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ds2-5-body-xs">University of Genova</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://luiss.academia.edu/NicolaLupo"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Nicola Lupo related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1099701/16968232/125354008/s200_nicola.lupo.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://luiss.academia.edu/NicolaLupo">Nicola Lupo</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">LUISS Guido Carli</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a 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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-6881af07-ab0a-4a06-8a02-10516e8a4e63"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-6881af07-ab0a-4a06-8a02-10516e8a4e63"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by jaime de Melo</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560264"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560264/The_Doha_Round_and_Market_Access_for_LDCs_Scenarios_for_the_EU_and_US_Markets"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Doha Round and Market Access for LDCs: Scenarios for the EU and US Markets" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560264/The_Doha_Round_and_Market_Access_for_LDCs_Scenarios_for_the_EU_and_US_Markets">The Doha Round and Market Access for LDCs: Scenarios for the EU and US Markets</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of World Trade</span><span>, Feb 1, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">and CEPR * This is a revised and shortened version of Carrère et al. (2008) prepared under fundin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">and CEPR * This is a revised and shortened version of Carrère et al. (2008) prepared under funding from the World Bank. We thank Olivier Cadot, Mona Haddad, Richard Newfarmer and Marcelo Olarreaga for comments on an earlier draft. All remaining errors are our own.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="53d6b208933de6d8d532bd5f6907a072" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275850,"asset_id":127560264,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275850/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560264"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560264]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560264']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "53d6b208933de6d8d532bd5f6907a072" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560264]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560264,"title":"The Doha Round and Market Access for LDCs: Scenarios for the EU and US Markets","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Nature","grobid_abstract":"and CEPR * This is a revised and shortened version of Carrère et al. 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How much should we expect?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The critical mass approach to achieve a deal on green goods and services: what is on the table? How much should we expect?</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Environment and Development Economics</span><span>, Sep 15, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing tr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560263"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560263"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560263; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560263]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560263]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560263; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560263']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560263]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560263,"title":"The critical mass approach to achieve a deal on green goods and services: what is on the table? How much should we expect?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publication_date":{"day":15,"month":9,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Environment and Development Economics"},"translated_abstract":"In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560263/The_critical_mass_approach_to_achieve_a_deal_on_green_goods_and_services_what_is_on_the_table_How_much_should_we_expect","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:15.591-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_critical_mass_approach_to_achieve_a_deal_on_green_goods_and_services_what_is_on_the_table_How_much_should_we_expect","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics"},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade"},{"id":10419,"name":"Negotiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negotiation"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics"},{"id":292941,"name":"Tariff","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tariff"},{"id":1261259,"name":"Goods and Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goods_and_Services"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT"}],"urls":[{"id":46794466,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000285"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560263-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560262"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560262/The_Political_Economy_of_International_Migration_in_a_Ricardo_Viner_Model"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Political Economy of International Migration in a Ricardo–Viner Model" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560262/The_Political_Economy_of_International_Migration_in_a_Ricardo_Viner_Model">The Political Economy of International Migration in a Ricardo–Viner Model</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Scientific Studies in International Economics</span><span>, Apr 1, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Determinants of national policies towards immigration are analysed in the context of an economy o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Determinants of national policies towards immigration are analysed in the context of an economy open to international trade. Arguments for the existence of an "immigration surplus" are reviewed and followed by an interpretative survey of the principal contributions of the political economy literature, emphasising the role of the determinants of individual preferences in a direct democracy framework. A median voter model is grafted on several variants of a specific-factor open-economy model to discuss several recent changes in attitudes towards immigration (a stiffened stance, especially towards the unskilled) and in national policies ("melting-pot" vs. guest-worker programs, coexistence of legal and illegal immigrants, lax enforcement towards illegals).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a83e724b25e1ef1c991e72ae409d50fd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275849,"asset_id":127560262,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275849/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560262"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560262"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560262; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560262]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560262]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560262; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560262']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a83e724b25e1ef1c991e72ae409d50fd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560262]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560262,"title":"The Political Economy of International Migration in a Ricardo–Viner Model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"World Scientific","grobid_abstract":"Determinants of national policies towards immigration are analysed in the context of an economy open to international trade. Arguments for the existence of an \"immigration surplus\" are reviewed and followed by an interpretative survey of the principal contributions of the political economy literature, emphasising the role of the determinants of individual preferences in a direct democracy framework. A median voter model is grafted on several variants of a specific-factor open-economy model to discuss several recent changes in attitudes towards immigration (a stiffened stance, especially towards the unskilled) and in national policies (\"melting-pot\" vs. guest-worker programs, coexistence of legal and illegal immigrants, lax enforcement towards illegals).","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":4,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"World Scientific Studies in International Economics","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":121275848},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560262/The_Political_Economy_of_International_Migration_in_a_Ricardo_Viner_Model","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:15.311-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275849,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"ATTACHMENT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275849/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275849/ATTACHMENT01-libre.pdf?1739179050=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=IpvYPbmpXznOpny8SFpqU5mp8ECRF8ynCD5dPFILi9R3XGM4fudxoQaDV3sJ8mC2ycTTLgCU9wJsmfbWYpd0KL-zSthZVqnxLaLb-hEcs0pg0lBcmOWvCcKHFOHX94n2pneUT2POZhtZdxGJ66VI1b5Do1bbLKaEYE8Wk-SIZYTdH0bg9cSq9VLFbhojI1~OKR5eSdyuVXkyQlVHLP6gwErrlJ89ThfSDqUYAGCAJNRvPbqSU2D3tAYkyGZWk~BnwFC8N--HZd5yQIptWckE2zVP~fgWtSg0H2SCjkk2N~1JlxiUQvNNKqRaKPt0PpBC-exg8tyQ6EME7eU9UOYqqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Political_Economy_of_International_Migration_in_a_Ricardo_Viner_Model","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Determinants of national policies towards immigration are analysed in the context of an economy open to international trade. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560262-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560261"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560261/Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Openness, inequality and poverty: Endowments matter" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275847/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560261/Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter">Openness, inequality and poverty: Endowments matter</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of International Trade & Economic Development</span><span>, Sep 1, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in non-tradable activities) is high raises inequality. In our sample, countries with very low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="710e3379e5c9464543e6acd715833464" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275847,"asset_id":127560261,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275847/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560261"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560261"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560261; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560261]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560261]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560261; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560261']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "710e3379e5c9464543e6acd715833464" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560261]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560261,"title":"Openness, inequality and poverty: Endowments matter","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","grobid_abstract":"Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in non-tradable activities) is high raises inequality. In our sample, countries with very low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":9,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of International Trade \u0026 Economic Development","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":121275846},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560261/Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:15.091-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275847,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275847/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"wps3981.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275847/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275847/wps3981-libre.pdf?1739179059=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOpenness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=B2TKkgnPmCR8OeCu79aIvmwW4zAEv97OkYmX5xwxyfy7O4vB8oSKeEzkiY3nvN0xCSnVE7YT1w6BuLVveyc78QpqyllgwKINRwmnDOVO4~26HcRx1DH5AtLcFZLCoU7JO2mxGZY45nt1bIvEUv1s8EQ0DxkrUOPrCptXETPtSRB8~-v7v00M12UfRejRm2UiDfbJZBiA7fnX0MOu0HgLxd1CGvK2QP68SE3wDBfutNqwv2hKiVHvHggOUqm~OX6~Wvww3yrVG6k27J2uh3AuW39lv3VQMeBqGFt0FJn~FqIEkFWPCne-TgwHuQQxlCNkqRzwGkiBarExfafvYCHGvg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter","translated_slug":"","page_count":51,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. 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Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560261-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560260"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560260/Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environment_to_shape_Mauritius_future_in_a_COVID_19_landscape"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Education and Protection of the Environment to shape Mauritius’ future in a COVID-19 landscape" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560260/Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environment_to_shape_Mauritius_future_in_a_COVID_19_landscape">Education and Protection of the Environment to shape Mauritius’ future in a COVID-19 landscape</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)</span><span>, Nov 13, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In a span of fifty years, Mauritius has reached high-income status according to the World Bank cr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In a span of fifty years, Mauritius has reached high-income status according to the World Bank criterion. Key to this success was the combination of: (i) effective policies; (ii) resilience to shocks; (iii) adaptation to changing external events cemented by close collaboration between Government, the private sector, unions, and civil society. These actors will need to continue to collaborate on the new challenges: (i) restoring trust in the Government following the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath; (ii) facing the 4th industrial revolution; (iii) shifting to a development path that arrests the deterioration in the environment.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c683ace73e8eace6b8d3c50c88021a49" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275844,"asset_id":127560260,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275844/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560260"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560260"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560260; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560260]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560260; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560260']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c683ace73e8eace6b8d3c50c88021a49" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560260]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560260,"title":"Education and Protection of the Environment to shape Mauritius’ future in a COVID-19 landscape","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","grobid_abstract":"In a span of fifty years, Mauritius has reached high-income status according to the World Bank criterion. Key to this success was the combination of: (i) effective policies; (ii) resilience to shocks; (iii) adaptation to changing external events cemented by close collaboration between Government, the private sector, unions, and civil society. These actors will need to continue to collaborate on the new challenges: (i) restoring trust in the Government following the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath; (ii) facing the 4th industrial revolution; (iii) shifting to a development path that arrests the deterioration in the environment.","publication_date":{"day":13,"month":11,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":121275845},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560260/Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environment_to_shape_Mauritius_future_in_a_COVID_19_landscape","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:14.881-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275844,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"document.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275844/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environm.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275844/document-libre.pdf?1739179060=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEducation_and_Protection_of_the_Environm.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=T7ypmuGBEd0FxOY-mMHNZczCXwEaekasEqUpKNtLCTqJHPydAcmMxTV3saRLQDHMkavMY1W04LMEAwrUCu-XmEbhoQ~xpF2RtR2sWMDO0Db8e4O5D441v5HT1xvt8mrqafnI-dDP26aMtoCVBAgYwO0ECCUqveFC52oyHPHV1iUkYAsaWJPovdHO1Jbr9m87nqaG3QmW-0eaqa7p925yiTa7ubLTvNWmAllUcFw4d0K6racuC~pUq8PQBwACeD-J6Z7g2yt22tjP0RjrZmMjhdWGyqWjBUq38ricwXC9sIz147vzBhYSbv8GLmZmxp4hj6S7g4oLGPY6u2IcoUIHIQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environment_to_shape_Mauritius_future_in_a_COVID_19_landscape","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In a span of fifty years, Mauritius has reached high-income status according to the World Bank criterion. 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These actors will need to continue to collaborate on the new challenges: (i) restoring trust in the Government following the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath; (ii) facing the 4th industrial revolution; (iii) shifting to a development path that arrests the deterioration in the environment.","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[{"id":121275844,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"document.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275844/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environm.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275844/document-libre.pdf?1739179060=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEducation_and_Protection_of_the_Environm.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=T7ypmuGBEd0FxOY-mMHNZczCXwEaekasEqUpKNtLCTqJHPydAcmMxTV3saRLQDHMkavMY1W04LMEAwrUCu-XmEbhoQ~xpF2RtR2sWMDO0Db8e4O5D441v5HT1xvt8mrqafnI-dDP26aMtoCVBAgYwO0ECCUqveFC52oyHPHV1iUkYAsaWJPovdHO1Jbr9m87nqaG3QmW-0eaqa7p925yiTa7ubLTvNWmAllUcFw4d0K6racuC~pUq8PQBwACeD-J6Z7g2yt22tjP0RjrZmMjhdWGyqWjBUq38ricwXC9sIz147vzBhYSbv8GLmZmxp4hj6S7g4oLGPY6u2IcoUIHIQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":121275845,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275845/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"document.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275845/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environm.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275845/document-libre.pdf?1739179062=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEducation_and_Protection_of_the_Environm.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=AeGl8mG-S0FUbpoW0UL0OHl0l31-AqBJ7xBgN00-yaZrUwNFCN9Q60SDG4BaGEcg1QHhmfF9yRL-dVmoq7bauwBgl13QdSlWINI3kkm0nGe2K0-alNIuZnzslZDE2l7-QXMxgA0hWW5j5d51gM8OzeVFZVnE1hZejOjFV5k8llnnULk3W9ayBpLa0Qm7HwHQ3gU360QVCl~tj~~itjlxZu-P-HCuNxk6-RhIXNZnvQ9ejRyl9K8juMp5Zi52Uo~IvytNsNnHlNNLyVvb3bjrm5pvL9vxcxEb5GLjJWJB1LsFnb0V14m07rPOwnSgeuWGLjVrDOM2nRDJrL09zio5Lg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":3686510,"name":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coronavirus_Disease_2019_COVID-19_"}],"urls":[{"id":46794463,"url":"https://hal.science/hal-03004417/document"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560260-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560259"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560259/Adjustment_Investment_and_the_Real_Exchange_Rate_in_Developing_Countries"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Adjustment, Investment and the Real Exchange Rate in Developing Countries" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560259/Adjustment_Investment_and_the_Real_Exchange_Rate_in_Developing_Countries">Adjustment, Investment and the Real Exchange Rate in Developing Countries</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Scientific Studies in International Economics</span><span>, Apr 1, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This review of adjustment experience suggests that sharp devaluation of the exchange rate is prob...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This review of adjustment experience suggests that sharp devaluation of the exchange rate is probably ineffective in countries exporting primary goods. To encourage investment, adjustment packages must do more to ensure a stable macroeconomic environment and appropriate debt relief. ThePolicy, Research. and Extemal Affairs Complex distributes PREWorking Papers todisseminatethe findings of work inprogress and to encourage the exchange of ideas among Bank staff and a other interested in development issues. lbese papers carry the names of the authors, Teflect only their views, and should be used and cited accoidingly. The rindings, interprctations, and conclusions are the authors' own. They should not be attributed to the World Bank. its Board of Directors, its managemcnt, or any of its member countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="631142788c00e49d7966a8632dfeba73" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275843,"asset_id":127560259,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275843/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560259"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560259"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560259; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560259]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560259]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560259; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560259']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "631142788c00e49d7966a8632dfeba73" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560259]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560259,"title":"Adjustment, Investment and the Real Exchange Rate in Developing Countries","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"World Scientific","grobid_abstract":"This review of adjustment experience suggests that sharp devaluation of the exchange rate is probably ineffective in countries exporting primary goods. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560259-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560258"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560258/A_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_trade_effect_of_product_specific_rules_of_origin"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A (more) systematic exploration of the trade effect of product-specific rules of origin" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560258/A_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_trade_effect_of_product_specific_rules_of_origin">A (more) systematic exploration of the trade effect of product-specific rules of origin</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Social Science Research Network</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). They are d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). They are designed to stop products coming into a PTA through the partner that applies the lowest tariff -a phenomenon known as trade deflection. While RoO are necessary, complex RoO may undo the benefits of trade agreements. Using a novel database of RoO, this paper evaluates the incidence and restrictiveness of different types of Product-Specific Rules of Origin (PSRs) across 128 reciprocal PTAs for the period 1990 -2015. Results, based on a structural gravity model controlling for confounding factors, display wide heterogeneity across different categories of PSRs attached to preferential margins, with more flexible PSRs associated with a significantly stronger trade effect compared to more restrictive ones where exporters do not have a choice among PSRs or have to satisfy multiple PSRs. A simulation exercise reveals that a radical simplification reform leading to the adoption of flexible PSRs providing alternative choices to prove origin would have increased global trade under PTAs on average by between 2.7 and 4 percent during the sample period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a39c4a88e73e46177541bda0921f7913" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275841,"asset_id":127560258,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275841/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a39c4a88e73e46177541bda0921f7913" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560258,"title":"A (more) systematic exploration of the trade effect of product-specific rules of origin","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Social Science Electronic Publishing","grobid_abstract":"Rules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). They are designed to stop products coming into a PTA through the partner that applies the lowest tariff -a phenomenon known as trade deflection. While RoO are necessary, complex RoO may undo the benefits of trade agreements. Using a novel database of RoO, this paper evaluates the incidence and restrictiveness of different types of Product-Specific Rules of Origin (PSRs) across 128 reciprocal PTAs for the period 1990 -2015. Results, based on a structural gravity model controlling for confounding factors, display wide heterogeneity across different categories of PSRs attached to preferential margins, with more flexible PSRs associated with a significantly stronger trade effect compared to more restrictive ones where exporters do not have a choice among PSRs or have to satisfy multiple PSRs. 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They are designed to stop products coming into a PTA through the partner that applies the lowest tariff -a phenomenon known as trade deflection. While RoO are necessary, complex RoO may undo the benefits of trade agreements. Using a novel database of RoO, this paper evaluates the incidence and restrictiveness of different types of Product-Specific Rules of Origin (PSRs) across 128 reciprocal PTAs for the period 1990 -2015. Results, based on a structural gravity model controlling for confounding factors, display wide heterogeneity across different categories of PSRs attached to preferential margins, with more flexible PSRs associated with a significantly stronger trade effect compared to more restrictive ones where exporters do not have a choice among PSRs or have to satisfy multiple PSRs. 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The fta constructed in this paper is characterized by external tari structures that are negatively correlated across member countries, ensuring e ciency gains and, through reduced average protection, compatibility with the multilateral trading system's requirements. It is also politically viable, and we demonstrate that, in the countries concerned, governments are willing to include its formation in the political agenda in spite of the fact that, in equilibrium, political contributions from producer lobbies decline after the agreement.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10b72c9f789d44647ac3f335b9cb8a4c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275839,"asset_id":127560257,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275839/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560257"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560257"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560257; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560257]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560257]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560257; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560257']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10b72c9f789d44647ac3f335b9cb8a4c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560257]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560257,"title":"Can bilateralism ease the pains of multilateral trade liberalization?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","grobid_abstract":"Using the in uence-driven approach to endogenous trade-policy determination, we show h o w a free-trade agreement ( fta) with rules of origin can work as a device to compensate losers from trade liberalization. The fta constructed in this paper is characterized by external tari structures that are negatively correlated across member countries, ensuring e ciency gains and, through reduced average protection, compatibility with the multilateral trading system's requirements. It is also politically viable, and we demonstrate that, in the countries concerned, governments are willing to include its formation in the political agenda in spite of the fact that, in equilibrium, political contributions from producer lobbies decline after the agreement.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2001,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"European Economic Review","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":121275839},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560257/Can_bilateralism_ease_the_pains_of_multilateral_trade_liberalization","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:14.017-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275839,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"776118439.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275839/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Can_bilateralism_ease_the_pains_of_multi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275839/776118439-libre.pdf?1739179060=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCan_bilateralism_ease_the_pains_of_multi.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=Hkti3oAxh4aUsr6~mdF2asZaGhkeoJFQjFiQiT~DDSIFscoutxOCpV75mzUN4ENvAyfMeJlcToyG43QzUQ6jmb~9HfdjNDadAntlRf6kfuIBGX5JDW0gmd25-lJ8UujqOG~USCQBtctwieeMkxwGyF2jjCvWxzcfH5YXuKpdiYsR2OTXLfhnBrYXJLC7gJV7XKQn4gLTvTs2Ye5EjBQsUwXjDMVU6TD2JKbgaIxL~fLpTRguNNe0PlqPOgmYh1b7dXktGKyN50dL8u-YwctJWiSc~WzuaMS-Y0LsHjcba2Q4NqnED8dg4Xc-~Q8pTXm6AJk774lV-NrTCbgv3vrbEA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Can_bilateralism_ease_the_pains_of_multilateral_trade_liberalization","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Using the in uence-driven approach to endogenous trade-policy determination, we show h o w a free-trade agreement ( fta) with rules of origin can work as a device to compensate losers from trade liberalization. The fta constructed in this paper is characterized by external tari structures that are negatively correlated across member countries, ensuring e ciency gains and, through reduced average protection, compatibility with the multilateral trading system's requirements. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560257-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560256"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560256/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560256/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence">FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Scientific Studies in International Economics</span><span>, Apr 1, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade polic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. A skeleton general equilibrium model with a non-traded good and sector-specific labour is used to explore the effects of the skill-composition of exports on FDI. The model suggests that if exports are low-skill intensive, emigration of high-skill labour leads to positive FDI, suggesting that migration and FDI are complements. Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c45119ebb97630e965c7553ded001749" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275837,"asset_id":127560256,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275837/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560256"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560256"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560256; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560256]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560256]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560256; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560256']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c45119ebb97630e965c7553ded001749" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560256]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560256,"title":"FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"World Scientific","grobid_abstract":"This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. 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Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[{"id":121275837,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"wp2008_261.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275837/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275837/wp2008_261-libre.pdf?1739179051=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=JByp4uHKoMk~hM0K6dn5ar9WW6V6dUCuSmv1C5A40pCmMcEV5mNqlyi9BiJg3YVQcZS9aIqwldwPBpBuOt1uiQ8n0-fjDzQMoJd7cW3JfI9S3PXKHVQgxpvMCWsC-fYb9-yp9m4gdVOWL4I3VyX7ML6KCLrsR6gPxjp9Ori1bz4vXCDgArU6l9xaTh71XX6o4452hYjhP~RihhipSsKeN3QY2gu~ZYMEfW-uyP2aXw0ZNwUSIT1W10u80YlYQUdJe-270GsJUKq6Z-S2mERHEl~rR-fJj2mWCiqgNB-hIlBH~3Z0rgd-hMSnn18h9nh3XL-1R0HswfdlQW7R572-uA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":121275836,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275836/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"wp2008_261.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275836/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275836/wp2008_261-libre.pdf?1739179056=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=YDypTzpswK-go2P9l70a6mraJynTzg~-Qp0rmA1UwW1wjY6jhPuRrBTGP2hDubAqI4fSfJdtm8ZqUSNlo8n0~ZQjXiJPGxp03Kb60ih1tO4m4u1a7WQLYvqqMmJdgZ5hOEZ3lfNnLDKz7N8ae4Rmsyu9wRgmzS4aDzY0HVPe8Qug85fYSNqvoc8JFLCHFu1YNZrzHmeVIGXiOg~vEtD-2EvcujNRgENjzV4sBX4Pizf8BbnlB0iHprW7k~JlkwpDMFAyj7p3d6Q9NSsD7EVipKyosb5ynKejRfso4-haSYoNhwN6BslRwKSStkV9Pem8WTf0tCCslJLe4R3CIIOh7g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration"},{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment"},{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy"},{"id":86977,"name":"Emigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emigration"},{"id":181555,"name":"Brain Drain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Drain"},{"id":404000,"name":"Cross Section","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Section"},{"id":1190050,"name":"FDI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FDI"},{"id":1630914,"name":"Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium_model"}],"urls":[{"id":46794459,"url":"http://www.dagliano.unimi.it/media/wp2008_261.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560256-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560220"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560220/Preferential_Market_Access_Design_Evidence_and_Lessons_from_African_Apparel_Exports_to_the_US_and_the_EU"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preferential Market Access Design: Evidence and Lessons from African Apparel Exports to the US and the EU" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275824/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560220/Preferential_Market_Access_Design_Evidence_and_Lessons_from_African_Apparel_Exports_to_the_US_and_the_EU">Preferential Market Access Design: Evidence and Lessons from African Apparel Exports to the US and the EU</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The World Bank eBooks</span><span>, Feb 1, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encoura...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Least developed countries rely on preferential market access. Proof of sufficient transformation has to be provided to customs in importing countries by meeting Rules of Origin requirements to benefit from these preferences. These Rules of Origin have turned out to be complicated and burdensome for exporters in the least developed countries. Starting around 2001, under the United States Africa Growth Opportunity Act, 22 African countries exporting apparel to the United States can use fabric from any origin (single transformation) and still meet the criterion for preferential access (the so-called Special Rule), while the European Union continued to require yarn to be woven into fabric and then made into This paper is a product of the Trade and Integration Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at .</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="148b2468ea5a732106e6ae1b1b3679d6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275824,"asset_id":127560220,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275824/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560220"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560220]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560220']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "148b2468ea5a732106e6ae1b1b3679d6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560220]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560220,"title":"Preferential Market Access Design: Evidence and Lessons from African Apparel Exports to the US and the EU","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"The World Bank","grobid_abstract":"The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Least developed countries rely on preferential market access. Proof of sufficient transformation has to be provided to customs in importing countries by meeting Rules of Origin requirements to benefit from these preferences. These Rules of Origin have turned out to be complicated and burdensome for exporters in the least developed countries. Starting around 2001, under the United States Africa Growth Opportunity Act, 22 African countries exporting apparel to the United States can use fabric from any origin (single transformation) and still meet the criterion for preferential access (the so-called Special Rule), while the European Union continued to require yarn to be woven into fabric and then made into This paper is a product of the Trade and Integration Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560220-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67122582"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/67122582/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_West_a_Geographical_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Rise and Fall of the West: a Geographical Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78058972/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/67122582/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_West_a_Geographical_Perspective">The Rise and Fall of the West: a Geographical Perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unine.academia.edu/NicoleMathys">Nicole Mathys</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo">jaime de Melo</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper proposes a new representation of the worldwide distribution of human population and ec...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper proposes a new representation of the worldwide distribution of human population and economic activity over two millennia. Combining the Maddison and the G-Econ databases, it tracks the evolution of the world’s demographic and economic centers of gravity during the 1-2010 period. The distributional and temporal patterns that emerge are clear and contrasted, with a stable East-Asian predominance during the first eighteen centuries, followed by a boomerang-like westward shift during the last two centuries. New turning points are identified, suggesting that the reversal of the Western shift occurred as early as the 1920s in demographic terms and in the 1950s in economic ones. JEL classification: N10, O10 and R10</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-67122582-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-67122582-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24831554/figure-1-world-demographic-center-of-gravity"><img alt="Figure | (b): World demographic (1-2010) center of gravity " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/78058972/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24831585/figure-2-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-west-geographical"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" 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Combining the Maddison and the G-Econ databases, it tracks the evolution of the world’s demographic and economic centers of gravity during the 1-2010 period. The distributional and temporal patterns that emerge are clear and contrasted, with a stable East-Asian predominance during the first eighteen centuries, followed by a boomerang-like westward shift during the last two centuries. New turning points are identified, suggesting that the reversal of the Western shift occurred as early as the 1920s in demographic terms and in the 1950s in economic ones. 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How Much to Expect?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612557/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598890/The_Critical_Mass_Approach_to_Achieve_a_Deal_on_Green_Goods_and_Services_What_is_on_the_Table_How_Much_to_Expect">The Critical Mass Approach to Achieve a Deal on Green Goods and Services: What is on the Table? How Much to Expect?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The World Bank eBooks</span><span>, Oct 1, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At the Davos forum of January 2014, a group of 14 countries pledged to launch negotiations on lib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At the Davos forum of January 2014, a group of 14 countries pledged to launch negotiations on liberalising trade in 'green goods' (also known as`environmental goods'(EGs)), focussing on the elimination of tariffs for an 'APEC list' of 54 products. The paper shows that the 'Davos group' , with an average tariff of 1.8%, has little to offer as countries have avoided submitting products with tariffs peaks for tariff reductions. Even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the 'WTO list' , taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4%, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EG products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 percent. However, because of the strong complementarities between trade in Environmental Goods and trade in Environmental Services, these should also be brought to the negotiation table even though difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope are likely to be great.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="826d6b00c1737180a02092d278de9e05" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612557,"asset_id":125598890,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612557/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598890"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598890"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598890; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598890]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598890]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598890; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598890']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "826d6b00c1737180a02092d278de9e05" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598890]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598890,"title":"The Critical Mass Approach to Achieve a Deal on Green Goods and Services: What is on the Table? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598890-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598889"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598889/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612559/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598889/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence">FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Annals of economics and statistics</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade polic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. A skeleton general equilibrium model with a non-traded good and sector-specific labour is used to explore the effects of the skill-composition of exports on FDI. The model suggests that if exports are low-skill intensive, emigration of high-skill labour leads to positive FDI, suggesting that migration and FDI are complements. Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4da33ca7080aad7b525fb44574b5d9ae" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612559,"asset_id":125598889,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612559/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598889"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598889"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598889; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598889]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598889]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598889; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598889']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4da33ca7080aad7b525fb44574b5d9ae" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598889]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598889,"title":"FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies","grobid_abstract":"This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. 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Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[{"id":119612559,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612559/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"wp2008_261.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612559/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119612559/wp2008_261-libre.pdf?1731772969=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=RNhMxFVoClANF85xBcDviyafjcZWJtdhejIgvWKNfTm6ZXpWj0B225UKiHhE17n4MwCPM03wJZe9W38gBKcGSeJ2Zyo34TIzZ8owI950EUtSRoaFiB6Z~9wSs~p6lQg2pWWy~KW5Z3PTcaFcUL3SEobozneuAeiPgq2Hk6wVCZpfoRZKnQwl0PwzvBjoHgcEo89iscYJdd-q6NcgxJM1KDCETkHMM7MVFdvzhduT0tUs0NtC3s2KBfha3k5AOf4xr8YTfUgMpjePOifNhwt0LWadSfPl2QgnGj7AQATpxTr~7hjnA2~BpwXy8SwGuhCaV6RKEh17-gVSjGrr~HhRhQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics"},{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment"},{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy"},{"id":181555,"name":"Brain Drain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Drain"},{"id":404000,"name":"Cross Section","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Section"},{"id":1630914,"name":"Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium_model"}],"urls":[{"id":45648470,"url":"https://www.dagliano.unimi.it/media/wp2008_261.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598889-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598888"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598888/The_Elimination_Of_Madagascars_Vanilla_Marketing_Board_Ten_Years_On"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Elimination Of Madagascar's Vanilla Marketing Board, Ten Years On" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612556/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598888/The_Elimination_Of_Madagascars_Vanilla_Marketing_Board_Ten_Years_On">The Elimination Of Madagascar's Vanilla Marketing Board, Ten Years On</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The World Bank eBooks</span><span>, Aug 15, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores how the elimination of Madagascar's Marketing Board (MB) in 1995 affected pri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores how the elimination of Madagascar's Marketing Board (MB) in 1995 affected prices paid to farmers, incentives, and regional indicators of poverty and inequality. After steadily losing market share, Madagascar has been able to regain some of the lost ground since the mid-1990s. Margins between FOB and farmgate prices have spectacularly narrowed down, but this effect is dwarfed by that of world-price volatility. A counterfactual analysis based on a model of Cournot competition between vanilla traders suggests that whatever limited competition there is among them has contributed to raise purchase prices and the cash income of vanilla farmers. However the effect on farmers' consumption remains small because a large part of it is self-consumed. The effect on aggregate measures of poverty and inequality is even smaller, even at the regional level. After taking into account the reduction in Madagascar's monopoly power on the world vanilla market implied by the elimination of the MB, the induced rise in producer prices is estimated to have lifted about 20,000 individuals out of poverty.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aa995bd219455eeffdaa88dc6006a994" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612556,"asset_id":125598888,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612556/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598888"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598888"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598888; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598888]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598888]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598888; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598888']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "aa995bd219455eeffdaa88dc6006a994" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598888]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598888,"title":"The Elimination Of Madagascar's Vanilla Marketing Board, Ten Years On","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"The World Bank","grobid_abstract":"This paper explores how the elimination of Madagascar's Marketing Board (MB) in 1995 affected prices paid to farmers, incentives, and regional indicators of poverty and inequality. 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After steadily losing market share, Madagascar has been able to regain some of the lost ground since the mid-1990s. Margins between FOB and farmgate prices have spectacularly narrowed down, but this effect is dwarfed by that of world-price volatility. A counterfactual analysis based on a model of Cournot competition between vanilla traders suggests that whatever limited competition there is among them has contributed to raise purchase prices and the cash income of vanilla farmers. However the effect on farmers' consumption remains small because a large part of it is self-consumed. The effect on aggregate measures of poverty and inequality is even smaller, even at the regional level. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598888-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598887"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598887/Trade_Related_Institutions_and_Development"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Trade-Related Institutions and Development" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612554/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598887/Trade_Related_Institutions_and_Development">Trade-Related Institutions and Development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Princeton University Press eBooks</span><span>, Jan 21, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The paper focuses on the role played by Trade Related Institutions (TRIs) in shaping trade flows ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The paper focuses on the role played by Trade Related Institutions (TRIs) in shaping trade flows and their development impact in low-income countries and how these TRIs are shaped by international trade. Three types of TRIs are examined: i) trade agreements; ii) trade promotion organizations; and iii) private TRIs, i.e. fair trade labelling, trading platforms and reputation mechanisms. Recent research reviewed for each type of TRI is then followed by suggestions for further work.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="607d07c47fe823402b862b1aec93a958" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612554,"asset_id":125598887,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612554/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598887"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598887"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598887; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598887]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598887; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598887']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "607d07c47fe823402b862b1aec93a958" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598887]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598887,"title":"Trade-Related Institutions and Development","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Princeton University Press","grobid_abstract":"The paper focuses on the role played by Trade Related Institutions (TRIs) in shaping trade flows and their development impact in low-income countries and how these TRIs are shaped by international trade. 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Supply chain trade both at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and across RECs are to spearhead the AfCFTA. Indicators of Global Value Chains (GVC) participation show that even though the EAC and other African RECs have increased their participation in GVCs over the period 1990-2015 surpassing MERCOSUR they still lag behind the ASEAN region. There has also been little improvement in the participation of African RECs in Regional Value Chains (RVCs). This outcome is not due to a lack of ambition. Indeed, African Regional Economic Communities (RECs) have prioritized strengthening deeper RVC integration as a stepping stone to their development. The EAC has gone as far as targeting specific value chains: cotton, wood and paper, food and beverages among others, but with very little to show for it so far; only 1.7% of total gross exports of the EAC are related to RVCs. This is in contrast to ASEAN (17.2%), MERCOSUR (4.6%) and SADC (3%); within the EAC, Rwanda has made impressive progress while Uganda has underperformed. * We thank Ana Fernandes and Melise Jaud for sharing their classification of GVC participation and Alessandro Borin and Michele Mancini for sharing their methodology and data used to measure value chains and Hubert Escaith, Richard Newfarmer,</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="11e6f2e4bddcb9273accf679eeb95b11" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612552,"asset_id":125598886,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612552/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598886"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598886"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598886; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598886]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598886]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598886; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598886']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "11e6f2e4bddcb9273accf679eeb95b11" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598886]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598886,"title":"Supply chain trade in East Africa: Prospects and challenges*","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","grobid_abstract":"Deeper regional integration is the main objective of the recently launched Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). 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Supply chain trade both at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and across RECs are to spearhead the AfCFTA. Indicators of Global Value Chains (GVC) participation show that even though the EAC and other African RECs have increased their participation in GVCs over the period 1990-2015 surpassing MERCOSUR they still lag behind the ASEAN region. There has also been little improvement in the participation of African RECs in Regional Value Chains (RVCs). This outcome is not due to a lack of ambition. Indeed, African Regional Economic Communities (RECs) have prioritized strengthening deeper RVC integration as a stepping stone to their development. The EAC has gone as far as targeting specific value chains: cotton, wood and paper, food and beverages among others, but with very little to show for it so far; only 1.7% of total gross exports of the EAC are related to RVCs. 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This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See <a href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years" rel="nofollow">http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598885"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598885"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598885; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598885]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598885]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598885; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598885']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598885]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598885,"title":"Improving EU Market Access for Jordanian Exports","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A request for relaxing current Rules of Origin (RoO) under the EU-Jordan FTA have been proposed under a EU/friends of Jordan initiative. This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years","publisher":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":10,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics"},"translated_abstract":"A request for relaxing current Rules of Origin (RoO) under the EU-Jordan FTA have been proposed under a EU/friends of Jordan initiative. This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125598885/Improving_EU_Market_Access_for_Jordanian_Exports","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-11-16T07:25:17.202-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Improving_EU_Market_Access_for_Jordanian_Exports","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A request for relaxing current Rules of Origin (RoO) under the EU-Jordan FTA have been proposed under a EU/friends of Jordan initiative. This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":81964,"name":"Clothing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clothing"},{"id":352474,"name":"Rules of Origin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rules_of_Origin"},{"id":913924,"name":"Preference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Preference"},{"id":1424812,"name":"Market Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Access"}],"urls":[{"id":45648466,"url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/fdiwpaper/3314.htm"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598885-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598884"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598884/A_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Gains_for_the_South"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Free Trade Area of The Americas: Any Gains for the South?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612568/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598884/A_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Gains_for_the_South">A Free Trade Area of The Americas: Any Gains for the South?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Building on the experience of NAFTA, and assuming that rules of origin (RoO) negotiated under NAF...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Building on the experience of NAFTA, and assuming that rules of origin (RoO) negotiated under NAFTA are likely to resemble those that would be agreed upon in an FTAA, this paper discusses how different RoO criteria would affect different Southern partners in a multi-stage production setting. Next, we use a combination of parametric and non-parametric methods to estimate the costs of RoO under NAFTA for Mexican exports to US based on NAFTA's utilization rates and preference margins in the US market, at the HS-6 level. Finally, we carry out illustrative simulations for Southern producers to estimate the levels of RoO and tariff preference which leaves these producers indifferent to exporting to Northern members under the regional preferential tariff rate or the MFN rate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="763ec2e19bd56194e5563b271202f7df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612568,"asset_id":125598884,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612568/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598884"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598884"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598884; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598884]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598884]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598884; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598884']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "763ec2e19bd56194e5563b271202f7df" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598884]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598884,"title":"A Free Trade Area of The Americas: Any Gains for the South?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Building on the experience of NAFTA, and assuming that rules of origin (RoO) negotiated under NAFTA are likely to resemble those that would be agreed upon in an FTAA, this paper discusses how different RoO criteria would affect different Southern partners in a multi-stage production setting. 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In 2013-14, in response to demand from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, IGC Liberia conducted a research study into the welfare and revenue effects of Liberia's adoption of the ECOWAS common external tariff (CET). This work was well-received by the government and they requested further analysis to understand the implications of additional mechanisms that will affect the transition path towards the CET. This project modelled the strategies Liberia can employ as it adjusts to the ECOWAS CET through the use of transitioning taxes. It updates the earlier analysis using 2013 customs data, raises issues of clarification that are not addressed in the ECOWAS regulations, describes Liberia's tariff structure in relation to the adopted CET, and outlines options the government can pursue when applying for temporary adjustment measures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="306d790476ec9a35f43d21beb6f53a58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612567,"asset_id":125598883,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612567/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598883"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598883"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598883; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598883]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598883]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598883; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598883']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "306d790476ec9a35f43d21beb6f53a58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598883]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598883,"title":"Preparing for the ECOWAS CET: Options for Liberia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The objective of ECOWAS is to promote economic integration in West Africa and is likely to have an important impact on the Liberian economy. 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It updates the earlier analysis using 2013 customs data, raises issues of clarification that are not addressed in the ECOWAS regulations, describes Liberia's tariff structure in relation to the adopted CET, and outlines options the government can pursue when applying for temporary adjustment measures.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":119612567},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125598883/Preparing_for_the_ECOWAS_CET_Options_for_Liberia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-11-16T07:25:16.327-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119612567,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612567/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"de-Melo-et-al-2015-Project-memo-1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612567/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Preparing_for_the_ECOWAS_CET_Options_for.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119612567/de-Melo-et-al-2015-Project-memo-1-libre.pdf?1731772958=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPreparing_for_the_ECOWAS_CET_Options_for.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=X18Hv3In5MsFtB6zhTdLUcvUenwWld~rlt3eSAoG16qh7aXsigmU9Yvf0IL-Nddwv7evp-tgqmUZEG6cj9FompMl7UfYyVESEQ0tqfNpi6EPwibq31AwdfIIMg-Q1kLOPIRTu2fOyeBt9LnSuqsyuB446IKjiPI3~a7yNbK0JUn1DFcBFa4AMCZMyiiuY5HNpcBTpY8Vc8nezdpe34mRSe8W4v-3tDBwdeziDFKoLt2XT6KTwxBbFZ52XN~4DMWypp23jjsDeylN0YGIreW-Txbmzo2O5~W~SrvL-J6eNphKF8lNNloNn8a8n3~O49EULPJexEP9a4jBiWYUDynstw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Preparing_for_the_ECOWAS_CET_Options_for_Liberia","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The objective of ECOWAS is to promote economic integration in West Africa and is likely to have an important impact on the Liberian economy. In 2013-14, in response to demand from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, IGC Liberia conducted a research study into the welfare and revenue effects of Liberia's adoption of the ECOWAS common external tariff (CET). This work was well-received by the government and they requested further analysis to understand the implications of additional mechanisms that will affect the transition path towards the CET. This project modelled the strategies Liberia can employ as it adjusts to the ECOWAS CET through the use of transitioning taxes. 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In Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, the first RTAs were established as mechanisms that would facilitate the continent's unity in post-colonial times. Even today, the majority of African RTAs go beyond the economic objectives of increased industrialisation and trade, aiming at promoting democracy, preventing regional conflicts, harmonising institutional development, etc.1 The economic performance of most African RTAs has not met the expectations of member countries, partly due to below-potential market integration that reflects high trade barriers. However, beyond the removal of trade barriers, when combined with political benefits, the potential deep-integration outcomes of RTAs in Africa can substantially contribute to the inclusion of these economies in global value chains.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="85ed74df9bce5f5a1219a95a413fc5d3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612569,"asset_id":125598882,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612569/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598882"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598882"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598882; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598882]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598882]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598882; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598882']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "85ed74df9bce5f5a1219a95a413fc5d3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598882]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598882,"title":"Regional trade agreements in Africa: Success or failure?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have been proliferating in the past three decades, reflecting among other things the increasing involvement of developing economies in international trade. 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(2008) prepared under fundin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">and CEPR * This is a revised and shortened version of Carrère et al. (2008) prepared under funding from the World Bank. We thank Olivier Cadot, Mona Haddad, Richard Newfarmer and Marcelo Olarreaga for comments on an earlier draft. All remaining errors are our own.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="53d6b208933de6d8d532bd5f6907a072" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275850,"asset_id":127560264,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275850/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560264"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560264]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560264']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "53d6b208933de6d8d532bd5f6907a072" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560264]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560264,"title":"The Doha Round and Market Access for LDCs: Scenarios for the EU and US Markets","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Nature","grobid_abstract":"and CEPR * This is a revised and shortened version of Carrère et al. 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How much should we expect?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The critical mass approach to achieve a deal on green goods and services: what is on the table? How much should we expect?</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Environment and Development Economics</span><span>, Sep 15, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing tr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560263"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560263"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560263; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560263]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560263]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560263; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560263']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560263]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560263,"title":"The critical mass approach to achieve a deal on green goods and services: what is on the table? 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Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publication_date":{"day":15,"month":9,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Environment and Development Economics"},"translated_abstract":"In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560263/The_critical_mass_approach_to_achieve_a_deal_on_green_goods_and_services_what_is_on_the_table_How_much_should_we_expect","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:15.591-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_critical_mass_approach_to_achieve_a_deal_on_green_goods_and_services_what_is_on_the_table_How_much_should_we_expect","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. 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Arguments for the existence of an "immigration surplus" are reviewed and followed by an interpretative survey of the principal contributions of the political economy literature, emphasising the role of the determinants of individual preferences in a direct democracy framework. A median voter model is grafted on several variants of a specific-factor open-economy model to discuss several recent changes in attitudes towards immigration (a stiffened stance, especially towards the unskilled) and in national policies ("melting-pot" vs. guest-worker programs, coexistence of legal and illegal immigrants, lax enforcement towards illegals).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a83e724b25e1ef1c991e72ae409d50fd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275849,"asset_id":127560262,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275849/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560262"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560262"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560262; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560262]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560262]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560262; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560262']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a83e724b25e1ef1c991e72ae409d50fd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560262]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560262,"title":"The Political Economy of International Migration in a Ricardo–Viner Model","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"World Scientific","grobid_abstract":"Determinants of national policies towards immigration are analysed in the context of an economy open to international trade. 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A median voter model is grafted on several variants of a specific-factor open-economy model to discuss several recent changes in attitudes towards immigration (a stiffened stance, especially towards the unskilled) and in national policies (\"melting-pot\" vs. guest-worker programs, coexistence of legal and illegal immigrants, lax enforcement towards illegals).","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":4,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"World Scientific Studies in International Economics","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":121275848},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560262/The_Political_Economy_of_International_Migration_in_a_Ricardo_Viner_Model","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:15.311-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275849,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"ATTACHMENT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275849/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275849/ATTACHMENT01-libre.pdf?1739179050=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=IpvYPbmpXznOpny8SFpqU5mp8ECRF8ynCD5dPFILi9R3XGM4fudxoQaDV3sJ8mC2ycTTLgCU9wJsmfbWYpd0KL-zSthZVqnxLaLb-hEcs0pg0lBcmOWvCcKHFOHX94n2pneUT2POZhtZdxGJ66VI1b5Do1bbLKaEYE8Wk-SIZYTdH0bg9cSq9VLFbhojI1~OKR5eSdyuVXkyQlVHLP6gwErrlJ89ThfSDqUYAGCAJNRvPbqSU2D3tAYkyGZWk~BnwFC8N--HZd5yQIptWckE2zVP~fgWtSg0H2SCjkk2N~1JlxiUQvNNKqRaKPt0PpBC-exg8tyQ6EME7eU9UOYqqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Political_Economy_of_International_Migration_in_a_Ricardo_Viner_Model","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Determinants of national policies towards immigration are analysed in the context of an economy open to international trade. Arguments for the existence of an \"immigration surplus\" are reviewed and followed by an interpretative survey of the principal contributions of the political economy literature, emphasising the role of the determinants of individual preferences in a direct democracy framework. A median voter model is grafted on several variants of a specific-factor open-economy model to discuss several recent changes in attitudes towards immigration (a stiffened stance, especially towards the unskilled) and in national policies (\"melting-pot\" vs. guest-worker programs, coexistence of legal and illegal immigrants, lax enforcement towards illegals).","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[{"id":121275849,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"ATTACHMENT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275849/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275849/ATTACHMENT01-libre.pdf?1739179050=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=IpvYPbmpXznOpny8SFpqU5mp8ECRF8ynCD5dPFILi9R3XGM4fudxoQaDV3sJ8mC2ycTTLgCU9wJsmfbWYpd0KL-zSthZVqnxLaLb-hEcs0pg0lBcmOWvCcKHFOHX94n2pneUT2POZhtZdxGJ66VI1b5Do1bbLKaEYE8Wk-SIZYTdH0bg9cSq9VLFbhojI1~OKR5eSdyuVXkyQlVHLP6gwErrlJ89ThfSDqUYAGCAJNRvPbqSU2D3tAYkyGZWk~BnwFC8N--HZd5yQIptWckE2zVP~fgWtSg0H2SCjkk2N~1JlxiUQvNNKqRaKPt0PpBC-exg8tyQ6EME7eU9UOYqqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":121275848,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"ATTACHMENT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275848/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275848/ATTACHMENT01-libre.pdf?1739179050=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Political_Economy_of_International_M.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=PmmbPlSjRiVhmLRBqbbIS8CoMfsGuc4dz7iSCyW0hGut1Q1eQS1GMnfR0kdupVPnsu9OLIymp9nGjBxFNJsW-iYWI0cuKoHd~RHGyI1nqfYhZX9frhFKmyQNVAZq2vzuRrpYJlZx4K6DebjF7QCad0l8rRSHcJl2eFEgadTxeeut0Il9qjdaO2YzEl7QVxWFdtZB6ZO741eFAbUDzK7F7DFQxgoR0tg5iJ3W7kiDBy01Z2OEpQbOtPkLdvJkI1O1ha6~ZVKKuyL2G8RxRq4twfzv4LMYBlAMOsXIal~aKxPVfs~1HArJM4U5akzT1i5ymJF4Ht2DOBZwiJSbvkK8Jg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":3843,"name":"Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy"},{"id":78830,"name":"Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enforcement"},{"id":186729,"name":"Open Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Economy"},{"id":2755978,"name":"Small Open Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Open_Economy"}],"urls":[{"id":46794465,"url":"https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:35480/ATTACHMENT01"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560262-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560261"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560261/Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Openness, inequality and poverty: Endowments matter" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275847/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560261/Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter">Openness, inequality and poverty: Endowments matter</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of International Trade & Economic Development</span><span>, Sep 1, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in non-tradable activities) is high raises inequality. In our sample, countries with very low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="710e3379e5c9464543e6acd715833464" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275847,"asset_id":127560261,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275847/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560261"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560261"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560261; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560261]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560261]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560261; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560261']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "710e3379e5c9464543e6acd715833464" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560261]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560261,"title":"Openness, inequality and poverty: Endowments matter","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","grobid_abstract":"Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in non-tradable activities) is high raises inequality. In our sample, countries with very low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":9,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of International Trade \u0026 Economic Development","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":121275846},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560261/Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:15.091-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275847,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275847/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"wps3981.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275847/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275847/wps3981-libre.pdf?1739179059=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOpenness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=B2TKkgnPmCR8OeCu79aIvmwW4zAEv97OkYmX5xwxyfy7O4vB8oSKeEzkiY3nvN0xCSnVE7YT1w6BuLVveyc78QpqyllgwKINRwmnDOVO4~26HcRx1DH5AtLcFZLCoU7JO2mxGZY45nt1bIvEUv1s8EQ0DxkrUOPrCptXETPtSRB8~-v7v00M12UfRejRm2UiDfbJZBiA7fnX0MOu0HgLxd1CGvK2QP68SE3wDBfutNqwv2hKiVHvHggOUqm~OX6~Wvww3yrVG6k27J2uh3AuW39lv3VQMeBqGFt0FJn~FqIEkFWPCne-TgwHuQQxlCNkqRzwGkiBarExfafvYCHGvg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowments_matter","translated_slug":"","page_count":51,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in non-tradable activities) is high raises inequality. In our sample, countries with very low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[{"id":121275847,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275847/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"wps3981.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275847/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275847/wps3981-libre.pdf?1739179059=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOpenness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=B2TKkgnPmCR8OeCu79aIvmwW4zAEv97OkYmX5xwxyfy7O4vB8oSKeEzkiY3nvN0xCSnVE7YT1w6BuLVveyc78QpqyllgwKINRwmnDOVO4~26HcRx1DH5AtLcFZLCoU7JO2mxGZY45nt1bIvEUv1s8EQ0DxkrUOPrCptXETPtSRB8~-v7v00M12UfRejRm2UiDfbJZBiA7fnX0MOu0HgLxd1CGvK2QP68SE3wDBfutNqwv2hKiVHvHggOUqm~OX6~Wvww3yrVG6k27J2uh3AuW39lv3VQMeBqGFt0FJn~FqIEkFWPCne-TgwHuQQxlCNkqRzwGkiBarExfafvYCHGvg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":121275846,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"wps3981.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275846/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Openness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275846/wps3981-libre.pdf?1739179065=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOpenness_inequality_and_poverty_Endowmen.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685981\u0026Signature=LE7mGNEGuLrhRwXWqNsT8Vo4owlyzPV-zrS8wuKczN8ohj9ZCMgT1uz3pF~dw4hic4g8KsZ2fUAgf~STJAu~~z-cJ~KitNdbtBf8ZHcFQKUQsRyv27f43Iiicb7PWjE-cEj8X2cry2qec9rSEuKxPRygumpFT-NnZcsoao~tfcyZJkDuUBkOkG-3m3DdoNDg-AWlqEqKmpXY3VmWjrH4fMuwvWTTbkXJ-2xjJkTNZl~aUYn85hnkV4GyLLUMaxgEt7jSLgYpHlSqygWdd103R7bs2VB3iRYdaN0ow3C0N2N1pbL-pfqR1m8nQTH8k8TdZTiQ47GfNGiSsci5tPboSQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty"},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade"},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory"},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics"},{"id":39038,"name":"Free Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Trade"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality"},{"id":69856,"name":"Social Science Research Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science_Research_Network"},{"id":71228,"name":"Trade Liberalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Liberalization"},{"id":73606,"name":"World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World"},{"id":88382,"name":"Primary Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Education"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":294079,"name":"Labor Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Force"},{"id":332562,"name":"Openness to experience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Openness_to_experience"},{"id":411488,"name":"Factor endowment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Factor_endowment"},{"id":600412,"name":"Low Income Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Income_Countries"},{"id":1203795,"name":"Gini Coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gini_Coefficient"}],"urls":[{"id":46794464,"url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/10986/8372/1/wps3981.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560261-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560260"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560260/Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environment_to_shape_Mauritius_future_in_a_COVID_19_landscape"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Education and Protection of the Environment to shape Mauritius’ future in a COVID-19 landscape" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560260/Education_and_Protection_of_the_Environment_to_shape_Mauritius_future_in_a_COVID_19_landscape">Education and Protection of the Environment to shape Mauritius’ future in a COVID-19 landscape</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)</span><span>, Nov 13, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In a span of fifty years, Mauritius has reached high-income status according to the World Bank cr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In a span of fifty years, Mauritius has reached high-income status according to the World Bank criterion. Key to this success was the combination of: (i) effective policies; (ii) resilience to shocks; (iii) adaptation to changing external events cemented by close collaboration between Government, the private sector, unions, and civil society. These actors will need to continue to collaborate on the new challenges: (i) restoring trust in the Government following the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath; (ii) facing the 4th industrial revolution; (iii) shifting to a development path that arrests the deterioration in the environment.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c683ace73e8eace6b8d3c50c88021a49" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275844,"asset_id":127560260,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275844/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560260"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560260"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560260; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560260]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560260; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560260']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c683ace73e8eace6b8d3c50c88021a49" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560260]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560260,"title":"Education and Protection of the Environment to shape Mauritius’ future in a COVID-19 landscape","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","grobid_abstract":"In a span of fifty years, Mauritius has reached high-income status according to the World Bank criterion. 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To encourage investment, adjustment packages must do more to ensure a stable macroeconomic environment and appropriate debt relief. ThePolicy, Research. and Extemal Affairs Complex distributes PREWorking Papers todisseminatethe findings of work inprogress and to encourage the exchange of ideas among Bank staff and a other interested in development issues. lbese papers carry the names of the authors, Teflect only their views, and should be used and cited accoidingly. The rindings, interprctations, and conclusions are the authors' own. They should not be attributed to the World Bank. its Board of Directors, its managemcnt, or any of its member countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="631142788c00e49d7966a8632dfeba73" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275843,"asset_id":127560259,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275843/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560259"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560259"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560259; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560259]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560259]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560259; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560259']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "631142788c00e49d7966a8632dfeba73" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560259]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560259,"title":"Adjustment, Investment and the Real Exchange Rate in Developing Countries","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"World Scientific","grobid_abstract":"This review of adjustment experience suggests that sharp devaluation of the exchange rate is probably ineffective in countries exporting primary goods. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560259-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560258"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560258/A_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_trade_effect_of_product_specific_rules_of_origin"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A (more) systematic exploration of the trade effect of product-specific rules of origin" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560258/A_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_trade_effect_of_product_specific_rules_of_origin">A (more) systematic exploration of the trade effect of product-specific rules of origin</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Social Science Research Network</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). They are d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). They are designed to stop products coming into a PTA through the partner that applies the lowest tariff -a phenomenon known as trade deflection. While RoO are necessary, complex RoO may undo the benefits of trade agreements. Using a novel database of RoO, this paper evaluates the incidence and restrictiveness of different types of Product-Specific Rules of Origin (PSRs) across 128 reciprocal PTAs for the period 1990 -2015. Results, based on a structural gravity model controlling for confounding factors, display wide heterogeneity across different categories of PSRs attached to preferential margins, with more flexible PSRs associated with a significantly stronger trade effect compared to more restrictive ones where exporters do not have a choice among PSRs or have to satisfy multiple PSRs. A simulation exercise reveals that a radical simplification reform leading to the adoption of flexible PSRs providing alternative choices to prove origin would have increased global trade under PTAs on average by between 2.7 and 4 percent during the sample period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a39c4a88e73e46177541bda0921f7913" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275841,"asset_id":127560258,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275841/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a39c4a88e73e46177541bda0921f7913" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560258,"title":"A (more) systematic exploration of the trade effect of product-specific rules of origin","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Social Science Electronic Publishing","grobid_abstract":"Rules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). 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A simulation exercise reveals that a radical simplification reform leading to the adoption of flexible PSRs providing alternative choices to prove origin would have increased global trade under PTAs on average by between 2.7 and 4 percent during the sample period.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2023,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Social Science Research Network","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":121275841},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127560258/A_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_trade_effect_of_product_specific_rules_of_origin","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:25:14.359-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275841,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"document.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275841/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_tra.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121275841/document-libre.pdf?1739179222=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_tra.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=MUZSKBKfMdDtI2u3w4YCmez5ldLzsnZl~YgKXyJJfev8h1Pg7Y~3Yew~PDszsiqPt3tS2tDdm7DYdMfFb1qoTiXi3ZBrtcNiyxkyQ8dcXWaBd4zaJaHu3mvFv4K5qZemdxoCxiPkUihSrLquIkGLecA0O1vXZy6E2XbEYQ-9tfjNeGXr3eLm~MhZgTH4bjSu-bITIJzAlk-UPMlyKY1hl3GkN5tkNHVgHoKx5AfWTcmteMTh5lR2pyed2D1e~nQ9djnB~OLQO1eScM3s-RnLM03tGrPL9sh6MqYFwMhpcJX6BQi7dmchIJE9e-RguFj9mRF9Jry36OKJgjDzTXLyyQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_more_systematic_exploration_of_the_trade_effect_of_product_specific_rules_of_origin","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Rules of Origin (RoO) are critical components of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). They are designed to stop products coming into a PTA through the partner that applies the lowest tariff -a phenomenon known as trade deflection. While RoO are necessary, complex RoO may undo the benefits of trade agreements. Using a novel database of RoO, this paper evaluates the incidence and restrictiveness of different types of Product-Specific Rules of Origin (PSRs) across 128 reciprocal PTAs for the period 1990 -2015. Results, based on a structural gravity model controlling for confounding factors, display wide heterogeneity across different categories of PSRs attached to preferential margins, with more flexible PSRs associated with a significantly stronger trade effect compared to more restrictive ones where exporters do not have a choice among PSRs or have to satisfy multiple PSRs. 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The fta constructed in this paper is characterized by external tari structures that are negatively correlated across member countries, ensuring e ciency gains and, through reduced average protection, compatibility with the multilateral trading system's requirements. It is also politically viable, and we demonstrate that, in the countries concerned, governments are willing to include its formation in the political agenda in spite of the fact that, in equilibrium, political contributions from producer lobbies decline after the agreement.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10b72c9f789d44647ac3f335b9cb8a4c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275839,"asset_id":127560257,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275839/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560257"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560257"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560257; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560257]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560257]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560257; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560257']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10b72c9f789d44647ac3f335b9cb8a4c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560257]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560257,"title":"Can bilateralism ease the pains of multilateral trade liberalization?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","grobid_abstract":"Using the in uence-driven approach to endogenous trade-policy determination, we show h o w a free-trade agreement ( fta) with rules of origin can work as a device to compensate losers from trade liberalization. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560257-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560256"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560256/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560256/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence">FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Scientific Studies in International Economics</span><span>, Apr 1, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade polic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. A skeleton general equilibrium model with a non-traded good and sector-specific labour is used to explore the effects of the skill-composition of exports on FDI. The model suggests that if exports are low-skill intensive, emigration of high-skill labour leads to positive FDI, suggesting that migration and FDI are complements. Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c45119ebb97630e965c7553ded001749" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275837,"asset_id":127560256,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275837/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560256"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560256"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560256; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560256]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560256]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560256; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560256']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c45119ebb97630e965c7553ded001749" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560256]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560256,"title":"FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"World Scientific","grobid_abstract":"This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. 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A skeleton general equilibrium model with a non-traded good and sector-specific labour is used to explore the effects of the skill-composition of exports on FDI. The model suggests that if exports are low-skill intensive, emigration of high-skill labour leads to positive FDI, suggesting that migration and FDI are complements. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560256-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127560220"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560220/Preferential_Market_Access_Design_Evidence_and_Lessons_from_African_Apparel_Exports_to_the_US_and_the_EU"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preferential Market Access Design: Evidence and Lessons from African Apparel Exports to the US and the EU" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121275824/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127560220/Preferential_Market_Access_Design_Evidence_and_Lessons_from_African_Apparel_Exports_to_the_US_and_the_EU">Preferential Market Access Design: Evidence and Lessons from African Apparel Exports to the US and the EU</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The World Bank eBooks</span><span>, Feb 1, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encoura...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Least developed countries rely on preferential market access. Proof of sufficient transformation has to be provided to customs in importing countries by meeting Rules of Origin requirements to benefit from these preferences. These Rules of Origin have turned out to be complicated and burdensome for exporters in the least developed countries. Starting around 2001, under the United States Africa Growth Opportunity Act, 22 African countries exporting apparel to the United States can use fabric from any origin (single transformation) and still meet the criterion for preferential access (the so-called Special Rule), while the European Union continued to require yarn to be woven into fabric and then made into This paper is a product of the Trade and Integration Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at .</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="148b2468ea5a732106e6ae1b1b3679d6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275824,"asset_id":127560220,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275824/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127560220"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127560220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127560220]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127560220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127560220']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "148b2468ea5a732106e6ae1b1b3679d6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127560220]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127560220,"title":"Preferential Market Access Design: Evidence and Lessons from African Apparel Exports to the US and the EU","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"The World Bank","grobid_abstract":"The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-127560220-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67122582"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/67122582/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_West_a_Geographical_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Rise and Fall of the West: a Geographical Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78058972/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/67122582/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_West_a_Geographical_Perspective">The Rise and Fall of the West: a Geographical Perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unine.academia.edu/NicoleMathys">Nicole Mathys</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo">jaime de Melo</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper proposes a new representation of the worldwide distribution of human population and ec...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper proposes a new representation of the worldwide distribution of human population and economic activity over two millennia. Combining the Maddison and the G-Econ databases, it tracks the evolution of the world’s demographic and economic centers of gravity during the 1-2010 period. The distributional and temporal patterns that emerge are clear and contrasted, with a stable East-Asian predominance during the first eighteen centuries, followed by a boomerang-like westward shift during the last two centuries. New turning points are identified, suggesting that the reversal of the Western shift occurred as early as the 1920s in demographic terms and in the 1950s in economic ones. JEL classification: N10, O10 and R10</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-67122582-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-67122582-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24831554/figure-1-world-demographic-center-of-gravity"><img alt="Figure | (b): World demographic (1-2010) center of gravity " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/78058972/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24831585/figure-2-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-west-geographical"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/78058972/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24831592/figure-3-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-west-geographical"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/78058972/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24831603/figure-3-average-between-and-within-continent-effects"><img alt="Figure 3: Average between and within-continent effects " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/78058972/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24831605/figure-5-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-west-geographical"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/78058972/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a 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How Much to Expect?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612557/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598890/The_Critical_Mass_Approach_to_Achieve_a_Deal_on_Green_Goods_and_Services_What_is_on_the_Table_How_Much_to_Expect">The Critical Mass Approach to Achieve a Deal on Green Goods and Services: What is on the Table? How Much to Expect?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The World Bank eBooks</span><span>, Oct 1, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At the Davos forum of January 2014, a group of 14 countries pledged to launch negotiations on lib...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At the Davos forum of January 2014, a group of 14 countries pledged to launch negotiations on liberalising trade in 'green goods' (also known as`environmental goods'(EGs)), focussing on the elimination of tariffs for an 'APEC list' of 54 products. The paper shows that the 'Davos group' , with an average tariff of 1.8%, has little to offer as countries have avoided submitting products with tariffs peaks for tariff reductions. Even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the 'WTO list' , taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4%, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EG products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 percent. However, because of the strong complementarities between trade in Environmental Goods and trade in Environmental Services, these should also be brought to the negotiation table even though difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope are likely to be great.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="826d6b00c1737180a02092d278de9e05" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612557,"asset_id":125598890,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612557/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598890"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598890"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598890; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598890]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598890]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598890; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598890']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "826d6b00c1737180a02092d278de9e05" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598890]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598890,"title":"The Critical Mass Approach to Achieve a Deal on Green Goods and Services: What is on the Table? How Much to Expect?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"The World Bank","grobid_abstract":"At the Davos forum of January 2014, a group of 14 countries pledged to launch negotiations on liberalising trade in 'green goods' (also known as`environmental goods'(EGs)), focussing on the elimination of tariffs for an 'APEC list' of 54 products. The paper shows that the 'Davos group' , with an average tariff of 1.8%, has little to offer as countries have avoided submitting products with tariffs peaks for tariff reductions. Even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the 'WTO list' , taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4%, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EG products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 percent. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598890-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598889"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598889/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612559/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598889/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence">FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Annals of economics and statistics</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade polic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. A skeleton general equilibrium model with a non-traded good and sector-specific labour is used to explore the effects of the skill-composition of exports on FDI. The model suggests that if exports are low-skill intensive, emigration of high-skill labour leads to positive FDI, suggesting that migration and FDI are complements. Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4da33ca7080aad7b525fb44574b5d9ae" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612559,"asset_id":125598889,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612559/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598889"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598889"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598889; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598889]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598889]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598889; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598889']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4da33ca7080aad7b525fb44574b5d9ae" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598889]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598889,"title":"FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies","grobid_abstract":"This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. A skeleton general equilibrium model with a non-traded good and sector-specific labour is used to explore the effects of the skill-composition of exports on FDI. The model suggests that if exports are low-skill intensive, emigration of high-skill labour leads to positive FDI, suggesting that migration and FDI are complements. Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Annals of economics and statistics","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":119612559},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125598889/FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-11-16T07:25:19.891-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119612559,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612559/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"wp2008_261.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612559/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119612559/wp2008_261-libre.pdf?1731772969=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=RNhMxFVoClANF85xBcDviyafjcZWJtdhejIgvWKNfTm6ZXpWj0B225UKiHhE17n4MwCPM03wJZe9W38gBKcGSeJ2Zyo34TIzZ8owI950EUtSRoaFiB6Z~9wSs~p6lQg2pWWy~KW5Z3PTcaFcUL3SEobozneuAeiPgq2Hk6wVCZpfoRZKnQwl0PwzvBjoHgcEo89iscYJdd-q6NcgxJM1KDCETkHMM7MVFdvzhduT0tUs0NtC3s2KBfha3k5AOf4xr8YTfUgMpjePOifNhwt0LWadSfPl2QgnGj7AQATpxTr~7hjnA2~BpwXy8SwGuhCaV6RKEh17-gVSjGrr~HhRhQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_and_Evidence","translated_slug":"","page_count":32,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This paper explores the links between the patterns of migration (high vs. low-skill), trade policy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the standpoint of sending countries. A skeleton general equilibrium model with a non-traded good and sector-specific labour is used to explore the effects of the skill-composition of exports on FDI. The model suggests that if exports are low-skill intensive, emigration of high-skill labour leads to positive FDI, suggesting that migration and FDI are complements. Cross-sectional analysis using FDI and emigration data for 103 migration-sending countries over the period 1990-2000 finds some support for this conjecture.","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[{"id":119612559,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612559/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"wp2008_261.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612559/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"FDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119612559/wp2008_261-libre.pdf?1731772969=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFDI_the_Brain_Drain_and_Trade_Channels_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=RNhMxFVoClANF85xBcDviyafjcZWJtdhejIgvWKNfTm6ZXpWj0B225UKiHhE17n4MwCPM03wJZe9W38gBKcGSeJ2Zyo34TIzZ8owI950EUtSRoaFiB6Z~9wSs~p6lQg2pWWy~KW5Z3PTcaFcUL3SEobozneuAeiPgq2Hk6wVCZpfoRZKnQwl0PwzvBjoHgcEo89iscYJdd-q6NcgxJM1KDCETkHMM7MVFdvzhduT0tUs0NtC3s2KBfha3k5AOf4xr8YTfUgMpjePOifNhwt0LWadSfPl2QgnGj7AQATpxTr~7hjnA2~BpwXy8SwGuhCaV6RKEh17-gVSjGrr~HhRhQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics"},{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment"},{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy"},{"id":181555,"name":"Brain Drain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Drain"},{"id":404000,"name":"Cross Section","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Section"},{"id":1630914,"name":"Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium_model"}],"urls":[{"id":45648470,"url":"https://www.dagliano.unimi.it/media/wp2008_261.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598889-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598888"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598888/The_Elimination_Of_Madagascars_Vanilla_Marketing_Board_Ten_Years_On"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Elimination Of Madagascar's Vanilla Marketing Board, Ten Years On" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612556/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598888/The_Elimination_Of_Madagascars_Vanilla_Marketing_Board_Ten_Years_On">The Elimination Of Madagascar's Vanilla Marketing Board, Ten Years On</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The World Bank eBooks</span><span>, Aug 15, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper explores how the elimination of Madagascar's Marketing Board (MB) in 1995 affected pri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper explores how the elimination of Madagascar's Marketing Board (MB) in 1995 affected prices paid to farmers, incentives, and regional indicators of poverty and inequality. After steadily losing market share, Madagascar has been able to regain some of the lost ground since the mid-1990s. Margins between FOB and farmgate prices have spectacularly narrowed down, but this effect is dwarfed by that of world-price volatility. A counterfactual analysis based on a model of Cournot competition between vanilla traders suggests that whatever limited competition there is among them has contributed to raise purchase prices and the cash income of vanilla farmers. However the effect on farmers' consumption remains small because a large part of it is self-consumed. The effect on aggregate measures of poverty and inequality is even smaller, even at the regional level. After taking into account the reduction in Madagascar's monopoly power on the world vanilla market implied by the elimination of the MB, the induced rise in producer prices is estimated to have lifted about 20,000 individuals out of poverty.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aa995bd219455eeffdaa88dc6006a994" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612556,"asset_id":125598888,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612556/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598888"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598888"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598888; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598888]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598888]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598888; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598888']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "aa995bd219455eeffdaa88dc6006a994" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598888]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598888,"title":"The Elimination Of Madagascar's Vanilla Marketing Board, Ten Years On","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"The World Bank","grobid_abstract":"This paper explores how the elimination of Madagascar's Marketing Board (MB) in 1995 affected prices paid to farmers, incentives, and regional indicators of poverty and inequality. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598888-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598887"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598887/Trade_Related_Institutions_and_Development"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Trade-Related Institutions and Development" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612554/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598887/Trade_Related_Institutions_and_Development">Trade-Related Institutions and Development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Princeton University Press eBooks</span><span>, Jan 21, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The paper focuses on the role played by Trade Related Institutions (TRIs) in shaping trade flows ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The paper focuses on the role played by Trade Related Institutions (TRIs) in shaping trade flows and their development impact in low-income countries and how these TRIs are shaped by international trade. Three types of TRIs are examined: i) trade agreements; ii) trade promotion organizations; and iii) private TRIs, i.e. fair trade labelling, trading platforms and reputation mechanisms. Recent research reviewed for each type of TRI is then followed by suggestions for further work.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="607d07c47fe823402b862b1aec93a958" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612554,"asset_id":125598887,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612554/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598887"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598887"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598887; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598887]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598887; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598887']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "607d07c47fe823402b862b1aec93a958" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598887]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598887,"title":"Trade-Related Institutions and Development","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Princeton University Press","grobid_abstract":"The paper focuses on the role played by Trade Related Institutions (TRIs) in shaping trade flows and their development impact in low-income countries and how these TRIs are shaped by international trade. 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Supply chain trade both at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and across RECs are to spearhead the AfCFTA. Indicators of Global Value Chains (GVC) participation show that even though the EAC and other African RECs have increased their participation in GVCs over the period 1990-2015 surpassing MERCOSUR they still lag behind the ASEAN region. There has also been little improvement in the participation of African RECs in Regional Value Chains (RVCs). This outcome is not due to a lack of ambition. Indeed, African Regional Economic Communities (RECs) have prioritized strengthening deeper RVC integration as a stepping stone to their development. The EAC has gone as far as targeting specific value chains: cotton, wood and paper, food and beverages among others, but with very little to show for it so far; only 1.7% of total gross exports of the EAC are related to RVCs. This is in contrast to ASEAN (17.2%), MERCOSUR (4.6%) and SADC (3%); within the EAC, Rwanda has made impressive progress while Uganda has underperformed. * We thank Ana Fernandes and Melise Jaud for sharing their classification of GVC participation and Alessandro Borin and Michele Mancini for sharing their methodology and data used to measure value chains and Hubert Escaith, Richard Newfarmer,</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="11e6f2e4bddcb9273accf679eeb95b11" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612552,"asset_id":125598886,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612552/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598886"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598886"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598886; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598886]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598886]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598886; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598886']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "11e6f2e4bddcb9273accf679eeb95b11" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598886]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598886,"title":"Supply chain trade in East Africa: Prospects and challenges*","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","grobid_abstract":"Deeper regional integration is the main objective of the recently launched Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). 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This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See <a href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years" rel="nofollow">http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598885"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598885"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598885; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598885]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598885]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598885; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598885']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598885]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598885,"title":"Improving EU Market Access for Jordanian Exports","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A request for relaxing current Rules of Origin (RoO) under the EU-Jordan FTA have been proposed under a EU/friends of Jordan initiative. This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years","publisher":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":10,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics"},"translated_abstract":"A request for relaxing current Rules of Origin (RoO) under the EU-Jordan FTA have been proposed under a EU/friends of Jordan initiative. This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125598885/Improving_EU_Market_Access_for_Jordanian_Exports","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-11-16T07:25:17.202-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Improving_EU_Market_Access_for_Jordanian_Exports","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A request for relaxing current Rules of Origin (RoO) under the EU-Jordan FTA have been proposed under a EU/friends of Jordan initiative. This breve reviews RoO requirements under the EU-Jordan FTA and compares them with those under the Jordan-US FTA. It also compares the utilization of preferences under both FTAs that have been in existence for over a decade and fully operative for over five years. Preferential access, while higher for the US, is still substantial for the EU. In 2012, the most recent year for which preference utilization rates can be calculated, preference utilization is systematically higher under the US-Jordan FTA. In the high-preference, labour-intensive apparel sector (with 15%-18% preferential margin for sales in the US market and 11%-12% for sales in the EU markets), utilization of preferences for Jordanian sales in the US market are 99.5%, whereas utilization for sales in the EU market is only 50% (table A2). Similar patterns hold for other sectors and in the case of the EU-Jordan FTA, utilization of preferences in the top 10 sectors with the highest preference margins is low while it is 100% for the corresponding sectors in the Jordan-US FTA (table A5).Three pathways are suggested for simplification of RoO: (i) relaxing the double-transformation rule in apparel (yarn can be sourced from non-members but textiles must be sourced among PanEuroMed members) to a single-transformation-rule allowing for non-originating textiles should contribute to make Jordan attractive for Foreign Direct Investment in apparel to service the EU market; (ii) eliminating RoO requirements for tariff lines with unadjusted preferential margins below 3% —which corresponds to the middle range of estimates of fixed costs, at least for small firms—would also help Jordanian exporters who typically export small volumes to the EU; (iii) implementing a low uniform across-the-board value content rule perhaps combined with a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) at the subheading (HS6) or heading (HS4) level. Note: Since this work was completed in March, the EU announced a relaxation of RoO for a twenty-year period allowing for up to 70 percent non-originating material manufactured in SEZs for origin that are manufactured in designated development zones and industrial estates in Jordan including 50 harmonised system non-agricultural chapters. See http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-eu-relaxed%E2%80%99-rules-origin-deal-goes-effect-10-years","owner":{"id":13633279,"first_name":"jaime","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Melo","page_name":"jaimedeMelo","domain_name":"unige","created_at":"2014-07-06T09:36:20.007-07:00","display_name":"jaime de Melo","url":"https://unige.academia.edu/jaimedeMelo"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":81964,"name":"Clothing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clothing"},{"id":352474,"name":"Rules of Origin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rules_of_Origin"},{"id":913924,"name":"Preference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Preference"},{"id":1424812,"name":"Market Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Access"}],"urls":[{"id":45648466,"url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/fdiwpaper/3314.htm"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-125598885-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125598884"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598884/A_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Gains_for_the_South"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Free Trade Area of The Americas: Any Gains for the South?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612568/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125598884/A_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Gains_for_the_South">A Free Trade Area of The Americas: Any Gains for the South?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Building on the experience of NAFTA, and assuming that rules of origin (RoO) negotiated under NAF...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Building on the experience of NAFTA, and assuming that rules of origin (RoO) negotiated under NAFTA are likely to resemble those that would be agreed upon in an FTAA, this paper discusses how different RoO criteria would affect different Southern partners in a multi-stage production setting. Next, we use a combination of parametric and non-parametric methods to estimate the costs of RoO under NAFTA for Mexican exports to US based on NAFTA's utilization rates and preference margins in the US market, at the HS-6 level. Finally, we carry out illustrative simulations for Southern producers to estimate the levels of RoO and tariff preference which leaves these producers indifferent to exporting to Northern members under the regional preferential tariff rate or the MFN rate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="763ec2e19bd56194e5563b271202f7df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612568,"asset_id":125598884,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612568/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598884"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598884"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598884; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598884]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598884]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598884; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598884']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "763ec2e19bd56194e5563b271202f7df" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598884]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598884,"title":"A Free Trade Area of The Americas: Any Gains for the South?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Building on the experience of NAFTA, and assuming that rules of origin (RoO) negotiated under NAFTA are likely to resemble those that would be agreed upon in an FTAA, this paper discusses how different RoO criteria would affect different Southern partners in a multi-stage production setting. Next, we use a combination of parametric and non-parametric methods to estimate the costs of RoO under NAFTA for Mexican exports to US based on NAFTA's utilization rates and preference margins in the US market, at the HS-6 level. Finally, we carry out illustrative simulations for Southern producers to estimate the levels of RoO and tariff preference which leaves these producers indifferent to exporting to Northern members under the regional preferential tariff rate or the MFN rate.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2003,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":119612568},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125598884/A_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Gains_for_the_South","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-11-16T07:25:16.791-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":13633279,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119612568,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119612568/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"unige_46663_attachment01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612568/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Ga.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119612568/unige_46663_attachment01-libre.pdf?1731773001=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Ga.pdf\u0026Expires=1743685982\u0026Signature=Fyc0UjYsG5rVg1VRgrdSAZGigAKvbvVYt7nNme9Rpoi2VrThOzlxSLcdkjrwCOCfYwmS3jxuxW5dfMowDizovORBbeyrTqUnYwSvbqbVCHMhRnuu-P0ASB6VilZzQmY93-7iUWkg4PPaGuoR~EGuoPBDVfWqublFYDUxbmDJEXmxUQDTlw6GrXwKrtK~TGUsx5H~lI1XqCHNw7upgFz8a7nA0qb1dQw1LrLU~LdhZgkTAiJ1uwlBjKlouMM6RfcJBfKQ9NK3O8GNLifmGwQEwbPNQ1CmSVBflIS1UbzNbx9D94APqbKtbX7lV2vAfg2xdUT1nZRVWkCTEyXm1eHVog__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Free_Trade_Area_of_The_Americas_Any_Gains_for_the_South","translated_slug":"","page_count":51,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Building on the experience of NAFTA, and assuming that rules of origin (RoO) negotiated under NAFTA are likely to resemble those that would be agreed upon in an FTAA, this paper discusses how different RoO criteria would affect different Southern partners in a multi-stage production setting. 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In 2013-14, in response to demand from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, IGC Liberia conducted a research study into the welfare and revenue effects of Liberia's adoption of the ECOWAS common external tariff (CET). This work was well-received by the government and they requested further analysis to understand the implications of additional mechanisms that will affect the transition path towards the CET. This project modelled the strategies Liberia can employ as it adjusts to the ECOWAS CET through the use of transitioning taxes. It updates the earlier analysis using 2013 customs data, raises issues of clarification that are not addressed in the ECOWAS regulations, describes Liberia's tariff structure in relation to the adopted CET, and outlines options the government can pursue when applying for temporary adjustment measures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="306d790476ec9a35f43d21beb6f53a58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612567,"asset_id":125598883,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612567/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598883"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598883"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598883; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598883]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598883]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598883; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598883']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "306d790476ec9a35f43d21beb6f53a58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598883]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598883,"title":"Preparing for the ECOWAS CET: Options for Liberia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The objective of ECOWAS is to promote economic integration in West Africa and is likely to have an important impact on the Liberian economy. 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In Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, the first RTAs were established as mechanisms that would facilitate the continent's unity in post-colonial times. Even today, the majority of African RTAs go beyond the economic objectives of increased industrialisation and trade, aiming at promoting democracy, preventing regional conflicts, harmonising institutional development, etc.1 The economic performance of most African RTAs has not met the expectations of member countries, partly due to below-potential market integration that reflects high trade barriers. However, beyond the removal of trade barriers, when combined with political benefits, the potential deep-integration outcomes of RTAs in Africa can substantially contribute to the inclusion of these economies in global value chains.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="85ed74df9bce5f5a1219a95a413fc5d3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119612569,"asset_id":125598882,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119612569/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125598882"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125598882"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598882; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598882]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125598882]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125598882; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125598882']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "85ed74df9bce5f5a1219a95a413fc5d3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125598882]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125598882,"title":"Regional trade agreements in Africa: Success or failure?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have been proliferating in the past three decades, reflecting among other things the increasing involvement of developing economies in international trade. 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In Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, the first RTAs were established as mechanisms that would facilitate the continent's unity in post-colonial times. Even today, the majority of African RTAs go beyond the economic objectives of increased industrialisation and trade, aiming at promoting democracy, preventing regional conflicts, harmonising institutional development, etc.1 The economic performance of most African RTAs has not met the expectations of member countries, partly due to below-potential market integration that reflects high trade barriers. 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