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title="Index nuper mutatorum in hac vici [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Nuper mutata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Communitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Invitatio" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vicipaedia:Invitatio"><span>Invitatio</span></a></li><li id="n-Taberna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vicipaedia:Taberna"><span>Taberna</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vicipaedia:Praefatio" title="Adiumentum ad hoc incepto utendum"><span>Auxilium</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vicipaedia" 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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specialis:Rationem_creare&returnto=Liana" title="Suademus, ut nomen tibi imponas, neque cogeris" class=""><span>Sibi nomen imponere</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specialis:Conventum_aperire&returnto=Liana" title="Te nomen dare hortamur neque cogimus [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Nomen dare</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Instrumenta personalia" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Oecologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oecologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exempla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exempla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exempla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exempla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliographia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nexus_externi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nexus_externi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nexus externi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nexus_externi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Index" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D3%99%D3%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аалмышәӡахәақәа – Abasca" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аалмышәӡахәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abasca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A9" title="عارشة – Arabica" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عارشة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ліяна – Ruthenica Alba" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Ruthenica Alba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ліяна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ліяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лиана – Bulgarica" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лиана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poviju%C5%A1a" title="Povijuša – Bosnica" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Povijuša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Catalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A1na" title="Liána – Bohemica" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Bohemica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian" title="Lian – Danica" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_(Pflanze)" title="Liane (Pflanze) – Germanica" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liane (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Germanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Anglica" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Anglica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liano" title="Liano – Esperantica" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperantica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_(trepadora)" title="Liana (trepadora) – Hispanica" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liana (trepadora)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Hispanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronitaim" title="Ronitaim – Estonica" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ronitaim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Vasconica" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Vasconica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="گیاهان بالارونده – Persica" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاهان بالارونده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaani" title="Liaani – Finnica" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_(plante)" title="Liane (plante) – Francogallica" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liane (plante)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francogallica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaan" title="Liaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Hibernica" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Hibernica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Gallaica" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Gallaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लिआना – Hindica" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिआना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijana" title="Lijana – Croatica" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lijana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A1nok" title="Liánok – Hungarica" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լիաններ – Armenica" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liano" title="Liano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Italiana" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Iavensis" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Iavensis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლიანები – Georgiana" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgiana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лиана – Cazachica" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лиана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Cazachica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EA%B2%BD%EB%AA%A9" title="만경목 – Coreana" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만경목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лианалар – Chirgisica" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лианалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Chirgisica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaan" title="Liaan – Limburgica" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Lithuanica" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C4%81na" title="Liāna – Lettonica" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lettonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ദാരുലതകൾ – Malabarica" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദാരുലതകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabarica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_akar" title="Pokok akar – Malayana" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pokok akar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaan" title="Liaan – Batava" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Batava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianar" title="Lianar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lianar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian_(plante)" title="Lian (plante) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lian (plante)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Лианæ – Ossetica" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лианæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liany" title="Liany – Polonica" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polonica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Lusitana" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Lusitana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waska_yura" title="Waska yura – Quechuae" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Waska yura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechuae" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian%C4%83" title="Liană – Dacoromanica" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Dacoromanica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Лианы – Russica" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лианы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mba" title="Kâmba – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kâmba" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лијана – Serbica" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лијана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian" title="Lian – Suecica" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lian" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Suecica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="மரமயவேறி – Tamulica" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரமயவேறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamulica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เถาวัลย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เถาวัลย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Turcica" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turcica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ліани – Ucrainica" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ucrainica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianalar" title="Lianalar – Uzbecica" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lianalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbecica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_leo" title="Thân leo – Vietnamica" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thân leo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana" title="Liana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Liana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="藤本植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ლიანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%AA%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC" title="木質藤本 – Sinica" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木質藤本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Sinica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藤本植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Nexus inter linguas recensere" class="wbc-editpage">Nexus recensere</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spatia nominalia"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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paginarum quae hic nectunt [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Nexus ad paginam</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specialis:Nuper_mutata_annexorum/Liana" rel="nofollow" title="Nuper mutata in paginis quibus haec pagina nectit [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Nuper mutata annexorum</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=la" title="Fasciculos imponere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fasciculum imponere</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specialis:Paginae_speciales" title="Index paginarum specialium [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paginae speciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&oldid=3493933" title="Nexus perpetuus ad hanc paginae redactionem"><span>Nexus perpetuus</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>De hac pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialis:CiteThisPage&page=Liana&id=3493933&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Institutiones de hac pagina citanda"><span>Hanc paginam citare</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialis:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fla.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLiana"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialis:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fla.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLiana"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimere vel exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialis:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Liana"><span>Librum creare</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialis:DownloadAsPdf&page=Liana&action=show-download-screen"><span>Paginam prehendere formá PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&printable=yes" title="Forma impressibilis huius paginae [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Forma impressibilis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inceptis aliis </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lianas" hreflang="en"><span>Vicimedia Communia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14079" title="Nexus ad rem repositorii Vicibasis [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Res Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-a10100" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/VP:Expansio" title="VP:Expansio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_numeral_10000_CC_DD_cropped.svg/20px-Roman_numeral_10000_CC_DD_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_numeral_10000_CC_DD_cropped.svg/30px-Roman_numeral_10000_CC_DD_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_numeral_10000_CC_DD_cropped.svg/40px-Roman_numeral_10000_CC_DD_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="43" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">E Vicipaedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="la" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Lianas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/220px-Lianas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/330px-Lianas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/440px-Lianas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Multae <a href="/wiki/Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Species">species</a> lianarum in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Zona_tropica" title="Zona tropica">tropica</a> inter se implicantur.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Liana</b> est <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">vitis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planta_lignea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planta lignea (non est haec pagina)">lignea</a> qui <a href="/wiki/Caulis" title="Caulis">caulis</a> longus est quae in <a href="/wiki/Solum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solum">solo</a> gradu terrae <a href="/wiki/Radix" class="mw-disambig" title="Radix">radicatus</a> est et <a href="/wiki/Arbor" title="Arbor">arboribus</a> aliisque <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulcrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulcrum (non est haec pagina)">fulcris</a> utitur, usque ad summum <a href="/wiki/Silva" title="Silva">silvae</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aulaeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aulaeum (non est haec pagina)">aulaeum</a> scandens ut apricas <a href="/wiki/Regio" title="Regio">regiones</a> attingat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lianae sunt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvae_foliis_latis_humidae_tropicae_et_subtropicae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvae foliis latis humidae tropicae et subtropicae (non est haec pagina)">silvarum foliis latis humidarum tropicarum et subtropicarum</a> propriae (praecipue <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silva_temporalis_tropica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silva temporalis tropica (non est haec pagina)">silvarum temporalium</a>), sed in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvae_pluviosae_temperatae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvae pluviosae temperatae (non est haec pagina)">silvis pluviosis temperatis</a> inveni possunt. Etiam sunt lianae <a href="/wiki/Zona_temperata" title="Zona temperata">temperatae</a>, exempli gratia <a href="/wiki/Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Species">species</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus_(taxinomia)" title="Genus (taxinomia)">generum</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clematis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clematis (non est haec pagina)">Clematis</a></i> et <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a>.</i> Lianae <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pontes</a> inter aulaeum silvae facere possunt, <a href="/wiki/Via" title="Via">vias</a> trans silvam <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animalibus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locomotion_arborealis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locomotion arborealis (non est haec pagina)">arborealibus</a> praebentes, qui pontes arbores infirmiores a <a href="/wiki/Ventus" title="Ventus">ventis</a> potentibus protegere possunt. Lianae et arbores silvestres certantes <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lucem</a> <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">solarem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua">aquam</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Nutrimentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrimentum">nutrimenta</a> ex solo petunt.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silvae lianis carentes <a href="/wiki/Fructus" title="Fructus">fructus</a> magis producunt; arboribus autem lianas fulcientibus est duplicem <a href="/wiki/Mors" title="Mors">moriendi</a> <a href="/wiki/Probabilitas" title="Probabilitas">probabilitatem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg/150px-Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg/225px-Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg/300px-Lianas_Udawattakele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Lianae in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udawattakele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udawattakele (non est haec pagina)">Udawattakele</a> <a href="/wiki/Srilanca" title="Srilanca">Srilancae</a> crescunt.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg/220px-Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg/330px-Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg/440px-Monkey_Ladder_Vine_canopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aulaeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aulaeum (non est haec pagina)">Aulaeum</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entada_gigas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entada gigas (non est haec pagina)">Entada gigantis</a>,</i> lianae quae super <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bauhinia_glabra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bauhinia glabra (non est haec pagina)">Bauhiniam glabram</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a> <a href="/wiki/Havaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Havaii">Havaiiorum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:LianaIndia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LianaIndia.jpg/220px-LianaIndia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LianaIndia.jpg/330px-LianaIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LianaIndia.jpg/440px-LianaIndia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Implicatio lianarum trans silvam in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghat_Occidentalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghat Occidentalia (non est haec pagina)">Ghat Occidentalibus</a> <a href="/wiki/Paeninsula" title="Paeninsula">paeninsulae</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indicae</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Cipo_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipo_1.jpg/180px-Cipo_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipo_1.jpg/270px-Cipo_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipo_1.jpg/360px-Cipo_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Liana in <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Nagaimo-Fields-Hokuei-Tottori-2013071401.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nagaimo-Fields-Hokuei-Tottori-2013071401.jpg/220px-Nagaimo-Fields-Hokuei-Tottori-2013071401.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nagaimo-Fields-Hokuei-Tottori-2013071401.jpg/330px-Nagaimo-Fields-Hokuei-Tottori-2013071401.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nagaimo-Fields-Hokuei-Tottori-2013071401.jpg/440px-Nagaimo-Fields-Hokuei-Tottori-2013071401.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_opposita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea opposita (non est haec pagina)">Dioscorea opposita</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Iaponia" title="Iaponia">Iaponia</a> colitur.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Lianes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lianes.JPG/220px-Lianes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lianes.JPG/330px-Lianes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lianes.JPG/440px-Lianes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clematis_vitalba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clematis vitalba (non est haec pagina)">Clematis vitalba</a></i>) inter arbores ad ripas <a href="/wiki/Flumen" title="Flumen">fluminis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gave_de_Pau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gave de Pau (non est haec pagina)">Gave de Pau</a> crescit.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:Wingerd-lichtmast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wingerd-lichtmast.jpg/110px-Wingerd-lichtmast.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wingerd-lichtmast.jpg/165px-Wingerd-lichtmast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wingerd-lichtmast.jpg/220px-Wingerd-lichtmast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Longurius <a href="/wiki/Urbs" title="Urbs">urbanus</a> lianam speciei <i><a href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">Humuli lupuli</a></i> fulcit.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus:LianeTorsad%C3%A9eGuyane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LianeTorsad%C3%A9eGuyane.jpg/220px-LianeTorsad%C3%A9eGuyane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LianeTorsad%C3%A9eGuyane.jpg/330px-LianeTorsad%C3%A9eGuyane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LianeTorsad%C3%A9eGuyane.jpg/440px-LianeTorsad%C3%A9eGuyane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Vetus liana se circum <a href="/wiki/Truncus" title="Truncus">truncum</a> arboris torquet, prope flumen <a href="/wiki/Sinnamary" title="Sinnamary">Sinnamary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guiana" title="Guiana">Guiana</a>, circa sexaginta <a href="/wiki/Chiliometrum" title="Chiliometrum">chilionetra</a> a <a href="/wiki/Commune" title="Commune">commune</a> <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vocabulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocabulum">Vocabulum</a> <i>liana</i> gregem <a href="/wiki/Taxinomia" title="Taxinomia">taxinomicum</a> non attingit, sed modum per quem plantae crescunt describit, vocabulis <i>arbore</i> et <i><a href="/wiki/Frutex" title="Frutex">frutice</a></i> simile. Lianae in multis <a href="/wiki/Familia_(taxinomia)" title="Familia (taxinomia)">familiis</a> plantarum inveni possunt. Una <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> lianarum ab arboribus fruticibusque distinguendarum de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigor (non est haec pagina)">rigore</a> dependet, praesertim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulus_Youngianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modulus Youngianus (non est haec pagina)">modulo Youngiano</a> variorum caulis segmentorum. Iuvenes ramunculi ramique parviores arborum et fruticum admodum flexibiles sunt, atque auctus senex sicut <a href="/wiki/Truncus" title="Truncus">trunci</a> et magni rami qui rigidiores sunt. Lianis saepe sunt rigidus auctus iuvenis et flexibilioris auctus vetus in fundamentis caulis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lianae, ut observavit <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Darwin" title="Carolus Darwin">Carolus Darwin</a>, quia ab aliis plantis fulciuntur, opes conservare possunt quas aliae plantae ad <a href="/wiki/Morphologia_plantarum" title="Morphologia plantarum">structuras</a> faciendas distribuere debent, et eis potius ad crescendum et <a href="/wiki/Reproductio" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductio">reproducendum</a> utuntur. Lianae plerumque nocent arboribus quae eas fulciunt. Proportiones auctús arborum quae lianas sustinent sunt minores, quia lianae arbores per attritum et strangulationem laedunt; lianae praeterea arbores contra <a href="/wiki/Glacies" title="Glacies">glaciem</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ventus" title="Ventus">ventum</a> debilitant, probabilitatem augentes ut arbores quae eas sustinent cadant. Lianae etiam faciunt ut <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalia</a> quae <a href="/wiki/Folium" title="Folium">foliis</a> <a href="/wiki/Victus" title="Victus">vescuntur</a> aulaeum silvae attingere possint. Talium effectuum negativorum causá, arbores quae lianis carent commodum habent; nonnullae autem species proprietates evolverunt quae adiuvant ut eae lianas vitent aut effundant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oecologia">Oecologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Recensere partem: Oecologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Oecologia"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lianae cum arboribus vehementer certant, auctum<sup id="cite_ref-Schnitzer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnitzer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et <a href="/wiki/Reproductio" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductio">reproductionem</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arborum magnopere imminuentes, <a href="/wiki/Mortalitas" title="Mortalitas">mortalitatem</a> arborum magnopere augentes,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ne plantulae stabulent prohibentes,<sup id="cite_ref-Schnitzer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnitzer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> progressum regenerationis silvestris mutantes,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et ad ultimum proportiones auctús multitudinis arborum afficientes.<sup id="cite_ref-VisserSchnitzer2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VisserSchnitzer2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lianae etiam aditum in aulaeum multis <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalibus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locomotio_arborealis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locomotio arborealis (non est haec pagina)">arborealibus</a> praebent, inter quae sunt <a href="/wiki/Formicidae" title="Formicidae">formicidae</a> et multa alia <a href="/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata">invertebrata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia">rodentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folivora" title="Folivora">folivora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simiiformes" title="Simiiformes">simiiformes</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Lemuriformes" title="Lemuriformes">lemures</a>. Exempli gratia, in <a href="/wiki/Oriens" title="Oriens">orientalibus</a> <a href="/wiki/Madagascaria" title="Madagascaria">Madagascariae</a> <a href="/wiki/Silva_tropica" title="Silva tropica">silvis tropicis</a>, lemures inter lianas reticulatas quae varias arborum <a href="/wiki/Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Species">species</a> circumplectuntur liberius movere possunt, ac <a href="/wiki/Nidus" title="Nidus">nidos</a> in arboribus lianas fulcientibus facere malunt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lianae etiam arbores fulciunt cum <a href="/wiki/Ventus" title="Ventus">venti</a> potentes flent.<sup id="cite_ref-GarridoPerez_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarridoPerez-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exempla">Exempla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Recensere partem: Exempla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Exempla"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonnullae <a href="/wiki/Familia_(taxinomia)" title="Familia (taxinomia)">familiae</a> et <a href="/wiki/Genus_(taxinomia)" title="Genus (taxinomia)">genera</a> quibus sunt <a href="/wiki/Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Species">species</a> lianarum sunt: </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnetum (non est haec pagina)">Gnetum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendoncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendoncia (non est haec pagina)">Mendoncia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thunbergia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thunbergia (non est haec pagina)">Thunbergia</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thunbergia_grandiflora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thunbergia grandiflora (non est haec pagina)">T. grandiflora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thunbergia_mysorensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thunbergia mysorensis (non est haec pagina)">T. mysorensis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancistrocladaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancistrocladaceae (non est haec pagina)">Ancistrocladaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancistrocladus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancistrocladus (non est haec pagina)">Ancistrocladus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annonaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annonaceae (non est haec pagina)">Annonaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artabotrys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artabotrys (non est haec pagina)">Artabotrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fissistigma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fissistigma (non est haec pagina)">Fissistigma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvaria (non est haec pagina)">Uvaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odontadenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odontadenia (non est haec pagina)">Odontadenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strophanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strophanthus (non est haec pagina)">Strophanthus</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strophanthus_sarmentosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strophanthus sarmentosus (non est haec pagina)">S. sarmentosus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamus_(palm)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calamus (palm) (non est haec pagina)">Calamus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daemonorops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daemonorops (non est haec pagina)">Daemonorops</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pothos_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pothos (plant) (non est haec pagina)">Pothos</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pothos_lancifolius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pothos lancifolius (non est haec pagina)">P. lancifolius</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristolochia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristolochia (non est haec pagina)">Aristolochia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anemopaegma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anemopaegma (non est haec pagina)">Anemopaegma</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capparaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capparaceae (non est haec pagina)">Capparaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capparis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capparis (non est haec pagina)">Capparis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Connaraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connaraceae (non est haec pagina)">Connaraceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Connarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connarus (non est haec pagina)">Connarus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilleniaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilleniaceae (non est haec pagina)">Dilleniaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doliocarpus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doliocarpus (non est haec pagina)">Doliocarpus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscoreaceae (non est haec pagina)">Dioscoreaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea (non est haec pagina)">Dioscorea</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_sylvatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea sylvatica (non est haec pagina)">D. sylvatica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> <ul><li>Nonnullae <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acaciae</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acacia_concinna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acacia concinna (non est haec pagina)">A. concinna</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalbergia_armata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalbergia armata (non est haec pagina)">Dalbergia armata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derris (non est haec pagina)">Derris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entada (non est haec pagina)">Entada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hultholia_mimosoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hultholia mimosoides (non est haec pagina)">Hultholia mimosoides</a> </i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machaerium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machaerium (non est haec pagina)">Machaerium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezoneuron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezoneuron (non est haec pagina)">Mezoneuron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucuna (non est haec pagina)">Mucuna</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucuna_bennettii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucuna bennettii (non est haec pagina)">M. bennettii</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterolobium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterolobium (non est haec pagina)">Pterolobium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasiobema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasiobema (non est haec pagina)">Lasiobema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strongylodon (non est haec pagina)">Strongylodon</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylodon_macrobotrys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strongylodon macrobotrys (non est haec pagina)">S. macrobotrys</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flagellariaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flagellariaceae (non est haec pagina)">Flagellariaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flagellaria_indica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flagellaria indica (non est haec pagina)">Flagellaria indica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strychnos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strychnos (non est haec pagina)">Strychnos</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strychnos_axillaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strychnos axillaris (non est haec pagina)">S. axillaris</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepenthaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepenthaceae (non est haec pagina)">Nepenthaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes" title="Nepenthes">Nepenthes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasminum" title="Jasminum">Jasminum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moutabea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moutabea (non est haec pagina)">Moutabea</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moutabea_aculeata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moutabea aculeata (non est haec pagina)">M. aculeata</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapindaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapindaceae (non est haec pagina)">Sapindaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paullinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paullinia (non est haec pagina)">Paullinia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventilago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventilago (non est haec pagina)">Ventilago</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziziphus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziziphus (non est haec pagina)">Ziziphus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uncaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uncaria (non est haec pagina)">Uncaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toddalia_asiatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toddalia asiatica (non est haec pagina)">Toddalia asiatica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlegeliaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlegeliaceae (non est haec pagina)">Schlegeliaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlegelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlegelia (non est haec pagina)">Schlegelia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smilacaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smilacaceae (non est haec pagina)">Smilacaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smilax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smilax (non est haec pagina)">Smilax</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampelopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampelopsis (non est haec pagina)">Ampelopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cissus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cissus (non est haec pagina)">Cissus</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciccus_hypoglauca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciccus hypoglauca (non est haec pagina)">C. hypoglauca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parthenocissus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parthenocissus (non est haec pagina)">Parthenocissus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrastigma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrastigma (non est haec pagina)">Tetrastigma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notae">Notae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Recensere partem: Notae" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Notae"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338786/liana">"liana"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schnitzer et Bongers 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Landers 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lahaye et al. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Putz 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnitzer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schnitzer_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schnitzer_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Schnitzer et Carson 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright et al. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingwell et al. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schnitzer, Dalling, et Carson 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VisserSchnitzer2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VisserSchnitzer2018_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Visser et al. 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendigs et al. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarridoPerez-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GarridoPerez_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrido-Pérez et al. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schnitzer et Bongers 2002.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographia">Bibliographia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Recensere partem: Bibliographia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliographia"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chesshire, Charles. <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>. <i>Plantas Trepadeiras.</i> Livraria Civilização Editora.</li> <li>Garrido-Pérez, E. I., J. M. Dupuy, R. Durán-García, G. Gerold, S. A. Schnitzer, et M. Ucan-May. <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>. "Structural effects of lianas and hurricane Wilma on trees in Yucatan peninsula, Mexico." <i>Journal of Tropical Ecology</i> 24 (5): 559–62. doi:10.1017/S0266467408005221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gldocs-11858/6978">Textus.</a></li> <li><i>Herder-Lexikon der Biologie.</i> <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>. Spektrum Akademische Verlag, vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/3860251562" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-86025-156-2</a>.</li> <li>Ingwell, L. L., S. J. Wright, K. K. Becklund, S .P. Hubbell, et S. A. Schnitzer. <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>. "The impact of lianas on 10 years of tree growth and mortality on Barro Colorado Island, Panama." <i>Journal of Ecology</i> 98 (4): 879–87. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01676.x.</li> <li>Lahaye, R., L. Civeyrel, T. Speck, et N. P. Rowe. <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>. "Evolution of shrub-like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae s.l.) of Madagascar: phylogeny, biomechanics, and development." <i>American Journal of Botany</i> 92 (8): 1381–96. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1381le. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646158?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21646158</a>.</li> <li>Landers, Jackson. <a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a>. "Tarzan's Favorite Mode of Travel, the Liana Vine, Chokes Off a Tree's Ability to Bear Fruit." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_(magazina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smithsonian (magazina) (non est haec pagina)">Smithsonian</a>,</i> 13 Iunii 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/tarzans-mode-travel-liana-vine-chocking-tropical-forests-180963636">Editio interretialis.</a></li> <li>Parthasarathy, N., ed. <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a>. <i>Biodiversity of lianas.</i> Helvetia: Springer.</li> <li>Putz, F. E. <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>. "How trees avoid and shed lianas." <i>Biotropica</i> 16 (1): 19–23. doi:10.2307/2387889. JSTOR 2387889.</li> <li>Raven, Peter Hamilton, Ray Franklin Evert, et Susan E. Eichhorn. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>. <i>Biologie der Pflanzen.</i> Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Specialis:Librorum_fontes/9783110154627" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3110154627</a>.</li> <li>Rendigs, A., U. Radespiel, D. Wrogemann, et A. Zimmermann. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. "Relationship between microhabitat structure and distribution of mouse lemurs (<i>Microcebus</i> spp.) in northwestern Madagascar." <i>International Journal of Primatology</i> 24 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1023/A:1021494428294.</li> <li>Schnitzer, S. A., et F. Bongers. <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>. "The ecology of lianas and their role in forests." <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i> 17 (5): 223–30. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6.</li> <li>Schnitzer, S. A., J. W. Dalling, et W. P. Carson. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>. "The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration." <i>Journal of Ecology</i> 88 (4): 655–66. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00489.x.</li> <li>Schnitzer, S. A., et W. P. Carson. <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>. "Lianas suppress tree regeneration and diversity in treefall gaps." <i>Ecology Letters</i> 13 (7): 849–57. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01480.x. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482581?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20482581</a>.</li> <li>Schnitzer, S. A., F. Bongers, R. J. Burnham, et F. E. Putz, eds. <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a>. <i>The ecology of lianas.</i> Oxoniae: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Visser, Marco D., Stefan A. Schnitzer, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Eelke Jongejans, Hans de Kroon, :iza S. Comita, Stephen P. Hubbell, S. Joseph Wright, et Pieter Zuidema. <a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a>. "Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation: A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites." <i>Journal of Ecology</i> 106 (2): 781–94. ISSN 00220477. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12815.</li> <li>Wright, S. J., A. M. Jaramillo, J. Pavon, R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, et R. B. FosterB. <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>. "Reproductive size thresholds in tropical trees: variation among individuals, species and forests." <i>Journal of Tropical Ecology</i> 21 (3): 307–15. doi:10.1017/S0266467405002294.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nexus_externi">Nexus externi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Recensere partem: Nexus externi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nexus externi"><span>fontem recensere</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Butler, Rhett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0406.htm">"Vines and Lianas."</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Receptum de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liana&oldid=3493933">https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liana&oldid=3493933</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specialis:Categoriae" title="Specialis:Categoriae">Categoriae</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Lianae" title="Categoria:Lianae">Lianae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Morphologia_plantarum" title="Categoria:Morphologia plantarum">Morphologia plantarum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Terminologia_biologica" title="Categoria:Terminologia biologica">Terminologia biologica</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoriae celatae: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Myrias_Biologia" title="Categoria:Myrias Biologia">Myrias Biologia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Categoria:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pages_using_PMID_magic_links" title="Categoria:Pages using PMID magic links">Pages using PMID magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Novissima mutatio die 27 Decembris 2019 hora 21:50 facta.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Nonobstantibus ceteris condicionibus hunc textum tractare licet secundum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License"</a>. 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