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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Facts and figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facts_and_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rankings and reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faculties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Faculties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>National Cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>International Cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Student life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Student life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Student housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_schools,_centres_and_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_schools,_centres_and_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Research schools, centres and institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_schools,_centres_and_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Graduate schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable alumni subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heads_of_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heads_of_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Heads of Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heads_of_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Business leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economists_and_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economists_and_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Economists and researchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economists_and_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable researchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86" title="جامعة خرونينغن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة خرونينغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qroningen_Universiteti" title="Qroningen Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qroningen Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="خرونینقن بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خرونینقن بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Groningen" title="Univérsitas Groningen – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Univérsitas Groningen" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Groningen Tāi-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Groningen Tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Гронінгенскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гронінгенскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гронингенски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гронингенски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Groningen" title="Universitat de Groningen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Groningen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsuniversit%C3%A4t_Groningen" title="Reichsuniversität Groningen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reichsuniversität Groningen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningeni_%C3%BClikool" title="Groningeni ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Groningeni ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Χρόνινγκεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Χρόνινγκεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Groninga" title="Universidad de Groninga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Groninga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regna_Universitato_de_Groningen" title="Regna Universitato de Groningen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Regna Universitato de Groningen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="دانشگاه خرونینگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه خرونینگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Groningue" title="Université de Groningue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Groningue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryksuniversiteit_Grins" title="Ryksuniversiteit Grins – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ryksuniversiteit Grins" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="흐로닝언 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흐로닝언 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Groningen" title="Universitas Groningen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Groningen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Groninga" title="Università di Groninga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di Groninga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אוניברסיטת חרונינגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת חרונינגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Groningen" title="Universitas Groningen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universitas Groningen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="გრონინგენის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრონინგენის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гронинген университети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гронинген университети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Groningensis" title="Universitas Groningensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Groningensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningenas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Groningenas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Groningenas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningeni_Egyetem" title="Groningeni Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Groningeni Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ഗ്രോണിൻജെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ഗ്രോണിൻജെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جامعة خرونينجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة خرونينجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieksuniversiteit_Grunning" title="Rieksuniversiteit Grunning – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rieksuniversiteit Grunning" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="フローニンゲン大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フローニンゲン大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetet_i_Groningen" title="Universitetet i Groningen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universitetet i Groningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="یونیورسٹی آف گروننگن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونیورسٹی آف گروننگن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_di_Groningen" title="Universidat di Groningen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat di Groningen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Groningen" title="Uniwersytet w Groningen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet w Groningen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Groningen" title="Universidade de Groningen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de Groningen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_din_Groningen" title="Universitatea din Groningen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea din Groningen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гронингенский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гронингенский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Groningen" title="Universität Groningen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Universität Groningen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of Groningen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningenin_yliopisto" title="Groningenin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Groningenin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetet_i_Groningen" title="Universitetet i Groningen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universitetet i Groningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Groningen" title="Unibersidad ng Groningen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng Groningen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="มหาวิทยาลัยโกรนิงเงิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยโกรนิงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гронінгенський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гронінгенський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Groningen" title="Đại học Groningen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Groningen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="格羅寧根大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格羅寧根大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="格罗宁根大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格罗宁根大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q850730#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Groningen&params=53_13_9_N_6_33_46_E_type:edu_region:NL-GR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°13′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°33′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.21917°N 6.56278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.21917; 6.56278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public university in Groningen, the Netherlands</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of Groningen (UG)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RUG)</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Groningen_coat_of_arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/University_of_Groningen_coat_of_arms.png/150px-University_of_Groningen_coat_of_arms.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/University_of_Groningen_coat_of_arms.png/225px-University_of_Groningen_coat_of_arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/University_of_Groningen_coat_of_arms.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Academia Groningana<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Verbum Domini Lucerna Pedibus Nostris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">The word of the Lord is a light for our feet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university#Continental_Europe" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1614<span class="noprint">; 410 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1614</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jouke_de_Vries" title="Jouke de Vries">Jouke de Vries</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacquelien_Scherpen" title="Jacquelien Scherpen">Jacquelien Scherpen</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,600 employees (in 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,250 employees (27 May 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">34,000 (in 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctoral students</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,350 (in 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Groningen&params=53_13_9_N_6_33_46_E_type:edu_region:NL-GR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°13′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°33′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.21917°N 6.56278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.21917; 6.56278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colours</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (color)">UG Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (color)">Black</a> & <a href="/wiki/White_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (color)">White</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coimbra_Group" title="Coimbra Group">Coimbra Group</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" title="Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities">Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rug.nl">www<wbr />.rug<wbr />.nl</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_University_of_Groningen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Logo_of_the_University_of_Groningen.svg/250px-Logo_of_the_University_of_Groningen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Logo_of_the_University_of_Groningen.svg/375px-Logo_of_the_University_of_Groningen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Logo_of_the_University_of_Groningen.svg/500px-Logo_of_the_University_of_Groningen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>University of Groningen</b> (abbreviated as <b>UG</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Rijksuniversiteit Groningen</i>, abbreviated as <b>RUG</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university#Continental_Europe" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> of more than 30,000 students in the city of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Founded in 1614, the university is the second oldest in the country (after <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden</a>). </p><p>The University of Groningen has eleven <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculties</a>, nine <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate schools</a>, 27 research centres and institutes, and more than 175-degree programmes. The university's alumni and faculty include <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners, nine <a href="/wiki/Spinoza_Prize" title="Spinoza Prize">Spinoza Prize</a> winners, one <a href="/wiki/Stevin_Prize" title="Stevin Prize">Stevin Prize</a> winner, various members of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Dutch royal family</a>, several politicians, the first president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, and a secretary general of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubbo_Emmius_(1547-1625).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ubbo_Emmius_%281547-1625%29.jpg/170px-Ubbo_Emmius_%281547-1625%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ubbo_Emmius_%281547-1625%29.jpg/255px-Ubbo_Emmius_%281547-1625%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ubbo_Emmius_%281547-1625%29.jpg/340px-Ubbo_Emmius_%281547-1625%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ubbo_Emmius" title="Ubbo Emmius">Ubbo Emmius</a> was the first <i><a href="/wiki/Rector_magnificus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector magnificus">rector magnificus</a></i> of the University of Groningen</figcaption></figure> <p>The institution was founded as a college in 1614 in an initiative taken by the Regional Assembly of the city of <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ommelanden" title="Ommelanden">Ommelanden</a></i>, or surrounding region. There were four faculties – Theology, Law, Medicine, and Philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of the university was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/The_Estates" title="The Estates">The Estates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">City and County of Groningen</a> in 1615. It consists of the provincial arms, charged with an open book inscribed with the abbreviated words VER/BVM/DNI LV/CER/NA, short for <i>Verbum Domini Lucerna Pedibus Nostris</i>. The shield is surmounted by a golden crown of five leaves and four pearls. </p><p>In the first 75 years of its existence about 100 students enrolled every year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Almost half of the students and lecturers came from outside the Netherlands – the first <i>rector magnificus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ubbo_Emmius" title="Ubbo Emmius">Ubbo Emmius</a>, came from <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a> in modern-day Germany, for instance – but at the same time there was already a close relationship between the university and the city and the surrounding region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The development of the university came to a standstill at the end of the seventeenth and during the eighteenth century because of theological differences of opinion, a difficult relationship with the Regional Assembly and political problems that included the siege of the city by <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_Galen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard von Galen">‘<i>Bommen Berend</i>’</a> in 1672.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On average two to three hundred students were registered with the university at any one time during this period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academiegebouw_Groningen_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Academiegebouw_Groningen_1858.jpg/220px-Academiegebouw_Groningen_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Academiegebouw_Groningen_1858.jpg/330px-Academiegebouw_Groningen_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Academiegebouw_Groningen_1858.jpg/440px-Academiegebouw_Groningen_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>The 19th-century main building in 1858</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg/220px-20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg/330px-20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg/440px-20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The 20th-century main building in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>During the French occupation between 1775 and 1814 the University of Groningen was administered by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Imperial University of Paris</a>. Unlike Leiden University, it was not shut down and the institute was renamed Imperial University of Groningen (<i>Keizerlijke Universiteit Groningen</i>). During this time period, it remained the only open university in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars, at the same time as Leiden and Utrecht, the university gained recognition as a national college of higher education, but this was followed by discussions about closure. The situation improved when a new main university building, the Academiegebouw, was constructed in 1850, a building that was largely financed by the people of Groningen. A fire completely destroyed the building in 1906. </p><p>In the meantime, the Higher Education Act of 1876 had radically improved the position of the university, which was renamed the "<i>Rijksuniversiteit Groningen</i>" (RUG). Teaching took place in Dutch and Latin and the university was given a research as well as an educational duty. </p><p>The University of Groningen developed during the first decades of the twentieth century. The number of faculties and courses grew steadily while the number of students grew rapidly. When the university celebrated its first 300 years in 1914 there were 611 registered students; this had grown to 1,000 by 1924. After a drop back during the Depression, and in particular during the Second World War, the number of students grew rapidly from 1945 to reach 20,000 in 1994. In recent times there are about 32,700 students registered at the University of Groningen with the number of foreign students again growing steadily, and following the tradition set by the first Rector Magnificus, the number of German students and researchers has grown strongly in recent years. </p><p>In March 2015, the RUG signed an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/China_Agricultural_University" title="China Agricultural University">China Agricultural University</a> to establish a campus in the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>. This would have made the RUG the first Dutch university to open a campus in China.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was heavily criticised, mainly due to worries about the restriction of academic freedom caused by <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">censorship in China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2018, the plans were cancelled by the Executive Board of the UG, based on the "insufficient support for the project".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facts_and_figures">Facts and figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Facts and figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StudentenRUG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/StudentenRUG.jpg/220px-StudentenRUG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/StudentenRUG.jpg/330px-StudentenRUG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/StudentenRUG.jpg/440px-StudentenRUG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Students numbers</figcaption></figure> <p>Key facts and figures about the University of Groningen are:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The university, as of 2020, has 34,000 students enrolled in various programs from the undergraduate level up to doctorate students. This includes 8,250 international students.</li> <li>The university currently has 3,600 individuals in its academic staff. The <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Groningen" title="University Medical Center Groningen">UMCG</a> included, a third of the academic staff is international.</li> <li>425 <a href="/wiki/Full_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Full professor">full professors</a></li> <li>45+ bachelor's degree programmes (35+ bachelor's degree programmes are taught in English)</li> <li>120+ master's degree programmes taught in English</li> <li>40+ <a href="/wiki/Research_master%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Research master's">research master's</a> and top programmes<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>11 faculties (one in the Frisian capital of Leeuwarden), nine graduate schools</li> <li>140,000 alumni</li> <li>120+ nationalities</li> <li>8,000 research publications</li> <li>4,350 PhD candidates (51% international)</li> <li>1.0 billion EUR budget</li> <li>Research grants from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Research_Council" title="Dutch Research Council">Dutch Research Council</a> (NWO): 14 starting grants (Veni), 5 experienced research grants (Vidi) and 4 senior research grants (Vici) awarded in 2020</li> <li>Research grants from the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Council" title="European Research Council">European Research Council</a> (ERC): 1 Starting Grant, 1 Consolidator Grant, 3 Advanced Grants and 1 Proof of Concept Grant awarded in 2020</li> <li>18 patent applications in 2020</li></ul> <p>The university operates under the BSA system, under which a first year undergraduate (bachelor) student must achieve a certain number of <a href="/wiki/ECTS_grading_scale" title="ECTS grading scale">ECTS</a> in order to progress to the second year. This varies from 30 ECTS to 45 ECTS among various degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RUG has its own newspaper: the <i><a href="/wiki/Universiteitskrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiteitskrant">Universiteitskrant</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteitskrant" class="extiw" title="nl:Universiteitskrant">nl</a>]</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university's Center for Information Technology (CIT) houses an <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene#Blue_Gene/L" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene/L</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> and data center of <a href="/wiki/Target_(project)" title="Target (project)">Target</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)">LOFAR</a> project as well as a Virtual Reality and 3D-visualisation center.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rankings and reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">University rankings</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Global – Overall</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></i> World<sup id="cite_ref-ARWU_World_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARWU_World-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">66 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Center_for_World_University_Rankings" title="College and university rankings">CWUR</a></i> World<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">106 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS</a></i> World<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">112 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a></i> World<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">139 (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a></i> World<sup id="cite_ref-THE_World_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_World-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">75 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">USNWR</a></i> Global<sup id="cite_ref-USNWR_World_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNWR_World-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:35%;text-align:right">88 (2022-23)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The University of Groningen (RUG) is a member of the so-called Excellence Group of universities in Europe. The Excellence Group has 56 members, which is 1.3 percent of the approximately 4,500 European institutions of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>RUG belongs to the top 100 large comprehensive research universities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>RUG was #80 in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to the 2019 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>, the Faculty of Economics and Business ranks as 3rd in The Netherlands, 10th in Europe and 32nd in the world for Economics and Business.<sup id="cite_ref-World_University_Rankings_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_University_Rankings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2021, the university ranked #64 in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this overall score, the university falls within the global top 100 for several specific fields and subjects: Psychology (41), Clinical Medicine (51-75), Business Administration (37), Ecology (51-75).</li> <li>RUG was ranked #139 worldwide in the QS WUR 2024.</li> <li>The university was ranked #73 worldwide in 2019 by the National Taiwan University that publishes the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Webometrics placed the university #85 worldwide and #14 in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The university was ranked 3rd place in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=UI_GreenMetric_World_University_Ranking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UI GreenMetric World University Ranking (page does not exist)">UI GreenMetric World University Ranking</a> in 2021, which includes 780 universities. UI GreenMetric World University Rankings was launched by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">Universitas Indonesia</a> (UI) to focus awareness on sustainability in university policy-making. Universities are ranked in the basis of self-reported data in the areas of Setting and Infrastructure, Energy and Climate Change, Waste, Water, Transportation, and Education and Research.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From 2019 to 2020, the university was ranked 91st place in <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Centre_for_World_University_Rankings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Centre for World University Rankings (page does not exist)">the Centre for World University Rankings</a> (CWUR).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, Times Higher Education introduced a new ranking: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Europe_Teaching_Rankings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Europe Teaching Rankings (page does not exist)">the Europe Teaching Rankings</a>. The university was ranked 26th place, which includes more than 200 universities. This new ranking focusses on higher education institutions' teaching quality and learning environments for students.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The university was ranked 1st in The Netherlands by <a href="/wiki/U-Multirank" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Multirank">U-Multirank</a> (UMR)in 2019. UMR was developed by a consortium consisting of the Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) in Twente, the Centre for Higher Education (CHE) in Germany and the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) in Leiden. The university achieved the highest score on 16 indicators that include International Orientation dimension, Research and Knowledge Transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Faculty of Economics and Business is accredited by both <a href="/wiki/AACSB" class="mw-redirect" title="AACSB">AACSB</a> and <a href="/wiki/EQUIS" class="mw-redirect" title="EQUIS">EQUIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oude_Boteringestraat_44_-_18635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oude_Boteringestraat_44_-_18635.jpg/220px-Oude_Boteringestraat_44_-_18635.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oude_Boteringestraat_44_-_18635.jpg/330px-Oude_Boteringestraat_44_-_18635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oude_Boteringestraat_44_-_18635.jpg/440px-Oude_Boteringestraat_44_-_18635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Administration Building, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oude_Boteringestraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oude Boteringestraat (page does not exist)">Oude Boteringestraat</a> 44</figcaption></figure> <p>The RUG has 6,250 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university library was renovated between 2013 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RUG has a branch in Leeuwarden.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans to establish a "branch campus" in China's Yantai were called off in January 2018, and the University Museum is now in the process of being established.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The University of Groningen is represented in the Academic Heritage Foundation, a foundation that aims to preserve university collections and cultural treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculties">Faculties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Faculties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Academy_Building_of_RUG_on_May_27%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Academy Building of the University of Groningen in 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duisenberg_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Duisenberg_Building.jpg/220px-Duisenberg_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Duisenberg_Building.jpg/330px-Duisenberg_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Duisenberg_Building.jpg/440px-Duisenberg_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5396" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>Duisenberg building (Faculty of Economics and Business)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Harmonie_(Groningen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Harmonie_%28Groningen%29.jpg/220px-De_Harmonie_%28Groningen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Harmonie_%28Groningen%29.jpg/330px-De_Harmonie_%28Groningen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Harmonie_%28Groningen%29.jpg/440px-De_Harmonie_%28Groningen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3801" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Harmonie building of the Faculty of Arts and Law</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090628_MedFac_UMCG_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/20090628_MedFac_UMCG_Groningen_NL.jpg/220px-20090628_MedFac_UMCG_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/20090628_MedFac_UMCG_Groningen_NL.jpg/330px-20090628_MedFac_UMCG_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/20090628_MedFac_UMCG_Groningen_NL.jpg/440px-20090628_MedFac_UMCG_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Faculty of Medical Sciences</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuG_Linnaeusborg_panorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RuG_Linnaeusborg_panorama.JPG/220px-RuG_Linnaeusborg_panorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RuG_Linnaeusborg_panorama.JPG/330px-RuG_Linnaeusborg_panorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RuG_Linnaeusborg_panorama.JPG/440px-RuG_Linnaeusborg_panorama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Linnaeusborg (Faculty of Science and Engineering)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernoulliborg_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bernoulliborg_2018.jpg/220px-Bernoulliborg_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bernoulliborg_2018.jpg/330px-Bernoulliborg_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bernoulliborg_2018.jpg/440px-Bernoulliborg_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5237" data-file-height="2945" /></a><figcaption>Bernoulliborg (Faculty of Science and Engineering)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuG-Groningen-TFL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RuG-Groningen-TFL.jpg/220px-RuG-Groningen-TFL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RuG-Groningen-TFL.jpg/330px-RuG-Groningen-TFL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RuG-Groningen-TFL.jpg/440px-RuG-Groningen-TFL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Faculty of Science and Engineering</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zernikeborg_(Zernikecomplex).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zernikeborg_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG/220px-Zernikeborg_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zernikeborg_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG/330px-Zernikeborg_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zernikeborg_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG/440px-Zernikeborg_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Smitsborg (Donald Smits Centre of Information Technology, CIT)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zernike-gebouw_(Zernikecomplex).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zernike-gebouw_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG/220px-Zernike-gebouw_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zernike-gebouw_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG/330px-Zernike-gebouw_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zernike-gebouw_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG/440px-Zernike-gebouw_%28Zernikecomplex%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Kapteynborg (Astronomy)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuG_KVI_panorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RuG_KVI_panorama.JPG/220px-RuG_KVI_panorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RuG_KVI_panorama.JPG/330px-RuG_KVI_panorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RuG_KVI_panorama.JPG/440px-RuG_KVI_panorama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>KVI-CART Research institute</figcaption></figure> <p>The University of Groningen is organized in eleven faculties that offer programmes and courses in the fields of humanities, social sciences, law, economics and business, spatial sciences, life sciences, and natural sciences and technology. Each faculty (<i>cf.</i>, College in the USA or School in Europe) is a formal grouping of academic degree programmes, schools and institutes, discipline areas, research centres, and/or any combination of these drawn together for educational purposes. Each faculty offers bachelor's, master's, PhD, and exchange programmes, while some also offer short certificate courses. </p><p>Since 2014, the RUG also has a partly independent <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts college</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Groningen" title="University College Groningen">University College Groningen</a> (UCG).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Faculty of Economics and Business</li> <li>Faculty of Arts</li> <li>Faculty of Law</li> <li>Faculty of Religion, Culture and Society</li> <li>Faculty of Philosophy</li> <li>Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences</li> <li>Faculty of Medical Sciences</li> <li>Faculty of Science and Engineering</li> <li>Faculty of <a href="/wiki/Spatial_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial science">Spatial Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_Groningen" title="University College Groningen">University College Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_Frysl%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campus Fryslân (page does not exist)">Campus Fryslân</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Frysl%C3%A2n" class="extiw" title="nl:Campus Fryslân">nl</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Cooperation">National Cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Exposome-NL, Dutch consortium cooperating in the field of exposome research.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Cooperation">International Cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of Groningen engages in many types of international cooperation throughout both teaching and research. The main networks and partners<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the university are: </p> <ul><li>Enlight,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an alliance of nine European universities, The Guild<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of European research-intensive universities and the <a href="/wiki/Coimbra_Group" title="Coimbra Group">Coimbra group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a network of 37 long established European multidisciplinary universities.</li> <li>Strategic partnerships (academic connection): <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">Universität Hamburg (UHH)</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oldenburg" title="University of Oldenburg">Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg</a></li> <li>Global strategic partnerships: <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> (Singapore), <a href="/wiki/Osaka_University" title="Osaka University">Osaka University</a> (Japan), <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a> (Australia), <a href="/wiki/Gadjah_Mada_University" title="Gadjah Mada University">Universitas Gadjah Mada</a> (Indonesia), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antioquia" title="University of Antioquia">Universidad de Antioquia</a> (Colombia), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">Universidad de Chile</a> (Chile), <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">Universidade de São Paulo</a> (Brazil), <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_University" title="Stellenbosch University">Stellenbosch University</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various faculties are housed around the city. Most of the faculties- including the faculties of Law, Arts and Philosophy are located in and around the city center. The university's original building, which acts as the main administrative building, lies exactly in the center of the city at the <i>Broerstraat</i>. The faculty of medical sciences is located close by at the <a href="/wiki/University_Medical_Center_Groningen" title="University Medical Center Groningen">University Medical Center Groningen</a>(UMCG). The Faculties of Economics and Business, Spatial Sciences, and Science and Engineering are housed in the northern outskirts of the city, at the Zernike Campus, named after <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a>. The Zernike campus is also shared by the <a href="/wiki/Hanze_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hanze University of Applied Sciences">Hanze University of Applied Sciences</a>, the other big university in the city, making the total number of students studying there around 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university has libraries in three locations: the main one at the city center, one in the Duisenberg building in Zernike Campus, and one in the faculty of medicine, that includes a vast array of books and online material for students. The university has also recently opened another campus in <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden, Friesland</a>, referred to as "Campus Fryslân", that offers multiple disciplines in both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Groningen is known as the student city of the Netherlands; around one-third of the city's residents are students at either The University of Groningen or at the <a href="/wiki/Hanze_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hanze University of Applied Sciences">Hanze University of Applied Sciences</a>. The university, through ACLO,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers a wide range of sporting activities, and courses. Almost each sport has its own association, and offers the use of its facilities at discount rates for students.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university also has multiple student societies that organize social events for its members, as well as student and study associations, that are mostly concerned with specific faculties and courses. </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> as the means for transport is particularly prevalent for locals and students alike, and has integrated, labelled bike paths from the city center to Zernike. The city is popularly referred to as "The World Cycling City" because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_housing">Student housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Student housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of Groningen does not have student accommodation. It does, however, offer students with accommodation via <a href="/w/index.php?title=SSH_Student_Housing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSH Student Housing (page does not exist)">SSH Student Housing</a>, which operates student houses in various locations in Groningen, and various other cities within the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant number of students live in private accommodations within the city, however, a recent addition to the housing options for students is <a href="/wiki/The_Student_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Student Hotel">The Student Hotel</a> as well. In an effort to combat the annual housing shortage, the city of Groningen has incentivized the construction of short-term accommodation such as The Village which is made of shipping containers for international students.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch government has strict laws for private accommodations for both tenants (students) and the landlords, so that fair rent prices, and renting conditions can be maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the university received national attention due to the housing crisis in the city of Groningen. Due to the fact that most incoming students at the university are primarily from other parts of the country, or the world, there has been a lack of housing options for students.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the fall semester of 2021 the housing crisis hit its peak with hundreds of students reportedly not having any accommodation and resorting to emergency shelters. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The housing shorting evoked a protest in the city centre which culminated in the Academy building being temporarily occupied by students to put pressure on the city to extend emergency housing. <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, 708 PhD students were admitted to a PhD programme (compared to 816 in 2018). Around 50% of the admitted PhD students came from abroad. In 2019, a total of 546 PhDs took place, 22 of them cum laude. The national share was thus around 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_schools,_centres_and_institutes"><span id="Research_schools.2C_centres_and_institutes"></span>Research schools, centres and institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research schools, centres and institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Humanities and Social Sciences</b> </p> <ul><li>Center for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG)</li> <li>Centre for Religion and Heritage</li> <li>Centre for Religion, Conflict and Globalization (CRCG)</li> <li>Centre Religion, Health and Wellbeing</li> <li>CRASIS, Culture, Religion and Society in Graeco-Roman Antiquity</li> <li>Globalisation Studies Groningen (GSG)</li> <li>Groningen Institute of Archeology (GIA)</li> <li>Groningen Institute for Educational research (GION)</li> <li>Groningen Research Institute of Philosophy (GRIPH)</li> <li>Groningen Research Institute for the Study of Culture (ICOG)</li> <li>Heymans Institute</li> <li>Institute of Indian Studies</li> <li>Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS)</li> <li>Qumran Institute</li> <li>Urban and Regional Studies Institute (URSI)</li></ul> <p><b>Law</b> </p> <ul><li>Centre for Law, Administration and Society (CRBS)</li> <li>Groningen Centre of Energy Law (GCEL)</li></ul> <p><b>Economics & Business</b> </p> <ul><li>SOM research institute</li></ul> <p><b>Life Sciences</b> </p> <ul><li>Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (BCN) / UMCG<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Research Institute BCN-BRAIN / UMCG<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG) / UMCG<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE) / UMCG<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB)</li> <li>Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)</li> <li>Science in Healthy Ageing and healthcaRE (SHARE), UMCG<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science / UMCG<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Science and Engineering</b><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence</li> <li>ENTEG - Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen</li> <li>ESRIG - Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen</li> <li>GBB - Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute</li> <li>GELIFES - Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences</li> <li>GRIP - Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy</li> <li>ISEC - Institute for Science Education and Communication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapteyn_Astronomical_Institute" title="Kapteyn Astronomical Institute">Kapteyn Astronomical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratingh_Institute_for_Chemistry" title="Stratingh Institute for Chemistry">Stratingh Institute for Chemistry</a></li> <li>Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zernike_Institute_for_Advanced_Materials" title="Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials">Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials</a> (ZIAM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate_schools">Graduate schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Graduate schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of Groningen's Graduate Schools are organized somewhat different from its international counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difference is that the Graduate Schools do not contain all Master's programmes; Graduate Schools manage and facilitate the two-year Master's programmes: top master's degree programmes and Research master's degree programmes. </p> <ul><li>Graduate School of Behavioural and Social Sciences</li> <li>Graduate School of Economics and Business</li> <li>Graduate School of Humanities</li> <li>Graduate School of Law</li> <li>Graduate School of Medical Sciences</li> <li>Graduate School of Philosophy</li> <li>Graduate School of Science</li> <li>Graduate School of Spatial Sciences</li> <li>Graduate School of Religion, Culture and Society</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable alumni of the University of Groningen include:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heads_of_Government">Heads of Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Heads of Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramanga_Ernest_Yonli" title="Paramanga Ernest Yonli">Paramanga Ernest Yonli</a>, Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute</a>, Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Camelia-R%C3%B6mer" title="Suzanne Camelia-Römer">Suzanne Camelia-Römer</a>, Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">the Netherlands Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etienne_Ys" title="Etienne Ys">Etienne Ys</a>, Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">the Netherlands Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Remkes" title="Johan Remkes">Johan Remkes</a>, Deputy Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_leaders">Business leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Business leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Becht" title="Bart Becht">Bart Becht</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Reckitt_Benckiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Reckitt Benckiser">Reckitt Benckiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_van_den_Bergh" title="Maarten van den Bergh">Maarten van den Bergh</a>, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a>, named the most powerful businessman in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolland" title="Marc Bolland">Marc Bolland</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolf_van_den_Brink" title="Dolf van den Brink">Dolf van den Brink</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Heineken_N.V." title="Heineken N.V.">Heineken N.V.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Polman" title="Paul Polman">Paul Polman</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roel_de_Vries_(engineer)" title="Roel de Vries (engineer)">Roel de Vries</a>, Global Head of Marketing at <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Motor Corporation">Nissan Motor Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wijers" title="Hans Wijers">Hans Wijers</a>, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of <a href="/wiki/ING" class="mw-redirect" title="ING">ING</a>, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M%C3%B6ller" class="extiw" title="nl:George Möller">George Möller</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Robeco" title="Robeco">Robeco</a>, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Vogelzang" title="Chris Vogelzang">Chris Vogelzang</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank" title="Danske Bank">Danske Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roelof_Joosten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roelof Joosten (page does not exist)">Roelof Joosten</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/FrieslandCampina" title="FrieslandCampina">FrieslandCampina</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkert_Engelsman" class="extiw" title="nl:Volkert Engelsman">Volkert Engelsman</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Eosta" title="Eosta">Eosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fentener_van_Vlissingen" title="Paul Fentener van Vlissingen">Paul Fentener van Vlissingen</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/SHV_Holdings" title="SHV Holdings">SHV Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maarten_Wetselaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maarten Wetselaar (page does not exist)">Maarten Wetselaar</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjan_Rintel" class="extiw" title="nl:Marjan Rintel">Marjan Rintel</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Railways">Dutch Railways</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Gunning-Schepers" class="extiw" title="nl:Louise Gunning-Schepers">Louise Gunning-Schepers</a>, chairman of the Supervisory Board of the <a href="/wiki/Schiphol_Group" title="Schiphol Group">Schiphol Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitri_de_Vreeze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitri de Vreeze (page does not exist)">Dimitri de Vreeze</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/DSM_(company)" title="DSM (company)">DSM N.V.</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Oudeman" title="Maria Oudeman">Maria Oudeman</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>, former director of <a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Brus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Brus (page does not exist)">Ronald Brus</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Janssen_Vaccines" title="Janssen Vaccines">Janssen Vaccines</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economists_and_researchers">Economists and researchers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economists and researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a>, first president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaas_Knot" title="Klaas Knot">Klaas Knot</a>, current President of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a> (DNB)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Stikker" title="Dirk Stikker">Dirk Stikker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General of NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diederik_Stapel" title="Diederik Stapel">Diederik Stapel</a>, professor of social psychology known for fabrication of research data<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerbrand_Bakker_(physician)" title="Gerbrand Bakker (physician)">Gerbrand Bakker</a>, early 19th century physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Franciscus_Abraham_Karel_van_Benthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Franciscus Abraham Karel van Benthem">Johan van Benthem</a>, logician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Bok" title="Bart Bok">Bart Bok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_Abeelen" title="Hans van Abeelen">Hans van Abeelen</a>, first Dutch <a href="/wiki/Behaviour_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour genetics">behavior geneticist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corina_Brussaard" title="Corina Brussaard">Corina Brussaard</a>, Antarctic researcher in viral ecology and phytoplankton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Buma" title="Anita Buma">Anita Buma</a>, Antarctic researcher in marine <a href="/wiki/Ecophysiology" title="Ecophysiology">ecophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Ji_Ma" title="Wei Ji Ma">Wei Ji Ma</a>, professor of psychology and neuroscience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a>, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 2016 for his work on molecular motors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> while professor in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> for his experiments on the properties of matter at low temperatures which made the production of liquid <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> possible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a>, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-contrast microscope">phase-contrast optical microscope</a> in 1953.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Job_Cohen" title="Job Cohen">Job Cohen</a>, former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Dutch Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a>, later politician and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List" title="Pim Fortuyn List">Pim Fortuyn List</a> (and assassinated in 2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavela_Mitova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavela Mitova (page does not exist)">Pavela Mitova</a>, member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Invidia" title="Niccolò Invidia">Niccolò Invidia</a>, member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Wallage" title="Jacques Wallage">Jacques Wallage</a>, former mayor of Groningen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbe_Zijlstra" title="Halbe Zijlstra">Halbe Zijlstra</a>, former Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bruins" title="Bruno Bruins">Bruno Bruins</a>, former Dutch State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Bunbury" title="Turtle Bunbury">Turtle Bunbury</a>, Irish historian and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">James Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_van_Dam" title="Lex van Dam">Lex van Dam</a>, hedge fund manager, featured on <i><a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Traders" title="Million Dollar Traders">Million Dollar Traders</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/BBC2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC2">BBC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubbo_Emmius" title="Ubbo Emmius">Ubbo Emmius</a>, founder of the University of Groningen and first <a href="/wiki/Rector_magnificus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector magnificus">rector magnificus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Frederik_Hermans" title="Willem Frederik Hermans">Willem Frederik Hermans</a>, lecturer and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Heymans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerardus Heymans">Gerardus Heymans</a>, philosopher and psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hoeksema" title="Jack Hoeksema">Jack Hoeksema</a>, linguist and professor in the Department of Dutch Language and Culture</li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Hofstede_Crull" class="extiw" title="nl:Pieter Hofstede Crull">Pieter Crull</a>, jurist, attorney-general of Suriname and acting governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hofstee" title="Peter Hofstee">Peter Hofstee</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, joined <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in 1996, currently the chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Synergistic Processor Element</a> (SPE) of the Cell microprocessor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a>, first woman in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to receive an <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashin_Jinarakkhita" title="Ashin Jinarakkhita">Ashin Jinarakkhita</a>, Indonesian Buddhist monk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Alting" title="Johann Heinrich Alting">Johann Heinrich Alting</a>, theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Annemarie, Duchess of Parma">Annemarie, Duchess of Parma</a>, journalist, consultant, and member of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch royal family">Dutch royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Kunst" title="Jaap Kunst">Jaap Kunst</a>, ethnomusicologist (studied law)</li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maurits_of_Orange-Nassau,_van_Vollenhoven" title="Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven">Maurits van Oranje Nassau</a>, first cousin of King <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nerbonne" title="John Nerbonne">John Nerbonne</a>, professor of humanities computing, expert in dialectology, member of the Dutch Royal Academy of Science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubbo_Ockels" title="Wubbo Ockels">Wubbo Ockels</a>, first Dutch <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a>, received a PhD degree in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a>, astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Jacobus_Poortman" title="Johannes Jacobus Poortman">Johannes Jacobus Poortman</a>, philosopher, psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_Reichardt" title="Dagmar Reichardt">Dagmar Reichardt</a>, professor of Cultural Industry at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Latvia" title="University of Latvia">University of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Renwick_(Covenanter)" title="James Renwick (Covenanter)">James Renwick</a> (1662–1688) Scottish <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a>, astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Snijders" title="Tom Snijders">Tom Snijders</a>, statistician and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, expert on <a href="/wiki/Multilevel_model" title="Multilevel model">multilevel analysis</a> and developer of Siena in R, a program for longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_G._Sol" title="Henk G. Sol">Henk G. Sol</a>, Professor of <a href="/wiki/Business_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Engineering">Business Engineering</a> and ICT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Jelles_Troelstra" title="Pieter Jelles Troelstra">Pieter Jelles Troelstra</a>, lawyer, politician (early 20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Veenstra" title="René Veenstra">René Veenstra</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, expert on <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">social network analysis</a> and group processes in <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wietse_Venema" title="Wietse Venema">Wietse Venema</a>, programmer and physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Maria_Franz_von_B%C3%B6nninghausen" title="Clemens Maria Franz von Bönninghausen">Clemens von Bönninghausen</a>, lawyer, botanist, homeopathic physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epke_Zonderland" title="Epke Zonderland">Epke Zonderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympics">2012 Olympics</a> gold medalist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_researchers">Notable researchers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bezemer" title="Dirk Bezemer">Dirk Bezemer</a> (born 1971), economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineke_Bosch" title="Mineke Bosch">Mineke Bosch</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bot" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis de Bot">Cornelis de Bot</a>, linguist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijn_van_Dijk" title="Marijn van Dijk">Marijn van Dijk</a>, developmental psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_van_Eck" title="Caroline van Eck">Caroline van Eck</a>, art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Geert" title="Paul van Geert">Paul van Geert</a>, developmental psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Katsonis" title="Nathalie Katsonis">Nathalie Katsonis</a>, chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wander_Lowie" title="Wander Lowie">Wander Lowie</a>, linguist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a></li> <li>Lodi Nauta, professor of the History</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijbren_Otto" title="Sijbren Otto">Sijbren Otto</a>, chemist of Philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Scherder" title="Erik Scherder">Erik Scherder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stroebe" title="Wolfgang Stroebe">Wolfgang Stroebe</a>, social psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a>, biochemist, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjolijn_Verspoor" title="Marjolijn Verspoor">Marjolijn Verspoor</a>, linguist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_van_Wees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bart van Wees (page does not exist)">Bart van Wees</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_van_Wees" class="extiw" title="nl:Bart van Wees">nl</a>]</span>. applied physics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a>, synthetic organic chemist, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kleingeld" title="Pauline Kleingeld">Pauline Kleingeld</a>, professor of Ethics and its history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Helmi" title="Amina Helmi">Amina Helmi</a>, Argentine astronomer, and a professor of dynamics, structure and formation of the milky way</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisca_Wijmenga" title="Cisca Wijmenga">Cisca Wijmenga</a>, professor of Human Genetics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theunis_Piersma" title="Theunis Piersma">Theunis Piersma</a>, professor of Global Flyway Ecology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_R%C3%B6ling" title="Bert Röling">Bert Röling</a>, Professor of Law and progenitor of the field of Polemology in the Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Steg" title="Linda Steg">Linda Steg</a>, professor of environmental psychology, and a pioneer and world leader in the field of environmental psychology<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabeth_Verpoorte" title="Sabeth Verpoorte">Sabeth Verpoorte</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Microfluidics" title="Microfluidics">microfluidics</a> and miniaturized "lab-on-a-chip" systems in the Faculty of Science and Engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Zeelen" title="Jacques Zeelen">Jacques Zeelen</a>, professor of globalization studies and humanitarian action</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Delta_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Delta Institute">Energy Delta Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_modern_universities_in_Europe#17th_century" title="List of early modern universities in Europe">List of early modern universities in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Ireland</a>: <a 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsm.com/corporate/our-company/management/managing-board/dimitri-de-vreeze.html">"Dimitri de Vreeze | DSM"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dimitri+de+Vreeze+%26%23124%3B+DSM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsm.com%2Fcorporate%2Four-company%2Fmanagement%2Fmanaging-board%2Fdimitri-de-vreeze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Groningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1126136/000117184304000014/newsrelease.htm">"Crucell Announces Nomination of Ronald Brus as CEO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crucell+Announces+Nomination+of+Ronald+Brus+as+CEO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1126136%2F000117184304000014%2Fnewsrelease.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Groningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nu.nl/economie/2519839/klaas-knot-wordt-nieuwe-president-dnb.html">Klaas Knot wordt nieuwe president van DNB</a> NU.nl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6769553/Changes_in_publication_culture_and_the_Stapel_fraud_case">(PDF) Changes in publication culture and the Stapel fraud case | ruud abma - Academia.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/about-ug/profile/prizes-and-awards/stevin/linda-steg/stevinpremie-voor-linda-steg?lang=en">"Stevin Prize for Linda Steg"</a>. 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stevin+Prize+for+Linda+Steg&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fabout-ug%2Fprofile%2Fprizes-and-awards%2Fstevin%2Flinda-steg%2Fstevinpremie-voor-linda-steg%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Groningen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a href="/wiki/Klaas_van_Berkel" title="Klaas van Berkel">Klaas van Berkel</a>: <i>Universiteit van het Noorden. Vier eeuwen academisch leven in Groningen. Part 1 De oude universiteit 1614-1876</i>. Hilversum, Verloren, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8704-466-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8704-466-4">978-90-8704-466-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Coimbra_Group" title="Coimbra Group"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Coimbra Group</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Dublin (TCD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Galway" title="University of Galway">Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Granada" title="University of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Graz" title="University of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza University">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Louvain-la-Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University_Montpellier_3" title="Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3">Montpellier 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Siena" title="University of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">Tartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">Turku I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi_University" title="Åbo Akademi University">Turku II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" title="Template:Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" title="Template talk:Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Guild_of_European_Research-Intensive_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities">The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> : <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">University of Louvain (UCLouvain)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> : <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> : <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris_Cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris Cité">Université Paris Cité</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> : <a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radboud_University_Nijmegen" title="Radboud University Nijmegen">Radboud University Nijmegen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> : <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana" title="University of Ljubljana">University of Ljubljana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> : <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> : <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> : <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> : <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra_University" title="Pompeu Fabra University">Pompeu Fabra University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_in_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Universities in the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Universities in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of universities in the Netherlands">Universities in the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology" title="Eindhoven University of Technology">Eindhoven University of Technology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_University" title="Maastricht University">Maastricht University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radboud_University_Nijmegen" title="Radboud University Nijmegen">Nijmegen Radboud University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_the_Netherlands" title="Open University of the Netherlands">Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Erasmus University Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilburg_University" title="Tilburg University">Tilburg University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Twente" title="University of Twente">University of Twente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Wageningen University and Research">Wageningen University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Humanistic_Studies" title="University of Humanistic Studies">University of Humanistic Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_University" title="Nyenrode Business University">Nyenrode Business University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Theological_University" title="Protestant Theological University">Protestant Theological University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_University_of_the_Reformed_Churches" title="Theological University of the Reformed Churches">Theological University of the Reformed Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Utrecht" title="Catholic University of Utrecht">Catholic University of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Harderwijk" title="University of Harderwijk">University of Harderwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franeker" title="University of Franeker">University of Franeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nijmegen_(1655%E2%80%9380)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nijmegen (1655–80)">University of Nijmegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850730#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850730#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850730#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404071981">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127394541">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/532698/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/36948-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054013">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11867058x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11867058x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35153208">Australia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002103188&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="University of Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1210635">Portugal</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90335774">Norway</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=119205">Greece</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810539328505606">Poland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/2340">Vatican</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266992905171">Israel</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608279906706">Catalonia</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06216126?l=en">CiNii</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500306933">ULAN</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/843994">Trove</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen (Groningen, Nederland)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02642004X">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/31394">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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