia" title="Hinduism in Asia">Hinduism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" title="Hinduism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Armenia" title="Hinduism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Hinduism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Cambodia" title="Hinduism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_China" title="Hinduism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Iran" title="Hinduism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Japan" title="Hinduism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kazakhstan" title="Hinduism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Maldives" title="Hinduism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mongolia" title="Hinduism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Myanmar" title="Hinduism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oman" title="Hinduism in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Russia" title="Hinduism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hinduism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Thailand" title="Hinduism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Hinduism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Turkey" title="Hinduism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Vietnam" title="Hinduism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Yemen" title="Hinduism in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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