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href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanteg" title="Fanteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fanteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante" title="Fante – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fante" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante_(Sprache)" title="Fante (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fante (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_fante" title="Lengua fante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua fante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantea_lingvo" title="Fantea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fantea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanti_(langue)" title="Fanti (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fanti (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_fante" title="Lingua fante – Galician" 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class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Fante</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><i>Fante</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2.8 million (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Potou%E2%80%93Tano_languages" title="Potou–Tano languages">Potou–Tano</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tano_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tano languages">Tano</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tano_languages" title="Central Tano languages">Central Tano</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Fante</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Akan_Orthography_Committee" title="Akan Orthography Committee">Akan Orthography Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=138">fat</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fat">fat</a></code> (see [aka] for <i>Ethnologue</i> description)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fant1241">fant1241</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Mormon_-_Fante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Book_of_Mormon_-_Fante.jpg/220px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Fante.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Book_of_Mormon_-_Fante.jpg/330px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Fante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Book_of_Mormon_-_Fante.jpg/440px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Fante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption>Fante translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i>; note the use of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Latin epsilon</a> in the word <i>N'AHYƐMU</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fante</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Fanti:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fat-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈfɑnti]</a></span>), also known as <b>Fanti</b>, <b>Fantse</b>, or <b>Mfantse</b>, is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Literary_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary dialect">literary dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan language</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a> (collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>), with which it is <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is principally spoken in the central and southern regions of Ghana as well as in settlements in other regions in western Ghana, Ivory Coast, as well as in Liberia, Gambia and Angola.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fante is the common <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante people</a>, whose communities each have their own <a href="/wiki/Subdialect" title="Subdialect">subdialects</a>, namely Agona, Anomabo, Abura and Gomoa,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which are mutually intelligible. Schacter and Fromkin describe two main Fante dialect groups: Fante 1, which uses a syllable-final /w/ and thus distinguishes <i>kaw</i> ("dance") and <i>ka</i> ("bite"); and Fante 2, where these words are homophonous.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A standardized form of Fante is taught in primary and secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Fantes are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bidialectism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidialectism">bidialectal</a> and most can speak <a href="/wiki/Twi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Twi language">Twi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable speakers include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Turkson" title="Peter Turkson">Cardinal Peter Appiah Turkson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Naana_Opoku-Agyemang" title="Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang">Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former United Nations Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and former Ghanaian presidents <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> learned Fante as an adult during her stay in Ghana. </p><p>Today Fante is spoken by more than 6 million people in Ghana primarily in the Central and Western Regions. It is also widely spoken in Tema, where majority of the people in that city are native Fante speakers who were settled after the new port was built. </p><p>One striking characteristic of the Fante dialect is the level of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> influence, including English loanwords and <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">anglicized</a> forms of native names, due both to British colonial influence and "to fill lexical and semantic gaps, for reasons of simplicity and also for prestige". Examples of such borrowings include <i>rɛkɔso</i> ("records"), <i>rɔba</i> "rubber", <i>nɔma</i> ("number"), <i>kolapuse</i> "collapse", and <i>dɛkuleti</i> "decorate".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native names are occasionally anglicized, such as "Mεnsa" becoming "Mensah" or "Atta" becoming "Arthur".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Fante" has two possible etymologies, both in reference to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Asante_people" title="Asante people">Asante people</a>. The first states that the Fante were named for their custom of eating spinach, or <i>efan</i>, while the Asante ate another herb called <i>san</i>; the second, that the Fante split from the Asante, receiving the name <i>ofa-tew</i>, "the half that separated". However, as well as being phonetically inconsistent, any connection these etymologies propose with the Asante is anachronistic: the Asante rose to power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and the Fante-Asante dichotomy only developed in the latter part of the 18th century, while the name "Fante" is much older.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true etymology is unknown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">(Alveolo-)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">nʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɲʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">tʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">bʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">dʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">gʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">tɕʷ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕᶣ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">dʑʷ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑᶣ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">sʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɕʷ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕᶣ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">hʷ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of these vowels, five may be nasalized: /ĩ/, /ɪ̃/, /ã/, /ũ/, and /ʊ̃/.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fante exhibits <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, where all vowels in a word belong to one of the two sets /i e o u a/ or /ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ a/.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fante, like all other varieties of Akan, has two contrastive tones, high tone (H) and low tone (L).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fante has a relatively phonemic orthography. It uses the following letters to indicate the following phonemes:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Uppercase </th> <td>A </td> <td>B </td> <td>D </td> <td>E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɛ">Ɛ</a> </td> <td>F </td> <td>G </td> <td>H </td> <td>I </td> <td>K </td> <td>M </td> <td>N </td> <td>O </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɔ">Ɔ</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td>R </td> <td>S </td> <td>T </td> <td>U </td> <td>W </td> <td>Y </td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lowercase </th> <td>a </td> <td>b </td> <td>d </td> <td>e </td> <td>ɛ </td> <td>f </td> <td>g </td> <td>h </td> <td>i </td> <td>k </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>o </td> <td>ɔ </td> <td>p </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>u </td> <td>w </td> <td>y </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɪ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʊ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fante makes heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, including <i>ky</i> (/tɕ/), <i>gy</i> (/dʑ/), <i>hy</i> (/ɕ/), <i>tw</i> (/tɕʷ/), <i>dw</i> (/dʑʷ/), <i>hw</i> (/ɕʷ/), and <i>kw</i> (/kʷ/). However, labialization is symbolized in other labialized consonants either with ⟨u⟩, e.g. <i>pue</i> (/pʷei/), <i>bue</i> (/bʷei/), <i>tue</i> (/tʷei/), <i>hue</i> (/hʷei/), <i>huan</i> (/hʷan/), <i>guan</i> (/gʷan/), <i>nua</i> (/nʷia/), and <i>sua</i> (/sʷia/); or with ⟨o⟩, e.g. <i>soer</i> (/sʷer/), <i>soe</i> (/sʷei/), and <i>noa</i> (/nʷia/). Furthermore, the digraphs <i>ny</i> and <i>nw</i> may represent /ɲ/ and /ɲʷ/, respectively, as in <i>nya</i> (/ɲa/) ("get"), and <i>nwin</i> (/ɲʷin/) ("leak"), parallelling the use of other digraphs in Fante; or they may represent two individual phonemes, /nj/ and /nw/ respectively, as in <i>nwaba</i> (/nwaba/) "snail". </p><p>Fante also uses the digraphs <i>ts</i> and <i>dz,</i> which represent /ts/ and /dz/ in Fante subdialects that distinguish the plosives /t/ and /d/ and the affricates /ts/ and /dz/, but are allophonic with <i>t</i> and <i>d</i> in those subdialects which do not distinguish them. Fante is the only dialect of Akan to distinguish /ts/ and /dz/ from /t/ and /d/, and is therefore the only dialect whose alphabet contains the letter ⟨z⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ can represent multiple <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> each, Fante orthography uses two strategies to distinguish them. First, Fante vowel harmony means /e/ and /ɪ/ are not likely to appear together in a word, nor are /o/ and /ʊ/. Second, if disambiguation is necessary, vowel digraphs may be used: ⟨ie⟩ to mean /e/ and ⟨uo⟩ to mean /o/. Thus /moko/ "pepper" is spelled <i>muoko</i>, while /mʊkʊ/ "I sit" is spelled <i>muko</i>. </p><p>Nasalization is marked with the diacritic ⟨ ̃⟩, but is only used when distinguishing "one of two or more words of the same spelling but different meanings which contain a nasal vowel",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is omitted when there is no danger of ambiguity. The diacritic may also be included on the wrong vowel, as in the word <i>kẽka</i>, where it is the second syllable that actually receives the nasalization.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/aka">Akan</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchacterFromkin1968" class="citation book cs1">Schacter, Paul; Fromkin, Victoria (1968). <i>A Phonology of Akan: Akuapem, Asante, Fante</i>. Los Angeles: UC Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phonology+of+Akan%3A+Akuapem%2C+Asante%2C+Fante&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=UC+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Schacter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Fromkin%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFante+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArhinStudies1979" class="citation book cs1">Arhin, Kwame; Studies, University of Ghana Institute of African (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9gJAQAAIAAJ&q=twi"><i>A Profile of Brong Kyempim: Essays on the Archaeology, History, Language and Politics of the Brong Peoples of Ghana</i></a>. 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"Fante: the orthography versus speech". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 23–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300002954">10.1017/S0025100300002954</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1003">0025-1003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44525932">44525932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145592307">145592307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Fante%3A+the+orthography+versus+speech&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-33&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0025-1003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145592307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44525932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300002954&rft.aulast=Adjaye&rft.aufirst=Sophia+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFante+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbakah2005" class="citation journal cs1">Abakah, Emmanuel Nicholas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikieducator.org/images/6/60/TONE_RULES_IN_AKAN.pdf">"Tone Rules in Akan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of West African Languages</i>. <b>XXXII</b>: 109–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+West+African+Languages&rft.atitle=Tone+Rules+in+Akan&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.pages=109-134&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Abakah&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikieducator.org%2Fimages%2F6%2F60%2FTONE_RULES_IN_AKAN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFante+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMu1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Mu, Ngyiresi Kasa (1900). <i>Mfantse nkasafua nkyerekyerease = Fante-English dictionary</i> (in Fanti). Cape Coast: Methodist Book Depot. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8344473">8344473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mfantse+nkasafua+nkyerekyerease+%3D+Fante-English+dictionary&rft.place=Cape+Coast&rft.pub=Methodist+Book+Depot&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8344473&rft.aulast=Mu&rft.aufirst=Ngyiresi+Kasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFante+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fante_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="Ghanaian Pidgin English">Ghanaian Pidgin English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-sponsored</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Ghana)" title="Buli language (Ghana)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_language" title="Deg language">Deg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Yobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jwira-Pepesa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jwira-Pepesa language">Jwira-Pepesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Kebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_language" title="Logba language">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sehwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwu_language" title="Siwu language">Siwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonjon_language" title="Tonjon language">Tonjon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language_(Ghana)" title="Mpur language (Ghana)">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafaanra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaanra">Nafaanra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kwa_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kwa_languages" title="Template:Kwa languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kwa_languages" title="Template talk:Kwa languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kwa_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kwa languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kwa_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potou%E2%80%93Tano_languages" title="Potou–Tano languages">Potou–Tano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Tano_languages" title="Central Tano languages">Central Tano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoul%C3%A9_language" title="Baoulé language">Baoulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jwira%E2%80%93Pepesa_language" title="Jwira–Pepesa language">Jwira–Pepesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morofo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Morofo language">Morofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sefwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guang_languages" title="Guang languages">Guang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwang_language" title="Dwang language">Dwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodo_language" title="Foodo language">Foodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyode_language" title="Kyode language">Kyode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginyanga_language" title="Ginyanga language">Ginyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kplang_language" title="Kplang language">Kplang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawuri_language" title="Nawuri language">Nawuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nchumbulu_language" title="Nchumbulu language">Nchumbulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntrapo_language" title="Ntrapo language">Ntrapo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abure_language" title="Abure language">Abure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebri%C3%A9_language" title="Ebrié language">Ebrié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eotile_language" title="Eotile language">Eotile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krobu_language" title="Krobu language">Krobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbato_language" title="Mbato language">Mbato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_Mountain_languages" title="Ghana–Togo Mountain languages">Ghana–Togo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Na-Togo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Basila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_language" title="Logba language">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwu_language" title="Siwu language">Siwu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ka-Togo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahlon_language" title="Ahlon language">Ahlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Akebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ga%E2%80%93Dangme_languages" title="Ga–Dangme languages">Ga–Dangme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lagoon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9_language" title="Abé language">Abé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abidji_language" title="Abidji language">Abidji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjukru_language" title="Adjukru language">Adjukru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atti%C3%A9_language" title="Attié language">Attié</a></li> <li>Avikam–Alladian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alladian_language" title="Alladian language">Alladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avikam_language" title="Avikam language">Avikam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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