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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Senior interpreter of the Ottoman government</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reis%C3%BClk%C3%BCttab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Reis%C3%BClk%C3%BCttab.jpg/220px-Reis%C3%BClk%C3%BCttab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Reis%C3%BClk%C3%BCttab.jpg/330px-Reis%C3%BClk%C3%BCttab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Reis%C3%BClk%C3%BCttab.jpg/440px-Reis%C3%BClk%C3%BCttab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The Dragoman of the Porte (left), at the reception of a European ambassador (seated left) and a <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukharan</a> envoy (seated right) by the <a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-k%C3%BCttab" class="mw-redirect" title="Reis ül-küttab">reis ül-küttab</a> (seated centre)</figcaption></figure> The Dragoman of the Sublime Porte (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: tercümân-ı bâb-ı âlî; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: διερμηνέας της Υψηλής Πύλης, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: diermineas tis Ypsilis Pylis), Dragoman of the Imperial Council (tercümân-ı dîvân-ı hümâyûn), or simply Grand Dragoman (μέγας διερμηνέας, megas diermineas) or Chief Dragoman (tercümân başı), was the senior <a href="/wiki/Interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter">interpreter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman government</a>—frequently referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>"—and de facto deputy foreign minister. From the position's inception in 1661 until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> in 1821, the office was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a>, and was one of the main pillars of Phanariote power in the Ottoman Empire. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragoman_of_the_Porte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the existence of official interpreters or <a href="/wiki/Dragoman" title="Dragoman">dragomans</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> is attested from the early 16th century. They were part of the staff of the <a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-k%C3%BCttab" class="mw-redirect" title="Reis ül-küttab">reis ül-küttab</a> ('head secretary'), who was responsible for foreign affairs within the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a>. As few <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> ever learned European languages, from early times the majority of these men were of Christian origin—in the main <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramers1934725-3">[2]</a> A dragoman may have already existed under <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1444–1446, 1451–1481), when Lütfi Bey was sent to conclude a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">peace treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009550-4">[3]</a> The first known holder of such a post was a certain Ali Bey, who conveyed a treaty to Venice in 1502. His successor was Yunus Bey, a Greek convert to Islam, who was in turn followed by Ahmad, a German convert initially called Heinz Tulman. By the middle of the 16th century there were apparently several dragomans in the service of the Ottoman government—all of whom were Christians—one of whom apparently served as chief dragoman (baş tercümân).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramers1934725-3">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragoman,_or_Chief_Interpreter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dragoman%2C_or_Chief_Interpreter.jpg/220px-Dragoman%2C_or_Chief_Interpreter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dragoman%2C_or_Chief_Interpreter.jpg/330px-Dragoman%2C_or_Chief_Interpreter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Dragoman%2C_or_Chief_Interpreter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a Grand Dragoman <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1809, by an anonymous Greek artist in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a></figcaption></figure> In 1661, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BCzade_Faz%C4%B1l_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha">Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha</a> appointed the Greek <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Nikousios" title="Panagiotis Nikousios">Panagiotis Nikousios</a> as Chief Dragoman to the Imperial Council. He was in turn succeeded in 1673 by another Greek, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mavrocordatos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Mavrocordatos">Alexander Mavrocordatos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001181-5">[4]</a> These men began a tradition where almost all subsequent Grand Dragomans of the Porte were members of a small circle of <a href="/wiki/Phanariote" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariote">Phanariote</a> families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001181-5">[4]</a> The Phanariotes, taking their name from the <a href="/wiki/Fener" title="Fener">district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> settled in 1599, were an elite group of Greek or <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> magnate families that made enormous fortunes through trade and tax-farming. Their wealth, and the close contacts they had with the Ottoman sultan and his court as purveyors, advisors, and middlemen, they acquired enormous political influence, especially over the Patriarchate and the Eastern Orthodox communities of the empire more generally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001178–180-8">[6]</a> During the 17th century, many Phanariotes gained political experience as representatives (<a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1_kehaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapı kehaya">kapı kehaya</a>) of the princes (<a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivodes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hospodar" title="Hospodar">hospodars</a>) of the tributary <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> at the Sultan's court, where, in the words of C. G. Patrinelis, "their task was to sustain their masters’ always precarious position by bribing Ottoman officials in key positions and, above all, to pre-empt and disrupt, by hook or by crook, the machinations of the rivals who coveted the princes’ enviable posts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001179-9">[7]</a> Others had also served in the staffs of the European embassies in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973237-10">[8]</a> Nikousios, for instance, had previously (and for a time concurrently) served as translator for the Austrian embassy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973238-11">[9]</a> All dragomans had to be proficient in the elsine-i selase, the 'three languages'—<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Turkish</a>—that were commonly used in the empire's administration, as well as a number of foreign languages (usually French and Italian).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111-12">[10]</a> Due to their education in Italy, some spoke Latin as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186530,_69-13">[11]</a> In practice, however, the responsibilities of Dragoman of the Porte went beyond that of an interpreter; as the historian <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dakin" title="Douglas Dakin">Douglas Dakin</a> writes, "[the Dragoman] had become virtually the foreign secretary for European affairs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakin197319–20-14">[12]</a> The salary of the Dragoman of the Porte amounted to 47,000 <a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">kuruş</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973243-17">[14]</a> The post was the highest public office available to non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995190-18">[15]</a> and bound with privileges otherwise denied to the Christian subjects of the Porte, such as permission to grow a beard; dress in the same <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftans</a> as the Ottoman officials, and use <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a> fur; or the permission to ride a horse. Other privileges also followed, such as tax exemption for themselves, their sons, and 20 members of their retinue (twelve servants and eight apprentices); exemption from all customs fees for items destined for their personal use; and immunity from all courts except from that of the Grand Vizier.<a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a> All these privileges made the position highly coveted, and as the office was often handed down within the same family, it became a chief object of the Phanariotes' aspirations and rivalries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009551-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973242-22">[18]</a> The success of the post led to the creation of a similar office, that of <a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a>, in 1701.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973243-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995191-23">[19]</a> In practice, the latter often served as a stepping-stone to the office of Grand Dragoman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973243-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009551-21">[17]</a> There were also junior dragomans for specific jurisdictions, for example for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army">Ottoman army</a>, or for the <a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea Eyalet</a>, but these positions were never formalized in the same manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009550–551-24">[20]</a> From 1711, many former Grand Dragomans or Dragomans of the Fleet were appointed to the positions of princes of the Danubian Principalities. These four offices formed the foundation of Phanariote prominence in the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001180–181-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111,_183–185-26">[22]</a> The knowledge of foreign languages also made the Phanariote dragomans crucial intermediaries for the transmission of European concepts and technologies to the Ottoman Empire during the latter's attempts at modernization. Thus the Grand Dragoman <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Ypsilantis" title="Constantine Ypsilantis">Constantine Ypsilantis</a> translated French military manuals for the reformed <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995192–193-27">[23]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Argyropoulos" title="Iakovos Argyropoulos">Iakovos Argyropoulos</a> translated into the Ottoman Turkish language from French the first modern Ottoman geographical work, as well as a biographical history of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–203-28">[24]</a> The Phanariotes maintained this privileged position until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revolution">Greek Revolution</a> in 1821: the then Dragoman of the Porte, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Mourouzis_(died_1821)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Mourouzis (died 1821) (page does not exist)">Constantine Mourouzis</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB._%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Κωνσταντίνος Αλ. Μουρούζης">el</a>] was beheaded, and his successor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stavraki_Aristarchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stavraki Aristarchi (page does not exist)">Stavraki Aristarchi</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stavraki_Aristarhi" class="extiw" title="tr:İstavraki Aristarhi">tr</a>], was dismissed and exiled in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201172,_92-29">[25]</a> The position of Grand Dragoman was then replaced by a guild-like Translation Bureau, staffed initially by converts like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Naci_Efendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya Naci Efendi (page does not exist)">Yahya Efendi</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Naci_Efendi" class="extiw" title="tr:Yahya Naci Efendi">tr</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Ishak_Efendi" title="Ishak Efendi">Ishak Efendi</a>, but quickly exclusively by Muslim Turks fluent in foreign languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201192ff.-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009552-31">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Dragomans_of_the_Porte">List of Dragomans of the Porte</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragoman_of_the_Porte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of Dragomans of the Porte">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">Name </th> <th width="5%">Portrait </th> <th width="15%">Tenure </th> <th width="60%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Nikousios" title="Panagiotis Nikousios">Panagiotis Nikousios</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1661–1673<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186529-33">[29]</a> </td> <td>A native of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> and alumnus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a>, he became a confidante of Grand Vizier Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha as the latter's physician, before being appointed as Dragoman of the Porte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995191-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou20118,_10-34">[30]</a> He played a leading role in the negotiations that ended the long <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Siege of Candia</a> in 1669.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186543–54-35">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mavrocordatos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Mavrocordatos">Alexander Mavrocordatos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandros_Maurokordatos_o_ex_aporiton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alexandros_Maurokordatos_o_ex_aporiton.JPG/100px-Alexandros_Maurokordatos_o_ex_aporiton.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alexandros_Maurokordatos_o_ex_aporiton.JPG/150px-Alexandros_Maurokordatos_o_ex_aporiton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alexandros_Maurokordatos_o_ex_aporiton.JPG/200px-Alexandros_Maurokordatos_o_ex_aporiton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1247" /></a> </td> <td>1673–1709<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186560-36">[32]</a> </td> <td>Scion of the wealthy Phanariote Mavrokordatos family, alumnus of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Greek_College_of_Saint_Athanasius" title="Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius">Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, he also became physician to Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha before succeeding Nikousios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995191-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou20118–10-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186565–69-38">[34]</a> Briefly imprisoned and relieved of his duties after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Siege of Vienna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186570–72-39">[35]</a> His most notable achievement was as Ottoman representative at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> that ended the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>, for which he received the title of mahrem-i esrar ('keeper of secrets') of the Sultan, and of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Count" title="Imperial Count">Imperial Count</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201125-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186573–78-41">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrocordatos" title="Nicholas Mavrocordatos">Nicholas Mavrocordatos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaos_Maurokordatos_1721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nikolaos_Maurokordatos_1721.jpg/100px-Nikolaos_Maurokordatos_1721.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nikolaos_Maurokordatos_1721.jpg/150px-Nikolaos_Maurokordatos_1721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nikolaos_Maurokordatos_1721.jpg/200px-Nikolaos_Maurokordatos_1721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1569" /></a> </td> <td>1689–1709<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186594-42">[38]</a> </td> <td>Son of Alexander, he deputized for his father during the latter' final years, when illness incapacitated him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186594-42">[38]</a> After his tenure as Dragoman of the Porte he became the first Phanariote <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a> (1711–1715) and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a> (1715–1716, 1719–1730).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111,_25,_183-43">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Turkish War</a> he remained loyal to the Ottomans, and was captured by the Austrians and held until 1719, when he was released and resumed his post as ruler of Wallachia until his death in 1730.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186598–100-44">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Mavrocordatos" title="John Mavrocordatos">John Mavrocordatos</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1709–1717<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865115-45">[41]</a> </td> <td>Son of Alexander, he succeeded his brother Nicholas as Grand Dragoman. He was also appointed as <a href="/wiki/Caimacam" class="mw-redirect" title="Caimacam">Caimacam</a> of Moldavia (1711), and then as Prince of Wallachia (1716–1719) during his brother's captivity, until his own death from illness at <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186599–100,_115–116-46">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grigore_II_Ghica" title="Grigore II Ghica">Gregory (II) Ghica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Aman_-_Grigore_Ghica_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Theodor_Aman_-_Grigore_Ghica_II.jpg/100px-Theodor_Aman_-_Grigore_Ghica_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Theodor_Aman_-_Grigore_Ghica_II.jpg/150px-Theodor_Aman_-_Grigore_Ghica_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Theodor_Aman_-_Grigore_Ghica_II.jpg/200px-Theodor_Aman_-_Grigore_Ghica_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="1129" /></a> </td> <td>1717–1727<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865117-47">[43]</a> </td> <td>The paternal grandson of <a href="/wiki/Grigore_I_Ghica" title="Grigore I Ghica">Gregory I Chica</a>, Prince of Wallachia, and maternal grandson of Alexander Mavrocordatos, Gregory began his career as dragoman of the Austrian Embassy, before succeeding his uncle John Mavrocordatos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865117–118-48">[44]</a> Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1726–1733, 1735–1739, 1739–1741, 1747–1748) and of Wallachia (1733–1735, 1748–1752).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Ghica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Ghica (page does not exist)">Alexander Ghica</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1727–1740<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122-50">[46]</a> </td> <td>Brother of Gregory, he succeeded him when the latter became Prince of Moldavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122-50">[46]</a> Participated in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1735%E2%80%931739" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739">Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739</a>, and was executed due to the enmity of the Grand Vizier in 1741.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122–123-51">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theodore_Callimachi" title="John Theodore Callimachi">John Theodore Callimachi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ioan_Callimachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ioan_Callimachi.jpg/100px-Ioan_Callimachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ioan_Callimachi.jpg/150px-Ioan_Callimachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ioan_Callimachi.jpg/200px-Ioan_Callimachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="441" /></a> </td> <td>1741–1750<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865124-52">[48]</a> </td> <td>1st term. The scion of a native Moldavian family, he was related to the Ghica clan from his mother, and gained advancement as an expert on Polish affairs with the support of Gregory Ghica. His first term was ended when he was sent to exile in <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> due to court rivalries with the Ghica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865124–125-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572-54">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matei_Ghica" title="Matei Ghica">Matthew Ghica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82e%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B2_%C3%AEn_An%C8%A2%D0%BB_1753.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82e%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B2_%C3%AEn_An%C8%A2%D0%BB_1753.JPG/100px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82e%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B2_%C3%AEn_An%C8%A2%D0%BB_1753.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82e%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B2_%C3%AEn_An%C8%A2%D0%BB_1753.JPG/150px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82e%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B2_%C3%AEn_An%C8%A2%D0%BB_1753.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82e%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B2_%C3%AEn_An%C8%A2%D0%BB_1753.JPG/200px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82e%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B2_%C3%AEn_An%C8%A2%D0%BB_1753.JPG 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1097" /></a> </td> <td>1751–1752<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125-55">[51]</a> </td> <td>Second son of Gregory, he purchased the office at a very young age without experience. For this reason his father gave him the dragoman of the Swedish Embassy, Loukakis, as an aide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125-55">[51]</a> Subsequently he succeeded his father as Prince of Wallachia (1752–1753) and then became Prince of Moldavia (1753–1756)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125–126-56">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theodore_Callimachi" title="John Theodore Callimachi">John Theodore Callimachi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ioan_Callimachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ioan_Callimachi.jpg/100px-Ioan_Callimachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ioan_Callimachi.jpg/150px-Ioan_Callimachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ioan_Callimachi.jpg/200px-Ioan_Callimachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="441" /></a> </td> <td>1752–1758<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127-57">[53]</a> </td> <td>2nd term. Recalled from exile after Matthew Ghica became Prince of Wallachia. Subsequently he himself became Prince of Moldavia (1758–1761).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127-57">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grigore_III_Ghica" title="Grigore III Ghica">Gregory (III) Ghica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gregoire_Ghyka,_hospodar_de_Moldavie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gregoire_Ghyka%2C_hospodar_de_Moldavie.jpg/100px-Gregoire_Ghyka%2C_hospodar_de_Moldavie.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gregoire_Ghyka%2C_hospodar_de_Moldavie.jpg/150px-Gregoire_Ghyka%2C_hospodar_de_Moldavie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gregoire_Ghyka%2C_hospodar_de_Moldavie.jpg/200px-Gregoire_Ghyka%2C_hospodar_de_Moldavie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1168" /></a> </td> <td>1758–1764<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>Son of Alexander and nephew of Gregory II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127–128-58">[54]</a> Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1764–1767, 1774–1782) and of Wallachia (1768–1769).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Caradja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Caradja (page does not exist)">George Caradja</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Γεώργιος Καρατζάς">el</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1764–1765<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865130-59">[55]</a> </td> <td>Son of Skarlatos, multilingual and a physician, he was named Dragoman of the Porte upon Gregory Ghica's promotion to Prince of Moldavia. He died of the plague after a year in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865130-59">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skarlatos_Caradja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skarlatos Caradja (page does not exist)">Skarlatos Caradja</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1765–1768<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865131-60">[56]</a> </td> <td>1st term. Father of George, an experienced diplomat and polyglot and a celebrated physician, he served as his son's successor until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1768%E2%80%931774" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774">Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774</a>, when is advanced age precluded him from following the Grand Vizier on campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865131-60">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Soutzos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Soutzos (page does not exist)">Nicholas Soutzos</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Νικόλαος Σούτσος">el</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1768–1769<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865132-61">[57]</a> </td> <td>A specialist in Asian languages, he was appointed to accompany the Grand Vizier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1zade_Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (page does not exist)">Nişancı Mehmed Emin Pasha</a> on campaign, but was arrested for treason in 1769 and executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865133-62">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83_(dragoman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihai Racoviță (dragoman) (page does not exist)">Mihai Racoviță</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1769–1770 </td> <td>Son of the <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Mihai Racoviță">namesake</a> Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia, he served as Dragoman of the Porte for Grand Vizier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldovanc%C4%B1_Ali_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldovancı Ali Pasha (page does not exist)">Moldovancı Ali Pasha</a>, but he fell ill and died of the plague while on campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134-63">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skarlatos_Caradja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skarlatos Caradja (page does not exist)">Skarlatos Caradja</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1770–1774<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134-63">[59]</a> </td> <td>2nd term. Recalled to the post after the sudden death of Racoviță, he was sent to accompany the Grand Vizier on campaign and remained in office for the duration of the Russo-Turkish War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134–135-64">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis_(1725%E2%80%931805)" title="Alexander Ypsilantis (1725–1805)">Alexander Ypsilantis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandru_Ipsilanti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alexandru_Ipsilanti.jpg/100px-Alexandru_Ipsilanti.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alexandru_Ipsilanti.jpg/150px-Alexandru_Ipsilanti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alexandru_Ipsilanti.jpg/200px-Alexandru_Ipsilanti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1350" /></a> </td> <td>1774<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>Son of the distinguished diplomat <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ypsilantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ypsilantis (page does not exist)">John Ypsilantis</a> and married to Aikaterini Mourouzi, Alexander was well versed in several languages and became Dragoman of the Porte at a relatively young age. His tenure lasted little over a month, as he was appointed Prince of Wallachia (1774–1782, 1796–1797) and then of Moldavia (1786–1788). His tenure in Moldavia was troubled by the wars <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">with Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">with Austria</a>. He was executed in 1807 due to his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Ypsilantis" title="Constantine Ypsilantis">Constantine Ypsilantis</a>'s defection to the Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865137–141-65">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Mourouzis" title="Constantine Mourouzis">Constantine Mourouzis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Constantin_Moruzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Constantin_Moruzi.jpg/100px-Constantin_Moruzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Constantin_Moruzi.jpg/150px-Constantin_Moruzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Constantin_Moruzi.jpg/200px-Constantin_Moruzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1544" /></a> </td> <td>1774–1777<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865142-66">[62]</a> </td> <td>Great-grandson of Nikousios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186556-67">[63]</a> Previously <a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a> (1764–1765),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> and subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1777–1782).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865142-66">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Caradja" title="Nicholas Caradja">Nicholas Caradja</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1777–1782<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865143-68">[64]</a> </td> <td>Son of Constantine Caradja. He was taken prisoner of war by the Russians during the war of 1768–1774. After his tenure he was appointed Prince of Wallachia (1782–1783), until the machinations of his rival, Michael Drakos Soutzos, led to his replacement by the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865143-68">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Drakos_Soutzos" title="Michael Drakos Soutzos">Michael Drakos Soutzos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Prince_de_Moldavie_-_Choiseul-gouffier_Gabriel_Florent_Auguste_De_-_1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Le_Prince_de_Moldavie_-_Choiseul-gouffier_Gabriel_Florent_Auguste_De_-_1822.jpg/100px-Le_Prince_de_Moldavie_-_Choiseul-gouffier_Gabriel_Florent_Auguste_De_-_1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Le_Prince_de_Moldavie_-_Choiseul-gouffier_Gabriel_Florent_Auguste_De_-_1822.jpg/150px-Le_Prince_de_Moldavie_-_Choiseul-gouffier_Gabriel_Florent_Auguste_De_-_1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Le_Prince_de_Moldavie_-_Choiseul-gouffier_Gabriel_Florent_Auguste_De_-_1822.jpg/200px-Le_Prince_de_Moldavie_-_Choiseul-gouffier_Gabriel_Florent_Auguste_De_-_1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1500" /></a> </td> <td>1782–1783<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865144-69">[65]</a> </td> <td>Son of Constantine Soutzos. His tenure was brief as he managed to bribe himself to an appointment as Prince of Wallachia (1783–1786, again in 1791–1793, 1801–1802) and of Moldavia (1793–1795)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865144–145-70">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mavrocordatos_Firaris" title="Alexander Mavrocordatos Firaris">Alexander Mavrocordatos Firaris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/100px-%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/150px-%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/200px-%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1354" /></a> </td> <td>1782–1783<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865145-71">[67]</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/John_II_Mavrocordatos" title="John II Mavrocordatos">John II Mavrocordatos</a>, Prince of Moldavia, he was intelligent and well educated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865145-71">[67]</a> He served as Dragoman of the Porte until he too was appointed as Prince of Moldavia (1785–1786).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russian</a> war against the Ottomans he sided with the former, forcing him to flee into exile, first to <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and then to Russia, whence his nickname "Firaris" (Φιραρής, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'fugitive').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865145-71">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Callimachi" title="Alexander Callimachi">Alexander Callimachi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Callimachi,_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg/100px-Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg/150px-Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg/200px-Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1330" /></a> </td> <td>1785–1788<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146-72">[68]</a> </td> <td>1st term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> A younger son of John Theodore,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572-54">[50]</a> he was a well-educated, gentle and pious man. He was replaced as Dragoman after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1787%E2%80%931792" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792">Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792</a>, ostensibly as he was unable to follow the army in the field,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146-72">[68]</a> but in reality due to pressure from the anti-Russian and pro-French faction at court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572-54">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Ralettos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Ralettos (page does not exist)">Constantine Ralettos</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1788<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146-72">[68]</a> </td> <td>Scion of a wealthy family of Italian origin and brother-in-law of Alexander Ypsilantis, he followed <a href="/wiki/Koca_Yusuf_Pasha" title="Koca Yusuf Pasha">Koca Yusuf Pasha</a> into campaign, but was arrested after a couple of months and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> on suspicion of collusion with Ypsilantis against the Porte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146–147-73">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Caradja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Caradja (page does not exist)">Manuel Caradja</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1788–1790<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865147-74">[70]</a> </td> <td>Holding the rank of Grand <a href="/wiki/Postelnic" title="Postelnic">Postelnic</a>, he accompanied Ralettos as an aide and succeeded him upon the latter's arrest. He remained in office until replaced by his rival, Alexander Mourouzis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865147–148-75">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mourouzis" title="Alexander Mourouzis">Alexander Mourouzis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandros_Mourouzis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alexandros_Mourouzis.jpg/100px-Alexandros_Mourouzis.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alexandros_Mourouzis.jpg/150px-Alexandros_Mourouzis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alexandros_Mourouzis.jpg/200px-Alexandros_Mourouzis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="453" /></a> </td> <td>1790–1792<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148-76">[72]</a> </td> <td>Son of Constantine. During his tenure he helped mediate the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sistova" title="Treaty of Sistova">Sistova</a> (1791) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Jassy</a> (1792), ending the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish</a> wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148-76">[72]</a> As a reward he was made Prince of Moldavia (1792), leaving the office of Grand Dragoman to his younger brother, George.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148–149-77">[73]</a> Subsequently several times Prince of Moldavia (1802–1806, 1806–1807) and of Wallachia (1793–1796, 1799–1801).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Mourouzis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Mourouzis (page does not exist)">George Mourouzis</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1792–1794<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865149-78">[74]</a> </td> <td>1st term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> Son of Constantine and brother of Alexander, whom he represented at the Grand Vizier's camp while he was absent in negotiations of the peace treaties. Initially he refused the office, recommending his younger brother Demetrios instead, but the latter also refused. His tenure was cut short by palace intrigues that resulted in the recall of Alexander Callimachi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865149–150-79">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Callimachi" title="Alexander Callimachi">Alexander Callimachi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Callimachi,_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg/100px-Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg/150px-Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg/200px-Alexander_Callimachi%2C_Prince_of_Moldavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1330" /></a> </td> <td>1794–1795<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150-80">[76]</a> </td> <td>2nd term until his appointment as Prince of Moldavia (1795–1799).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150-80">[76]</a> Died at <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a> in 1821, in exile after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572-54">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Mourouzis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Mourouzis (page does not exist)">George Mourouzis</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1795–1796<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150–151-81">[77]</a> </td> <td>2nd term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> His tenure was ended in August 1796 due to the enmity of the <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a>. He was appointed to a post in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> instead, but died there, possibly poisoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150–151-81">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Ypsilantis" title="Constantine Ypsilantis">Constantine Ypsilantis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantinos_Ypsilantis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Konstantinos_Ypsilantis.JPG/100px-Konstantinos_Ypsilantis.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Konstantinos_Ypsilantis.JPG/150px-Konstantinos_Ypsilantis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Konstantinos_Ypsilantis.JPG/200px-Konstantinos_Ypsilantis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1374" /></a> </td> <td>1796–1799<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865151-82">[78]</a> </td> <td>Son of Alexander. He was involved in an abortive anti-Ottoman conspiracies in 1782,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakin197328,_35-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865151–152-84">[80]</a> which led him to flee to Germany with his brother Demetrios, where he was educated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakin197328,_35-83">[79]</a> He returned to Constantinople and became Grand Dragoman in 1796, in conjunction with his father's appointment as Prince of Moldavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865152-85">[81]</a> He played a role in the anti-French turn of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in its joining the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a>, and sponsored the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865152–153-86">[82]</a> Subsequently he was appointed Prince of Moldavia (1799–1801) and of Wallachia (1802–1806).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Soutzos" title="Alexandros Soutzos">Alexandros Soutzos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandru_Sutu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alexandru_Sutu.jpg/100px-Alexandru_Sutu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alexandru_Sutu.jpg/150px-Alexandru_Sutu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alexandru_Sutu.jpg/200px-Alexandru_Sutu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="368" /></a> </td> <td>1799–1801<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>Son of Nicholas. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1797–1799).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> He played a major role in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865156-87">[83]</a> Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1801–1802) and of Wallachia (1819–1821).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scarlat_Callimachi_(hospodar)" title="Scarlat Callimachi (hospodar)">Scarlat Callimachi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82.jpg/100px-%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82.jpg/150px-%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82.jpg/200px-%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="2240" /></a> </td> <td>1801–1806<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>Son of Alexander, he received an excellent education and was active in the office of the Grand Dragoman from an early age. Due to services rendered to the French mission under <a href="/wiki/General_Sebastiani" class="mw-redirect" title="General Sebastiani">General Sebastiani</a>, he received promotion to the post of Prince of Moldavia in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572-54">[50]</a> Subsequently again Prince of Moldavia (1812–1819).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> Intended to replace <a href="/wiki/Michael_Soutzos" title="Michael Soutzos">Michael Soutzos</a> in Wallachia in 1821, after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> he was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a> and executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a573-88">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandros_Soutzos_(Grand_Dragoman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandros Soutzos (Grand Dragoman) (page does not exist)">Alexandros M. Soutzos</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C._%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Αλέξανδρος Μ. Σούτσος">el</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1802–1807<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865156-87">[83]</a> </td> <td>Son of Michael Drakos Soutzos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865157-90">[86]</a> He was decapitated in October 1807 due to British pressure, accused of having leaked confidential agreements between the Porte, Russia, and Britain to Sebastiani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865157–158-91">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hangerli" title="Alexander Hangerli">Alexander Hangerli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hangerli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_Hangerli.jpg/100px-Alexander_Hangerli.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_Hangerli.jpg/150px-Alexander_Hangerli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_Hangerli.jpg/200px-Alexander_Hangerli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="700" /></a> </td> <td>1806–1807<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1807).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, he fled to Russia, where he compiled a celebrated French-Arabic-Persian-Turkish dic- tionary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201187-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVellianitis1934466-93">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Caradja" title="John Caradja">John Caradja</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg/100px-Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg/150px-Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg/200px-Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="896" /></a> </td> <td>1807–1808<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>Son of George Caradja.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933b810-94">[90]</a> 1st term in succession to Alexandros M. Soutzos, deposed after a short period of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865158-95">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Caradja_Beyzade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Caradja Beyzade (page does not exist)">John N. Caradja</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D._%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Ιωάννης Ν. Καρατζάς">el</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1808<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865158-95">[91]</a> </td> <td>Son of Nicholas and previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1799–1800<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> or 1802–1806<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a810-96">[92]</a>). He died of pleurisy after only two months in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933b810-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865159-97">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demetrios_Mourouzis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demetrios Mourouzis (page does not exist)">Demetrios Mourouzis</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Δημήτριος Μουρούζης">el</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1808–1812<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185-89">[85]</a> </td> <td>He spent much of his time on campaign alongside the Grand Vizier, due to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812</a>, leaving his brother Panagiotis as his deputy in Constantinople. He negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> that concluded the war, but after protests by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> he was recalled and executed in October 1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865160–161-98">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panagiotis_Mourouzis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panagiotis Mourouzis (page does not exist)">Panagiotis Mourouzis</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1809–1812<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>Younger brother of Demetrios. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1803–1806),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> he replaced his brother while the latter was absent from the capital. He was also executed in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865160–161-98">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Caradja" title="John Caradja">John Caradja</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg/100px-Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg/150px-Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg/200px-Ion_Vod%C4%83_Caragea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="896" /></a> </td> <td>1812<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865161-99">[95]</a> </td> <td>2nd term, also cut short on his promotion to Prince of Wallachia (1812–1819).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865161–162-100">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Argyropoulos" title="Iakovos Argyropoulos">Iakovos Argyropoulos</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>1812–1815<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–197-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201185-102">[98]</a> </td> <td>Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1809),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185-89">[85]</a> and envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> court in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201155-104">[100]</a> He remained in office for three years, until he was ousted following the intrigues of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Soutzos" title="Michael Soutzos">Michael Soutzos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–197-101">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Soutzos" title="Michael Soutzos">Michael Soutzos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg/100px-Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg/150px-Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg/200px-Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1123" /></a> </td> <td>1815–1818<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201186,_185-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865168-106">[102]</a> </td> <td>Grandson of Michael Drakos Soutzos, he became secretary of John Caradja in 1812, and married the latter's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Roxani_Soutzos" title="Roxani Soutzos">Roxani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865168–169-107">[103]</a> During his tenure as Grand Dragoman, he was the sole Christian member of the eight-member privy council of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865169-108">[104]</a> He subsequently was ppointed Prince of Moldavia (1819–1821),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185-89">[85]</a> serving in the post until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, when he surrendered his authority to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201186-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865171-110">[106]</a> In later life he served as ambassador of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> in Paris, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, and Copenhagen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865173–174-111">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Callimachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Callimachi (page does not exist)">John Callimachi</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91._%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Ιωάννης Α. Καλλιμάχης">el</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1818–1821<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865175-112">[108]</a> </td> <td>Younger brother of Scarlat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a573-88">[84]</a> Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1800–1803),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">[45]</a> he was exiled at <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a> soon after news of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> reached Constantinople, and executed there after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripolitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Tripolitsa">Fall of Tripolitsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a573-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865175-112">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Mourouzis_(died_1821)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Mourouzis (died 1821) (page does not exist)">Constantine Mourouzis</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB._%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Κωνσταντίνος Αλ. Μουρούζης">el</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1821<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185-89">[85]</a> </td> <td>Son of Alexander, he was appointed to the office mere weeks before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>. In April he was arrested and executed in the presence of the Sultan, followed soon after by his brother, Demetrios, who was Dragoman of the Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVellianitis1931425-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865181–184-114">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stavraki_Aristarchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stavraki Aristarchi (page does not exist)">Stavraki Aristarchi</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stavraki_Aristarhi" class="extiw" title="tr:İstavraki Aristarhi">tr</a>] </td> <td>– </td> <td>1821–1822<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185-89">[85]</a> </td> <td>Originally a banker for Scarlat Callimachi and appointed <a href="/wiki/Postelnic" title="Postelnic">postelnic</a> by the latter, he was selected as Grand Dragoman because he did not belong to the traditional Phanariote families. The convert <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Naci_Efendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya Naci Efendi (page does not exist)">Yahya Efendi</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Naci_Efendi" class="extiw" title="tr:Yahya Naci Efendi">tr</a>] was also installed as his deputy, to be trained in his profession and eventually replace him. Aristarchi's chief duty during his tenure was supervising the execution of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V of Constantinople</a>. He was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a> in June 1822, where he was later executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865186–189-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201172–73,_85,_91–92-116">[112]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragoman_of_the_Porte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The term is derived from the Italian rendering drog[o]man of Arabic tardjumān, Ottoman tercümân.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Callimachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Callimachi">Callimachi</a> family was originally <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristarchi (page does not exist)">Aristarchi</a> were <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, while the <a href="/wiki/Ghica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghica">Ghica</a> were from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201116,_28-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001181-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The kuruş was the highest-denomination silver coinage, worth about five times the daily wage of an unskilled labourer in the capital, Constantinople, during the early 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamuk2000160–161,_esp._note_10-15">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> In Ottoman law and practice, the Grand Vizier was not only the head of the Imperial Council and chief military commander, but also the plenipotentiary or "absolute deputy" of the Sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık200094–95-19">[16]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragoman_of_the_Porte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000237_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosworth2000">Bosworth 2000</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramers1934725-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramers1934725_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramers1934725_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramers1934">Kramers 1934</a>, p. 725. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009550-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaker2009550_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaker2009">Paker 2009</a>, p. 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001181-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001181_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001181_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001181_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatrinelis2001">Patrinelis 2001</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201116,_28-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201116,_28_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 16, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001178–180-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001178–180_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatrinelis2001">Patrinelis 2001</a>, pp. 178–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001179-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001179_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatrinelis2001">Patrinelis 2001</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973237-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973237_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVakalopoulos1973">Vakalopoulos 1973</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973238-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973238_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVakalopoulos1973">Vakalopoulos 1973</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186530,_69-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186530,_69_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 30, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakin197319–20-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakin197319–20_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDakin1973">Dakin 1973</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamuk2000160–161,_esp._note_10-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPamuk2000160–161,_esp._note_10_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPamuk2000">Pamuk 2000</a>, pp. 160–161, esp. note 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973243-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973243_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973243_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973243_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVakalopoulos1973">Vakalopoulos 1973</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995190-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995190_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1995">Strauss 1995</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık200094–95-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık200094–95_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnalcık2000">İnalcık 2000</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009551-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaker2009551_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaker2009551_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaker2009">Paker 2009</a>, p. 551. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973242-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos1973242_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVakalopoulos1973">Vakalopoulos 1973</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995191-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995191_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995191_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995191_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1995">Strauss 1995</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009550–551-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaker2009550–551_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaker2009">Paker 2009</a>, pp. 550–551. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001180–181-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrinelis2001180–181_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatrinelis2001">Patrinelis 2001</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111,_183–185-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111,_183–185_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 11, 183–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995192–193-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995192–193_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1995">Strauss 1995</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–203-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–203_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1995">Strauss 1995</a>, pp. 196–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201172,_92-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201172,_92_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 72, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201192ff.-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201192ff._30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 92ff.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaker2009552-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaker2009552_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaker2009">Paker 2009</a>, p. 552. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011183_32-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186529-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186529_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou20118,_10-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou20118,_10_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 8, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186543–54-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186543–54_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 43–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186560-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186560_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou20118–10-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou20118–10_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 8–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186565–69-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186565–69_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 65–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186570–72-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186570–72_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 70–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201125-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201125_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186573–78-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186573–78_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 73–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186594-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186594_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186594_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111,_25,_183-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201111,_25,_183_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 11, 25, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186598–100-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186598–100_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 98–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865115-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865115_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186599–100,_115–116-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186599–100,_115–116_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 99–100, 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865117-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865117_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865117–118-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865117–118_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011184_49-50">ay</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122–123-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865122–123_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865124-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865124_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865124–125-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865124–125_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a572_54-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoromilas1933a">Koromilas 1933a</a>, p. 572. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125–126-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865125–126_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127–128-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865127–128_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865130-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865130_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865130_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865131-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865131_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865131_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865132-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865132_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865133-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865133_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134–135-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865134–135_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865137–141-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865137–141_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 137–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865142-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865142_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865142_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186556-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis186556_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865143-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865143_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865143_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865144-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865144_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865144–145-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865144–145_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865145-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865145_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865145_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865145_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146–147-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865146–147_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865147-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865147_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865147–148-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865147–148_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148–149-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865148–149_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865149-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865149_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865149–150-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865149–150_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150–151-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150–151_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865150–151_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865151-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865151_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakin197328,_35-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakin197328,_35_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakin197328,_35_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDakin1973">Dakin 1973</a>, pp. 28, 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865151–152-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865151–152_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865152-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865152_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865152–153-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865152–153_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865156-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865156_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865156_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a573-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a573_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a573_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a573_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoromilas1933a">Koromilas 1933a</a>, p. 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou2011185_89-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865157-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865157_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865157–158-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865157–158_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201187-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201187_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVellianitis1934466-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVellianitis1934466_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVellianitis1934">Vellianitis 1934</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933b810-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933b810_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933b810_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoromilas1933b">Koromilas 1933b</a>, p. 810. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865158-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865158_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865158_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a810-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoromilas1933a810_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoromilas1933a">Koromilas 1933a</a>, p. 810. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865159-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865159_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865160–161-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865160–161_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865160–161_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865161-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865161_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865161–162-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865161–162_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–197-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–197_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196–197_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1995">Strauss 1995</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201185-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201185_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrauss1995196_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1995">Strauss 1995</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201155-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201155_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201186,_185-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201186,_185_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 86, 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865168-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865168_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865168–169-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865168–169_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865169-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865169_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201186-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201186_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865171-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865171_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865173–174-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865173–174_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865175-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865175_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865175_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVellianitis1931425-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVellianitis1931425_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVellianitis1931">Vellianitis 1931</a>, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865181–184-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865181–184_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 181–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865186–189-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamatiadis1865186–189_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamatiadis1865">Stamatiadis 1865</a>, pp. 186–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201172–73,_85,_91–92-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilliou201172–73,_85,_91–92_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilliou2011">Philliou 2011</a>, pp. 72–73, 85, 91–92. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragoman_of_the_Porte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1179">"Tard̲j̲umān"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 236–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tard%CC%B2j%CC%B2um%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+X%3A+T%E2%80%93U&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=236-238&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11211-7&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragoman+of+the+Porte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakin1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dakin" title="Douglas Dakin">Dakin, Douglas</a> (1973). 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Athens: K. Tefarikis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%E1%BF%B6%CE%BD+%E1%BC%99%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A1+%E1%BD%88%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%E1%BF%A1+%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=K.+Tefarikis&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Stamatiadis&rft.aufirst=Epameinondas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanemi.lib.uoc.gr%2Fmetadata%2Ff%2Fc%2F8%2Fmetadata-22-0000003.tkl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragoman+of+the+Porte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1995" class="citation journal cs1">Strauss, Johann (1995). "The Millets and the Ottoman Language: The Contribution of Ottoman Greeks to Ottoman Letters (19th–20th Centuries)". <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt_des_Islams" title="Die Welt des Islams">Die Welt des Islams</a>. 35 (2): 189–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570060952597860">10.1163/1570060952597860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=The+Millets+and+the+Ottoman+Language%3A+The+Contribution+of+Ottoman+Greeks+to+Ottoman+Letters+%2819th%E2%80%9320th+Centuries%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-249&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570060952597860&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragoman+of+the+Porte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakalopoulos1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Vakalopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolos Vakalopoulos">Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E.</a> (1973). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′)</bdi> [History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation (2nd Edition)] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Emm. 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(1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfUZ1HXCz94C">"Μουρούζης"</a>. Μεγάλη Ἐλληνικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεῖα, Τόμος Δέκατος Ἕβδομος. Μεσοποταμία – Μωψ (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Co. Ltd. pp. 424–426.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.btitle=%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7+%E1%BC%98%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%E1%BD%B4+%E1%BC%98%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%B1%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%E1%BC%9D%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82.+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1+%E2%80%93+%CE%9C%CF%89%CF%88&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=424-426&rft.pub=Pyrsos+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Vellianitis&rft.aufirst=Th.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfUZ1HXCz94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragoman+of+the+Porte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVellianitis1934" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vellianitis, Th. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_xN-MS56bMC">"Χαντζερῆς, Ἀλέξανδρος"</a>. Μεγάλη Ἐλληνικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεῖα, Τόμος Δέκατος Τέταρτος. Φιλισταῖοι – Ὠώδης (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Co. Ltd. p. 466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81%E1%BF%86%CF%82%2C+%E1%BC%88%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.btitle=%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7+%E1%BC%98%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%E1%BD%B4+%E1%BC%98%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%B1%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82.+%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CE%B9+%E2%80%93+%E1%BD%A8%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Pyrsos+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Vellianitis&rft.aufirst=Th.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY_xN-MS56bMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragoman+of+the+Porte" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Enderûn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>) (classical period) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Birûn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a> (reform period) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre_Bureau_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Cadastre Bureau (Ottoman Empire)">Cadastre Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Evkaf" title="Ministry of Evkaf">Ministry of Evkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Finance (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Justice (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Agriculture_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Trade and Agriculture (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Trade and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">General Assembly</a> (constitutional period) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire">political parties</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman "Arma" symbol"><img alt="Ottoman "Arma" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Administrative divisions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh ul-Islam">Sheikh ul-Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople">Armenian Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Patriarch_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raya_(country_subdivision)" title="Raya (country subdivision)">Rayas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> (classic period) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a> (reform and constitutional period) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Religion" title="Ottoman Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></li></ul> 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