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height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be.svg" width="117" height="12" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" aria-label="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Адмысловае:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be" class=""><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Гл._таксама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гл._таксама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Гл. таксама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гл._таксама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Змест" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Дыфракцыя</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 73 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 мовы</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="የብርሃን መወላገድ – амхарская" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብርሃን መወላገድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF" title="حيود – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraksiya" title="Difraksiya – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Difraksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дифракция – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дифракция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="অপবর্তন – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difracci%C3%B3" title="Difracció – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Difracció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrakce" title="Difrakce – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Difrakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Дифракци – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дифракци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffreithiant" title="Diffreithiant – валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diffreithiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraktion" title="Diffraktion – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diffraktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beugung_(Physik)" title="Beugung (Physik) – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beugung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Περίθλαση – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περίθλαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Diffraction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrakto" title="Difrakto – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Difrakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difracci%C3%B3n" title="Difracción – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Difracción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraktsioon" title="Difraktsioon – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Difraktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrakzio_(fisika)" title="Difrakzio (fisika) – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Difrakzio (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="پراش – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraktio" title="Diffraktio – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diffraktio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diffraction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADraonadh" title="Díraonadh – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Díraonadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difracci%C3%B3n" title="Difracción – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Difracción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94" title="עקיפה – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עקיפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="विवर्तन – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विवर्तन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ogib" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraksyon" title="Difraksyon – гаіцянская крэольская" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Difraksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаіцянская крэольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffrakci%C3%B3" title="Diffrakció – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Diffrakció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դիֆրակցիա – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիֆրակցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraksi" title="Difraksi – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Difraksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffrazione" title="Diffrazione – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diffrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8A%98" title="回折 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="回折" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дифракция – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дифракция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%88" title="회절 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дифракция – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дифракция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffrazion" title="Diffrazion – ламбардская" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Diffrazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ламбардская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrakcija" title="Difrakcija – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Difrakcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrakcija" title="Difrakcija – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Difrakcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дифракција – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дифракција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വിഭംഗനം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിഭംഗനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86" title="Дифракц – мангольская" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дифракц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="мангольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="विवर्तन – маратхі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विवर्तन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belauan" title="Belauan – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belauan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffractie" title="Diffractie – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diffractie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraksjon" title="Diffraksjon – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diffraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraksjon" title="Diffraksjon – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diffraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਵਰਤਨ – панджабі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਵਰਤਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyfrakcja" title="Dyfrakcja – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dyfrakcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrassion" title="Difrassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Difrassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Difração – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Difração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrac%C8%9Bie" title="Difracție – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Difracție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дифракция – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дифракция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffrazzioni" title="Diffrazzioni – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Diffrazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrakcija" title="Difrakcija – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Difrakcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="විවර්තනය – сінгальская" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විවර්තනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сінгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diffraction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrakcia" title="Difrakcia – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Difrakcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uklon" title="Uklon – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uklon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bvurunuro" title="Bvurunuro – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bvurunuro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraksioni_i_Drites" title="Difraksioni i Drites – албанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Difraksioni i Drites" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дифракција – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дифракција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraksi" title="Difraksi – сунда" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Difraksi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraktion" title="Diffraktion – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diffraktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="விளிம்பு விளைவு – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விளிம்பு விளைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="వివర్తనం – тэлугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వివర్తనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99" title="การเลี้ยวเบน – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลี้ยวเบน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1n%C4%B1m" title="Kırınım – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırınım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дифракція – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дифракція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انکسار نور – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انکسار نور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraksiya" title="Difraksiya – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Difraksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85u_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Nhiễu xạ – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiễu xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2594%25D1%258B%25D1%2584%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F"><span>Спампаваць QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Друк/экспарт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F"><span>Стварыць кнігу</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=show-download-screen"><span>Спампаваць як PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&printable=yes" title="Друкавальная версія гэтай старонкі [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" hreflang="en"><span>Вікісховішча</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133900" title="Спасылка на звязаны элемент рэпазітара даных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Элемент Вікіданых</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit.png/220px-Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit.png/330px-Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit.png/440px-Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Дыфракцыя пры праходжанні плоскай хвалі праз адтуліну</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Дыфрáкцыя хваль</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лацінская мова">лац.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="la">diffractus</span> — літаральна «разламаны, пераламаны», агібанне перашкоды хвалямі) — з’ява адхілення <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Хваля">хваль</a> ад прамалінейнага распаўсюджвання ў асяроддзях з рэзка выражанымі неаднароднасцямі (напрыклад, з перашкодамі). Пры гэтым хвалі агінаюць перашкоды і трапляюць у вобласць геаметрычнага ценю. </p><p>Дыфракцыя непарыўна звязана са з’явай <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Інтэрферэнцыя хваль">інтэрферэнцыі</a>. Таксама саму з’яву дыфракцыі часта трактуюць як выпадак інтэрферэнцыі абмежаваных ў прасторы хваль (інтэрферэнцыі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%E2%80%94%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Прынцып Гюйгенса—Фрэнеля">другасных хваль</a>). Агульнай уласцівасцю ўсіх з’яў дыфракцыі з’яўляецца залежнасць ступені яе праявы ад суадносін паміж <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Даўжыня хвалі">даўжынёй хвалі</a> <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">λ</span> і размерам шырыні хвалевага фронту <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><i>d</i></span>, альбо непразрыстага экрана на шляху яго распаўсюджвання, альбо неаднароднасцей структуры самой хвалі. </p><p>Паколькі ў большасці выпадкаў, якія маюць практычнае значэнне, гэта абмежаванне шырыні хвалевага фронту заўсёды мае месца, з’ява дыфракцыі суправаджае любы працэс распаўсюджвання хваль. </p><p>Так, менавіта з’явай дыфракцыі задаецца граніца адрознівальнай здольнасці любога аптычнага прыбора, які стварае выяву, і гэту граніцу немагчыма пераўзысці пры зададзенай шырыні спектра выпраменьвання, які выкарыстоўваецца для пабудовы выявы. </p><p>У шэрагу выпадкаў, асабліва пры вырабе <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Аберацыя аптычнай сістэмы">аптычных сістэм</a>, адрознівальная здольнасць абмяжоўваецца не дыфракцыяй, а аберацыямі, узрастаючымі пры павелічэнні дыяметра аб’ектыва. Адсюль адбываецца вядомая фатографам з’ява павелічэння да пэўных меж якасці выявы пры дыяфрагмаванні аб’ектыва. </p><p>Пры распаўсюджанні выпраменьвання ў аптычна неаднародных асяроддзях дыфракцыйныя эфекты прыметна выяўляюцца пры размерах неаднароднасцей, параўнальных з даўжынёй хвалі. Калі памеры неаднароднасцей істотна перавышаюць даўжыню хвалі (на 3-4 парадкі і больш), з’яву дыфракцыі, як правіла, можна не ўлічваць. У апошнім выпадку распаўсюджванне хваль з высокай ступенню дакладнасці апісваецца законамі <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геаметрычная оптыка">геаметрычнай оптыкі</a>. З другога боку, калі размер неаднароднасцей асяроддзя параўнальны з даўжынёй хвалі, у такім выпадку дыфракцыя праяўляе сябе ў выглядзе з’явы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Рассеянне святла">рассеяння хваль</a>. </p><p>Першапачаткова з’ява дыфракцыі трактавалася як <b>агібанне хваляй перашкоды</b> ці пранікненне хвалі ў вобласць геаметрычнага ценю. З пункту гледжання сучаснай навукі вызначэнне дыфракцыі як агібання святлом перашкоды прызнаецца недастатковым (занадта вузкім) і не зусім адэкватным. Так, з дыфракцыяй звязваюць вельмі шырокі круг з’яў, якія ўзнікаюць пры распаўсюджанні хваль (у выпадку ўліку іх прасторавага абмежавання) у неаднародных асяроддзях. </p><p>Дыфракцыя хваль можа праяўляцца: </p> <ul><li>у пераўтварэнні прасторавай будовы хваль. У адных выпадках такое пераўтварэнне можна разглядаць як «агібанне» хвалямі перашкод, у іншых выпадках — як пашырэнне вугла распаўсюджвання хвалевых пучкоў або іх адхіленне ў пэўным кірунку;</li></ul> <ul><li>у раскладанні хваль па іх частотным <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Спектр">спектры</a>;</li></ul> <ul><li>у пераўтварэнні <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Палярызацыя святла">палярызацыі</a> хваль;</li></ul> <ul><li>у змене фазавай будовы хваль.</li></ul> <p>Найбольш добра вывучана дыфракцыя <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Электрамагнітнае выпраменьванне">электрамагнітных</a> (у прыватнасці <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка">аптычных</a>) і <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Гук">гукавых</a> хваль, а таксама гравітацыйна-капілярных хваль (хвалі на паверхні вадкасці). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гл._таксама"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BB._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Гл. таксама</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Гл. таксама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гл. таксама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дыфракцыя Фраўнгофера">Дыфракцыя Фраўнгофера</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дыфракцыя Фрэнеля">Дыфракцыя Фрэнеля</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Дыфракцыя электронаў">Дыфракцыя электронаў</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFБелЭн1998"><i>Грушэцкі К.</i> Дыфракцыя хваль // <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Беларуская энцыклапедыя">Беларуская энцыклапедыя</a>: У 18 т. Т. 6: Дадаізм — Застава / Рэдкал.: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Генадзь Пятровіч Пашкоў">Г. П. Пашкоў</a> і інш. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Мінск">Мн.</span> : <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Беларуская Энцыклапедыя імя Петруся Броўкі">БелЭн</a>, 1998. — Т. 6. — 576 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">10 000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851100358" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0035-8</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851101060" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0106-0</a> (т. 6).</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Леў Давідавіч Ландау">Ландау Л. Д.</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%84%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%86" title="Яўген Міхайлавіч Ліфшыц">Лифшиц Е. М.</a></i> Теория поля. — Издание 7-е, исправленное. — <abbr>М.</abbr>: Наука, 1988. — 512 с. — («<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Курс теоретической физики Ландау и Лифшица">Теоретическая физика</a>», том II). — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/5020144207" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-02-014420-7</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дзмітрый Васілевіч Сівухін (няма такой старонкі)">Сивухин Д. В.</a></i> Общий курс физики. — <abbr>М.</abbr>. — Т. IV. Оптика.</li> <li><i>И. Г. Кондратьев, Г. Д. Малюжинец.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.femto.com.ua/articles/part_1/1069.html">Дифракция волн</a> // Физическая энциклопедия : [в 5 т.] / Гл. ред. [А. М. Прохоров. — <abbr>М.</abbr>: Советская энциклопедия (т. 1—2); Большая Российская энциклопедия (т. 3—5), 1988—1999. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/5852700347" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-85270-034-7</a>.</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з "<a dir="ltr" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Дыфракцыя&oldid=4383986">https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Дыфракцыя&oldid=4383986</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Categories" title="Адмысловае:Categories">Катэгорыі</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Катэгорыя:Хвалевыя з’явы">Хвалевыя з’явы</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Катэгорыя:Дыфракцыя">Дыфракцыя</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Схаваныя катэгорыі: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Катэгорыя:Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на Беларускую энцыклапедыю без нумароў старонак">Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на Беларускую энцыклапедыю без нумароў старонак</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8E_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Катэгорыя:Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на Беларускую энцыклапедыю з назвай артыкула">Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на Беларускую энцыклапедыю з назвай артыкула</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8E_%D0%B7_%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Катэгорыя:Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на Беларускую энцыклапедыю з аўтарам">Вікіпедыя:Спасылкі на Беларускую энцыклапедыю з аўтарам</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96,_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_ISBN" title="Катэгорыя:Старонкі, на якіх ужыты чароўныя спасылкі ISBN">Старонкі, на якіх ужыты чароўныя спасылкі ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Апошняе змяненне старонкі адбылося 20:15, 15 сакавіка 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Тэкст даступны на ўмовах <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.be">ліцэнзіі Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>, у асобных выпадках могуць дзейнічаць дадатковыя ўмовы. 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