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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nutrition and fitness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition_and_fitness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutrition and fitness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_fitness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet,_food_ingredients_and_junk_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet,_food_ingredients_and_junk_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diet, food ingredients and junk food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet,_food_ingredients_and_junk_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_safety_and_packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_safety_and_packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Food safety and packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_safety_and_packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obesity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obesity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Obesity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obesity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_fitness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_fitness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Physical fitness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_fitness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communicable_diseases_&_addictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communicable_diseases_&_addictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Communicable diseases & addictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communicable_diseases_&_addictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communicable diseases & addictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communicable_diseases_&_addictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cholera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cholera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>HIV/AIDS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Illegal drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Smoking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Alcohol consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women's health in Iran subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women's_health_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Physical Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_Expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_Expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Life Expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_Expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Maternal Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Sexual Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infection_(STIs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexually_transmitted_infection_(STIs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.1</span> <span>Sexually transmitted infection (STIs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infection_(STIs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV-1_prevalence_among_Iranian_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV-1_prevalence_among_Iranian_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.2</span> <span>HIV-1 prevalence among Iranian women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV-1_prevalence_among_Iranian_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_health_and_women_empowerment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_health_and_women_empowerment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Social health and women empowerment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_health_and_women_empowerment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Child marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ईरान में स्वास्थ्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरान में स्वास्थ्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="伊朗醫療衛生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗醫療衛生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23043396#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of health in Iran</div> <p>As for many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, <b>health issues in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></b> stem from a variety of reasons: namely, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">fitness</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental fitness">mental fitness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communicable_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicable disease">communicable diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. </p><p>The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that Iran is fulfilling 88.6% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Iran achieves 96.5% of what is expected based on its current income.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 98.8% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 70.6% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Water and sanitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_safety_plan" title="Water safety plan">Water safety plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation in Iran</a></div> <p>Iran has one of the highest percentages of population in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> with access to safe <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, with an estimate of 92% of its people enjoying such access (nearly 100% in urban areas and about 80% in rural areas as of 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a considerable shortfall in <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>; for example, in Tehran the majority of the population has no wastewater treatment, with raw <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> being injected directly into the <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water crisis</a> deepens with <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">an expanding population</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> of groundwater causes increasing health risks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_and_fitness">Nutrition and fitness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nutrition and fitness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Iran">Cuisine of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_suffering_from_undernourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment">List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG/220px-Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG/330px-Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG/440px-Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of national population suffering from <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, according to United Nations statistics</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forty-five million Iranians face inadequate <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> according to Iranian officials.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad, Sistan-Baluchistan, Hormozgan, Kerman and Khuzestan as <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">provinces</a> that face <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> or food insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet,_food_ingredients_and_junk_food"><span id="Diet.2C_food_ingredients_and_junk_food"></span>Diet, food ingredients and junk food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet, food ingredients and junk food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a> industry is valued at about $2 billion a year. As of 2008, Iran produces about 3 billion litres of different types of soft drinks to address consumption of 46 litres per capita, and they export more than 12% of its production. Increased awareness with regards to the damages of carbonated drinks and sugar, and high levels of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> has created a move towards healthier products.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_safety_and_packaging">Food safety and packaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food safety and packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Codex Commission of Food Stuff</i>, established in 2002 is in charge of setting and developing standards and quality and health regulations, related to the production of and trade in raw agricultural products and food stuffs, in accordance with the different global standards. Tainted meat has been imported according to Iranian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncontrolled use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> is also a problem. Despite the potential health hazards caused by <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">GM food</a> and government restrictions on the production of biotech products, Iran imports $5 billion of <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a> a year because of laxed laws (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obesity">Obesity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Obesity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Iran was one of the top seven countries with the highest rate of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_obesity" title="Childhood obesity">childhood obesity</a>. In 2005, 33.7% of adults were at risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>. Eight million Iranians already live with this syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-Reza_Malekzadeh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reza_Malekzadeh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, 24.7% of boys and 26.8% of girls age 6 were overweight. </p><p>One of the major reasons for increased obesity is urbanization. In 2005, an average Iranian citizen consumed 42 liters of soda per year, as well as 40% more carbohydrates, 30% more fat, and 40% more food than the body needs. The greater availability of fast food and junk food in combination with a low activity lifestyle has contributed to the obesity trend.<sup id="cite_ref-Reza_Malekzadeh_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reza_Malekzadeh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors include the impact of technology and a high consumption of rice and bread. Many families with a moderate income are limited in the foods they are able to afford, resulting in a higher incidence of obese children. However, childhood obesity is not a concern because it is believed that these children will outgrow their fatness as they age. The health impact of childhood obesity is unknown. The tendency of obesity is increasing among children.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outbreak of obesity is increasing amid both girls and boys in civic area but sometimes it shows decrease in boys and girls in rustic area. Overweight should be observed as a preference and to be considered in relation with expansion of the different areas and districts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_fitness">Physical fitness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physical fitness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an additional measure of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and inefficient food distribution, about thirteen percent of the young people are classified as obese, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> sources. According to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">government of Iran</a>, about 60 percent of Iranians are <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> and 35 percent of women and 15 percent of men suffer from <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the young <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">age of many Iranians</a>, only 20 percent of Iranians are <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">physically active</a> while the world average is 60 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30% of Iranian youths never play any <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">sports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tehrantimes.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehrantimes.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communicable_diseases_&_addictions"><span id="Communicable_diseases_.26_addictions"></span>Communicable diseases & addictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communicable diseases & addictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a> of children is accessible to most of the urban and rural population.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholera">Cholera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cholera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a> has been a persistent problem in Iran. In the 2005 epidemic which involved loss of lives, state television warned people not to eat vegetables or buy ice blocks on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salads were also banned in some restaurants. The 1998 epidemic involved considerably more cases and loss of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV/AIDS"><span id="HIV.2FAIDS"></span>HIV/AIDS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Iran" title="Prostitution in Iran">Prostitution in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran#HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT rights in Iran § HIV/AIDS</a></div> <p>Increased drug use has driven up the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2005 two-thirds of the official total of 9,800 HIV cases were attributed to drug use. Iran has established a national HIV treatment system, including 150 testing sites and a free needle exchange program.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> has been increasing in Iran at a rapid rate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major factor fuelling the epidemic until now has been injecting <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drug use</a>, while there is an increase in <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexual transmission</a> of the disease. An estimated 14% of people who inject drugs countrywide were living with HIV in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, men account for 93 percent of the HIV patients, and women comprise 7 percent of the infected population.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of the epidemic in Iran is however still very low compared to international standards. Iran has a low prevalence of HIV infections with a rate of about 0.16 percent of the adult population (18,000 cases, officially) compared with 0.8 percent in North America (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>, as of the end of 2009, there are more than 100,000 AIDS sufferers in Iran (approximately 0.135% of the Iranian population).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_drugs">Illegal drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Illegal drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Anti-money_laundering_law" title="Central Bank of Iran">Anti-money laundering law in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime in Iran</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">Drug addiction</a> constitutes a major health problem. Iran is situated along one of the main trafficking routes for cannabis, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> produced in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and designer drugs have also found their way into the local market in recent years. Iran ranks first worldwide in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">prevalence of opiate addiction</a> with 2.8% of its population addicted.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiation age for most Iranian addicts is their 20s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of drug production laboratories have been set up in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-iran-daily.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iran-daily.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran's police said in April 2009 that 7,700 tonnes of opium was produced in Afghanistan in 2008, of which 3000 tonnes entered Iran, adding that the force had managed to seize 1000 tonnes of the smuggled opium.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran spent over 600 million dollars in just the last two years to dig canals, build barriers and install barbed wire to seal off the country's crime-infested borders.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran discovers 3 tons of drugs daily.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, estimates of the number of drug addicts ranged from 2 to 4 million (1.2 million according to the Government).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for addiction include <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran#Labor_force" title="Economy of Iran">lack of economic prospects among the youth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">lack of freedom</a>. In a 2014 survey, 30.6% of the youth considered financial issues as their biggest concern, while 28.9% chose unemployment, 10.8% university acceptance, and 7.5% marriage issues as their biggest worries.<sup id="cite_ref-tehrantimes.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehrantimes.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smoking">Smoking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Smoking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iran" title="Smoking in Iran">Smoking in Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran#Smuggling" title="Taxation in Iran">Smuggling in Iran</a></div> <p>Iran has implemented a strict <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking ban</a> in all public places. By 2007, smoking decreased to 11%. However, the rate of smokers in the <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">general population</a> increased again significantly in recent years. As of 2018, this rate stands at 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the new law, <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> is prohibited in all public organizations, hotels, restaurants, tea houses and coffee shops.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also forbidden is the offering and smoking of <i><a href="/wiki/Ghalyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalyun">ghalyun</a></i>, the traditional Persian <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">waterpipe</a>, which is a must in Iranian <a href="/wiki/Tea_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea house">tea houses</a>. A smoking ban for all car drivers nationwide was implemented since March 2006, and although offenders could face fines, the ban was widely ignored by the drivers. Also selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 would result in confiscation of the vendor's tobacco products and a cash fine. Repeated violations would lead to high cash fines. </p><p>About 20% of adult male and 4.5% of adult female population in the country smoke tobacco (12 million smokers according to some estimates).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60,000 Iranians die directly or indirectly due to smoking every year (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoking is responsible for 25% of death in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approx. 54bn-60bn cigarettes are believed to be consumed annually in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-New_law_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_law-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 2.7bn cigarettes are smuggled into Iran annually, according to officials from the state-owned Iranian Tobacco Company (ITC), on top of another 26.7bn which are imported legally (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imports of cigarettes, tobacco, cigars, cigarette paper, cigarette tips are subject to government monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranians spend more than $1.8 billion a year on tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-New_law_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_law-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2010 law, smokers henceforth will not be appointed to <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">senior government jobs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_law_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_law-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Iran" title="Air pollution in Iran">Air pollution in Iran</a></div> <p>Some sources say Iran's air pollution is some of the worst in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of respiratory diseases and cancers in Iran is increasing at a significant rate, also because of <a href="/wiki/Tehran#Environmental_issues" title="Tehran">air pollution in Tehran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-payvand.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payvand.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 5 million Iranian children suffer from asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimates losses inflicted on <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran's economy</a> as a result of deaths caused by air pollution at $640 million, which is equal to 5.1 trillion rials or 0.57 percent of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company#Fuel_imports" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">Substandard gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran#Imports" title="Automotive industry in Iran">imported car brakes</a> are also a reported health hazard/air pollutant according to the authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol_consumption">Alcohol consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alcohol consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Alcohol in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Iran" title="Beer in Iran">Beer in Iran</a></div> <p>Prohibited in Iran because of the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, except for non-Muslims who can legally consume alcoholic beverages in private. Alcohol smuggling into Iran was estimated at nearly $1 billion in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 200,000 people in Iran are estimated to be involved in <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegging</a>. Many rely on what's made in people's basements or gardens in unsanitary conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic in Iran</a></div> <p>Iran has been among the worst affected countries by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> 2019-<a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> claiming thousands of lives in the country (2020). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_planning">Family planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iran" title="Family planning in Iran">Family planning in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">Demography of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Abortion in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights in Iran</a></div> <p>The Islamic Republic of Iran has a comprehensive and effective program of <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>. While Iran's population grew at a rate of more than 3% per year between 1956 and 1986, the growth rate began to decline in the late 1980s and early 1990s after the government initiated a major population control program. By 2007 the growth rate had declined to 0.7 percent per year, with a birth rate of 17 per 1,000 persons and a death rate of 6 per 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports by the UN show birth control policies in Iran to be effective with the country topping the list of greatest fertility decreases. UN's Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs says that between 1975 and 1980, the total fertility number was 6.5. The projected level for Iran's 2005 to 2010 birth rate is fewer than two.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abcnews.go.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As at 2012, more than half of Iran's population is under 35 years old. Authorities are now slashing its birth-control programs in an attempt to avoid an <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">aging demographic</a> similar to many Western countries that are struggling to keep up with state medical and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Organization_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Organization (Iran)">social security costs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews.go.com_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One fifth of all couples are <a href="/wiki/Infertile" class="mw-redirect" title="Infertile">infertile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leading_causes_of_mortality">Leading causes of mortality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Leading causes of mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Iran_-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Iran_-diff.png/220px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Iran_-diff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Iran_-diff.png/330px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Iran_-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Iran_-diff.png/440px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Iran_-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of life expectancy in Iran, discriminated by biological sex. (1960-2021)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran#Road_accidents" title="Transport in Iran">Road accidents in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">Preventive medicine</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Healthcare in Iran</a> (Source: EIU)<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 est. </th> <th>2009 est. </th> <th>2010 est. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy, average (years) </td> <td>70.0 </td> <td>70.3 </td> <td>70.6 </td> <td>70.9 </td> <td>71.1 </td> <td>71.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Healthcare spending (% of GDP) </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Healthcare spending ($ per head) </td> <td>113 </td> <td>132 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>191 </td> <td>223 </td> <td>261 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early 2000s the main natural causes of death have been <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> disease and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. Cancer Research Center of Iran says 41,000 Iranians die of cancer each year.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Iran's Health Ministry, the most fatal cancer for men across the country is <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a> and for women is <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> with 90,000 new cancer cases reported each year (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education">Ministry of Health and Medical Education</a>, in 2003, 41% of total deaths were due to diseases of the circulatory system. <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Myocardial infarction</a> as the cause of 25% of deaths was the leading cause of mortality among the population.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Addiction</a> is the fourth major cause of death in Iran following <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran#Road_accidents" title="Transport in Iran">road accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2001 to 2010, over 438,000 Iranians have died from "unnatural deaths" such as electric shocks, gas poisoning, and drug intoxication.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4,055 people committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> in 2013 and the number of suicides is on the rise. In 2013, the <i>Association of Social Workers of Iran</i> indicated that 61,000 people committed suicide in Iran from 2001 to 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Iran's parliamentary committee on health and treatment in 2015, 12 million Iranians suffer from <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illnesses</a> (mostly stemming from <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran#Labor_force" title="Economy of Iran">economic reasons</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ministry of health, mental issues among <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">women</a> is a major problem and it is the second cause of death and disabilities among men.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_health_in_Iran"><span id="Women.27s_health_in_Iran"></span>Women's health in Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women's health in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women in Iran</a></div> <p>Similar to other countries, health of Iranian women plays a crucial role in well-being and economic growth of their society. Over the years, there has been significant progress in improving physical, mental and social health of women in this country. However, various obstacles have remained to be overcome to achieve the optimal well-being of Iranian women. Therefore, it is important to understand their challenges and the underlying explanations behind them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_Health">Physical Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Physical Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_Expectancy">Life Expectancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Life Expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to WHO data published in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth in Iran is 76.9 years for women and 74.6 for men, which is above global average: 74 years for female and for 70 years for males.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading causes of death in Iranian women is <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">non-communicable diseases</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a> (179 per 100,000 death).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can partly be due to their lack of physical activity. According to National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Iran (SuRFNCD -2007), 35% of the Iranian population of which 46% are women had a sedentary life style. In general, Iranian women have three times less physical activity than men.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maternal_Health">Maternal Health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Maternal Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_ratio" title="Maternal mortality ratio">maternal mortality ratio</a> (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) in Iran was 274, however, by year 2015, it dropped to 25 by 2015, which is comparable with developed countries. <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goal" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Development Goal">Millennium Development Goal</a> 5 (MDG5) suggested 5.5% reduction per year in MMR. Iran is one of the countries, which was able to achieve the goal of MDG5 with reduction of 75% by the year 2015. The main cause of maternal mortality among Iranian women is <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetric hemorrhage">obstetric hemorrhage</a> (30.7%) followed by <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive disorders">hypertensive disorders</a> in pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (17%). Maternal mortality occurs more frequent in rural and nomadic areas of Iran. It is estimated that 90% of these mothers had poor economic status when compared to the middle or high-class groups.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_Health">Sexual Health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sexual Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sexually_transmitted_infection_(STIs)"><span id="Sexually_transmitted_infection_.28STIs.29"></span>Sexually transmitted infection (STIs)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sexually transmitted infection (STIs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex virus type 2">Herpes simplex virus type 2</a> (HSV2) and <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a> are two of the <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STIs</a> with high prevalence among Iranian women. Two different studies on female sex workers showed the prevalence of HSV2 to be 9.7% and 18%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some areas of Iran, the prevalence of chlamydia infection in Iran is higher than global and Eastern Mediterranean Region prevalence. The global estimate for chlamydia among women is reported to be 3.53% and for the Eastern Mediterranean Region is estimated to be 2.15%.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="HIV-1_prevalence_among_Iranian_women">HIV-1 prevalence among Iranian women</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: HIV-1 prevalence among Iranian women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2018, of the 60,000 adults living with HIV in Iran, 15,000 (25%) are woman.<sup id="cite_ref-HIV2018_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIV2018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of women among those infected with HIV-1 has steadily increased from 6% in 2004 to 30% in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual transmission is the main route of <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a> infection among Iranian women. It has been suggested that the number of HIV-1 infected individuals are much higher; however, social stigma and discrimination might prevent many Iranians, in particular women, from admitting they are infected.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Summary of HIV/AIDS estimates among Iranian women and compared to national statistics <sup id="cite_ref-HIV2018_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIV2018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Adult and children living with HIV</td> <td>61,000 (34,000 – 120,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Women living with HIV</td> <td>15,000 (8900 – 30,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adult and children deaths due to AIDS</td> <td>2600 (1400 – 5100) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Death due to AIDS among women aged 15 and over</td> <td><500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adult and children newly infected with HIV</td> <td>4400 (1100 – 12,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Women newly infected with HIV</td> <td>1000 (<500 – 3000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coverage of adults and children receiving ART (%)</td> <td>20 (11 – 39) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Women aged 15 and over receiving ART (%)</td> <td>27 (16 – 53) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coverage of pregnant women who receive ARV for PMTCT (%)</td> <td>81 (41 – >95) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knowledge about HIV prevention among people aged 15–24 (%)</td> <td>18.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knowledge about HIV prevention among women aged 15–24 (%)</td> <td>16.21 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_health_and_women_empowerment">Social health and women empowerment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social health and women empowerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, Iran was ranked 142 out of 149 for Global Gender Gap Index (GGI score: 0.589). As the women in many parts of the world, the gender gap in Iran is evident in all sub-indices including economic participation and opportunity (rank: 143; score: 0.376), political empowerment (rank: 141; score: 0.046), educational attempt (rank: 103; score: 0.969) and health and survival (rank: 127; score 0.966).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Iran's Global Gender Gap index (GGI) between 2006-2018 <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Gender gap ranking</th> <th>GGI </th></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>142</td> <td>0.5890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>140</td> <td>0.5830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>139</td> <td>0.5875 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>141</td> <td>0.5800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>137</td> <td>0.5811 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>130</td> <td>0.5842 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>127</td> <td>0.5927 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>125</td> <td>0.5894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>123</td> <td>0.5933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>128</td> <td>0.5839 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>116</td> <td>0.6021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>118</td> <td>0.5903 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>108</td> <td>0.5803 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_marriage">Child marriage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Child marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that 17% of Iranian girls under age of 18 are married. However, thousands of such marriages are not officially registered. <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a> in Iran is mainly driven by gender inequality, religion, poverty and traditional costume. In line with target 5.3 of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, Iran has made a commitment to eliminate child marriage by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Healthcare in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran)">Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/">"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"</a>. <i>humanrightsmeasurement.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204161805/http://www.behdasht.gov.ir/">Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/countries/irn/en/">World Health Organization - Iran</a> (Statistics) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emro.who.int/iran/index.htm">WHO/ Country Office</a> - Iran <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emro.who.int/emrinfo/index.asp?Ctry=ira">WHO/Country Profile</a> - Iran</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amar.org.ir/English">Statistical center of Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/06/24/united-nations-world-drug-report-2010-and-iran/">United Nations World Drug Report 2010 and Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051437/http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/06/24/united-nations-world-drug-report-2010-and-iran/">Archived</a> 2019-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_in_Asia405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Azerbaijan" title="Health in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bahrain" title="Health in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bhutan" title="Health in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brunei" title="Health in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia" title="Health in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cyprus" title="Health in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Israel" title="Health in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jordan" title="Health in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Korea" title="Health in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Korea" title="Health in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kuwait" title="Health in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Health in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Laos" title="Health in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Lebanon" title="Health in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Maldives" title="Health in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mongolia" title="Health in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Myanmar" title="Health in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Oman" title="Health in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Pakistan" title="Health in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Qatar" title="Health in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Singapore" title="Health in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tajikistan" title="Health in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Timor-Leste" title="Health in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Turkey" title="Health in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Turkmenistan" title="Health in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Health in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uzbekistan" title="Health in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Vietnam" title="Health in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Yemen" title="Health in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Health in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Health in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Taiwan" title="Health in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_in_the_World8259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_in_the_World8259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in the World (page does not exist)">Health in the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Albania" title="Health in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Andorra" title="Health in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Angola" title="Health in Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Health in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Australia" title="Health in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Austria" title="Health in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Azerbaijan" title="Health in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Bahamas" title="Health in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bahrain" title="Health in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Barbados" title="Health in Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Belarus" title="Health in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Belgium" title="Health in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Benin" title="Health in Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bhutan" title="Health in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bolivia" title="Health in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Botswana" title="Health in Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brunei" title="Health in Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Health in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burundi" title="Health in Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia" title="Health in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cameroon" title="Health in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cape_Verde" title="Health in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Health in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Chad" title="Health in Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cuba" title="Health in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cyprus" title="Health in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Health in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Denmark" title="Health in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Djibouti" title="Health in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Dominica" title="Health in Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Health in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ecuador" title="Health in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_El_Salvador" title="Health in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Health in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Eritrea" title="Health in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Estonia" title="Health in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Eswatini" title="Health in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Health in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Fiji" title="Health in Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Finland" title="Health in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Gabon" title="Health in Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Gambia" title="Health in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Germany" title="Health in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ghana" title="Health in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Greece" title="Health in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Grenada" title="Health in Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guatemala" title="Health in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guinea" title="Health in Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Health in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guyana" title="Health in Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Haiti" title="Health in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Honduras" title="Health in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iceland" title="Health in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a 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