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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Possible origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Java" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Java</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumatra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumatra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sumatra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumatra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odisha_(Kalinga)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odisha_(Kalinga)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Odisha (Kalinga)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odisha_(Kalinga)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discounted_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discounted_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Discounted proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discounted_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shailendras_in_Java" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shailendras_in_Java"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shailendras in Java</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shailendras_in_Java-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shailendras_in_Sumatra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shailendras_in_Sumatra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shailendras in Sumatra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shailendras_in_Sumatra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shailendras_in_Bali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shailendras_in_Bali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shailendras in Bali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shailendras_in_Bali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Shailendran_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Shailendran_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of Shailendran rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Shailendran_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shailendra dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سيلندرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيلندرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Sailendra" title="Dinastiyang Sailendra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dinastiyang Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Sailendra" title="Dinastía Sailendra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%8C%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="샤일렌드라 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤일렌드라 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शैलेन्द्र राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैलेन्द्र राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Sailendra" title="Wangsa Sailendra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wangsa Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Syail%C3%A9ndra" title="Wangsa Syailéndra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Syailéndra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ailendros" title="Šailendros – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šailendros" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ശൈലേന്ദ്ര രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൈലേന്ദ്ര രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शैलेंद्र राजवंश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शैलेंद्र राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Syailendra" title="Wangsa Syailendra – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wangsa Syailendra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E6%9C%9D" title="シャイレーンドラ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャイレーンドラ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸ਼ੈਲੇਂਦਰ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੈਲੇਂਦਰ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sailendra" title="Dinastia Sailendra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="शैलेन्द्रराजवंशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शैलेन्द्रराजवंशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ශෛලේන්ද්‍ර රාජ වංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශෛලේන්ද්‍ර රාජ වංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சைலேந்திர வம்சம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைலேந்திர வம்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์ไศเลนทร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ไศเลนทร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sailendra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E9%80%A3%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="夏連特拉王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏連特拉王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%BF%9E%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="夏连特拉王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏连特拉王国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Sa%C3%A8l%C3%A9ndra" title="Wangsa Saèléndra – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wangsa Saèléndra" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dynasty in Java from about 750 to 850 CE</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sailendra_King_and_Queen,_Borobudur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sailendra_King_and_Queen%2C_Borobudur.jpg/360px-Sailendra_King_and_Queen%2C_Borobudur.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sailendra_King_and_Queen%2C_Borobudur.jpg/540px-Sailendra_King_and_Queen%2C_Borobudur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sailendra_King_and_Queen%2C_Borobudur.jpg/720px-Sailendra_King_and_Queen%2C_Borobudur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The bas relief of 8th century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> depict a King sitting in <i>Maharajalilasana</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lalitasana" title="Lalitasana">king's posture or royal ease</a>) pose, with his Queen and their subjects, the scene is based on Shailendran royal court.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s-500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali kingdom">Bali kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_the_Malay_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in the Malay Archipelago">Dutch East India Company</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">1800–1942<br />1945–1949</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reform era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shailendra dynasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śailēndra</i></span></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Indonesian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="id-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ʃaɪlenˈdraː]</a></span> derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> combined words <i>Śaila</i> and <i>Indra</i>, meaning "King of the Mountain",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also spelled <b>Sailendra</b>, <b>Syailendra</b> or <b>Selendra</b>) was the name of a notable <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianised</a> dynasty that emerged in 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISEAS-Zakharov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shailendras were active promoters of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and covered the <a href="/wiki/Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Kedu Plain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> with Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">monuments</a>, one of which is the colossal <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shailendras are considered to have been a <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia; however, they also relied on agricultural pursuits, by way of intensive rice cultivation on the <a href="/wiki/Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Kedu Plain</a> of Central Java. The dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a> of Central Java, and for some period, the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> Kingdom in Sumatra. </p><p>The inscriptions created by Shailendras use three languages; <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> — written either in the <a href="/wiki/Kawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi alphabet">Kawi alphabet</a>, or pre-<a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī script</a>. The use of Old Malay has sparked speculation of a Sumatran origin, or Srivijayan connection of this family. On the other hand, the use of Old Javanese suggests their firm political establishment on Java. The use of Sanskrit usually indicates the official nature, and/or religious significance, of the event described in any given inscription. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sojomerto_inscription" title="Sojomerto inscription">Sojomerto inscription</a> (9th century CE) discovered in <a href="/wiki/Batang_Regency" title="Batang Regency">Batang Regency</a>, Central Java, mentioned the name <i>Dapunta Selendra</i> and <i>Selendranamah</i>. The name 'Selendra' has been suggested as another spelling of Shailendra, meaning that Dapunta Selendra was the progenitor of Shailendra family in Central Java.<sup id="cite_ref-Boechari_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boechari-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent analysis suggested that this was not true: The inscription has diphthong <i>ai</i> in it, so it is unlikely that Selendra was another name for Shailendra, and the Sumatran origin of Sailendra dynasty was thus unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISEAS-Zakharov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> </p><p>The earliest dated inscription in Indonesia in which clearly mentioned the dynastic name of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śailēndra</i></span></i> as <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śailēndravamśatilaka</i></span></i> appears is the <a href="/wiki/Kalasan_inscription" title="Kalasan inscription">Kalasan inscription</a> (778) of central Java, which mention its ruler <a href="/wiki/Panangkaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Panangkaran">Mahārāja dyāḥ Pañcapaṇa kariyāna Paṇaṃkaraṇa</a> and commemorates the establishment of a Buddhist shrine, <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalasan" title="Kalasan">Kalasan</a>, dedicated for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISEAS-Zakharov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall1985:110_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall1985:110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name also appears in several other inscriptions like the <a href="/wiki/Kelurak_inscription" title="Kelurak inscription">Kelurak inscription</a> (782) and the <a href="/wiki/Karangtengah_inscription" title="Karangtengah inscription">Karangtengah inscription</a> (824). Outside Indonesia, the name Shailendra is to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Ligor_inscription" title="Ligor inscription">Ligor inscription</a> (775) on the Malay peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda inscription">Nalanda inscription</a> (860) in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall1985:110_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall1985:110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that it was <a href="/wiki/Panangkaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Panangkaran">Paṇaṃkaraṇa</a> that create the Chaiya, or <a href="/wiki/Ligor_inscription" title="Ligor inscription">Ligor inscription</a> (775), and took control over Srivijayan realm in the Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISEAS-Zakharov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_origins">Possible origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Possible origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the rise of the Shailendras occurred in <a href="/wiki/Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Kedu Plain</a> in the Javanese heartland, their origin has been the subject of discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from Java itself, an earlier homeland in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> has been suggested. The latest studies apparently favour a native origin of the dynasty. Despite their connections with Srivijaya in Sumatra and Thai-Malay Peninsula, the Shailendras were more likely of Javanese origin.<sup id="cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISEAS-Zakharov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java">Java</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Java"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya dynasty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_elephant_escorted_by_soldiers,_Mataram_(Medang)_era_Java,_from_the_Borobudur_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_elephant_escorted_by_soldiers%2C_Mataram_%28Medang%29_era_Java%2C_from_the_Borobudur_temple.jpg/300px-Royal_elephant_escorted_by_soldiers%2C_Mataram_%28Medang%29_era_Java%2C_from_the_Borobudur_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_elephant_escorted_by_soldiers%2C_Mataram_%28Medang%29_era_Java%2C_from_the_Borobudur_temple.jpg/450px-Royal_elephant_escorted_by_soldiers%2C_Mataram_%28Medang%29_era_Java%2C_from_the_Borobudur_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_elephant_escorted_by_soldiers%2C_Mataram_%28Medang%29_era_Java%2C_from_the_Borobudur_temple.jpg/600px-Royal_elephant_escorted_by_soldiers%2C_Mataram_%28Medang%29_era_Java%2C_from_the_Borobudur_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Borobudur relief depicting a royal elephant escorted by soldiers, during Mataram (Medang) era Java.</figcaption></figure> <p>One theory suggests that Shailendra was a native Javanese dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya dynasty</a> was actually a branch of the Shailendras since <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sanjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sanjaya">Sri Sanjaya</a> and his offspring belong to the Shailendra family that were initially the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivist</a> rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Shailendra with Mahayana Buddhism began after the conversion of Panaraban or Panangkaran to Buddhism. This theory is based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a></i>, which tells of the ailing King Sanjaya ordering his son, Rakai Panaraban or Panangkaran, to convert to Buddhism because their faith in <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> was feared by the people in favor of the pacifist Buddhist faith. The conversion of Panangkaran to Buddhism also corresponds to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Sankhara_inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Sankhara inscription (page does not exist)">Raja Sankhara inscription</a>, which tells of a king named Sankhara (identified as Panangkaran) converting to Buddhism because his Shaiva faith was feared by the people. Unfortunately, the Raja Sankhara inscription is now missing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumatra">Sumatra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sumatra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other scholars hold that the expansion of Buddhist kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> was involved in the rise of the dynasty in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of this connection emphasize the shared Mahayana patronage; the intermarriages and the Ligor inscription. Also the fact that some of Shailendra's inscriptions were written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">old Malay</a>, which suggested Srivijaya or Sumatran connections. The name 'Selendra' was first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Sojomerto_inscription" title="Sojomerto inscription">Sojomerto inscription</a> as "Dapunta Selendra". Dapunta Selendra is suggested as the ancestor of Shailendras. The title Dapunta is similar to those of Srivijayan King <a href="/wiki/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa">Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa</a>, and the inscription — although discovered in Central Java north coast — was written in old Malay, which suggested the Sumatran origin or Srivijayan connection to this family. The Sojomerto inscription is often used as evidence that the Shailendra dynasty came from Sumatra because it assumes the word <i>Selendra</i> as the Malay designation for Shailendra and assumed that Dapunta Selendra was the predecessor of the dynasty. Recent studies show no such evidence: According to Damais, the Sojomerto inscription dates from early 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing it after the <a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription" title="Kedukan Bukit inscription">Kedukan Bukit inscription</a> (683 AD). In addition, the name Selendra from the Sojomerto inscription does not seem to have anything to do with Shailendra: The inscription mentions the words <i>hakairu</i> and <i>daiva</i> which have the diphthong ai, so that diphthong should also be used in the name <i>Dapunta Selendra</i>. In addition, this theory is obsolete because there is no data on the existence of the Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra earlier than the ninth century and Srivijaya was unable to conquer Java. What happened was the opposite — the Shailendra dynasty subdued Srivijaya and its area on the Malay peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISEAS-Zakharov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–27">: 22–27 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odisha_(Kalinga)"><span id="Odisha_.28Kalinga.29"></span>Odisha (Kalinga)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Odisha (Kalinga)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the old theory of <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar</a> (1933), an Indian scholar, the Shailendra dynasty that established itself in the Indonesian archipelago originated from <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>) in Eastern India.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opinion is also shared by <a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Sastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilakanta Sastri">Nilakanta Sastri</a> and J. L. Moens. Moens (1937) further describes that the Shailendras originated in India and established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> before the arrival of Srivijaya's <a href="/wiki/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa">Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa</a>. In 683, the Shailendras moved to Java because of the pressure exerted by Dapunta Hyang and his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discounted_proposal">Discounted proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discounted proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, the French scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedes</a> proposed a relation with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Coedes believed that the Funanese rulers used similar-sounding 'mountainlord' titles, but several Cambodia specialists have discounted this. They hold there is no historical evidence for such titles in the Funan period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shailendras_in_Java">Shailendras in Java</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shailendras in Java"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg/250px-Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg/375px-Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg/500px-Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, the largest Buddhist structure in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shailendra rulers maintained cordial relations, including marriage alliances with <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Samaragrawira" title="Samaragrawira">Samaragrawira</a> married Dewi Tara, a daughter of Srivijayan Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Dharmasetu" title="Dharmasetu">Dharmasetu</a>. The mutual alliance between the two kingdoms ensured that Srivijaya had no need to fear the emergence of a Javanese rival and that the Shailendra had access to the international market. </p><p>Karangtengah inscription dated 824 mentioned about king Samaratungga. His daughter named <a href="/wiki/Pramodhawardhani" title="Pramodhawardhani">Pramodhawardhani</a> has inaugurated a <i>Jinalaya</i>, a sacred buddhist sanctuary. The inscription also mentioned a sacred Buddhist building called <i>Venuvana</i> to place the cremated ashes of King Indra. The <a href="/wiki/Tri_Tepusan_inscription" title="Tri Tepusan inscription">Tri Tepusan inscription</a> dated 842 mentioned about the <i>sima</i> (tax free) lands awarded by Śrī Kahulunan (Pramodhawardhani, daughter of Samaratungga) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a <i>Kamūlān</i> called <i>Bhūmisambhāra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kamūlān</i> itself from the word <i>mula</i> which means 'the place of origin', a sacred building to honor the <a href="/wiki/Ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors">ancestors</a>. These findings suggested that either the ancestors of the Shailendras were originated from Central Java, or as the sign that Shailendra have established their holds on Java. Casparis suggested that <i>Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra</i> which in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> means "The mountain of combined virtues of the ten stages of <a href="/wiki/Boddhisattva" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddhisattva">Boddhisattvahood</a>", was the original name of Borobudur.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The received older version holds that the Shailendra dynasty existed next to the <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya dynasty</a> in Java. Much of the period was characterized by peaceful co-existence and cooperation but towards the middle of the 9th century relations had deteriorated. Around 852 the Sanjaya ruler Pikatan had defeated Balaputra, the offspring of the Shailendra monarch Samaratunga and princess Tara. This ended the Shailendra presence in Java and Balaputra retreated to the Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra, where he became the paramount ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </p><p>Earlier historians, such as N.J. Krom and Coedes, tend to equate <a href="/wiki/Samaragrawira" title="Samaragrawira">Samaragrawira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaratungga" title="Samaratungga">Samaratungga</a> as the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Mantyasih_inscription" title="Mantyasih inscription">Mantyasih inscription</a> as fifth monarch of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a>. Which means Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira, and <a href="/wiki/Balaputradewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaputradewa">Balaputradewa</a> that is also Samaragrawira's son, is Samaratungga's younger brother and ruled in Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra), and he is not Samaratungga's son. This version holds Balaputra that reign in Sumatra challenged the Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani legitimation in Java, arguing that his niece and her husband has less rights to rule Java compared to his. </p><p>In 851 an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabic</a> merchant named Sulaiman recorded an event about Javanese Sailendras staging a surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching the capital from the river, after a sea crossing from Java. The young king of Khmer was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently the kingdom became a vassal of Sailendra dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Rooney-Angkor_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooney-Angkor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> In 916 CE, Abu Zaid Hasan mentioned that a polity called <a href="/wiki/Zabag_(ancient_territory)" title="Zabag (ancient territory)">Zabag</a> invaded the Khmer kingdom, using 1000 "medium-sized" vessels, which resulted in a Zabag victory. The head of the Khmer king was then brought to Zabag.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137–138">: 137–138 </span></sup> Regardless of whether the story was true or not or just a legend, it may have a connection with the independence of Cambodia from Javanese suzerainty in 802 CE. Zabag might corresponds to Jawaka/Javaka, which may refer to Java or South Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269, 302">: 269, 302 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shailendras_in_Sumatra">Shailendras in Sumatra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shailendras in Sumatra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 824, there are no more references to the Shailendra house in the Javanese epigraphic record. Around 860 the name re-appears in the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda inscription">Nalanda inscription</a> in India. According to the text, the king Devapaladeva of Bengala (<a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>) had granted '<a href="/wiki/Balaputra" title="Balaputra">Balaputra</a>, the king of Suvarna-dvipa' (Sumatra) the revenues of 5 villages to a Buddhist monastery near <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>. Balaputra was styled a descendant from the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shailendra dynasty</a> and grandson of the king of Java.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108–109">: 108–109 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Sumatra, the Shailendras also maintained overseas relations with the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> kingdom in Southern India, as shown by several south Indian inscriptions. An 11th-century inscription mentioned the grant of revenues to a local Buddhist sanctuary, built in 1005 by the king of the Srivijaya. In spite the relations were initially fairly cordial, hostilities had broken out in 1025.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> the Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> conquered some territories of the Shailendra dynasty in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devastation caused by <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">Chola invasion of Srivijaya</a> in 1025, marked the end of Shailendra family as the ruling dynasty in Sumatra. The last king of Shailendra dynasty — the Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman" title="Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman">Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman</a> — was imprisoned and taken as hostage. Nevertheless, amity was re-established between the two states, before the end of the 11th century. In 1090 a new charter was granted to the old Buddhist sanctuary, it is the last known inscription with a reference to the Shailendras. With the absence of legitimate successor, Shailendra dynasty seems ceased to rule. Other family within Srivijaya mandala took over the throne, a new Maharaja named <a href="/wiki/Sri_Deva" title="Sri Deva">Sri Deva</a> according to Chinese source establishing new dynasty to rule Srivijaya. He sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shailendras_in_Bali">Shailendras in Bali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shailendras in Bali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kesari_Warmadewa" title="Sri Kesari Warmadewa">Sri Kesari Warmadewa</a> was said to be a Buddhist king of the Shailendra dynasty who led a military expedition<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to establish a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist government in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 914, he left a record of his endeavour in the <a href="/wiki/Belanjong_pillar" title="Belanjong pillar">Belanjong pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanur_(Bali)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanur (Bali)">Sanur</a> in Bali. According to this inscription, the <a href="/wiki/Warmadewa_dynasty" title="Warmadewa dynasty">Warmadewa dynasty</a> was probably the branch of Shailendras that ruled Bali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Shailendran_rulers">List of Shailendran rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of Shailendran rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the Shailendra period was viewed to span from the 8th to the 9th century, confined only in Central Java, from the era of Panangkaran to Samaratungga. However the recent interpretation suggests the longer period of Shailendra family might existed, from the early 9th century (edict of Sojomerto inscription) to early 11th century (the fall of Shailendran dynasty of Srivijaya under Chola invasion). For certain period, Shailendras ruled both Central Java and Sumatra. Their alliance and intermarriage with Srivijayan ruling family resulted with the merging of two royal houses, with Shailendran finally emerge as the ruling family of both Srivijaya and Mataram (Central Java). </p><p>Some historians tried to reconstruct the order and list of Shailendra rulers, although there is some disagreement on the list. Boechari tried to reconstruct the early stage of Shailendra based on Sojomerto inscription, while other historians such as Slamet Muljana and Poerbatjaraka tried to reconstruct the list of Shailendran king in middle and later period with their connections to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sanjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sanjaya">Sanjaya</a> and Srivijaya, based on inscriptions and <a href="/wiki/Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a> manuscript. However, there is some confusion occurred, because the Shailendra seems to rule many kingdoms; Kalingga, Mataram and later Srivijaya. As the result name of the same kings often overlapped and seem to rule these kingdoms simultaneously. The questionmark (?) signify doubt or speculation because of the scarcity of available valid sources. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:70px;">Date </th> <th style="width:100px;">King's or ruler's name </th> <th style="width:100px;">Capital </th> <th style="width:200px;">Stone inscription and source of historical account </th> <th style="width:300px;">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>674—703 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Shima" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Shima">Shima</a> (?) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalingga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga">Kalingga</a>, somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Pekalongan" title="Pekalongan">Pekalongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jepara" title="Jepara">Jepara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a>, Chinese account on <i>Hwi-ning</i> visits to <i>Ho-ling</i> kingdom (664) and the reign of queen <i>Hsi-mo</i> (674) </td> <td>Ruling the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kalingga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga">Kalingga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>703—710 </td> <td>Shalendra Sri Prakash (?) </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a> </td> <td>Son-in-law of Shima, ruling the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Galuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Galuh">Galuh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>710—717 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanna_(king)" title="Sanna (king)">Sanna</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canggal_inscription" title="Canggal inscription">Canggal inscription</a> (732), <a href="/wiki/Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a> </td> <td>Sanna ruled Java, but after his death the kingdom fell to chaotic disunity by usurper or foreign invasion </td></tr> <tr> <td>717—760 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sanjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sanjaya">Sanjaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, Central Java </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canggal_inscription" title="Canggal inscription">Canggal inscription</a> (732), <a href="/wiki/Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a> </td> <td>Sanjaya, the nephew (or son?) of Sanna restore the order and ascend to throne, some early historian took this event as the establishment of new <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya dynasty</a>, while other hold that this only the continuation of Shailendras </td></tr> <tr> <td>760—775 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rakai_Panangkaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakai Panangkaran">Rakai Panangkaran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, Central Java </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Sankhara_inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Sankhara inscription (page does not exist)">Raja Sankhara inscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalasan_inscription" title="Kalasan inscription">Kalasan inscription</a> (778), <a href="/wiki/Carita_Parahyangan" title="Carita Parahyangan">Carita Parahyangan</a> </td> <td>Rakai Panangkaran converted from Shaivism to Mahayana Buddhism, construction of <a href="/wiki/Kalasan" title="Kalasan">Kalasan</a> temple<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>775—800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharanindra" title="Dharanindra">Dharanindra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, Central Java </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelurak_inscription" title="Kelurak inscription">Kelurak inscription</a> (782), <a href="/wiki/Ligor_inscription" title="Ligor inscription">Ligor inscription</a> (c. 782 or 787)<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91">: 91 </span></sup> </td> <td>Also ruled <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> in Sumatra, construction of <a href="/wiki/Sewu" title="Sewu">Manjusrigrha</a> temple, started the construction of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> (c. 770), Java ruled Ligor and Southern Cambodia (Chenla) (c. 790) </td></tr> <tr> <td>800—812 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samaragrawira" title="Samaragrawira">Samaragrawira</a><sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92–93">: 92–93 </span></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, Central Java </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligor_inscription" title="Ligor inscription">Ligor inscription</a> (c. 787) </td> <td>Also ruled <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, lost Cambodia (802) </td></tr> <tr> <td>812—833 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samaratungga" title="Samaratungga">Samaratungga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, Central Java </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karangtengah_inscription" title="Karangtengah inscription">Karangtengah inscription</a> (824)<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> </td> <td>Also ruled <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, completion of Borobudur (825) </td></tr> <tr> <td>833—856 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pramodhawardhani" title="Pramodhawardhani">Pramodhawardhani</a> co-reign with her husband <a href="/wiki/Rakai_Pikatan" title="Rakai Pikatan">Rakai Pikatan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, Central Java </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shivagrha_inscription" title="Shivagrha inscription">Shivagrha inscription</a> (856) </td> <td>Defeated and expelled <a href="/wiki/Balaputra" title="Balaputra">Balaputra</a> to Srivijaya (Sumatra). Construction of <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plaosan" title="Plaosan">Plaosan</a> temple. The successors of Pikatan, the series of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a> kings from Lokapala (850—890) to <a href="/wiki/Wawa_of_Mataram" title="Wawa of Mataram">Wawa</a> (924—929) could be considered as the continuation of Shailendra lineage, although King <a href="/wiki/Balitung" title="Balitung">Balitung</a> (898—910) in <a href="/wiki/Mantyasih_inscription" title="Mantyasih inscription">Mantyasih inscription</a> (907) sought ancestor only as far as Sanjaya, thus enforced the <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya dynasty</a> theory. </td></tr> <tr> <td>833—850 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balaputradewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaputradewa">Balaputradewa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, South Sumatra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shivagrha_inscription" title="Shivagrha inscription">Shivagrha inscription</a> (856), <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda inscription">Nalanda inscription</a> (860) </td> <td>Defeated by Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani, expelled from Central Java, took refuge in Sumatra and rule <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, claim as the legitimate successor of Shailendra dynasty from Java<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 960 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ari_Udayadityavarman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śri Udayadityavarman (page does not exist)">Śri Udayadityavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, South Sumatra </td> <td>Embassies to China (960 and 962) </td> <td>Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 980 </td> <td>Haji (Hia-Tche) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, South Sumatra </td> <td>Embassies to China (980–983) </td> <td>Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 988 </td> <td>Sri <a href="/wiki/Cudamani_Warmadewa" title="Cudamani Warmadewa">Cudamani Warmadewa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, South Sumatra </td> <td>Embassies to China (988-992-1003), Tanjore Inscription or Leiden Inscription (1044) </td> <td>Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China, Javanese King <a href="/wiki/Dharmawangsa" title="Dharmawangsa">Dharmawangsa</a> invasion on Srivijaya, building of temple for Chinese Emperor, gift of village by Raja-raja I </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Maravijayottungga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Maravijayottungga">Sri Maravijayottungga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, South Sumatra </td> <td>Embassies to China (1008) </td> <td>Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China (1008) </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1017 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumatrabhumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumatrabhumi (page does not exist)">Sumatrabhumi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, South Sumatra </td> <td>Embassies to China (1017) </td> <td>Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China (1017) </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1025 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman" title="Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman">Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, South Sumatra </td> <td>Chola Inscription on the temple of Rajaraja, Tanjore </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">Chola raid on Srivijaya</a>, the capital captured by <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola">Rajendra Chola</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCœdes1983" class="citation book cs1">Cœdes, G (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC"><i>The making of South East Asia</i></a>. translated by H.M. Wright. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520050617" title="Special:BookSources/9780520050617"><bdi>9780520050617</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+South+East+Asia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520050617&rft.aulast=C%C5%93des&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgrAFlAC4-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISEAS-Zakharov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakharov2012" class="citation web cs1">Zakharov, Anton O. (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101014301/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/nscwps012.pdf">"The Śailendras Reconsidered"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nsc.iseas.edu.sg</i>. Singapore: The Nalanda-Srivijaya Centre Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps12.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsc.iseas.edu.sg&rft.atitle=The+%C5%9Aailendras+Reconsidered&rft.date=2012-08&rft.aulast=Zakharov&rft.aufirst=Anton+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiseas.edu.sg%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fnscwps12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592">"Borobudur Temple Compounds"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Borobudur+Temple+Compounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Patrons of Buddhism, the Śailēndras during the height of their power in central Java constructed impressive monuments and temple complexes, the best known of which is the Borobudur on the Kedu Plain" (quoted from Hall 1985: 109).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Shailendra-dynasty">"Shailendra dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Shailendra+dynasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShailendra-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boechari-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boechari_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoechari1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boechari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boechari (page does not exist)">Boechari</a> (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". <i>MISI</i>. <b>III</b>: 241–251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MISI&rft.atitle=Preliminary+report+on+the+discovery+of+an+Old+Malay+inscription+at+Sojomerto&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=241-251&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Boechari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall1985:110-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1985:110_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1985:110_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (1985: 110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_E._Jordaan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roy E. Jordaan (2006). "Why the Shailendras were not a Javanese dynasty". <i>Indonesia and the Malay World</i>. <b>34</b> (98): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13639810600650711">10.1080/13639810600650711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162972179">162972179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia+and+the+Malay+World&rft.atitle=Why+the+Shailendras+were+not+a+Javanese+dynasty&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=98&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13639810600650711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162972179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Roy+E.+Jordaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Poerbatjaraka, 1958: 254–264)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Munoz (2006: 139)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegroot2009" class="citation book cs1">Degroot, Véronique M. Y. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2HzduME8OcC&dq=sojomerto+inscription&pg=PA84"><i>Candi, Space and Landscape. A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains</i></a>. Leiden, Netherlands: Sidestone Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-039-6"><bdi>978-90-8890-039-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candi%2C+Space+and+Landscape.+A+study+on+the+distribution%2C+orientation+and+spatial+organization+of+Central+Javanese+temple+remains&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Sidestone+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8890-039-6&rft.aulast=Degroot&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A9ronique+M.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du2HzduME8OcC%26dq%3Dsojomerto%2Binscription%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, 1933: 121–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moens, 1937: 317–487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Jacques 1979; Vickery 2003–2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrs._R._Soekmono1988" class="citation book cs1">Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) [1973]. <i><span></span></i>Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2<i>, 2nd ed</i> (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pengantar+Sejarah+Kebudayaan+Indonesia+2%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=5th+reprint&rft.pub=Penerbit+Kanisius&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Drs.+R.+Soekmono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalubi" class="citation web cs1">Walubi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142025/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml">"Borobudur : Candi Berbukit Kebajikan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml">the original</a> on 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borobudur+%3A+Candi+Berbukit+Kebajikan&rft.au=Walubi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walubi.or.id%2Fwaisak2004%2FBorobudur%2520-%2520Candi%2520Berbukit%2520Kebajikan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"De Casparis proposed that in 856 Balaputra was defeated by Pikatan, whereupon Balaputra retreated to Srivijaya, the country of his mother, to become the first Shailendra ruler of Srivijaya. Thus in the late 9th century Srivijaya was ruled by a Buddhist Shailendra ruler, while Java was ruled by Pikatan and his successors who patronized Siva" (cf. De Casparis, 1956; Hall, 1985: 111).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). <i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i>. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rooney-Angkor-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rooney-Angkor_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2011" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Dawn (16 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bookdepository.com/Angkor-Dawn-Rooney/978-9622178021"><i>Angkor, Cambodia's Wondrous Khmer Temples</i></a>. Hong Kong: Odyssey Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9622178021" title="Special:BookSources/978-9622178021"><bdi>978-9622178021</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor%2C+Cambodia%27s+Wondrous+Khmer+Temples&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Odyssey+Publications&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft.isbn=978-9622178021&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookdepository.com%2FAngkor-Dawn-Rooney%2F978-9622178021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2006" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). <i>Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and Malay Peninsula</i>. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Kingdoms+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago+and+Malay+Peninsula&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Paul+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksicGoh2017" class="citation book cs1">Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017). <i>Ancient Southeast Asia</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft.au=Goh%2C+Geok+Yian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (1985: 109)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (1985: 200)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Civilization and Culture by Suhas Chatterjee p. 499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bali handbook with Lombok and the Eastern Isles</i> by Liz Capaldi, Joshua Eliot p. 98 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-iPvaB380_8C&pg=PA98">[1]</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlcL6HeY-uAC&pg=PA156"><i>Bali & Lombok</i> Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.156</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>De Casparis, J.G. de (1956). <i>Prasasti Indonesia II : Selected inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th centuries AD</i>. Bandung: Masu Baru, 1956</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Perry_Landon1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Perry_Landon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Perry Landon">Kenneth Perry Landon</a> (1969). <i>Southeast Asia. Crossroad of Religions</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46840-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46840-2"><bdi>0-226-46840-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia.+Crossroad+of+Religions&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-226-46840-2&rft.au=Kenneth+Perry+Landon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs,_Lawrence_Palmer1951" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "[Review of] South East Asia. Crossroad of Religions by K.P. Landon". <i>The Far Eastern Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 271–277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Far+Eastern+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%5BReview+of%5D+South+East+Asia.+Crossroad+of+Religions+by+K.P.+Landon&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-277&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Lawrence+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Coedes1934" class="citation journal cs1">G. Coedes (1934). "On the origins of the Sailendras of Indonesia". <i>Journal of the Greater India Society</i>. <b>I</b>: 61–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Greater+India+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+the+Sailendras+of+Indonesia&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=61-70&rft.date=1934&rft.au=G.+Coedes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.R._Hall1985" class="citation book cs1">K.R. Hall (1985). <i>Maritime Trade and State Development in Early South East Asia</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0959-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0959-9"><bdi>0-8248-0959-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Trade+and+State+Development+in+Early+South+East+Asia&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8248-0959-9&rft.au=K.R.+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Jacques1979" class="citation conference cs1">Claude Jacques (1979). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Funan', 'Zhenla '. The Reality Concealed by These Chinese Views of IndoChina". In R.B. Smith and W. Watson (ed.). <i>Early South East Asia. Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography</i>. New York/Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. pp. 371–389.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=%27Funan%27%2C+%27Zhenla+%27.+The+Reality+Concealed+by+These+Chinese+Views+of+IndoChina&rft.btitle=Early+South+East+Asia.+Essays+in+Archaeology%2C+History+and+Historical+Geography&rft.place=New+York%2FKuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=371-389&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Claude+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Vickery2003–2004" class="citation journal cs1">M. Vickery (2003–2004). "Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients". <i>Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>90</b>: 101–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2003.3609">10.3406/befeo.2003.3609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192026203">192026203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Funan+reviewed%3A+Deconstructing+the+Ancients&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=101-143&rft.date=2003%2F2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.2003.3609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192026203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=M.+Vickery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Michel_Munoz2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Michel Munoz (2006). <i>Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula</i>. Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-4155-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/981-4155-67-5"><bdi>981-4155-67-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Kingdoms+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago+and+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-4155-67-5&rft.au=Paul+Michel+Munoz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShailendra+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pajang" title="Kingdom of Pajang">Pajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sumedang_Larang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sumedang Larang">Sumedang Larang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu/Buddhist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauli" title="Mauli">Mauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaskuta_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaskuta Kingdom">Samaskuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfotsi" title="Sanfotsi">Sanfotsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Aru Kingdom">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate" title="Asahan Sultanate">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat" title="Sultanate of Langkat">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang" title="Sultanate of Serdang">Serdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura" title="Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura">Siak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banjar" title="Sultanate of Banjar">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Bulungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_Dipa" title="Negara Dipa">Negara Dipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_Daha" title="Negara Daha">Negara Daha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjungpura_Kingdom" title="Tanjungpura Kingdom">Tanjungpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa" title="Sultanate of Gowa">Gowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buton" title="Sultanate of Buton">Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwu">Luwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajoq" title="Wajoq">Wajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Banggai" title="Kingdom of Banggai">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Siau" title="Kingdom of Siau">Siau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bima_Sultanate" title="Bima Sultanate">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mengwi" title="Kingdom of Mengwi">Mengwi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solor_Watan_Lema_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solor Watan Lema Confederation (page does not exist)">Solor Watan Lema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">West Timor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amabi" title="Amabi">Amabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanatun" title="Amanatun">Amanatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanuban" title="Amanuban">Amanuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarasi" title="Amarasi">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbai" title="Sonbai">Sonbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehali" title="Wehali">Wehali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iha" title="Kingdom of Iha">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Honimoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Honimoa (page does not exist)">Honimoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huamual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huamual (page does not exist)">Huamual</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Huamual" class="extiw" title="id:Kerajaan Huamual">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Loloda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Loloda (page does not exist)">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negeri_Soya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negeri Soya (page does not exist)">Negeri Soya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Soya" class="extiw" title="id:Negeri Soya">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanah_Hitu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanah Hitu (page does not exist)">Tanah Hitu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Tanah_Hitu" class="extiw" title="id:Kerajaan Tanah Hitu">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Jailolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Bacan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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