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href="#Subsequent_sales,_restitutions_and_repatriations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Subsequent sales, restitutions and repatriations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_sales,_restitutions_and_repatriations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subsequent sales, restitutions and repatriations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_sales,_restitutions_and_repatriations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Benin_online_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Benin_online_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Digital Benin online platform </div> </a> <ul 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</li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Benin Bronzes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برونزيات بنين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برونزيات بنين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенінская бронза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенінская бронза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzes_de_Ben%C3%ADn" title="Bronzes de Benín – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bronzes de Benín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efyddau_Benin" title="Efyddau Benin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Efyddau Benin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin-Bronzen" title="Benin-Bronzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benin-Bronzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronces_de_Ben%C3%ADn" title="Bronces de Benín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bronces de Benín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beninaj_Bronzoj" title="Beninaj Bronzoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beninaj Bronzoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beningo_brontzeak" title="Beningo brontzeak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beningo brontzeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="برنزهای بنین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنزهای بنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzes_du_B%C3%A9nin" title="Bronzes du Bénin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bronzes du Bénin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronces_de_Ben%C3%ADn" title="Bronces de Benín – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bronces de Benín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%83%89_%EC%9E%A5%EC%8B%9D%ED%8C%90" title="베냉 장식판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베냉 장식판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perunggu-perunggu_Benin" title="Perunggu-perunggu Benin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perunggu-perunggu Benin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ברונזות בנין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברונזות בנין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiran_gangsa_Benin" title="Ukiran gangsa Benin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ukiran gangsa Benin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzen_beelden_uit_Benin" title="Bronzen beelden uit Benin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bronzen beelden uit Benin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%85zy_z_Beninu" title="Brązy z Beninu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brązy z Beninu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzes_do_Benim" title="Bronzes do Benim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bronzes do Benim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzurile_de_Benin" title="Bronzurile de Benin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bronzurile de Benin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенинская бронза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенинская бронза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beninin_pronssit" title="Beninin pronssit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beninin pronssit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin-bronserna" title="Benin-bronserna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benin-bronserna" 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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_brass_plaque_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Benin_brass_plaque_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Benin_brass_plaque_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Benin_brass_plaque_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Benin_brass_plaque_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Benin_brass_plaque_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Benin_brass_plaque_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3288" /></a><figcaption>A Benin Bronze plaque on display in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace,_Benin_City,_1891_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace%2C_Benin_City%2C_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace%2C_Benin_City%2C_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace%2C_Benin_City%2C_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace%2C_Benin_City%2C_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace%2C_Benin_City%2C_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ancestral_shrine_Royal_Palace%2C_Benin_City%2C_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Ancestral shrine in Royal Palace, Benin City, 1891: the earliest-known photograph of the Oba's compound. Note 'bronze' heads at both ends of the shrine.</figcaption></figure> The Benin Bronzes are a group of several thousand<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> metal plaques and sculptures that decorated <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_the_Oba_of_Benin" title="Royal Palace of the Oba of Benin">the royal palace of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The metal plaques were produced by the Guild of Benin Bronze Casters, now located in <a href="/wiki/Igun_Street" title="Igun Street">Igun Street</a>, also known as Igun-Eronmwon Quarters. Collectively, the objects form the best examples of <a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin art</a> and were created from the fourteenth century by artists of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198836-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198837-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">[7]</a> The plaques, which in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo language</a> are called Ama,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> depict scenes or represent themes in the history of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Apart from the plaques, other sculptures in brass or bronze include portrait heads, jewellery, and smaller pieces. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin,_portoghese,_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Benin%2C_portoghese%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG/220px-Benin%2C_portoghese%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Benin%2C_portoghese%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG/330px-Benin%2C_portoghese%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Benin%2C_portoghese%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG/440px-Benin%2C_portoghese%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century Benin Bronze depicting a Portuguese soldier, with <a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">manillas</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> Some of the dramatic sculptures date to the fourteenth century, but the bulk of the collection dates to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is believed that two "Golden Ages" in Benin metal workmanship occurred during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Esigie" title="Esigie">Esigie</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1550) and of Eresoyen (1735–1750), when their workmanship achieved its highest quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007122-11">[10]</a> Most of the plaques and other objects were taken by <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition of 1897</a> as the British Empire's control was being consolidated in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-British-12">[11]</a> This expedition was positioned by British sources as retaliation for a massacre of an unarmed party of British envoys and a large number of their African bearers in January 1897. Some contemporary scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hicks_(archaeologist)" title="Dan Hicks (archaeologist)">Dan Hicks</a>, argue that the expedition was part of a broader series of premeditated attacks, framed as retaliatory or punitive, to further European imperialistic and economic interests in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[12]</a> Following the expedition, two hundred pieces were taken to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London, while the rest were taken to other European museums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007124-14">[13]</a> A large number are held by the British Museum<a href="#cite_note-British-12">[11]</a> with other notable collections in Germany and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-USA23-15">[14]</a> Late 19th-century scholars <a href="/wiki/O._M._Dalton" title="O. M. Dalton">O. M. Dalton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hercules_Read" title="Charles Hercules Read">Charles Hercules Read</a> erroneously concluded that Benin knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> came from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese traders</a>, who were in contact with Benin in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">[7]</a> The Kingdom of Benin was a hub of African civilization long before Portuguese traders visited,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCBen-17">[16]</a> and bronzes were made in Benin prior to the arrival of the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The Benin bronze sculpture tradition is thought to have derived from or been influenced by that of the older nearby <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ife">Kingdom of Ife</a> in southwest Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198836-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198837-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">[7]</a> While the collection is known as the Benin Bronzes,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> like most West African "<a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronzes</a>" the pieces are mostly made of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> of variable composition.<a href="#cite_note-21">[b]</a> There are also pieces made of mixtures of bronze and brass, of wood, of ceramic, and of ivory, among other materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik200621-22">[20]</a> The metal pieces were made using <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a> and are considered among the best African sculptures made using this technique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevadomsky20041,_4,_86–8,_95–6-23">[21]</a> Benin began to trade ivory, pepper, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> with the Portuguese in the late 15th century and incorporated the use of <a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">manillas</a> (brass ingots in the form of bracelets, bought from the Portuguese) as a metal source in their sculpture. The manillas' brass, previously suggested to come from The Netherlands, is now thought to come from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> region of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_context_and_creation">Social context and creation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social context and creation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin art</a></div> Many of the dramatic sculptures date to the thirteenth century, and a large part of the collection dates to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is believed that two "Golden Ages" in Benin metal workmanship occurred during the reigns of Esigie (fl. 1550) and of Eresoyen (1735–1750), when their workmanship achieved its highest quality.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The king's palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries...resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles, and are kept very clean." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Olfert_Dapper" title="Olfert Dapper">Olfert Dapper</a>, a Dutch writer, describing Benin in his book <a href="/wiki/Description_of_Africa_(Olfert_Dapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Description of Africa (Olfert Dapper)">Description of Africa</a> (1668)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1985102-29">[27]</a></cite></div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>, which occupied southern parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> between the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries, was rich in sculptures of diverse materials, such as iron, bronze, wood, ivory and terra cotta. The <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">Oba</a>'s palace in <a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a>, the site of production for the royal <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_altars_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral altars in Benin">ancestral altars</a>, also was the site for an elaborate court ceremonial life in which the <a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">Oba of Benin</a>, his warriors, chiefs and titleholders, priests, members of the palace societies and their constituent guilds, foreign merchants and mercenaries, and numerous retainers and attendants all took part. The palace, a vast sprawling agglomeration of buildings and courtyards, was the setting for hundreds of rectangular brass plaques whose relief images portray the persons and events that animated the court.<a href="#cite_note-Ezra-30">[28]</a> Bronze and ivory objects had a variety of functions in the ritual and courtly life of the Kingdom of Benin. They were used principally to decorate the royal palace, which contained many bronze works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPijoan196612-31">[29]</a> They were hung on the pillars of the palace by nails punched through them.<a href="#cite_note-Ezra-30">[28]</a> As a courtly art, their principal objective was to glorify the Oba, the divine king, and the history of his imperial power or to honour the <a href="/wiki/Iyoba_of_Benin" title="Iyoba of Benin">Iyoba of Benin</a> (the queen mother).<a href="#cite_note-Kings-32">[30]</a> Art in the Kingdom of Benin took many forms, of which bronze and brass reliefs and the heads of kings and queen mothers are the best known. Bronze receptacles, bells, ornaments, jewellery, and ritual objects also possessed aesthetic qualities and originality, demonstrating the skills of their makers, although they are often eclipsed by figurative works in bronze and ivory carvings.<a href="#cite_note-Kings-32">[30]</a> In tropical Africa the technique of lost-wax casting was developed early, as the works from Benin show. When a king died, his successor would order that a bronze head be made of his predecessor. Approximately 170 of these sculptures exist, and the oldest date from the twelfth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1984578-33">[31]</a> The Oba, or king, monopolized the materials that were most difficult to obtain, such as gold, elephant tusks, and bronze. These kings made possible the creation of the splendid Benin bronzes; thus, the royal courts contributed substantially to the development of sub-Saharan art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuzinger197624-34">[32]</a> In 1939, heads very similar to those of the Kingdom of Benin were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a>, the holy city of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, which dated to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This discovery supported an earlier tradition holding that it was artists from Ife who had taught Benin the techniques of bronze metalworking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198836-6">[5]</a> Recognition of the antiquity of the technology in Benin advanced when these sculptures were dated definitively to that era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198837-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_interest_and_the_Benin_Expedition_of_1897">European interest and the Benin Expedition of 1897</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European interest and the Benin Expedition of 1897">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Benin_city.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ancient_Benin_city.JPG/220px-Ancient_Benin_city.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ancient_Benin_city.JPG/330px-Ancient_Benin_city.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ancient_Benin_city.JPG/440px-Ancient_Benin_city.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An idealised depiction of Benin City by a Dutch artist in the 1686 French edition of <a href="/wiki/Olfert_Dapper" title="Olfert Dapper">Olfert Dapper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Description_of_Africa_(1668_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Description of Africa (1668 book)">Description of Africa</a> (1668).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1985100–1-35">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition of 1897</a></div> Few examples of African art had been collected by Europeans prior to the nineteenth century, though European printed books already included images of Benin City and of the oba's palace from the early 1600s onward.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Only at the beginning of the nineteenth century, when colonization and missionary activity began, did larger numbers of African works begin to be taken to Europe, where they were described as simple curiosities of "pagan" cults. This attitude changed after the Benin Expedition of 1897. In 1897, the vice consul general <a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Phillips" title="James Robert Phillips">James Robert Phillips</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast Protectorate</a>, together with six other British officials, two businessmen, translators, and 215 porters, set off toward Benin from the small port of <a href="/wiki/Sapele,_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapele, Delta">Sapele</a>, Nigeria,<a href="#cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">[7]</a> The true intention of the visit is disputed. The delegation's stated aim was to negotiate with the Oba of Benin, while some historians contend that it was a reconnaissance mission disguised as a peaceful diplomatic delegation with the goal of ultimately overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">king (Oba) of Benin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Although they had given word of their intended visit, they were later informed that their journey must be delayed, because no foreigner could enter the city while rituals were being conducted;<a href="#cite_note-USA-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik200621–2-40">[38]</a> however, the travellers ignored the warning and continued on their expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007123-41">[39]</a> They were ambushed at the south of the city by Oba warriors, and only two Europeans survived the ensuing massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA-39">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg/220px-Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg/330px-Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg/440px-Drawing_of_Benin_City_made_by_an_English_officer_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a> in 1897, drawn by a British official</figcaption></figure> News of the incident reached London eight days later and a naval <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> was organized immediately,<a href="#cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007123-41">[39]</a> which was to be directed by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Harry_Rawson" title="Harry Rawson">Harry Rawson</a>. British forces sacked and destroyed Benin City.<a href="#cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA-39">[37]</a> Following the attack, the victors took the works of art decorating the Royal Palace and the residences of the nobility, which had been accumulated over many centuries. According to the official account of this event written by the British, the attack was warranted because the local people had ambushed a peaceful mission, and because the expedition liberated the population from a reign of terror.<a href="#cite_note-USA-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darshana-42">[40]</a> A 2020 book suggests that; "since the 1960s, historians have increasingly understood the expedition to depose Oba <a href="/wiki/Ovonramwen" title="Ovonramwen">Ovonramwen</a> Nogbaisi (Overami) who had acceded to the throne in 1888, not as a retaliation, but to have been dictated by policy for a long time."<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[12]</a> Some consider that this creates an ambiguity surrounding the objects' ownership which has bearing on the possible modern return of the bronzes to Benin.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The works taken by the British were a treasure hoard of bronze and ivory sculptures, including king heads, queen mother heads, leopard figurines, bells, and a great number of images sculpted in <a href="/wiki/High_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="High relief">high relief</a>, all of which were executed with a mastery of lost-wax casting. In 1910, German researcher <a href="/wiki/Leo_Frobenius" title="Leo Frobenius">Leo Frobenius</a> carried out an expedition to Africa with the aim of collecting works of African art for museums in his country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198820-44">[42]</a> Today perhaps as few as fifty pieces remain in Nigeria although approximately 2,400 pieces are held in European and American collections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198835-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_among_museums">Division among museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Division among museums">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_art_in_Western_collections" title="African art in Western collections">African art in Western collections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_Bronzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Benin_Bronzes.jpg/220px-Benin_Bronzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Benin_Bronzes.jpg/330px-Benin_Bronzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Benin_Bronzes.jpg/440px-Benin_Bronzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Two Benin Bronzes in London's <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_bronzes_british_museum_2023.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Benin_bronzes_british_museum_2023.JPG/220px-Benin_bronzes_british_museum_2023.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Benin_bronzes_british_museum_2023.JPG/330px-Benin_bronzes_british_museum_2023.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Benin_bronzes_british_museum_2023.JPG/440px-Benin_bronzes_british_museum_2023.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="3626" /></a><figcaption>A display of Benin Bronzes at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single-figure_plaque,_Benin_Kingdom_court_style,_Edo_peoples,_Benin_City,_Nigeria,_mid_16th_to_17th_century,_cast_copper_alloy_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Single-figure_plaque%2C_Benin_Kingdom_court_style%2C_Edo_peoples%2C_Benin_City%2C_Nigeria%2C_mid_16th_to_17th_century%2C_cast_copper_alloy_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04934.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Single-figure_plaque%2C_Benin_Kingdom_court_style%2C_Edo_peoples%2C_Benin_City%2C_Nigeria%2C_mid_16th_to_17th_century%2C_cast_copper_alloy_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04934.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Single-figure_plaque%2C_Benin_Kingdom_court_style%2C_Edo_peoples%2C_Benin_City%2C_Nigeria%2C_mid_16th_to_17th_century%2C_cast_copper_alloy_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04934.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3628" data-file-height="4878" /></a><figcaption>Single-figure plaque, mid-sixteenth to seventeenth century, cast copper alloy, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> The Benin Bronzes that were part of the booty of the punitive expedition of 1897 had different destinations: one portion ended up in the private collections of various British officials; the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> sold a large number, which later ended up in various European museums, mainly in Germany, and in American museums.<a href="#cite_note-USA23-15">[14]</a> The high quality of the pieces was reflected in the high prices they fetched on the market. The Foreign Office gave a large quantity of bronze wall plaques to the British Museum; these plaques illustrated the history of the Benin Kingdom in the fifteenth and sixteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Darshana-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_sales,_restitutions_and_repatriations">Subsequent sales, restitutions and repatriations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent sales, restitutions and repatriations">edit</a>]</div> The two largest collections of Benin Bronzes are located in the <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnological Museum of Berlin</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London, while the third largest collection is located in several museums in Nigeria (principally the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Museum" title="Nigerian National Museum">Nigerian National Museum</a> in Lagos).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik20068-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Since gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria has sought the return of the bronzes on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik20068-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> There has also been extensive debate over the location of the bronzes being distant from their place of origin. Often, their return has been considered emblematic of the repatriation of the African continent. The artefacts have become a test case in the international debate over restitution, comparable to that of the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a>, and help change attitudes towards repatriation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik200624-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The British Museum sold more than 30 Benin Bronzes to the Nigerian government between 1950 and 1972. In 1950, the museum's curator Hermann Braunholtz declared that, although made individually, of the 203 plaques acquired by the Museum in 1898, 30 were duplicates; because they were identical representations, he determined that they were superfluous for the museum and were sold.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-51">[49]</a> The sales stopped in 1972 and the museum's African art specialist said that they regretted the sales.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-51">[49]</a> A newspaper publication revealed that in 1953, <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> sold a Benin Bronze head for £5,500 when the previous record sale was £780.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> In 1968, Christies sold for £21,000 a Benin Head that was discovered by an officer around his neighbour's greenhouse. In 1984, Sotheby's auctioned a plaque depicting a musician; its value was estimated at between £25,000 and £35,000 in the auction catalogue.<a href="#cite_note-Darshana-42">[40]</a> In 2015, a Benin Bronze head was sold to a private collector for a record fee of £10 million.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In 2018, an agreement was made between the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Dialogue_Group" title="Benin Dialogue Group">Benin Dialogue Group</a> (BDG) and the government in London to return Benin Bronzes that will be used to form a temporary exhibition at the New Benin Royal Museum in <a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The group comprises representatives of several international museums, the Royal Court of Benin, Edo State Government and the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments. In 2015, Mark Walker returned some Benin Bronzes that were taken by his grandfather during the siege on Benin Kingdom, and he was received by Prince Edun Akenzua in Benin City.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> agreed in March 2021 to return a bronze head of an Oba, that had been purchased at an auction in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Aber-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The return was completed at a handover ceremony held on 28 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg/220px-Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg/330px-Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg/440px-Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>In Cologne, Germany, December 2022: signing of the agreement to transfer the Benin Bronzes of the city to Nigeria.</figcaption></figure> In April 2021, the German government declared the restitution of "looted" Benin bronzes in Germany's public collections by 2022. Hartmut Dorgerloh, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Forum" title="Humboldt Forum">Humboldt Forum</a>, which incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnological Museum of Berlin</a>, said at a press event that exhibiting the Benin bronzes in the new museum complex in Berlin as earlier planned is "now not imaginable".<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Also in April 2021, the Church of England promised to return two Benin bronzes that were given as gifts to the then Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a> almost 40 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> These bronzes were meant to join the collection of the future Benin Royal Museum.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In the same month, the <a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a> in South London said it was considering legal advice in terms of repatriation and restitution of 49 works from Benin City including 15 brass plaques, weapons and jewellery in its possession.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In response to the British Museum's continued refusal to return looted Benin bronzes, the Iyase (traditional prime minister) of Benin Kingdom unveiled the largest bronze plaque to date on 30 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The plaque contains over 2 tons of brass and was created by one of the grandsons of the current Iyase of Benin Kingdom, Lukas Osarobo Zeickner-Okoro.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> It is titled 'The Return of Oba Ewuare' to symbolise the Benin belief in reincarnation and a restart of the Benin Bronze Age in the reign of the current Oba of Benin, <a href="/wiki/Ewuare_II" title="Ewuare II">Ewuare II</a>. It therefore honours the Oba and was even offered in exchange for the bronzes held by the British Museum.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In October 2021, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, announced that it would be repatriating a sculpture of a cockerel, known as <a href="/wiki/Okukor" title="Okukor">Okukor</a>, to Nigeria, on the 27 October, after the student body brought to light its historical significance as a looted artefact. The statue had previously been removed from display in 2016, after student calls for the statue to be repatriated; following investigation by the college's Legacy of Slavery Working Party (LSWP), it was ascertained that the statue had been directly taken from the court of Benin, and had been gifted to the college by the father of a student in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_cockrel-71">[69]</a> In February 2022, two Benin bronzes, the bust of a Head of an Oba and the bronze cockerel Okukor, that had been returned by the University of Aberdeen and Jesus College, Cambridge, were received at the royal palace in Benin City by the Oba of Benin, Ewuare II.<a href="#cite_note-Welle-72">[70]</a> In December 2022, the University of Cambridge legally transferred ownership of more than 100 Benin artefacts from its <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge">Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a> to the National Commission of Museums and Monuments (NCMM) of Nigeria. A museum spokesperson declared that some of the pieces were to remain in Cambridge “on extended loan” to ensure that “this west African civilisation continues to be represented in the museum's displays, and in teaching for school groups."<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In November 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> transferred two sixteenth-century Bronze plaques, a Warrior Chief and Junior Court Official to the National Commission for Museums and Monuments.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> This transfer is not to be confused as a response to repatriation requests, as the Institution owns a collection of about 160 Benin Bronzes. Instead, the museum describes this transfer as a return of plaques that were stolen from the National Museum in Lagos in the 1950s. In January 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Museum:_Hancock" title="Great North Museum: Hancock">Great North Museum: Hancock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, England, agreed to return a Benin Bronze stave to Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> In March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> announced that 39 bronzes would be repatriated. The bronzes are meant to be on display at the future National Museum of Benin City.<a href="#cite_note-:0-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The Smithsonian Institution's <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art" title="National Museum of African Art">National Museum of African Art</a> signed over ownership of 29 Benin bronzes to the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments in a formal ceremony on 11 October 2022, in Washington D.C., with Nigerian leaders and cultural officials in attendance; at the same time, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> returned one Benin bronze.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The US Supreme Court denied a petition to block the Smithsonian from returning the bronzes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The petition was filed by the Restitution Study Group, who argued the bronzes are linked to the descendants of enslaved people in America, because they were made with metal ignots traded for African slaves, and removing the bronzes would deny Americans the opportunity to experience their heritage.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> On 1 July 2022, Germany announced the immediate ownership transfer of 1,100 artefacts held by the <a href="/wiki/Linden_Museum" title="Linden Museum">Linden Museum</a> in Stuttgart, Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Forum" title="Humboldt Forum">Humboldt Forum</a>, the Cologne <a href="/wiki/Rautenstrauch-Joest_Museum" title="Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum">Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum</a>, Hamburg's <a href="/wiki/Museum_am_Rothenbaum" title="Museum am Rothenbaum">Museum am Rothenbaum</a> and the State Ethnographic Collections of Saxony to Nigeria. The physical return of each item will be negotiated between the German museums and the Nigerian government and some of the objects could remain in display in Germany under custody agreements. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Parzinger" title="Hermann Parzinger">Hermann Parzinger</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Cultural_Heritage_Foundation" title="Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation">Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation</a>, an authority that oversees many of Berlin's museums, said a “representative collection of objects” would remain in the German capital on a long-term loan.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> On 28 November 2022, the Horniman Museum in London held an official ceremony, unconditionally transferring ownership of its Benin Bronzes back to Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> A few months later, on 23 March 2023, departing President <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> declared by decree, that all restituted objects from the Benin Expedition belong to the Royal Family in <a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a>. Effective for objects that have been restituted and those to be restituted in the future. The Royal Family alone should be responsible for safekeeping and management. The bronzes were thereby turned into private property, to the exclusion of every other person and institution.<a href="#cite_note-BZ070523-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">Oba</a> <a href="/wiki/Ewuare_II" title="Ewuare II">Ewuare II</a> announced his plans to put them into a future museum on, or near, his palace grounds. European journalists noted that the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_West_African_Art" title="Museum of West African Art">Museum of West African Art</a>, for whose construction Germany had pledged 4 million Euros, would most likely remain empty. Swiss <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologist</a> Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin concluded that Germany's 2022 restitution policy was a fiasco.<a href="#cite_note-BZ070523-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-89">[87]</a> According to journalists, the German government returned the Benin bronzes to Nigeria under certain conditions which were ignored by the Nigerian president.<a href="#cite_note-BZ070523-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> In August 2022, an African-American slavery reparations activist group in the US, called the Restitution Study Group, petitioned against the United Kingdom's Charity Commission repatriating the Benin Bronzes to Nigeria. The group argued that in the country's history, African people had been complicit in selling captives into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. Instead, the group suggested that descendants of enslaved Africans should have co-ownership over the Benin Bronzes in Western museums.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> They also tried to prevent the repatriating of Benin Bronzes by the Smithsonian Institution in October 2024.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_Benin_online_platform">Digital Benin online platform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Digital Benin online platform">edit</a>]</div> In November 2022, <a href="/wiki/ARTnews" title="ARTnews">ARTnews</a> magazine and other media reported that the Digital Benin<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[89]</a> online database had been created by a number of museums, including both experts from Nigeria (<a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Museum" title="Nigerian National Museum">National Museum Lagos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benin_City_National_Museum" title="Benin City National Museum">Benin City National Museum</a>) as well as from other African and Western institutions. Digital Benin lists 131 institutions from 20 countries with Benin cultural heritage in their collections. This new online platform allows visitors to learn about the specifications, location and provenance of more than 5,000 African artifacts, including maps, high-resolution images, and the title of the works in English and <a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_works">The works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_oba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Palais_oba.jpg/170px-Palais_oba.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Palais_oba.jpg/255px-Palais_oba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Palais_oba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A Benin Bronze depicting the Benin's Oba palace - British Museum</figcaption></figure> The Benin Bronzes are more naturalistic than most African art of the period. The bronze surfaces are designed to highlight contrasts between light and metal.<a href="#cite_note-Time-94">[92]</a> The features of many of the heads are exaggerated from natural proportions, with large ears, noses, and lips, which are shaped with great care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuzinger197616-95">[93]</a> The most notable aspect of the works is the high level of metal working skill at lost-wax casting. The descendants of these artisans still revere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igue-Igha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igue-Igha (page does not exist)">Igue-Igha</a>, as the person who introduced the art of casting to the Kingdom of Benin.<a href="#cite_note-Time-94">[92]</a> Another important aspect of the works is their exclusivity: property was reserved only for certain social classes, reflecting the strict hierarchical structure of society in the Kingdom of Benin. In general, only the king could own objects made of bronze and ivory, however, he could allow high-ranking individuals to use such items, such as hanging masks and cuffs made of bronze and ivory. Coral was also a royal material. Coral neck rings were a symbol of nobility and use was granted specifically by the Oba.<a href="#cite_note-Kings-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08432.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Relief_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08432.JPG/170px-Relief_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08432.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Relief_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08432.JPG/255px-Relief_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08432.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Relief_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08432.JPG/340px-Relief_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08432.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Benin Bronze in the <a href="/wiki/Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde München">Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde München</a> depicting a warrior or noble</figcaption></figure> The rectangular plaques exist in two formats. In one, the long vertical sides are turned back, creating a small edge that is decorated with an incised <a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">guilloché</a> pattern. In the other format, which is much narrower, the turned-back edges are missing and the design of the plaque background ends abruptly, as if cut off. These variations probably reflect the size and shape of the palace pillars and the arrangement of the plaques on them. The plaques are generally about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick.<a href="#cite_note-Ezra-30">[28]</a> The backgrounds on the front of most of the plaques are incised with foliate patterns bearing one to four leaves, which is referred to as ebe-ame, or the "river leaf" design.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-97">[95]</a> The leaves were used in healing rites by priestesses of <a href="/wiki/Olokun" title="Olokun">Olokun</a>, the god of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Ben_Amos_1980-98">[96]</a> Some of the reliefs represent important battles of the sixteenth-century wars of expansion; however, the majority depict dignitaries wearing ceremonial dress. Most of the plaques portray static figures, either alone, in pairs, or in small groups arranged hierarchically around a central figure. Many of the figures depicted in the plaques may be identified only through their clothing and emblems, which indicated their rank and function in the court, but not their individual identities. Although there have been attempts to link some of the depictions with historical figures, these identifications have been speculative and unverified. In certain cases, the lack of information even extends to the functional roles of some figures, which cannot conclusively be determined.<a href="#cite_note-Kings-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin,_placca_con_tre_guerrieri,_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Benin%2C_placca_con_tre_guerrieri%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG/170px-Benin%2C_placca_con_tre_guerrieri%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Benin%2C_placca_con_tre_guerrieri%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG/255px-Benin%2C_placca_con_tre_guerrieri%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Benin%2C_placca_con_tre_guerrieri%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG/340px-Benin%2C_placca_con_tre_guerrieri%2C_XVI-XVII_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>A Benin Bronze depicting three Benin warriors</figcaption></figure> The bronze heads were reserved for ancestral altars. They were also used as a base for engraved elephant tusks, which were placed in openings in the heads. The commemorative heads of the king or the queen mother were not individual portraits, although they show a stylized naturalism. Instead, they are <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypical</a> depictions; the style of their design changed over the centuries, which also occurred with the insignia of the depicted royalty. The elephant tusks with decorative carvings, which may have begun being used as a decorative element in the eighteenth century, show distinct scenes from the reign of a deceased king.<a href="#cite_note-Kings-32">[30]</a> As a prerequisite for royal succession, each new Oba had to install an altar in honor of his predecessor. According to popular belief, a person's head was the receptacle of the supernatural guide for rational behavior. The head of an Oba was especially sacred, since the survival, security, and prosperity of all Edo citizens and their families, depended on his wisdom. In the annual festivals to reinforce the mystical power of the Oba, the king made ritual offerings in these sanctuaries, which were considered essential for the continuation of his reign. The stylistic variation of these bronze heads is such an important characteristic of Beninese art that it constitutes the primary scientific basis for establishing a chronology.<a href="#cite_note-Kings-32">[30]</a> The leopard is a motif that occurs throughout many of the Benin Bronzes, because it is the animal which symbolizes the Oba. Another recurring motif is the royal triad: the Oba in the centre, flanked by two assistants, highlighting the support of those who the king trusted in order to govern.<a href="#cite_note-Kings-32">[30]</a> According to some sources, the Benin artists may have been inspired by items brought during the arrival of the Portuguese, including European illuminated books, small ivory caskets with carved lids from India, and Indian miniature paintings. The quatrefoil "river leaves" might have originated from European or Islamic art,<a href="#cite_note-Ezra-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dark-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fagg_1963-99">[97]</a> but by contrast, <a href="/wiki/Babatunde_Lawal" title="Babatunde Lawal">Babatunde Lawal</a> cites examples of relief carving in southern Nigerian art to support his theory that the plaques are indigenous to Benin.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> British archaeologist and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hicks_(archaeologist)" title="Dan Hicks (archaeologist)">Dan Hicks</a> discussed the looting of the Benin Bronzes and their current presence within museums around the world. In his book he expressed the view that the looting of the Benin Bronzes are not an 'historical incident of reception' but an 'enduring brutality'. It was also noted that a total figure of looted artefacts from Benin was up to 10,000 bronzes, ivories and other objects.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Hicks notes that many of the looted Benin artefacts are in regional and university museums within the UK rather than the more well-known collections such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique">Technique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technique">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">Lost-wax casting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/220px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/330px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/440px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Bronze casting using the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost wax method</a>. The molten metal is poured into the mould.</figcaption></figure> Although the works generally are called the Benin Bronzes, they are made of different materials. Some are made of brass, which analysis has shown to be an alloy of copper, zinc and lead in various proportions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik200621-22">[20]</a> Others are non-metallic, made of wood, ceramic, ivory, leather or cloth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik200621-22">[20]</a> The wooden objects are made in a complex process. It starts with a tree trunk or branch and is carved directly. The artist obtains the final form of the work from a block of wood. Since it was customary to use freshly cut wood in carvings, once the piece was finalized the surface was charred to prevent cracking during drying. This also allowed for polychromatic artworks, which were achieved using knife cuts and applications of natural pigments made with vegetable oil or <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>. This type of grease, which was made near smoke from homes, allowed the wooden sculptures to acquire a <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> that resembles rusty metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeretta1983356-103">[101]</a> The figures depicted in the bronzes were cast in relief with details incised in the wax model. Artists working in bronze were organized into a type of <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> under royal decree and lived in a special area of the palace under the direct control of the Oba. The works made using lost-wax casting required great specialisation. Their quality was superior when the king was especially powerful, allowing him to employ a great number of specialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1984569-104">[102]</a> Although the oldest examples of similar Benin metal work in bronze date from the twelfth century, according to tradition, the lost-wax casting technique was introduced to Benin by the son of the Oni, or sovereign of <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a>. Their tradition holds that he taught the Benin metal workers the art of casting bronze using lost-wax techniques during the thirteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198852-105">[103]</a> These Benin artisans refined that technique until they were able to cast plaques only an eighth-of-an-inch (3 mm) thick, surpassing the art as practiced by Renaissance masters in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Time-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg/220px-Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg/330px-Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg/440px-Benin_Bronzes_at_the_British_Museum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>16th-century brass plaque, depicting an Oba, two kneeling attendants, and two Portuguese figures</figcaption></figure> One sixteenth-century bronze, depicting the Oba with Europeans, was featured in <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a>, a series of radio programmes that started in 2010 as a collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the British Museum; it was also published as a book.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Art of the Kingdom of Benin">Art of the Kingdom of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_West_African_Art" title="Museum of West African Art">Museum of West African Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Dialogue_Group" title="Benin Dialogue Group">Benin Dialogue Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looted_art" title="Looted art">Looted art</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okukor" title="Okukor">Okukor</a>, a bronze formerly at Jesus College, Cambridge</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The exact number of pieces is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik20067-1">[1]</a> Most sources speak of a thousand pieces or several thousand pieces. According to Nevadomsky, there were between 3,000 and 5,000 pieces in total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevadomsky200566-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> notes that the term "<a href="/wiki/Copper_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper alloy">copper alloy</a>" is more appropriate in <a href="/wiki/Museology" title="Museology">museology</a> as it avoids the distinction between brass and bronze.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohlvik20067-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDohlvik20067_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDohlvik2006">Dohlvik 2006</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevadomsky200566-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevadomsky200566_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevadomsky2005">Nevadomsky 2005</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1898-0115-23">"British Museum, "Curator's comments""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163529/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1898-0115-23">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum%2C+%22Curator%27s+comments%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FE_Af1898-0115-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.artic.edu/benin/artwork/190110">Benin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163530/https://archive.artic.edu/benin/artwork/190110">Archived</a> 28 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Art Institute of Chicago. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198836-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuera198836_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuera198836_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuera198836_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuera1988">Huera 1988</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuera198837-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuera198837_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuera198837_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuera198837_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuera1988">Huera 1988</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyerowitz-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerowitz_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerowitz_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerowitz_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerowitz_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerowitz_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerowitz_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerowitz_8-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerowitz1943" class="citation journal cs1">Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1943). "Ancient Bronzes in the Royal Palace at Benin". <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine" title="The Burlington Magazine">The Burlington Magazine</a>. 83 (487). The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 248–253. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/868735">868735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ancient+Bronzes+in+the+Royal+Palace+at+Benin&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=487&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F868735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyerowitz&rft.aufirst=Eva+L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalbenin.org/eyo-oto/1">"Digital Benin"</a>. digitalbenin.org. Retrieved 26 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalbenin.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Benin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalbenin.org%2Feyo-oto%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2020" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Dan (2020). The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. London: Pluto Press. pp. 138–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brutish+Museums%3A+The+Benin+Bronzes%2C+Colonial+Violence+and+Cultural+Restitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007122-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007122_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenfield2007">Greenfield 2007</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-British-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusher2018" class="citation web cs1">Lusher, Adam (24 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/benin-bronzes-british-museum-nigeria-stolen-imperialist-treasures-return-loan-elgin-marbles-looted-a8414661.html">"British museums may loan Nigeria bronzes that were taken from Nigeria by the British"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030042646/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/benin-bronzes-british-museum-nigeria-stolen-imperialist-treasures-return-loan-elgin-marbles-looted-a8414661.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=British+museums+may+loan+Nigeria+bronzes+that+were+taken+from+Nigeria+by+the+British&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft.aulast=Lusher&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fbenin-bronzes-british-museum-nigeria-stolen-imperialist-treasures-return-loan-elgin-marbles-looted-a8414661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2020" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Dan (2020). The Brutish Museums: the Benin Bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution. Pluto Press. pp. 3, 40–42, 67–69, 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453_4176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453 4176-7"><bdi>978-0-7453 4176-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brutish+Museums%3A+the+Benin+Bronzes%2C+colonial+violence+and+cultural+restitution&rft.pages=3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E42%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E69%2C+84&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-74534176-7&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007124-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2007124_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenfield2007">Greenfield 2007</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-USA23-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA23_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA23_15-1">b</a> Benin Diplomatic Handbook, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-africa/west-africa/nigeria/a/benin-and-the-portuguese">"Benin and the Portuguese"</a>. Khan Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051030/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-africa/west-africa/nigeria/a/benin-and-the-portuguese">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Benin+and+the+Portuguese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fart-africa%2Fwest-africa%2Fnigeria%2Fa%2Fbenin-and-the-portuguese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCBen-17"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCBen_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zpvckqt/articles/z3n7mp3">"The kingdom of Benin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031139/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zpvckqt/articles/z3n7mp3">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021. 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Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=%27Today%27s+fake+culture+war+resurrects+an+old+colonial+trick%27&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2021%2F2%2F3%2Fthe-museum-must-change-a-qa-with-dan-hicks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2021" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Barnaby (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apollo-magazine.com/benin-bronzes-metropolitan-museum-barnaby-phillips/">"The Met ought to have returned two stolen Benin Bronzes years ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(magazine)" title="Apollo (magazine)">Apollo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713103039/https://www.apollo-magazine.com/benin-bronzes-metropolitan-museum-barnaby-phillips/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. 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Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theartnewspaper.com&rft.atitle=London%27s+Horniman+Museum%E2%80%94home+to+15+Benin+bronzes%E2%80%94announces+new+%27transparent+procedures%27+for+looted+object+requests&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Fnews%2Fhorniman-museum-policy-on-restitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBENIN2021" class="citation news cs1">BENIN, NTA BROADCAST (9 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7Ed6tPT0Xo">"UNVEILING OF LARGEST BRONZE PLAQUE IN BENIN"</a>. Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/_7Ed6tPT0Xo">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nigerian+Television+Authority+%28NTA%29&rft.atitle=UNVEILING+OF+LARGEST+BRONZE+PLAQUE+IN+BENIN&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft.aulast=BENIN&rft.aufirst=NTA+BROADCAST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_7Ed6tPT0Xo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmotayo2021" class="citation web cs1">Omotayo, Joseph (5 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legit.ng/1427613-young-nigerian-largest-plaque-benin-kingdom-showcases-video.html">"Young Nigerian man makes largest plaque in Benin kingdom, showcases it in video"</a>. Legit.ng - Nigeria news. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175748/https://www.legit.ng/1427613-young-nigerian-largest-plaque-benin-kingdom-showcases-video.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legit.ng+-+Nigeria+news.&rft.atitle=Young+Nigerian+man+makes+largest+plaque+in+Benin+kingdom%2C+showcases+it+in+video&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.aulast=Omotayo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legit.ng%2F1427613-young-nigerian-largest-plaque-benin-kingdom-showcases-video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwolabiShirbon2021" class="citation news cs1">Owolabi, Tife; Shirbon, Estelle (22 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerians-offer-artworks-british-museum-new-take-looted-bronzes-2021-09-22/">"Nigerians offer artworks to British Museum in new take on looted bronzes"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175746/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerians-offer-artworks-british-museum-new-take-looted-bronzes-2021-09-22/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nigerians+offer+artworks+to+British+Museum+in+new+take+on+looted+bronzes&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.aulast=Owolabi&rft.aufirst=Tife&rft.au=Shirbon%2C+Estelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnigerians-offer-artworks-british-museum-new-take-looted-bronzes-2021-09-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timescapemag.com/posts/nigeria-medical-student-turned-artist-immortalizes-great-king-ewuare-oba-of-benin-unveils-largest-ever-benin-kingdom-bronze-plaque">"Time Scape | Nigeria: Medical Student Turned Artist Immortalizes Great King Ewuare, Oba of Benin, Unveils Largest-Ever Benin Kingdom Bronze Plaque"</a>. www.timescapemag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175748/https://www.timescapemag.com/posts/nigeria-medical-student-turned-artist-immortalizes-great-king-ewuare-oba-of-benin-unveils-largest-ever-benin-kingdom-bronze-plaque">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timescapemag.com&rft.atitle=Time+Scape+%7C+Nigeria%3A+Medical+Student+Turned+Artist+Immortalizes+Great+King+Ewuare%2C+Oba+of+Benin%2C+Unveils+Largest-Ever+Benin+Kingdom+Bronze+Plaque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timescapemag.com%2Fposts%2Fnigeria-medical-student-turned-artist-immortalizes-great-king-ewuare-oba-of-benin-unveils-largest-ever-benin-kingdom-bronze-plaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumnext.com/article/nigerian-artists-offer-british-museum-swap/">"Nigerian Artists Offer British Museum Swap"</a>. MuseumNext. 23 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108075242/https://www.museumnext.com/article/nigerian-artists-offer-british-museum-swap/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MuseumNext&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Artists+Offer+British+Museum+Swap&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumnext.com%2Farticle%2Fnigerian-artists-offer-british-museum-swap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2021/09/nigerian-contemporary-art-is-being-offered-in-exchange-for-the-u-k-benin-bronzes/">"Nigerian Contemporary Art is Being Offered in Exchange for the U.K. Benin Bronzes"</a>. Observer. 22 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175747/https://observer.com/2021/09/nigerian-contemporary-art-is-being-offered-in-exchange-for-the-u-k-benin-bronzes/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Contemporary+Art+is+Being+Offered+in+Exchange+for+the+U.K.+Benin+Bronzes&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2021%2F09%2Fnigerian-contemporary-art-is-being-offered-in-exchange-for-the-u-k-benin-bronzes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_cockrel-71"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_cockrel_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhomami2021" class="citation web cs1">Khomami, Naomi (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/15/cambridge-college-to-be-first-uk-return-looted-benin-bronze">"Cambridge college to be first in UK to return looted Benin bronze"</a>. theguardian.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211015102501/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/15/cambridge-college-to-be-first-uk-return-looted-benin-bronze">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021. <q>We are indeed very pleased and commend Jesus College for taking this lead in making restitution for the plunder that occurred in Benin in 1897," said the oba of Benin, Omo N'Oba N'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo, Ewuare II. "We truly hope that others will expedite the return of our artworks which in many cases are of religious importance to us. We wish to thank [Nigeria's] President Buhari and our National Commission for Museums and Monuments for their renewed efforts in securing the release of our artefacts on our behalf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Cambridge+college+to+be+first+in+UK+to+return+looted+Benin+bronze&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Khomami&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2021%2Foct%2F15%2Fcambridge-college-to-be-first-uk-return-looted-benin-bronze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welle-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Welle_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/colonial-era-looted-art-returned-to-nigeria-and-benin/a-60845936">"Colonial-era looted art returned to Nigeria and Benin | DW | 20.02.2022"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221123955/https://www.dw.com/en/colonial-era-looted-art-returned-to-nigeria-and-benin/a-60845936">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Colonial-era+looted+art+returned+to+Nigeria+and+Benin+%7C+DW+%7C+20.02.2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcolonial-era-looted-art-returned-to-nigeria-and-benin%2Fa-60845936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/dec/14/cambridge-university-to-return-over-100-looted-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria">"Cambridge University to return over 100 looted Benin bronzes to Nigeria"</a>. the Guardian. 14 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162152/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/dec/14/cambridge-university-to-return-over-100-looted-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cambridge+University+to+return+over+100+looted+Benin+bronzes+to+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2022%2Fdec%2F14%2Fcambridge-university-to-return-over-100-looted-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2021/the-met-and-ncmm-mou">"The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments Gather to Mark the Transfer of Three Works of Art to the Nigerian National Collections"</a>. www.metmuseum.org. 22 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227133021/https://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2021/the-met-and-ncmm-mou">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+and+the+Nigerian+National+Commission+for+Museums+and+Monuments+Gather+to+Mark+the+Transfer+of+Three+Works+of+Art+to+the+Nigerian+National+Collections&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fpress%2Fnews%2F2021%2Fthe-met-and-ncmm-mou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-59964386">"Newcastle's Hancock museum to repatriate Benin Bronze stave"</a>. BBC News. 12 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113082424/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-59964386">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Newcastle%27s+Hancock+museum+to+repatriate+Benin+Bronze+stave&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-tyne-59964386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-76"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGlone2022" class="citation news cs1">McGlone, Peggy (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/">"Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308232359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+to+give+back+its+collection+of+Benin+bronzes&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=McGlone&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farts-entertainment%2F2022%2F03%2F08%2Fsmithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2022" class="citation web cs1">Frum, David (14 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/benin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art/671245/">"Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art?"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021173357/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/benin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art/671245/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Who+Benefits+When+Western+Museums+Return+Looted+Art%3F&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2022%2F10%2Fbenin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art%2F671245%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-returns-29-benin-bronzes-national-commission-museums-and-monuments">"Smithsonian Returns 29 Benin Bronzes to the National Commission for Museums and Monuments in Nigeria"</a>. 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We Asked Museums That Hold Them Where They Stand on Restitution"</a>. Artnet News. 18 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713105624/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/benin-bronzes-in-museums-1967773">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artnet+News&rft.atitle=Benin+Bronzes+Are+Scattered+All+Over+the+World.+We+Asked+Museums+That+Hold+Them+Where+They+Stand+on+Restitution&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.artnet.com%2Fart-world%2Fbenin-bronzes-in-museums-1967773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tt59m">"Benin plaque - the Oba with Europeans"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925234736/http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/programmes/b00tt59m">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Benin+plaque+-+the+Oba+with+Europeans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00tt59m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigginsMarc_Fennell2020" class="citation web cs1">Wiggins, Nick; Marc Fennell (29 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-30/benin-bronzes-stuff-the-british-stole-museum-history/12837940">"The British stole Benin's bronzes. It's a theft that still hurts"</a>. www.abc.net.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711094505/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-30/benin-bronzes-stuff-the-british-stole-museum-history/12837940">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=The+British+stole+Benin%27s+bronzes.+It%27s+a+theft+that+still+hurts&rft.date=2020-11-29&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Marc+Fennell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-11-30%2Fbenin-bronzes-stuff-the-british-stole-museum-history%2F12837940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeretta1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beretta, Alcides; Rodenas, María Dolores (1983). 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Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745341767" title="Special:BookSources/9780745341767"><bdi>9780745341767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brutish+Museums.+The+Benin+Bronzes%2C+Colonial+Violence+and+Cultural+Restitution&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780745341767&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuera1988" class="citation book cs1">Huera, Carmen (1988). Historia Universal del Arte: África, América y Asia, Arte Primitivo. Barcelona: Planeta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8432066900" title="Special:BookSources/978-8432066900"><bdi>978-8432066900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Universal+del+Arte%3A+%C3%81frica%2C+Am%C3%A9rica+y+Asia%2C+Arte+Primitivo&rft.pub=Barcelona%3A+Planeta.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8432066900&rft.au=Huera%2C+Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuzinger1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leuzinger, Elsy (1976). Arte del África negra (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones Polígrafa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-343-0176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-343-0176-4"><bdi>978-84-343-0176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arte+del+%C3%81frica+negra&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Ediciones+Pol%C3%ADgrafa&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-84-343-0176-4&rft.au=Leuzinger%2C+Elsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lundén, Staffan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/45847">Displaying Loot. The Benin objects and the British Museum</a>. Gotark Series B, Göteborgs Universitet.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevadomsky2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nevadomsky, Joseph (Spring 2004). "Art and Science in Benin Bronzes". African Arts. 37 (1): 1, 4, 86–88, 95–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fafar.2004.37.1.1">10.1162/afar.2004.37.1.1</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3338001">3338001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=Art+and+Science+in+Benin+Bronzes&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%2C+4%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E88%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fafar.2004.37.1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3338001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nevadomsky&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevadomsky2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nevadomsky, Joseph (2005). "Casting in Contemporary Benin Art". African Arts. 38 (2): 66–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fafar.2005.38.2.66">10.1162/afar.2005.38.2.66</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=Casting+in+Contemporary+Benin+Art&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fafar.2005.38.2.66&rft.aulast=Nevadomsky&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2022" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Barnaby (2022). LOOT: Britain and the Benin Bronzes. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861543137" title="Special:BookSources/9780861543137"><bdi>9780861543137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LOOT%3A+Britain+and+the+Benin+Bronzes&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780861543137&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPijoan1966" class="citation book cs1">Pijoan (1966). Pijoan-Historia del Arte. Vol. I. Barcelona: Salvat Editores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pijoan-Historia+del+Arte&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Salvat+Editores&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Pijoan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiti2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Titi" title="Catharine Titi">Titi, Catharine</a> (2023). The Parthenon Marbles and International Law. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9"><bdi>978-3-031-26356-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+and+International+Law&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-26356-9&rft.aulast=Titi&rft.aufirst=Catharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1985" class="citation book cs1">Willett, Frank (1985). African Art: An Introduction (Reprint. ed.). New York: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20103-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20103-9"><bdi>978-0-500-20103-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Art%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint.&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20103-9&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxh5hcqB3wC">Benin Diplomatic Handbook</a>. International Business Publications. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-5745-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-5745-1"><bdi>978-0-7397-5745-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benin+Diplomatic+Handbook&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7397-5745-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxh5hcqB3wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenin+Bronzes" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">76: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_Galleon" title="Mechanical Galleon">Mechanical Galleon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode77/">Object 77</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">78: <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benin_Bronzes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benin_bronzes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benin bronzes">Benin bronzes</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalbenin.org/">Digital Benin online platform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=610486&partId=1">Benin Plaques, Museum number Af1898,0115.23, Collection Online, British Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artoftheancestors.com/blog/royal-art-of-benin-perls-collection">Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1992 catalog)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Destroyed_heritage" title="Template talk:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed_heritage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Destroyed heritage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Damage,_destruction_and_looting_of_art_and_cultural_heritage298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Damage, <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human- caused</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_art_in_Afghanistan" title="Destruction of art in Afghanistan">Destruction of art</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Memorial_Museum#2024_vandalism" title="Bangabandhu Memorial Museum">Bangabandhu Memorial Museum attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artworks_damaged,_destroyed_or_stolen_during_the_2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack" title="Artworks damaged, destroyed or stolen during the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack">Artworks lost or damaged in the 2023 Congress attack</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_in_Canada_removed_in_2020%E2%80%932022" title="Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022">Monuments removed in 2020–2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Destruction of the Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Iconoclasm during the French Revolution">Iconoclasm during the French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Bombing of Dresden</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_statues_in_Tehran,_2010" title="Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010">Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Mosul_Museum_artifacts" title="Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts">Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Irish_country_houses_(1919%E2%80%931923)" title="Destruction of Irish country houses (1919–1923)">Destruction of country houses, 1919–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Destruction of the Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kosovo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Albanian heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Serbian heritage</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Middle East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_damaged_by_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_during_the_21st_century" title="List of monuments damaged by conflict in the Middle East during the 21st century">Damage to heritage sites in 21st-century conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benin Bronzes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Damage to heritage sites in the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">Destruction of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_Poland_in_World_War_II" title="Looting of Poland in World War II">Looting in World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Saudi Arabia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_landmarks_in_Spain" title="List of destroyed landmarks in Spain">Destroyed landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sudan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damage to heritage sites during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_damaged_cultural_sites_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of damaged cultural sites during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Damage to heritage sites during the Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_country_houses_in_20th-century_Britain" title="Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain">20th-century destruction of country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="List of demolished buildings and structures in London">Demolished buildings and structures in London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="List of demolished churches in the City of London">Churches in the City of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_destroyed_in_the_Great_Fire_of_London_and_not_rebuilt" title="List of churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt">Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_formerly_in_London" title="List of public art formerly in London">Public art formerly in London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage_of_the_United_States" title="List of destroyed heritage of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">Artworks lost or damaged in the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks">List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_museums" title="Category:Attacks on museums">Attacks on museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">Destroyed libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery" title="Grave robbery">Grave robbery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_snatching" title="Body snatching">Body snatching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_destroyed_by_war" title="Category:Museums destroyed by war">Museums destroyed by war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Napoleonic looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_looted_by_Napoleonic_armies" title="List of art looted by Napoleonic armies">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_voluntarily_demolished_buildings" title="List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings">Tallest voluntarily demolished buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_during_World_War_II" title="Art theft and looting during World War II">Art theft and looting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_claims_for_restitution_for_Nazi-looted_art" title="List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art">Restitution claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_looting_of_artworks_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh">Works by Vincent van Gogh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_damaged_during_World_War_II" title="List of libraries damaged during World War II">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_damage_resulting_from_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" title="Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">Library damage in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting" title="Archaeological looting">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_destruction" title="Art destruction">Art destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_theft" title="Art theft">Art theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_artworks" title="Lost artworks">Lost artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looted_art" title="Looted art">Looted art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_of_art" title="Vandalism of art">Vandalism of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Museum176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Museum" title="Template:British Museum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Museum" title="Template talk:British Museum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Museum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Museum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Museum176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court" title="Queen Elizabeth II Great Court">Great Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Library" title="King's Library">King's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Reading_Room" title="British Museum Reading Room">Round Reading Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Departments and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Africa,_Oceania_and_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas">Africa, Oceania and Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_Drum" title="Akan Drum">Akan Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benin Bronzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Enigma" title="Briggs Enigma">Briggs Enigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife" title="Bronze Head from Ife">Bronze Head from Ife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Kingsborough" title="Codex Kingsborough">Codex Kingsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Hakananai%27a" title="Hoa Hakananai'a">Hoa Hakananai'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Weapons" title="Throne of Weapons">Throne of Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayung_totem_pole" title="Kayung totem pole">Kayung totem pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Kester)" title="Tree of Life (Kester)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Yaxchilan Lintel 24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Ancient_Egypt_and_Sudan" title="British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan">Ancient Egypt and Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Palette" title="Battlefield Palette">Battlefield Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_quartzite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_red_granite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal head of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Amra_clay_model_of_cattle" title="El-Amra clay model of cattle">El-Amra clay model of cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebelein_predynastic_mummies" title="Gebelein predynastic mummies">Gebelein predynastic mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield papyrus">Greenfield papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornedjitef" title="Hornedjitef">Hornedjitef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Palette" title="Hunters Palette">Hunters Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_plaque" title="MacGregor plaque">MacGregor plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Palette" title="Min Palette">Min Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Lions" title="Prudhoe Lions">Prudhoe Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx_of_Taharqo" title="Sphinx of Taharqo">Sphinx of Taharqo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Amun_in_the_form_of_a_ram_protecting_King_Taharqa" title="Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa">Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Asia" title="British Museum Department of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll" title="Admonitions Scroll">Admonitions Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphsad_inscription_of_%C4%80dityasena" title="Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena">Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Marbles" title="Amaravati Marbles">Amaravati Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Statue_from_Dhar" title="Ambika Statue from Dhar">Ambika Statue from Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha_Buddha_from_Hancui" title="Amitābha Buddha from Hancui">Amitābha Buddha from Hancui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhapad_Hoard" title="Buddhapad Hoard">Buddhapad Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vases" title="David Vases">David Vases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaneswar_Khera_Buddha_image_inscription" title="Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription">Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixian_Bronze_Hu" title="Huixian Bronze Hu">Huixian Bronze Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_terrapin_from_Allahabad" title="Jade terrapin from Allahabad">Jade terrapin from Allahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakiemon_elephants_(British_Museum)" title="Kakiemon elephants (British Museum)">Kakiemon elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Hou_gui" title="Kang Hou gui">Kang Hou gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Klang Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_Vase" title="Kulu Vase">Kulu Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_David_Foundation_of_Chinese_Art" title="Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art">Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seated_Buddha_from_Gandhara" title="Seated Buddha from Gandhara">Seated Buddha from Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tara" title="Statue of Tara">Statue of Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Nicolo_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Nicolo Seal">Vishnu Nicolo Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardak_Vase" title="Wardak Vase">Wardak Vase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Greece and Rome">Greece and Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aineta_aryballos" title="Aineta aryballos">Aineta aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Cyrene" title="Apollo of Cyrene">Apollo of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel_ivory" title="Archangel ivory">Archangel ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcisate_Treasure" title="Arcisate Treasure">Arcisate Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armento_Rider" title="Armento Rider">Armento Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Head" title="Arundel Head">Arundel Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_of_Milos" title="Asclepius of Milos">Asclepius of Milos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Cup_and_Crawford_Cup" title="Barber Cup and Crawford Cup">Barber Cup and Crawford Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurains_Treasure" title="Beaurains Treasure">Beaurains Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscoreale_Treasure" title="Boscoreale Treasure">Boscoreale Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn" title="Boy with Thorn">Boy with Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braganza_Brooch" title="Braganza Brooch">Braganza Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_of_Hypnos_from_Civitella_d%27Arna" title="Bronze Head of Hypnos from Civitella d'Arna">Bronze head of Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_vase" title="Burgon vase">Burgon vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Treasure" title="Bursa Treasure">Bursa Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Iemini_Venus" title="Campo Iemini Venus">Campo Iemini Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage_Treasure" title="Carthage Treasure">Carthage Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubiac_Treasure" title="Caubiac Treasure">Caubiac Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaourse_Treasure" title="Chaourse Treasure">Chaourse Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuzange_Treasure" title="Chatuzange Treasure">Chatuzange Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiseul-Gouffier_Apollo" title="Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo">Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_of_Knidos" title="Demeter of Knidos">Demeter of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus Sardanapalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discobolus" title="Discobolus">Discobolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Amphora" title="Elgin Amphora">Elgin Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Treasure" title="Esquiline Treasure">Esquiline Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbos_plate" title="Euphorbos plate">Euphorbos plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Diadumenos" title="Farnese Diadumenos">Farnese Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_Puteal" title="Guilford Puteal">Guilford Puteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculean_Sarcophagus_of_Genzano" title="Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano">Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Tomb,_Vulci" title="Isis Tomb, Vulci">Isis Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Dog" title="Jennings Dog">Jennings Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Knidos" title="Lion of Knidos">Lion of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_aryballos" title="Macmillan aryballos">Macmillan aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con_Treasure" title="Mâcon Treasure">Mâcon Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Gladius" title="Mainz Gladius">Mainz Gladius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_Tablet" title="Oscan Tablet">Oscan Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Papyri of Oxyrhynchus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_84" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_85" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_102" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_103" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103">103</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramythia_Hoard" title="Paramythia Hoard">Paramythia Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles_with_the_Corinthian_helmet" title="Pericles with the Corinthian helmet">Pericles bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petelia_Gold_Tablet" title="Petelia Gold Tablet">Petelia Gold Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranesi_Vase" title="Piranesi Vase">Piranesi Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Priene inscription of Alexander the Great">Priene dedicatory inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great%27s_edict_to_Priene" title="Alexander the Great's edict to Priene">Priene edict inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sosti_Axe-Head" title="San Sosti Axe-Head">San Sosti Axe-Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Muxaro_Patera" title="Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera">Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Seianti_Hanunia_Tlesnasa" title="Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa">Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_Aphrodite" title="Satala Aphrodite">Satala Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Stratford_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Stratford Hoard">Stony Stratford Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></li> <li>Townley collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Antinous" title="Townley Antinous">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Caryatid" title="Townley Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Discobolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Townley Discobolus">Discobolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Hadrian" title="Townley Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Vase" title="Townley Vase">Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Venus" title="Townley Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_Hoard" title="Uerdingen Hoard">Uerdingen Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaison_Diadumenos" title="Vaison Diadumenos">Vaison Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanten_Horse-Phalerae" title="Xanten Horse-Phalerae">Xanten Horse-Phalerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East" title="British Museum Department of the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_figurine" title="Ain Sakhri figurine">Ain Sakhri figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights" title="Assyrian lion weights">Assyrian lion weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_ewer" title="Blacas ewer">Blacas ewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_Trough" title="Uruk Trough">Uruk Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_Monuments" title="Blau Monuments">Blau Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Cup" title="Palmer Cup">Palmer Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid_Copper_Lintel" title="Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel">Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Obelisk" title="White Obelisk">White Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions" title="Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions">Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir" title="Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir">Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Shamash" title="Tablet of Shamash">Tablet of Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi" title="Statue of Idrimi">Statue of Idrimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World" title="Babylonian Map of the World">Babylonian Map of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus" title="Cylinders of Nabonidus">Cylinders of Nabonidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_of_Xerxes_I" title="Jar of Xerxes I">Jar of Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">Ur Box inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_metal_bowls" title="Phoenician metal bowls">Phoenician metal bowls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prehistory and Europe">Prehistory and Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_altar_(WB.232)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable altar (WB.232)">Boxwood altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringlemere_Cup" title="Ringlemere Cup">Ringlemere Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax_of_Beagnoth" title="Seax of Beagnoth">Seax of Beagnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid" title="Sutton Hoo purse-lid">Sutton Hoo purse-lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda Tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus_Treasure" title="Lampsacus Treasure">Lampsacus Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings">Prints and Drawings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">Dürer's Rhinoceros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)">Epifania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Modi" title="I Modi">I Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies#Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies">The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)" title="Triumphal Arch (woodcut)">Triumphal Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals" title="British Museum Department of Coins and Medals">Coins and Medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research">Conservation and Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities and Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondanini_Faun" title="Rondanini Faun">Rondanini Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_House" title="Blythe House">Blythe House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act" title="British Museum Act">British Museum Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall_Beloe_Lecture_Series" title="Dingwall Beloe Lecture Series">Dingwall Beloe Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum" title="List of films shot at the British Museum">Films shot at the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Case" title="Private Case">Private Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Contested_artefacts" title="British Museum">Repatriation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_(British_Museum)" title="Secretum (British Museum)">Secretum</a></li> <li>Staff <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of directors of the British Museum">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Friends" title="The British Museum Friends">Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_keepers_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of keepers of the British Museum">Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum" title="Royal Commission on the British Museum">Royal Commission on the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of trustees of the British Museum">Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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