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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_international_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_international_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Governance and international relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_international_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_energy_access_and_rural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_energy_access_and_rural_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Agriculture, energy access and rural development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_energy_access_and_rural_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities_and_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities_and_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other activities and projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities_and_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Illness and death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Illness and death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 State funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Selected writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Memorials and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memorials_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Memorials and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_Evans_Atta_Mills_Memorial_Lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Evans_Atta_Mills_Memorial_Lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 John Evans Atta Mills Memorial Lectures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Evans_Atta_Mills_Memorial_Lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John Atta Mills</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="جون أتا ميلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون أتا ميلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evans_Atta_Mills" title="John Evans Atta Mills – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Evans Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Джон Эванс Ата Мілс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Эванс Ата Мілс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Джон Атта Милс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Атта Милс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evans_Fiifi_Atta_Mills" title="John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%86%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%82" title="Τζον Άτα Μιλς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Άτα Μιλς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evans_Atta_Mills" title="John Evans Atta Mills – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Evans Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta-Mills" title="John Atta-Mills – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Atta-Mills" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="جان آتا میلز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان آتا میلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%95%84%ED%83%80_%EB%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" title="존 아타 밀스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 아타 밀스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="ג'ון אטא מילס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון אטא מילס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ატა მილსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ატა მილსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Atta_Mills" title="Ioannes Atta Mills – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta-Mills" title="John Atta-Mills – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="John Atta-Mills" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ატა მილსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ ატა მილსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="جون اتا ميلز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون اتا ميلز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="ジョン・アッタ・ミルズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・アッタ・ミルズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta-Mills" title="John Atta-Mills – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Atta-Mills" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evans_Atta_Mills" title="John Evans Atta Mills – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Evans Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Миллс, Джон Эванс Атта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миллс, Джон Эванс Атта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Џон Ата Милс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Ата Милс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜோன் அட்டா மில்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜோன் அட்டா மில்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Джон Атта Міллс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Атта Міллс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·阿塔·米尔斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·阿塔·米尔斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evans_Atta_Mills" title="John Evans Atta Mills – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Evans Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·阿塔·米尔斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·阿塔·米尔斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Attah_Mills" title="John Attah Mills – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="John Attah Mills" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kʋsaal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="John Atta Mills" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51008#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Atta Mills</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Atta_Mills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/John_Atta_Mills.jpg/220px-John_Atta_Mills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/John_Atta_Mills.jpg/330px-John_Atta_Mills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/John_Atta_Mills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mills in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 January 2009 – 24 July 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Agyekum_Kufuor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Agyekum Kufuor">John Agyekum Kufuor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Ghana">Vice President of Ghana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 January 1997 – 7 January 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_John_Rawlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry John Rawlings">Jerry John Rawlings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kow_Nkensen_Arkaah" title="Kow Nkensen Arkaah">Kow Nkensen Arkaah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aliu_Mahama" title="Aliu Mahama">Aliu Mahama</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills</div> (1944-07-21)21 July 1944 <a href="/wiki/Tarkwa" title="Tarkwa">Tarkwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (now Ghana)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 2012(2012-07-24) (aged 68) <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Accra" title="List of cemeteries in Accra">Asomdwee Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accra,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Accra, Ghana">Accra, Ghana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernestina_Naadu_Mills" title="Ernestina Naadu Mills">Ernestina Naadu Mills</a> (née Botchway)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Sam Kofi Atta Mills<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAS_School_of_Law" title="SOAS School of Law">University of London</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Scholar">Fulbright Scholar</a></li> <li>Glo-CAF Platinum Award</li> <li>Lifetime Africa Achievement Prize</li> <li>The Fritz Redlich Alumni Award</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Law Professor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legon" title="Legon">Legon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Positions</th><td class="infobox-data">National Tax Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service_(Ghana)" title="Internal Revenue Service (Ghana)">Internal Revenue Service</a> (1988–1996)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills (21 July 1944 – 24 July 2012) was a <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghanaian</a> politician and legal scholar who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a> from 2009 until his death in 2012. He was inaugurated on 7 January 2009, having defeated the governing party candidate <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Ghanaian presidential election">2008 Ghanaian presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP-2">[2]</a> He was previously the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Ghana" title="Vice-President of Ghana">Vice-President</a> from 1997 to 2001 under President <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a>, and he contested unsuccessfully in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Ghanaian presidential election">2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Ghanaian presidential election">2004 presidential elections</a> as the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a> (NDC). He is the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">Ghanaian head of state</a> to die in office.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Mills was born on 21 July 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Tarkwa" title="Tarkwa">Tarkwa</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Ghana">Western Region</a> of Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> His parents were John Atta Mills Sr., an educationist, who taught at the <a href="/wiki/Komenda_College_of_Education" title="Komenda College of Education">Komenda Teacher Training College</a> and Mercy Dawson Amoah.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> He was the second child (and first son) among seven siblings.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a> ethnic group, he hailed from the town of Ekumfi Otuam in the Mfantsiman East constituency of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Region, Ghana">Central Region</a> of Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-ngrguardiannews1-5">[5]</a> He had his primary and middle school education at <a href="/wiki/Huni_Valley" title="Huni Valley">Huni Valley</a> <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary School">Primary School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komenda" title="Komenda">Komenda</a> <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle School">Middle School</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He then proceeded to the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Achimota_School" title="Achimota School">Achimota School</a> for his secondary education, where he completed the Ordinary and Advanced-Level Certificates in 1961 and 1963 respectively, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legon" title="Legon">Legon</a>, where he completed a bachelor of law degree, <a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a> and a professional law certificate in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ngrguardiannews1-5">[5]</a> Mills studied at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics and Political Science</a> where he obtained an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a> in 1968 and earned a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in Law at the <a href="/wiki/SOAS_School_of_Law" title="SOAS School of Law">School of Oriental and African Studies School of Law</a>, part of the federal <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> after completing his doctoral thesis in the field of <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> in 1971 at the age of 27.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> Mills' first formal teaching assignment was as a lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law">Faculty of Law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz2-9">[9]</a> He spent close to twenty-five years teaching at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">Legon</a> and other institutions of higher learning.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> In 1971, he was selected for the <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Scholar">Fulbright Scholar</a> programme at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a> in the US.<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> He returned to his homeland, Ghana, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright program">international educational exchange</a> fellowship to work at his alma mater, the University of Ghana, for 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> He became a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, USA), with two stints from 1978 to 1979, and 1986 to 1987. He was also a visiting lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> from 1985 to 1986. During this period, he authored several publications relating to taxation in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-ghananation1-10">[10]</a> Outside of his academic pursuits, Mills was the Acting Commissioner of Ghana's <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service_(Ghana)" title="Internal Revenue Service (Ghana)">Internal Revenue Service</a> from 1988 to 1993 under President <a href="/wiki/Jerry_John_Rawlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry John Rawlings">Jerry John Rawlings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> and the substantive Commissioner from 1993 to 1996. By 1992, he had become an <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">Associate Professor</a> of Law at the University of Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 2002, he was a <a href="/wiki/Visiting_scholar" title="Visiting scholar">visiting scholar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Institute_for_Global_Issues" title="Liu Institute for Global Issues">Liu Institute for Global Issues</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia through a joint <a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">Canadian International Development Agency</a>(CIDA) – <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Research_Centre" title="International Development Research Centre">International Development Research Centre</a> (IDRC) fellowship programme.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice-President_of_Ghana">Vice-President of Ghana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vice-President of Ghana">edit</a>]</div> For the <a href="/wiki/1992_Ghanaian_presidential_election" title="1992 Ghanaian presidential election">inaugural presidential election in 1992</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention_Party_(Ghana)" title="National Convention Party (Ghana)">National Convention Party</a> (NCP) had formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a> (NDC). Former <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a> (PNDC) Chairman, and leader of Ghana, Flight-Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings chose the NCP leader, <a href="/wiki/Kow_Nkensen_Arkaah" title="Kow Nkensen Arkaah">Kow Nkensen Arkaah</a>, as his running-mate for vice-president. Having been elected in the 1992 election, Arkaah served between 1992 and 1996. However, on 29 January 1996, the NCP broke with the NDC. Arkaah with the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention_Party_(Ghana)" title="National Convention Party (Ghana)">National Convention Party</a> formed the Great Alliance with the <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a> and was subsequently nominated as the running mate of <a href="/wiki/John_Agyekum_Kufuor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Agyekum Kufuor">John Agyekum Kufuor</a> to challenge the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a>. Rawlings selected Mills for the vacated Vice-Presidency in his bid for re-election to a second term in the election and was re-elected to his second term in office, serving from 1996 to 2000. In his capacity as vice-president, he served as the Chairman of the Police Council of Ghana and the Chairman of the Economic Management Team. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidential elections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mills_Obama_Billboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mills_Obama_Billboard.jpg/220px-Mills_Obama_Billboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mills_Obama_Billboard.jpg/330px-Mills_Obama_Billboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mills_Obama_Billboard.jpg/440px-Mills_Obama_Billboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>President Mills featured on a billboard with Former US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></figcaption></figure> In 2000, Mills became the NDC's candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2000_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Ghanaian presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> after Rawlings had served his constitutionally mandated terms as president. The main rival for Mills' own bid for the presidency was <a href="/wiki/John_Agyekum_Kufuor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Agyekum Kufuor">John Agyekum Kufuor</a>, who was running as the candidate for the opposition <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a> (NPP). In the heat of the 2000 presidential campaign, Mills was roundly criticized for statements that if elected he would consult with Rawlings daily.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-14">[14]</a> In the first round, held on 7 December 2000, Mills gained 44.8% of the vote, Kufuor won the first round with 48.4%, thus forcing a second round. On 28 December 2000, Kufuor defeated Mills with 56.9% of the vote and was sworn in as president on 7 January 2001. In December 2002, Mills was elected by his party to be its flag bearer and lead them into the <a href="/wiki/2004_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Ghanaian presidential election">2004 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He was, however, defeated again by incumbent president John Agyekum Kufuor, who received 52.45% of the vote on the first ballot. On 21 December 2006, he became the NDC's candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Ghanaian presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, winning his party's ticket by an 81.4% result (1,362 votes), far ahead of his opponents, <a href="/wiki/Ekwow_Spio-Garbrah" title="Ekwow Spio-Garbrah">Ekwow Spio-Garbrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahama_Iddrisu" title="Mahama Iddrisu">Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Annan" title="Edward Annan">Eddie Annan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NDC-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In the 2008 election, <a href="/wiki/John_Agyekum_Kufuor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Agyekum Kufuor">John Agyekum Kufuor</a> was no longer eligible to run as president, having served two terms. It was during this time that the term <a href="/wiki/Better_Ghana_Agenda" title="Better Ghana Agenda">Better Ghana Agenda</a> was coined. During the 2008 elections, in an attempt to change the public perception at the time that he would be a political lackey of his former mentor, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a> when elected, he distanced himself from his previous comments made in the 2000 campaign .<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-14">[14]</a> Mills' main opponent from the <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a> was now <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a>. Mills ran under the campaign slogan of "A Better Man for a Better Ghana," on a platform of change. He said: "People are complaining. They're saying that their standard of living has deteriorated these past eight years. So if Ghana is a model of growth, it's not translating into something people can feel."<a href="#cite_note-aljaz2-9">[9]</a> The result of the first ballot had Akufo-Addo in front with 49.13% of the vote to Mills' 47.92%, however, a run-off second round of voting was needed. The second round of voting took place on 28 December 2008. The result was a slim lead held by Mills, but due to problems with the distribution of ballots, the <a href="/wiki/Tain" title="Tain">Tain</a> constituency, located in the <a href="/wiki/Brong-Ahafo_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brong-Ahafo Region">Brong-Ahafo Region</a>, was forced to vote again on 2 January 2009. The final result was a victory by Mills with 50.23% of the vote to Akufo-Addo's 49.77%. Mills became the third president of the 4th Republic of Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> Self-described as a <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a> who believed in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> espoused by <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (independent Ghana's first leader), Mills embraced a political platform that was more comprehensive and less divisive than that of either Nkrumah or Rawlings. John Atta Mills was sworn in as president on 7 January 2009 in a peaceful transition after Akufo-Addo was narrowly defeated.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His persistence and determination paid off when he won the 2008 presidential poll.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidency">Presidency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presidency">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Atta_Mills" title="Presidency of John Atta Mills">Presidency of John Atta Mills</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG/240px-MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG/360px-MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG/480px-MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>President Mills on a meeting with the Minister of Development of Brazil, Miguel Jorge</figcaption></figure> Amongst his accomplishments as president was presiding over and initiating Ghana's first ever foray into oil production, after oil was discovered in commercial quantities under his predecessor, John Kufuor.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He was also credited for growth in other sectors of the economy during his tenure. He was the first incumbent president to be re-nominated for an election for his party via a primary.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz2-9">[9]</a> Some of the monumental achievements chalked during his term of office include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Under Mills, Ghana's stable economy experienced sustained reduced inflation leading to the attainment of single digit inflation of about 8.4%<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> (one of the lowest inflation rates Ghana had attained in 42 years i.e. period between 1970 and 2012 as well as the lowest since June 1992 just before the start of Ghana's Fourth Republic) from a high of 18.1% in December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> This is indicative of prudent fiscal, monetary and other austerity policy measures that characterised his presidency to put the economy in healthy shape. The Ghanaian currency, the <a href="/wiki/Cedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedi">Cedi</a> also stabilised as a result of these policies. In 2011, Ghana was the fastest growing economy in the world at 20.15% for the first half of the year and 14.4% at the end of the financial year according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and EconomyWatch.com.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Moreover, Ghana's budget deficit was reduced to 2% of the Gross Domestic Product during his tenure compared to 14.5% of GDP in 2008, just before he was elected as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> There was also a huge improvement in Ghana's gross international reserves and foreign direct investments (FDI) highlighting exceptional macroeconomic performance.<a href="#cite_note-iamaghanaian1-26">[26]</a> The Mills government also implemented the Single Spine Salary system which increased compensation levels of all public sector workers.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> In a bid to improve the efficiency in revenue collection, Mills established the Ghana Revenue Authority which integrated <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">Value Added Tax</a> (VAT), Customs Excise and Preventive Service (CEPS) and Internal Revenue Service (IRS).<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> Under his governance, Ghana met three out of the four primary convergence criteria for the proposed <a href="/wiki/Common_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Common currency">common currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eco_(currency)" title="Eco (currency)">Eco</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">West African Monetary Zone</a>. These accomplishments led to renewed domestic and foreign investor confidence in Ghana's economy.<a href="#cite_note-iamaghanaian1-26">[26]</a> During Mills' time in office, Ghana was adjudged the best place for doing business in West Africa and best West African performer in access to credit according to the 2011 <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> Doing Business global rankings.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2008, Mills made refurbishing the <a href="/wiki/Kotokoraba_Market,_Cape_Coast,_Ghana" title="Kotokoraba Market, Cape Coast, Ghana">Kotokoraba Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a> a major feature of his presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-31">[31]</a>: 123  As President, he sought financing for the refurbishment from <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-31">[31]</a>: 123  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> There was also an increase in the capitation grants (government subsidies towards public education) under Mills. The government also introduced a programme to provide free school uniforms to deprived communities while providing over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Laptops" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptops">laptops</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">notebooks</a> to school children to facilitate the learning process in a highly technological world. An initiative to provide free exercise books started under Mills. More than 23 million books were distributed. His government also expanded the school feeding programme to include 230 more schools.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> Government paid the full tuition fees for all teachers pursuing further studies through distance learning. A sustained program involving the Ministry of Education, the GETFUND, and resources allocated by the various <a href="/wiki/District_Assemblies" class="mw-redirect" title="District Assemblies">District Assemblies</a> have begun to ensure the elimination of schools under trees and provide all schools in the country with decent classroom infrastructure. Out of the 4,320 schools under trees, almost 1,700 schools under trees were eliminated across the country. The Mills administration also started a program to re-equip science resource centres in all districts of the country to enhance the teaching and learning of science.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> Two new specialized public universities were established during his tenure: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Health_and_Allied_Sciences" title="University of Health and Allied Sciences">University of Health and Allied Sciences</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta Region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="University of Energy and Natural Resources">University of Energy and Natural Resources</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brong-Ahafo_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brong-Ahafo Region">Brong-Ahafo Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As president, Mills established a working relationship between the Masters in Development Practice program (MDP) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a>, Canada and the <a href="/wiki/University_for_Development_Studies" title="University for Development Studies">University for Development Studies</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, leading to a joint initiative on the study of development practice for Indigenous and traditional societies.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health">Health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> During his term of office, the Mills government provided a facelift to many teaching, regional and district hospitals across the country by upgrading old facilities and providing newer ones such as more high-tech equipment and more beds in hospitals, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Tamale_Teaching_Hospital" title="Tamale Teaching Hospital">Tamale Teaching Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-35">[35]</a> His government also built several polyclinics to increase access to healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> The government also scaled up the National Ambulance Service to cover all districts in the nation. Increased collaboration between stakeholders led higher patronage of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Insurance_Scheme_(Ghana)" title="National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana)">National Health Insurance Scheme</a>. Utilization of the scheme rose by 75%.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governance_and_international_relations">Governance and international relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance and international relations">edit</a>]</div> True to his promise to reduce the number of Ministerial appointees and run a lean government, the number of Ministers was significantly reduced from 87 of the previous Kufuor <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">NPP</a> government to 73 (a reduction of 16%) in the Mills-led government. It was projected that approximately $4 million was saved annually by this bold decision to run a small government. The hundreds of Special Assistants, Presidential Staffers and Spokespersons were also eliminated to improve fiscal efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> He commissioned a review of the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">Constitution of Ghana</a> in a bid to improve upon the country's governance architecture.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-35">[35]</a> He held an annual media forum every year at the presidency to interact with journalists about socio-political issues.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_%26_Atta-Mills,_2012-07-31_B002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Obama_%26_Atta-Mills%2C_2012-07-31_B002.jpg/220px-Obama_%26_Atta-Mills%2C_2012-07-31_B002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Obama_%26_Atta-Mills%2C_2012-07-31_B002.jpg/330px-Obama_%26_Atta-Mills%2C_2012-07-31_B002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Obama_%26_Atta-Mills%2C_2012-07-31_B002.jpg/440px-Obama_%26_Atta-Mills%2C_2012-07-31_B002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Obama & Atta Mills, 2009</figcaption></figure> President Atta Mills re-equipped and re-tooled the security agencies: the military, the police, the fire service, the Immigration, The Prisons Service and the Customs Excise and Preventive Service (CEPS).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-35">[35]</a> In order to ensure inter-generational equity because of the "finite nature of resource revenue" as well as financial security for future Ghanaian generations, the Mills government established in 2011, the Ghana Heritage Fund<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> - a sovereign wealth fund generated from petroleum revenue accumulated from the country's oil and gas industry.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> John Atta Mills established the Media Development Fund to promote media excellence and freedom in the spirit of 1992 constitution.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A few months prior to his death, he was praised by US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> for making Ghana a "good news story" that had good democratic credentials. He also <a href="/wiki/China-Ghana_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Ghana relations">fostered economic ties with China</a><a href="#cite_note-aljaz-40">[40]</a> in a bid strengthen Sino-Ghanaian bilateral relations. In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Affairs" title="Journal of International Affairs">Journal of International Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> featured Mills as one of the "Five Faces of African Innovation and Entrepreneurship" along with South African innovator, <a href="/wiki/Euvin_Naidoo" title="Euvin Naidoo">Euvin Naidoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim" title="Mo Ibrahim">Mo Ibrahim</a>, (founder of <a href="/wiki/Celtel_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtel International">Celtel International</a> and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a>) where he was lauded for his commitment to strengthening Ghana's Electoral Commission, <a href="/wiki/National_Media_Commission" title="National Media Commission">National Media Commission</a> and National Commission for Civic Education and more importantly, transparency in public institutions, particularly in the country's growing oil and gas sector.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Mills' leadership style was very diplomatic, inclusive and less polarising than his predecessors. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> described his presidency as that of "a peacemaker who was never one to make disparaging comments in public" despite intense criticisms and vilification from his political supporters and opponents alike.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture,_energy_access_and_rural_development">Agriculture, energy access and rural development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Agriculture, energy access and rural development">edit</a>]</div> The Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) law was passed and work was started to open up the three Northern regions, Brong Ahafo and Volta Regions to enhance agriculture production and industrialisation. Under Mills, the producer price of cocoa increased appreciably to $1600 per tonne of 16 bags, which was the highest in the sub-region and the highest that had ever been paid to cocoa farmers in Ghana's entire history.<a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb1-21">[21]</a> Cocoa production also hit a record-breaking 1 million metric tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-35">[35]</a> Under the rural electrification programme, he extended national electricity coverage from 54% to 72% improving livelihoods in 1,700 communities and making <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> the third best country in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> after <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with enhanced energy access.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernestina_Mills_and_Michelle_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ernestina_Mills_and_Michelle_Obama.jpg/220px-Ernestina_Mills_and_Michelle_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ernestina_Mills_and_Michelle_Obama.jpg/330px-Ernestina_Mills_and_Michelle_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ernestina_Mills_and_Michelle_Obama.jpg/440px-Ernestina_Mills_and_Michelle_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ghana" title="First Lady of Ghana">First Lady</a> Ernestina Mills, wife of John Atta Mills, with <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> He was married to <a href="/wiki/Ernestina_Naadu_Mills" title="Ernestina Naadu Mills">Ernestina Naadu Mills</a> (née Botchway),<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> an educator, and had a son, Sam Kofi Atta Mills.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> He was raised a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> He was a distant cousin of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutton-Mills_Jr." title="Thomas Hutton-Mills Jr.">Thomas Hutton-Mills, Jr</a>. He was a good friend to <a href="/wiki/T._B._Joshua" class="mw-redirect" title="T. B. Joshua">T. B. Joshua</a> of The Synagogue, Church of All Nations in Lagos, Nigeria and regularly visited his church. He said, following his inauguration, that Joshua had prophesied that it would take him three elections to win the presidency and that the result would be released in January.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Professor-John-Evans-Atta-Mills-137">Add a link</a> As a sports administrator, he contributed to the Ghana Hockey Association, National Sports Council of Ghana, Ghana Olympic Committee and <a href="/wiki/Accra_Hearts_of_Oak_Sporting_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club">Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club</a>. He enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> and swimming, and once played for the national hockey team (he remained a member of the Veterans Hockey Team until his death).<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NDC-16">[16]</a> He was also a board member of Hearts of Oak and a <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester United">Manchester United</a> fan.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz2-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities_and_projects">Other activities and projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other activities and projects">edit</a>]</div> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, Mills was the Hall Tutor of <a href="/wiki/Legon_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Legon Hall">Legon Hall</a> as well as serving as the Hall Librarian, Member of <a href="/wiki/Legon" title="Legon">Legon</a> Hall Council, Member of Board of Social Studies and School of Administration, Member of Admissions Board, Staff Housing Loans Scheme and the Chairman of the University Superannuation Scheme.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> Mills was involved in various activities and projects:<a href="#cite_note-ghananation1-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ghana Stock Exchange">Ghana Stock Exchange</a> council.</li> <li>In 1988, he became the acting commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service of Ghana and was named national tax commissioner in September 1993.</li> <li>He also held examiner positions with finance-related institutions in Ghana, including the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Institute of Bankers, and Ghana Tax Review Commission.</li> <li>He served on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Trustees">Board of Trustees</a> of the Mines Trust.</li> <li>He was a member of the Management Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> Administration of Tax Experts, United Nations Ad Hoc Group of Experts in International Cooperation in Tax Matters and United Nations Law and Population Project.</li> <li>He led a study on equipment leasing in Ghana.</li> <li>He chaired the casebook preparation on Ghana's income tax.</li> <li>He oversaw the Review of Ghana's Double Tax Agreement with the UK.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Illness and death">edit</a>]</div> Mills died on 24 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/37_Military_Hospital" title="37 Military Hospital">37 Military Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Article_on_Death-56">[56]</a> three days after his 68th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-reuters2012-57">[57]</a> Though the cause of death was not immediately released, he had been suffering from <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">throat cancer</a> and had recently been to the US for medical reasons.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Article_on_Death-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a> Announcing his death, his office noted that he died hours after being taken ill,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> but a presidential aide said that he had complained of pains the day prior to his death. However, Mills' brother, Dr. Cadman Mills later disclosed during the graveside service that he had died from complications of a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">massive hemorrhagic stroke</a> resulting from <a href="/wiki/Brain_Aneurysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Aneurysm">brain aneurysm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, his voice had degenerated in the previous few months.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a> Former minister Elizabeth Ohene said that as a result of previous false reports of his death, she had not believed initial claims of his actual death. "For the past three or four years, there's been news he's been unwell and rumours of his death – twice – and he appeared with grim humour to say they were exaggerated, insisting he was well."<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Article_on_Death-56">[56]</a> His vice president <a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">John Dramani Mahama</a> was sworn in at about 20:00 GMT on the same day. In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">Ghana's constitution</a>, Mahama's tenure expired at the same time Mills' was due to end, by the end of the year just prior to an <a href="/wiki/2012_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Ghanaian presidential election">election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> in which he was due to run.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Mahama said upon being inaugurated in parliament: <blockquote>This is the saddest day in our nation's history. Tears have engulfed our nation and we are deeply saddened and distraught. I never imagined that one day that it would place our nation in such a difficult circumstance. I'm personally devastated, I've lost a father, I've lost a friend, I've lost a mentor and a senior comrade. Ghana is united in grief at this time for our departed president.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz-40">[40]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_funeral">State funeral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: State funeral">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atta_Mills_Mausoleum,_Korle-Klottey_(IMG_20230201_133136_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Atta_Mills_Mausoleum%2C_Korle-Klottey_%28IMG_20230201_133136_1%29.jpg/220px-Atta_Mills_Mausoleum%2C_Korle-Klottey_%28IMG_20230201_133136_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Atta_Mills_Mausoleum%2C_Korle-Klottey_%28IMG_20230201_133136_1%29.jpg/330px-Atta_Mills_Mausoleum%2C_Korle-Klottey_%28IMG_20230201_133136_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Atta_Mills_Mausoleum%2C_Korle-Klottey_%28IMG_20230201_133136_1%29.jpg/440px-Atta_Mills_Mausoleum%2C_Korle-Klottey_%28IMG_20230201_133136_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption>Atta Mills' gravestone at the Asomdwee Park, Accra in 2023</figcaption></figure> From 8–10 August, his body <a href="/wiki/Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a>, and Ghanaian government officials, civil society, traditional leaders, the clergy, the general public and dignitaries such as Côte d'Ivoire's <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a>, Liberia's <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a>, Nigeria's <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> and Senegal's <a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a> paid their last respects. Within this period, a two-night vigil was also held at the forecourt of the State House for cultural and musical performances such as traditional dirges, plays and tribute reading. Thousands streamed into the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House_of_Ghana" title="Parliament House of Ghana">State House</a> to pay their last respects to Mills as he <a href="/wiki/Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a> with some mourners queuing for hours, many of them wailing with grief, in lines up to 10 km (6 miles) long per press reports.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The body was then taken by a military <a href="/wiki/Cortege" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortege">cortege</a> from the State House parliamentary complex to the Independence Square for the funerary services which was attended by 18 African Heads of State, 5 vice-presidents, United States Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, former United Nations <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace" title="Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace">Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Turkson" title="Peter Turkson">Peter Turkson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> of <a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas" title="Mohamed Ibn Chambas">Mohamed Ibn Chambas</a> and several other international envoys. In all, there were 67 foreign delegations represented at the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In addition to the over 50,000 people who gathered for the ceremony, his funeral was also attended by Benin's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Thomas Boni Yayi</a>, who said of Mills that he was "passionate about peace in Africa and in the region," as well as Togo's <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Faure Gnassingbe">Faure Gnassingbe</a>, who said "[Mills] was like a brother to me. I will surely miss him."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Ahead of religious ceremonies on Friday morning, the officially declared <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national day of mourning</a>, a helicopter hovered over the area dropping leaflets reading: We want peaceful elections in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-modernghana1-68">[68]</a> The funeral ended with the release of a hundred white doves into the air to signify the peaceful nature of the departed leader.<a href="#cite_note-modernghana1-68">[68]</a> After the funeral service, the president's body was taken on a military procession through some principal streets of the Ghanaian capital, <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> and then for burial in a newly created <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> located in the northern part (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Accra" title="List of cemeteries in Accra">Asomdwee Park</a>) of a bird sanctuary, Geese Park renamed along the Marine Drive and next to the old seat of government, the 17th-century Fort Christiansborg, (also known as <a href="/wiki/Osu_Castle" title="Osu Castle">Osu Castle</a>), which overlooks the Atlantic Ocean's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> As the sitting <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>, Mills was accorded full military honours, steeped in distinct and elaborate traditions, including a slow march by the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Army" title="Ghana Army">Ghana Army</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flypast" title="Flypast">flypast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Air_Force" title="Ghana Air Force">Ghana Air Force</a> jets ejecting plumes of smoke in the <a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">national colours</a> of red, gold and green, with the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Navy" title="Ghana Navy">Ghana Navy</a> ships also performing ceremonial manoeuvres on the shoreline behind the Independence Square and a <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a> accompanying the playing of the bugle call, <a href="/wiki/Sunset_(bugle_call)" title="Sunset (bugle call)">Sunset</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian hymn">Christian hymn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abide_with_Me" title="Abide with Me">Abide with Me</a> (Eventide) synchronized with the sounding of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Post" title="Last Post">Last Post</a> by military buglers after the casket had been lowered into the grave.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Approximately 700 domestic and foreign media outlets received accreditation from the Ghanaian Ministry of Information to cover the event.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> An estimated 20–25 million television and online or web audience watched the three-day funeral ceremonies. The <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> for the late president was most likely the largest gathering of people in one place at a single public event in recent or modern Ghanaian history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International reactions">edit</a>]</div> Following his death, a press statement from the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> said Mills "will be remembered for his statesmanship and years of dedicated service to his country."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and French President <a href="/wiki/Francois_Hollande" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> described Mills as " the guardian of institutions and the defender of Ghanaian democracy...committed to protecting national unity and profoundly attached to African unity and to the place of Africa within the international community."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> statement from United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> called Mills a "strong advocate for human rights and for the fair treatment of all Ghanaians, tirelessly working to improve the lives of the Ghanaian people; He helped promote economic growth in Ghana in the midst of challenging global circumstances and strengthened Ghana's strong tradition of democracy"<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-74">[74]</a> while Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> praised Mills as "a tireless defender of democracy in West Africa and across the continent"<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Furthermore, the Prime Minister of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Yoshihiko_Noda" title="Yoshihiko Noda">Yoshihiko Noda</a> lauded Mills for "his exemplary leadership which endeared him to the hearts of many and his contribution to strengthening the relationship between Ghana and Japan."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> President, <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Blatter" title="Sepp Blatter">Sepp Blatter</a> offered his sympathies to Ghanaians on behalf of the worldwide football fraternity saying, "Ghana has lost a great football supporter and a supporter of the development of the game in the country."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In a message of condolence from the Vatican City, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> "recalled Mills' years of public service and his dedication to democratic principles and entrusted the late president's soul to the providence of Almighty God"<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General">Secretary General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamalesh_Sharma" title="Kamalesh Sharma">Kamalesh Sharma</a> eulogised Atta Mills by describing him as "an inspiring leader, a strong advocate and champion of the Commonwealth, and our membership benefited enormously from his active participation in Commonwealth life and his wisdom."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The West African regional body, <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a> said President Mills' death "has robbed the region of a voice of wisdom which enriched the discussions of the affairs of the Community."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> through its chairman, <a href="/wiki/Yayi_Boni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yayi Boni">Yayi Boni</a> said "the late President Mills had the same vision as the first President of Ghana, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> and it was a great, great loss for the country and for the continent."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Liberia's president and 2011 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf</a> extended her condolences to Ghanaians, saying the news had "come as a surprise. On a personal level his moderation and integrity stood out, playing a strong role at the regional meetings they both attended".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-74">[74]</a> Nigeria's  President <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> said of Mills: "he was a great friend of our country and a firm believer in the shared heritage and common destiny of all Africans. President Mills and I shared a vision of peace and political stability as well as regional and continental economic integration in pursuit of progress and development, in our individual countries, within the sub-region and in Africa as a whole".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> paid tribute to President Atta Mills, saying: "South Africa and Ghana enjoy strong relations at both the bilateral and multilateral levels, and under President Mills' leadership, we saw genuine efforts aimed at deepening the historical relations between our two nations."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected writings">edit</a>]</div> Mills' more than one dozen publications<a href="#cite_note-ghananation1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pubs-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> included: <ul><li>Taxation of Periodical or Deferred Payments arising from the Sale of Fixed Capital (1974)</li> <li>Exemption of Dividends from Income Taxation: A Critical Appraisal (1977)</li> <li>Report of the Tax Review Commission, Ghana, parts 1 – 3 (1977)</li> <li>Ghana’s Income Tax Laws and the Investor (1978)</li> <li>Ghana's New Investment Code: An Appraisal (1986)</li> <li>Criminal Law Treatment of Sexual Activity</li> <li>The role of the state in the evolution of the family in Anglophone countries of Africa: An overview</li> <li>A survey of taxes on the individual in Ghana</li> <li>Ghana's wealth tax: Some issues and problems</li> <li>Africa in the World (2002)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>NEPAD and New International Relations (2002)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>The Decline of a Regional Fishing Nation: The Case of Ghana and West Africa (2004)<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials_and_legacy">Memorials and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Memorials and legacy">edit</a>]</div> As <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a>, Mills received the 2009 Glo-CAF Platinum Award for "commitment and contribution to sports and football development in the country."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Mills was posthumously awarded the highest prize as the 2012 Lifetime Africa Achievement Prize Laureate on Democratic Governance and Development in Africa. According to the Prize Committee, the award was in "recognition of his genteel disposition, virtues, devotion and commitment to the enhancement of good Democratic Governance and Development in Ghana and Africa at large. This exaltation of character, which is worthy of emulation, has made positive impact on the lives of his people today and will continue to influence them for a better future. His courageous acts in defence and protection of fairness to all is recognized and respected on the global platform and lend to all Africans the hope that through the values of equity and democracy, we can live in peace and harmony with each other to engender communal development and life's fulfilment. This individual's leadership has had a direct impact on Ghana's success and growth which is cherished by Ghanaians countrywide."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> At the 2013 African Achievers Awards, he was also awarded the Posthumous Award for Excellence in Africa<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> in recognition of his achievements and leadership.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.E._Atta_Mills%27_Bust_in_GIMPA_(Accra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/J.E._Atta_Mills%27_Bust_in_GIMPA_%28Accra%29.jpg/220px-J.E._Atta_Mills%27_Bust_in_GIMPA_%28Accra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/J.E._Atta_Mills%27_Bust_in_GIMPA_%28Accra%29.jpg/330px-J.E._Atta_Mills%27_Bust_in_GIMPA_%28Accra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/J.E._Atta_Mills%27_Bust_in_GIMPA_%28Accra%29.jpg/440px-J.E._Atta_Mills%27_Bust_in_GIMPA_%28Accra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Atta Mills at the John Evans Atta Mills Centre for Law and Governance, GIMPA, Accra</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Education" title="Institute of International Education">Institute of International Education</a> (IIE) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> also posthumously bestowed on him its highest award, The Fritz Redlich Alumni Award<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> in recognition of "his distinguished career and exemplary leadership that increased cooperation and understanding between Ghana and the world, and his resolute support for advancing education to prepare an entire generation in Ghana for today's competitive, globalized economy and to honour him as the first ever <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Scholar">Fulbright Scholar</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a> of an African nation by becoming the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a>."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In appreciation of Mills' total commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and good governance, the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Institute_of_Management_and_Public_Administration" title="Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration">Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration</a>, established The John Evans Atta Mills Centre for Law and Governance to undertake high quality research and theorisation in law, global governance and public policy.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In the wake of his death, Accra High Street was renamed John Evans Atta Mills High Street by an <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> Metropolitan Assembly resolution<a href="#cite_note-adomonline1-100">[100]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a> a street linking <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mfantsipim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mfantsipim">Mfantsipim</a> Junction was renamed President John Atta Mills Street by the paramount chief of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a>, Omanhene of the Oguaa Traditional Area, Osaberema Kwesi Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Furthermore, for his role in consolidating local development, the <a href="/wiki/Suhum,_Ghana" title="Suhum, Ghana">Suhum Municipal Assembly</a> and the Ga South Assembly named <a href="/wiki/Bypass_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Bypass road">bypass roads</a> after him.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Obuasi_Municipal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Obuasi Municipal District">Municipal Assembly of Obuasi</a> honoured Mills by naming a principal street after him in the southern mining town of <a href="/wiki/Obuasi" title="Obuasi">Obuasi</a>, located in the geographic middle belt of Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> whilst the <a href="/wiki/Nandom" title="Nandom">Nandom Assembly</a> honoured Mills by naming a street after him for creating the District in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The New Millennium City School at the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> Cluster of Schools was renamed President John Evans Atta Mills Educational Centre of Excellence.<a href="#cite_note-adomonline1-100">[100]</a> An ICT Centre was also built at Mills' alma mater Huni Valley Methodist Basic School to honour his memory<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legon" title="Legon">Legon</a>, co-named its <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law">Faculty of Law</a> building after him (and former Dean, Professor <a href="/wiki/Akua_Kuenyehia" title="Akua Kuenyehia">Akua Kuenyehia</a>) in recognition of his contributions to the department as a professor and president.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2015, the Ghanaian government named a newly commissioned community day secondary school after Atta Mills in his hometown, Otuam<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The Judicial Council of Ghana renamed its largest court complex after Atta Mills in acknowledgement of his contributions as "a true democrat who respected the independence of the Judiciary and worked to promote it."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Additionally, a research centre known as the Kwame Nkrumah-Atta Mills Legacy Institute (KNAMLI) has been set up to study the political ideals of tolerance that President Mills cherished through his non-pursual of partisan retribution as well as his demonstration of a passive response to vitriolic attacks, vindictiveness, violence and insults as preached by global icons like <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>. This will act as a living testimony worthy of preservation, emulation and impartation to the youth. The institute is also a think-tank for strategic studies and organisation, in line with Nkrumah's declaration that organisation decides everything.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> To mark the 2013 <a href="/wiki/World_Post_Day" title="World Post Day">World Post Day</a>, the Ghana Post in collaboration with the Ministry of Communications issued commemorative postal stamps of Atta Mills in appreciation of his "dedication to social justice and political stability."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In honour of his "contribution to the promotion and development of sports in general and hockey in particular", the National Hockey Association launched a yearly multinational hockey gala, the John Evans Atta Mills Annual Hockey Tournament.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Other permanent memorials to institutionalise his legacy include the annual Atta Mills Memorial Lectures, the Atta Mills Foundation (a humanitarian non-profit organisation) and the Atta Mills Memorial Research Library affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Coast" title="University of Cape Coast">University of Cape Coast</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 2014, the Ghanaian government named the country's second <a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">floating production storage and offloading</a> vessel, <a href="/wiki/FPSO" class="mw-redirect" title="FPSO">FPSO</a> John Atta Mills - as president, he superintended over the first production of Ghana's new-found oil in commercial quantities.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> A new girls' boarding house at his alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Achimota_School" title="Achimota School">Achimota School</a> has been named in his honour. In 2015, a newly constructed community day senior high school at <a href="/wiki/Otuam" title="Otuam">Ekumfi Otuam</a> in the Central Region, was named in honour of Mills in recognition of "his passion in promoting education".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In July 2019 a seventh anniversary memorial and wreath laying ceremony took place at the Asomdwee Park.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In February 2022, the John Evans Atta Mills Memorial Heritage was launched by the National Democratic Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Evans_Atta_Mills_Memorial_Lectures">John Evans Atta Mills Memorial Lectures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: John Evans Atta Mills Memorial Lectures">edit</a>]</div> These lectures were instituted in his memory. At the sixth annual lecture held at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Health_and_Allied_Sciences" title="University of Health and Allied Sciences">University of Health and Allied Sciences</a> at Ho in April 2022, Joseph Siaw Agyapong disclosed that Mills resisted pressures from within his own party to cripple his business as he was affiliated to the NPP government of John Kufuor as his colleagues wanted retaliation for alleged victimisation during his rule. He instead supported and facilitated the expansion of his business.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> He was called "Asomdwehene" because of acts such as this.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mills_government_ministers" title="List of Mills government ministers">List of Mills government ministers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bbcbio-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_1-10">k</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7804884.stm">"Profile: Ghana President John Atta Mills"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GhanaWeb&rft.atitle=%27I+won%27t+collapse+your+business%27+-+What+Atta+Mills+told+Jospong&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaweb.com%2FGhanaHomePage%2FNewsArchive%2FI-won-t-collapse-your-business-What-Atta-Mills-told-Jospong-1515188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Atta+Mills" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Atta_Mills&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> John Atta Mills at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Atta_Mills" class="extiw" title="c:Category:John Atta Mills">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" class="extiw" title="q:John Atta Mills">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51008" class="extiw" title="d:Q51008">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kow_Nkensen_Arkaah" title="Kow Nkensen Arkaah">Kow Nkensen Arkaah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Ghana" title="Vice-President of Ghana">Vice-President of Ghana</a> 1997–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aliu_Mahama" title="Aliu Mahama">Aliu Mahama</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">President of Ghana</a> 2009–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">John Dramani Mahama</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">President of Ghana</a> <a href="/wiki/2000_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Ghanaian presidential election">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Ghanaian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Ghanaian presidential election">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Ghanaian_general_election" title="2008 Ghanaian general election">2008</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">John Dramani Mahama</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana)" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Ghana">Vice President of Ghana</a> <a href="/wiki/1996_Ghanaian_general_election" title="1996 Ghanaian general election">1996</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amidu" title="Martin Amidu">Martin Amidu</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_Ghana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Ghana" title="Template:Heads of State of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">Heads of State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1957–1960)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/90px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the First Republic (1960–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1966–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwasi_Afrifa" title="Akwasi Afrifa">Afrifa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Second Republic (1969–1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwasi_Afrifa" title="Akwasi Afrifa">Afrifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_Amaa_Ollennu" title="Nii Amaa Ollennu">Ollennu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Akufo-Addo" title="Edward Akufo-Addo">E. Akufo-Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1972–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kutu_Acheampong" title="Ignatius Kutu Acheampong">Acheampong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Akuffo" title="Fred Akuffo">Akuffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Third Republic (1979–1981)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilla_Limann" title="Hilla Limann">Limann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1981–1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Fourth Republic (from 1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">N. Akufo-Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting President</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice-presidents_of_Ghana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice-presidents_of_Ghana" title="Template:Vice-presidents of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice-presidents_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Vice-presidents of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice-presidents_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice-presidents of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice-presidents_of_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Ghana" title="Vice-President of Ghana">Vice-presidents of Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._S._de_Graft-Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph W. S. de Graft-Johnson">Joseph W. S. de Graft-Johnson</a></li> <li>post vacant, 1981–93</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kow_Nkensen_Arkaah" title="Kow Nkensen Arkaah">Kow Nkensen Arkaah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Atta Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliu_Mahama" title="Aliu Mahama">Aliu Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">John Dramani Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwesi_Amissah-Arthur" title="Kwesi Amissah-Arthur">Kwesi Amissah-Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudu_Bawumia" title="Mahamudu Bawumia">Mahamudu Bawumia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghana_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghana_topics" title="Template talk:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghana topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghana_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ghanaian_history" title="Timeline of Ghanaian history">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Ghana" title="Early history of Ghana">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bono state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumah_government" title="Nkrumah government">First Republic (1960–1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Abrefa_Busia" title="Kofi Abrefa Busia">Kofi Busia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kutu_Acheampong" title="Ignatius Kutu Acheampong">Ignatius Kutu Acheampong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilla_Limann" title="Hilla Limann">Hilla Limann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="Economic history of Ghana">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Ghana" title="Political history of Ghana">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ghana" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Ghana" title="Template:Borders of Ghana">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ghana" title="Climate change in Ghana">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Ghana" title="Category:Forests of Ghana">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Ghana" title="Category:Mountains of Ghana">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Ghana" title="List of national parks of Ghana">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Ghana" title="Category:Protected areas of Ghana">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ghana" title="List of rivers of Ghana">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Ghana">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ghana" title="Administrative divisions of Ghana">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ghana" title="Cabinet of Ghana">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ghana" title="Elections in Ghana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ghana" title="Government of Ghana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ghana" title="Human rights in Ghana">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ghana">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ghana" title="Law enforcement in Ghana">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ghana" title="List of political parties in Ghana">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ghana" title="Prime Minister of Ghana">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ghana" title="Agriculture in Ghana">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Cedi (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Ghana" title="Electricity sector in Ghana">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ghana">Fishing</a></li> <li><a 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