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href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Atoomkern&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Atoomkern&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Atoomkern&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Atoomkern&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wys bron van Atoomkern</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Hierdie artikel bestaan slegs in hierdie taal. Voeg die artikel by vir ander tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voeg tale by</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Atoomkern" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atoomkern"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoomkern&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoomkern&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se 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If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>U het toestemming om die bronteks te bekyk en te kopieer. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="af" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">Die '''atoomkern''' is net 'n klein deel van 'n [[atoom]], maar dit bevat amper die volle massa van die atoom. Die grootte van 'n atoomkern wissel van 1,6&nbsp;[[femtometer|fm]] ([[waterstof]]) tot 15&nbsp;fm ([[uraan]]), terwyl die radius van die hele atoom onderskeidelik 53 en 175&nbsp;[[pikometer|pm]] is. Let wel dat laasgenoemde in ''piko''meter uitgedruk word; dit is onderskeidelik 53&nbsp;000 en 175&nbsp;000 femtometer. == Protone en neutrone == [[Lêer:Isotopentabelle Segre.svg|duimnael|300px|Die stabiele atoomkerne is in swart. Ander kleure dui radioaktiewe kerne aan.]] ’n Atoomkern bestaan uit positiewe [[proton]]e en neutrale [[neutron]]e. Dit besit 'n lading (Z), wat gelyk is aan die getal protone in die kern en bepaal tot watter element hierdie kern behoort. In stabiele atoomkerne is die getal neutrone (N) gewoonlik groter as die getal protone (Z). Dit help om die kern deur [[sterk kernkrag]]te bymekaar te hou, ondanks die elektrostatiese afstoting wat deur die saamgepakte positiewe [[Elektriese lading|ladings]] veroorsaak word. Indien die verhouding N:Z nie reg is nie, is die kern nie stabiel nie en sal dit [[radioaktiwiteit|radioaktief]] wees. Daar is verskeie tipes [[Radio-aktiewe verval|radioaktiewe verval]]: *[[Alfaverval]] *[[Betaverval]], β<sup>+</sup> of β<sup>-</sup> *[[Elektronvangs]] *Spontane splyting *Emissie van 'n neutron of proton == Massagetal == {{Hoofartikel|Molêre massa}} Protone en neutrone – wat saam ''nukleone'' heet – het amper dieselfde massa. Die definisie van die [[getal van Avogadro]] is so gekies dat 1&nbsp;mol protone of neutrone amper 'n massa van 1&nbsp;gram het. Materie van 1&nbsp;gram sal dus altyd amper 1&nbsp;mol nukleone bevat, ongeag of dit modder, lug of goud is. Die getal nukleone, die som van die getal protone en neutrone, word die massagetal (M) genoem en bepaal die atoommassa van die atoom. Daar bestaan soms atome met dieselfde Z, maar verskillende getalle neutrone. Hulle word [[isotoop|isotope]] genoem. Die waardes van Z en M word dikwels voor die elementsimbool van die atoom geskryf {{sub sup|M|Z}}X. Vir die twee belangrikste isotope van [[chloor]], wat 18 en 20 neutrone in die kern het, is dit byvoorbeeld {{sub sup|35|17}}Cl en {{sub sup|37|17}}Cl. Die Z=17 word nogtans dikwels weggelaat, omdat die elementsimbool Cl eintlik dieselfde inligting verskaf. Omdat die kern {{sub sup|37|17}}Cl 37 nukleone bevat, sal 1&nbsp;mol daarvan amper 'n massa van 37&nbsp;gram hê. Chloor soos dit in die natuur voorkom is egter altyd 'n 3:1-mengsel van die twee isotope. Daardeur is die gemiddelde atoommassa van die element 35,5 en sal 1&nbsp;mol chlooratome 'n massa van 35,5&nbsp;g hê. In die [[periodieke tabel]] word hierdie natuurlike gemiddelde altyd as atoommassa aangedui. == Elektrone == Indien die atoom neutraal is, wentel daar ook Z [[elektron]]e rondom die kern. Hulle het 'n negatiewe lading, maar nouliks massa. Die atoom se radius word deur die elektrone en nie deur die kern bepaal nie. Indien die getal protone en elektrone nie dieselfde is nie, word dit 'n [[ioon]] genoem en het dit 'n elektriese lading. == Notasie == In die atoom/ioon/isotoop-notasie word die vier hoeke van die elementsimbool gebruik, maar vir verskillende begrippe. In die notasie <big>{{sub sup|35|17}}Cl{{sub sup|1-|2}}</big> dui die sentrale "Cl" byvoorbeeld op die element chloor. Die "2" regs onder dui aan dat dit 'n molekuul met twee gelyke kerne is. Die "17" links onder dui aan dat al twee atome 17 protone in die kern het, maar dit is by chloor altyd die geval. Die "35" links bo dui aan dat al twee kerne 35 nukleone (protone plus neutrone) het. Die getal neutrone is dus 35&nbsp;-&nbsp;17&nbsp;=&nbsp;18. En die "1-" regs bo dui aan dat die lading van hierdie diatomiese [[anioon]] negatief is en dat daar een elektron meer as die getal protone (2*17) moet wees. == Sien ook == *[[Kernspin]] *[[Kernsplyting]] *[[Kernfusie]] {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Chemie]] [[Kategorie:Fisika]] [[Kategorie:Kernfisika]] [[Kategorie:Subatomiese deeltjies]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Sjablone wat op hierdie bladsy gebruik word: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Hoofartikel" title="Sjabloon:Hoofartikel">Sjabloon:Hoofartikel</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Hoofartikel&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Hoofartikel">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Naamruimte-identifiseerder" title="Sjabloon:Naamruimte-identifiseerder">Sjabloon:Naamruimte-identifiseerder</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Naamruimte-identifiseerder&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Naamruimte-identifiseerder">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Namespace_detect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Namespace detect">Sjabloon:Namespace detect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Namespace_detect&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Namespace detect">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Normdata" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">Sjabloon:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Normdata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">wys bronkode</a>) (half-beskerm)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Rellink" title="Sjabloon:Rellink">Sjabloon:Rellink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Rellink&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Rellink">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Sub_sup" title="Sjabloon:Sub sup">Sjabloon:Sub sup</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Sub_sup&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Sub sup">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect" title="Module:Namespace detect">Module:Namespace detect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:No_globals" title="Module:No globals">Module:No globals</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:No_globals&action=edit" title="Module:No globals">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Normdata" title="Module:Normdata">Module:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Normdata&action=edit" title="Module:Normdata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ResolveEntityId" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">Module:ResolveEntityId</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ResolveEntityId&action=edit" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">wysig</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Keer terug na <a href="/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Atoomkern">Atoomkern</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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