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The first reigning member, [[Isaac I Komnenos]], ruled from 1057 to 1059. The family returned to power under [[Alexios I Komnenos]] in 1081 who established [[Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty|their rule]] for the following 104 years until it ended with [[Andronikos I Komnenos]] in 1185. In the 13th century, they founded the [[Empire of Trebizond]], a Byzantine [[rump state]] which they ruled from 1204 to 1461.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Comnenus|volume=6|page=793}}</ref> At that time, they were commonly referred to as '''Grand Komnenoi''' ({{lang|grc|Μεγαλοκομνηνοί}}, {{transl|el|Megalokomnenoi}}), a style that was officially adopted and used by [[George, Emperor of Trebizond|George Komnenos]] and his successors. Through intermarriages with other noble families, notably the [[Doukas]], [[Angelos]], and [[Palaiologos]], the Komnenos name appears among most of the major noble houses of the late Byzantine world. ==Origins== The 11th-century Byzantine historian [[Michael Psellos]] reported that the Komnenos family originated from the village of Komne in [[Thrace]]—usually identified with the "Fields of Komnene" ({{lang|grc|Κομνηνῆς λειμῶνας}}) mentioned in the 14th century by [[John Kantakouzenos]]—a view commonly accepted by modern scholarship.{{sfn|ODB|loc="Komnenos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1143–1144}}{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=25}} The first known member of the family, [[Manuel Erotikos Komnenos]], acquired extensive estates at [[Kastamon]] in [[Paphlagonia]], which became the stronghold of the family in the 11th century.{{sfn|ODB|loc="Komnenos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1143–1144}}{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=25–26}} The family thereby quickly became associated with the powerful and prestigious military aristocracy ({{transl|grc|[[dynatoi]]}}) of [[Asia Minor]], so that despite coming from Thrace it came to be considered "eastern".{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=26 (note 8)}} Aside from deriving legitimacy as rulers from familial links to the prominent [[Doukas|Doukai]] (emperors [[Constantine X Doukas|Constantine X]] and [[Michael VII Doukas|Michael VII]] in particular), they also had a tradition linking them to [[Claudius Gothicus]], the supposed grandfather of [[Constantine the Great]]. Many classical monuments dedicated to Claudius stood in the vicinity of [[Kastamonu|Kastra Komnenon]], which according to historian Maximilian C. G. Lau may have increased his appeal in the eyes of the Komnenoi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Magdalino |first1=Paul |title=After the Text: Byzantine Enquiries in Honour of Margaret Mullett |last2=Macrides |first2=Ruth |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |editor-last=James |editor-first=Liz |location=London |pages=32–38 |chapter=Theodore Prodromos, Carmina historica, I |editor-last2=Nicholson |editor-first2=Oliver |editor-last3=Scott |editor-first3=Roger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lau |first=Maximilian C. G. |title=Emperor John II Komnenos: Rebuilding New Rome 1118-1143 |year=2023 |location=Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press |pages=65–66}}</ref> The 17th-century French scholar [[du Cange]] suggested that the family descended from a Roman noble family that followed Constantine the Great to [[Constantinople]], from whose cousin but although such mythical genealogies were common—and are attested for the closely related Doukas clan as well—the complete absence of any such assertion in the Byzantine sources argues against Du Cange's view.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=26}} The Romanian historian [[George Murnu]] suggested in 1924 that the Komnenoi were of [[Aromanians|Aromanian]] descent, but this view too is now rejected.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=26}} Modern scholars consider the family to have been entirely of [[Byzantine Greeks|Greek]] origin.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=26}}{{sfn|Koytcheva|2007|p=115–122}} Manuel Erotikos Komnenos was the father of [[Isaac I Komnenos]] ({{reign|1057|1059}}),{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=39, 41}} and grandfather, through Isaac's younger brother [[John Komnenos (Domestic of the Schools)|John Komnenos]], of [[Alexios I Komnenos]] ({{reign|1081|1118}}).{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=39, 49, 52}} ==Founding the dynasty== [[Isaac I Komnenos]], a [[stratopedarch]] of the East under [[Michael VI]], founded the Komnenos dynasty of [[Byzantine emperor]]s. In 1057 Isaac led a coup against Michael and was proclaimed emperor. Although his reign lasted only until 1059, when his courtiers pressured him to abdicate and become a monk, Isaac initiated many useful reforms. The dynasty returned to the throne with the accession of [[Alexios I Komnenos]], Isaac I's nephew, in 1081. By this time, descendants of all the previous dynasties of Byzantium seem to have disappeared from the realm, such as the important [[Skleros|Scleros]] and [[Argyros (Byzantine family)|Argyros]] families. Descendants of those emperors lived abroad, having married into the royal families of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Persia]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] and [[Serbia]]; this made it easier for the Komnenos family to ascend to the throne. Upon their rise to the throne, the Komnenoi became intermarried with the previous [[Doukas]] dynasty: Alexios I married [[Irene Doukaina]], the grandniece of Constantine X Doukas, who had succeeded Isaac I in 1059. Thereafter the combined clan was often referred to as '''Komnenodoukai''' ({{transl|grc|Κομνηνοδούκαι}}) and several individuals used both surnames together.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=27}} Several families descended from this wider clan, such as [[Palaiologos]], [[Angelos]], Vatatzes and [[Laskaris]]. Alexios and Irene's youngest daughter Theodora ensured the future success of the Angelos family by marrying into it: Theodora's grandsons became the emperors [[Isaac II Angelos]] (reigned 1185–1195 and 1203–1204) and [[Alexios III Angelos]] (reigned 1195–1203). ==Komnenoi as emperors== [[File:Alexius I.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|Alexios I Komnenos.]] Under Alexios I and his successors the Empire was fairly prosperous and stable. Alexios moved the imperial palace to the [[Blachernae]] section of [[Constantinople]]. Much of [[Anatolia]] was recovered from the [[Seljuk Turks]], who had captured it just prior to Alexios' reign. Alexios also saw the [[First Crusade]] pass through Byzantine territory, leading to the establishment of the [[Crusader states]] in the east. The Komnenos dynasty was very much involved in [[crusade]]r affairs, and also intermarried with the reigning families of the [[Principality of Antioch]] and the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] - [[Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Theodora Komnene]], niece of [[Manuel I Komnenos]], married [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]], and [[Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Maria]], grandniece of Manuel, married [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]]. Remarkably, Alexios ruled for 37 years, and his son [[John II Komnenos|John II]] ruled for 25, after uncovering a conspiracy against him by his sister, the chronicler [[Anna Komnene]]. John's son Manuel ruled for another 37 years. The Komnenos dynasty produced a number of branches. As imperial succession was not in a determined order but rather depended on personal power and the wishes of one's predecessor, within a few generations several relatives were able to present themselves as claimants. After Manuel I's reign the Komnenos dynasty fell into conspiracies and plots like many of its predecessors (and the various contenders within the family sought power and often succeeded in overthrowing the preceding kinsman); [[Alexios II Komnenos|Alexios II]], the first Komnenos to ascend as a minor, ruled for three years and his conqueror and successor [[Andronikos I Komnenos|Andronikos I]] ruled for two, overthrown by the Angelos family under Isaac II who was dethroned and blinded by his own brother Alexios III. The Angeloi were overthrown during the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204, by [[Alexios V Doukas]], a relative from the Doukas family. ==Later family== Several weeks before the occupation of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, one branch of the Komnenoi fled back to their homelands in Paphlagonia, along the eastern [[Black Sea]] and its hinterland in the [[Pontic Alps]], where they established the [[Empire of Trebizond]]. Their first 'emperor', named [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexios I]], was the grandson of Emperor Andronikos I.<ref>A. A. Vasiliev, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846872 "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222)"], ''Speculum'', '''11''' (1936), pp. 3-37</ref> These emperors&nbsp;– the '''Grand Komnenoi''' ({{transliteration|el|Megaloi Komnenoi}} or {{transliteration|el|Megalokomnenoi}} in Greek) as they were known&nbsp;– ruled in [[Trabzon|Trebizond]] for over 250 years, until 1461, when [[David of Trebizond|David Komnenos]] was defeated and executed by the [[Ottoman sultan]] [[Mehmed II]].<ref>Discussed by Ruth Macrides, "What's in the name 'Megas Komnenos'?" ''Archeion Pontou'', '''35''' (1979), pp. 236-245</ref> Mehmed himself claimed descent from the Komnenos family via [[John Tzelepes Komnenos]]. The Trapezutine branch of the Komnenos dynasty also held the name of Axouchos as descendants of [[John Axouch]], a Byzantine nobleman and minister to the Byzantine Komnenian Dynasty. A princess of the Trebizond branch is said to have been the mother of prince [[Sultan Yahya|Yahya]] (born 1585),{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} who reportedly became a Christian yet spent much of his life attempting to gain the Ottoman throne. Another branch of the family, descendants of [[Constantine Angelos]], founded the [[Despotate of Epirus]] in 1204, under [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]], great-grandson of Emperor Alexios I. This branch adopted the surnames '''Komnenos Doukas''' and are known as such in modern scholarship. Helena Doukaina Komnene, a child of that branch of the family, married [[Guy I de la Roche]] thereby uniting the Komnenos and the [[de la Roche]] houses, with Komnenos family members eventually becoming [[Dukes of Athens]]. One renegade member of the family, also named [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus|Isaac Komnenos]], established a separate "empire" on [[Cyprus]] in 1184, which lasted until 1191, when the island was taken from him by [[Richard I of England]] during the [[Third Crusade]]. His daughter, called the [[Damsel of Cyprus]], married [[Thierry of Flanders (flourished 1197–1207)|Thierry of Flanders]] during the [[Fourth Crusade]] and tried to claim the island. When the Byzantine Empire was [[Reconquest of Constantinople|restored]] in 1261 at Constantinople, it was ruled by a family closely related to the Komnenoi, the [[Palaiologoi]]. The Palaiologoi ruled until the [[fall of Constantinople]] to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The last descendant of the dynasty is often considered to have been [[John Komnenos Molyvdos]],{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=32}} a distinguished [[Ottoman Greeks|Ottoman Greek]] scholar and physician, who became [[metropolitan bishop]] of [[Side, Turkey|Side]] and [[Dristra]], and died in 1719. In 1782, the [[Greeks of Corsica|Corsican Greek]] notable [[Demetrio Stefanopoli]] obtained [[letters patent]] from [[Louis XVI|Louis XVI of France]] recognizing him as the descendant and heir of the Emperors of Trebizond.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Hervé | last = Rousseau | title = La duchesse d'Abrantès, Napoléon et les Comnène | journal = Revue des Deux Mondes| year = 1966 | pages = 44–52 | jstor= 44592112 }}</ref> ==Komnenian ancestry in Western Europe== [[Irene Angelina]], daughter of Isaac II Angelos and thus a descendant of Alexios I Komnenos, married [[Philip of Swabia]] (1177–1208), the [[King of Germany]]. From this union many of the royal and aristocratic families of [[Western Europe]] can trace a line of descent.<ref>{{BBKL|band=28|author=Bruno W. Häuptli|artikel=IRENE (Angelou) von Byzanz|spalten=858–862}}</ref> == See also == *[[History of the Byzantine Empire]] *[[Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty]] *[[Empire of Trebizond]] == References == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin}} * [[Averil Cameron|Cameron, Averil]] (Ed.) (2003) ''Fifty Years of Prosopography: The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium and Beyond'', Oxford University Press. * {{Cite journal |last=Koytcheva |first=Elena |date=2007 |title=The Komnenoi "Familia et Domus" |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=4193 |journal=Études balkaniques |language=English |issue=4 |pages=115–122 |issn=0324-1645}} * {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|ref={{harvid|ODB}}}} * {{Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών|volume=A1|ref={{harvid|Varzos1984a}}}} * {{Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών|volume=B|ref={{harvid|Varzos1984b}}}} {{refend}} {{Clear}} {{Komnenoi}} {{Byzantine Empire topics}} {{Royal houses of Greece}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Komnenos Dynasty}} [[Category:Komnenos dynasty| ]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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