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Structured Query Language – Wikipédia

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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozšírenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rozšírenia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rozšírenia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Rozšírenia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rozšírenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procedurálne_rozšírenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedurálne_rozšírenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Procedurálne rozšírenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedurálne_rozšírenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ďalšie_rozšírenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ďalšie_rozšírenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ďalšie rozšírenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ďalšie_rozšírenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazykové_prvky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazykové_prvky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jazykové prvky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazykové_prvky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Structured Query Language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 85 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – nemčina (švajčiarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemčina (švajčiarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – astúrčina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúrčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – azerbajdžančina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bavorština" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavorština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bieloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bulharčina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এসকিউএল – bengálčina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসকিউএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bretónčina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – waleština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="waleština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – gréčtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gréčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurp%C3%A4ringukeel" title="Struktuurpäringukeel – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurpäringukeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس‌کیوال – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_Strucht%C3%BArtha_Iarratas" title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas – írčina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – čínština (dialekty Hakka)" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Hakka)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="ऍसक्यूऍल – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍसक्यूऍल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – islandčina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kurdčina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kirgizština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – latinčina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – lombardština" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – macedónčina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ. – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – malajčina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – barmčina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – nórčina (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nórčina (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ – pandžábčina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžábčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kečuánčina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – srbochorvátčina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – albánčina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tetumčina" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetumčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tadžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tagalčina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – tatárčina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatárčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – urdčina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – vietnamčina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – čínština (wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – jorubčina" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – kantončina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantončina" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><p><b>Structured Query Language</b> (SQL; iné názvy: <b>štruktúrovaný vyhľadávací jazyk, štruktúrovaný dopytovací jazyk</b>, nespisovne <i>štruktúrovaný dotazovací jazyk</i>) je počítačový jazyk na manipuláciu (<a href="/w/index.php?title=DML&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="DML (stránka neexistuje)">DML</a>) (výber, vkladanie, úpravu a mazanie) a definíciu údajov (<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="DDL (stránka neexistuje)">DDL</a>). V súčasnosti je to najpoužívanejší jazyk tohto druhu v relačných systémoch riadenia <a href="/wiki/Datab%C3%A1za" title="Databáza">databáz</a>. </p><p>Jazyk SQL sa vyvinul pôvodne z jazyka <a href="/wiki/SEQUEL" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a>, čo bol jazyk pre manipuláciu a definíciu dát pre <a href="/w/index.php?title=System_R&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="System R (stránka neexistuje)">System R</a> od <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, prvého databázového systému založenom na <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Frank_Codd" title="Edgar Frank Codd">Coddovom</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_d%C3%A1tov%C3%BD_model&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Relačný dátový model (stránka neexistuje)">relačnom dátovom modeli</a>. Prvý komerčný databázový systém využívajúci SQL vyvinula spoločnosť Relational Software, Inc. (teraz <a href="/wiki/Oracle_(datab%C3%A1zov%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Oracle (databázový systém)">Oracle</a>) v roku 1979. Jazyk SQL sa stal čoskoro štandardnou výbavou väčšiny relačných databázových systémov. </p><p>V roku <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> inštitúcia <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> štandardizovala jazyk SQL pod označením SQL-86. O rok neskôr vo viac-menej nezmenenej forme tento štandard ratifikovala aj organizácia <a href="/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_organiz%C3%A1cia_pre_normaliz%C3%A1ciu" title="Medzinárodná organizácia pre normalizáciu">ISO</a> (SQL-87). V roku <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> a <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> boli prijaté revízie označené ako SQL-89, resp. SQL-92 (aj SQL-2). Výrazné zmeny prišli v roku <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>, kedy sa do štandardu SQL:1999 (SQL-3) dostali napr. <a href="/wiki/Rekurzia_(matematika)" title="Rekurzia (matematika)">rekurzívne</a> dopyty, spúšťače (triggery), <a href="/wiki/Regul%C3%A1rny_v%C3%BDraz" title="Regulárny výraz">regulárne výrazy</a>, neskalárne dátové typy a niektoré objektovo-orientované vlastnosti. Verzia SQL:2003 priniesla hlavne podporu pre <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, štandardizované postupnosti, stĺpce s automaticky generovanými hodnotami a tzv. oknové funkcie. </p><p>Norma SQL-86 definuje výslovnosť slova SQL v anglickom jazyku ako „eskjúel“, hoci mnoho ľudí ho vyslovuje stále ako „síkl“ (SEQUEL). V slovenskom jazyku sa okrem týchto dvoch cudzích výslovností používa prirodzené „eskvéel“. </p><p>Základné syntaktické konštrukcie jazyka SQL sú nasledovné: </p> <ul><li><i>manipulácia dát</i> (DML príkazy) <ul><li><code>SELECT</code> je ďaleko najčastejšie používaný príkaz a slúži pre vytváranie dopytov (výber dát). Dáta umožňuje vyberať z rôznych spojení (napr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prirodzen%C3%A9_spojenie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prirodzené spojenie (stránka neexistuje)">prirodzené spojenie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vonkaj%C5%A1ie_spojenie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vonkajšie spojenie (stránka neexistuje)">vonkajšie spojenie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartezi%C3%A1nsky_s%C3%BA%C4%8Din" title="Karteziánsky súčin">karteziánsky súčin</a>) tabuliek, pohľadov a tabuľkových funkcií. V klauzule <code>WHERE</code> je možné definovať podmienky pre výstupné riadky. Tento príkaz plní aj agregačnú a zoskupovaciu funkciu (klauzula <code>GROUP BY</code>). Výstupné dáta môžu byť podľa želenia utriedené (<code>ORDER BY</code>). Príkaz <code>SELECT</code> vyberá dáta deklaratívnym spôsobom z koncepčnej alebo pohľadovej úrovne, nikdy nie z fyzickej.</li> <li><code>INSERT</code> umožňuje vloženie nových dát do tabuľky.</li> <li><code>DELETE</code> slúži na vymazanie dát z tabuľky.</li> <li><code>UPDATE</code> upravuje existujúce dáta v tabuľke.</li> <li><code>MERGE</code> kombinácia príkazov INSERT/UPDATE, definovaná štandardom SQL:2003. Dáta sa alebo vložia, alebo upravia, v závislosti na definovanej podmienke</li></ul></li> <li><i>transakčné príkazy</i> obaľujú DML príkazy, prevedú databázu z jedného konzistentného stavu do druhého <ul><li><code>START TRANSACTION</code>, (alebo BEGIN TRANSACTION, BEGIN WORK) označuje začiatok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transakcia_(datab%C3%A1za)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transakcia (databáza) (stránka neexistuje)">transakcie</a>, pokiaľ sa zmeny nepotvrdia, iní užívatelia ich neuvidia</li> <li><code>SAVE TRANSACTION</code> uloženie aktuálneho stavu transakcie</li> <li><code>COMMIT</code> potvrdenie zmien vykonaných v transakcii a ich trvalé uloženie do databázy</li> <li><code>ROLLBACK</code> vrátenie prevedených zmien do stavu pred vykonaním transakcie, alebo do stavu pred posledným uložením transakcie</li></ul></li> <li><i>definícia dát</i> (DDL príkazy) <ul><li><code>CREATE</code> vytvára nové databázové objekty (databázy, tabuľky, pohľady, funkcie a pod.),</li> <li><code>ALTER</code> upravuje databázové objekty (napr. pridáva stĺpce do existujúcej tabuľky),</li> <li><code>DROP</code> ruší databázové objekty.</li></ul></li> <li>niekedy sa hovorí aj o tzv. <i>riadení dát</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=DCL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="DCL (stránka neexistuje)">data control language</a>) <ul><li><code>GRANT</code> prideľuje používateľom, skupinám a roliam práva na vykonanie rôznych operácií nad dátami,</li> <li><code>REVOKE</code> odoberá práva.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Časť, ktorá slúži na manipuláciu s dátami, je vo svojej podstate len syntaktický cukor pre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_kalkul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Relačný kalkul (stránka neexistuje)">relačný kalkul</a>. </p><p>V čistej forme (štandard) nie je jazyk SQL <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turingovsky_%C3%BApln%C3%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Turingovsky úplný (stránka neexistuje)">turingovsky úplný</a>, tzn. nevieme v ňom vypočítať všetko, čo vieme na <a href="/wiki/Turingov_stroj" title="Turingov stroj">Turingovom stroji</a> (a teda aj naprogramovať v bežných programovacích jazykoch). V SQL nedokážeme napríklad urobiť <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranzit%C3%ADvny_uz%C3%A1ver&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranzitívny uzáver (stránka neexistuje)">tranzitívny uzáver</a> relácie]. Z tohto dôvodu mnohé databázové systémy rozširujú jazyk SQL o ďalšie konštrukcie, napr. <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> dodáva <a href="/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> používa <a href="/w/index.php?title=T-SQL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="T-SQL (stránka neexistuje)">T-SQL</a>. Iný prístup spočíva v integrácii niektorého klasického programovacieho jazyka, napr. Oracle podporuje jazyk <a href="/wiki/Java_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Java (programovací jazyk)">Java</a>, Microsoft SQL Server 2005 ľubovoľný jazyk podporujúci <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> (napr. <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C#</a>, VB.NET či <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>), v <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> môžu byť funkcie písané v rôznych jazykoch ako je <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tcl (stránka neexistuje)">Tcl</a> či <a href="/wiki/C_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="C (programovací jazyk)">C</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozšírenia"><span id="Roz.C5.A1.C3.ADrenia"></span>Rozšírenia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Rozšírenia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rozšírenia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedurálne_rozšírenia"><span id="Procedur.C3.A1lne_roz.C5.A1.C3.ADrenia"></span>Procedurálne rozšírenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Procedurálne rozšírenia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Procedurálne rozšírenia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL je navrhnuté na špecifický účel: vyhľadávať údaje v relačnej databáze. SQL je nastaviteľný, deklaratívny jazyk, nie prikazovací ako <a href="/wiki/C_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="C (programovací jazyk)">C</a> alebo <a href="/wiki/BASIC_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="BASIC (programovací jazyk)">BASIC</a>. Napriek tomu existujú rozšírenia základného SQL, ktoré dopĺňajú funkcie procedurálneho programovacieho jazyka, ako napríklad konštrukcia kontrola-za-behu. Tu sú: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th>Common<br />Name </th> <th>Full Name </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ANSI/ISO Standard </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/PSM&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/PSM (stránka neexistuje)">SQL/PSM</a> </td> <td>SQL/Persistent Stored Module </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">IBM </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL_PL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL PL (stránka neexistuje)">SQL PL</a> </td> <td>SQL Procedural Language </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>/<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sybase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sybase (stránka neexistuje)">Sybase</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-SQL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="T-SQL (stránka neexistuje)">T-SQL</a> </td> <td>Transact-SQL </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> </td> <td align="center">MySQL </td> <td>MySQL </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a> </td> <td>Procedural Language/SQL </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL/pgSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PL/pgSQL (stránka neexistuje)">PL/pgSQL</a> </td> <td>Procedural Language/PostgreSQL Structured Query Language </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Na doplnenie štandardných SQL/PSM rozšírení a súkromných (patentovaných?) SQL rozšírení, je na veľa SQL platformách pomocou DBMS integrácie s inými jazykmi umožnené procedurálne a objektovo-orientované programovanie. SQL štandardy definujú SQL/JRT rozšírenia (SQL programy a typy(?) pre programovací jazyk Java) na podporu kódu Java v SQL databázach. SQL Server 2005 používa SQLCLR ( spoločný jazyk pre SQL Servery) na riadenie(?) klienta. NET vyhľadáva v databáze, kým predchádzajúce verzie SQL Server nepodporovali neriadené(?) rozširovacie funkcie, primárne napísané v C. Ďalšie databázové platformy, ako MySQL a Postgres, umožňujú písanie funkcií v širokom spektre jazykov, ako: Perl, Python, TCL a C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ďalšie_rozšírenia"><span id=".C4.8Eal.C5.A1ie_roz.C5.A1.C3.ADrenia"></span>Ďalšie rozšírenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Ďalšie rozšírenia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Ďalšie rozšírenia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL: 2003 tiež definuje niekoľko ďalších rozšírení k štandardu zväčšiť SQL celkovú funkčnosť. Tieto rozšírenia obsahujú: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/CLI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/CLI (stránka neexistuje)">SQL/CLI</a>, alebo <b>volacie rozhranie</b>, rozšírenie je definované v ISO/IEC 9075-3: 2003. Toto rozšírenie definuje obyčajné prepojovacie komponenty (štruktúry a procedúry), ktoré môžu byť použité na spracovanie SQL formulácii z aplikácii písaných v iných programovacích jazykoch. SQL/CLI rozšírenie je definované v takej ceste že SQL formulácie a SQL/CLI procedurálne volania su spracované ako&#160;!!!separate!!! z volacieho aplikačného zdrojového kódu.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/MED&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/MED (stránka neexistuje)">SQL/MED</a>, alebo <b>vedenie externých dát</b>, rozšírenie je definované ISO/IEC 9075-9: 2003. SQL/MED poskytuje rozšírenie ku SQL, ktoré vymedzuje cudzie-dátové obaly a datalinkové typy k povoleniu SQL riadiť externé dáta. Externé dáta sú dáta, ktoré sú dostupné , ale nie riadené, SQL-based? DBMS.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/OLB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/OLB (stránka neexistuje)">SQL/OLB</a>, alebo <b>Objektové jazykové viazanie</b>, rozšírenie je definované ISO/IEC 9075-10: 2003. SQL/OLB definuje syntax a&#160;!!symantics!! SQLJ, ktorý je SQL vložený v Jave. Štandard taktiež popisuje mechanizmy na zaistenie binárnej prenositeľnosti SQLJ aplikácii, a špecifikuje rôzne java balíčky a ich obsahované triedy.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/Schemata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/Schemata (stránka neexistuje)">SQL/Schemata</a>, alebo <b>Informovanosť a definícia schémat</b>, rozšírenie je definované ISO/IEC 9075-11: 2003. SQL/schémata definujú informačné schéma a definujúce schéma, poskytujúce obyčajný súbor nástrojov robiť SQL databázy a objekty samo-popisovateľné. Tieto nástroje zahrnujú SQL objektový identifikátor, štruktúru a integritné zabezpečenia, bezpečnosť a autorizačné špecifikácie, funkcie a balíčky ISO/IEC 9075, podpora funkcií poskytované SQL-based DBMS implementácií, SQL-based DBMS implementačné informácie a formátovacie prvky?? a hodnoty podporované DBMS implementáciami.</li></ul> <p>SQL/JRT, alebo <b>SQL rutiny a typy pre java programovací jazyk</b>, rozšírenie je definované ISO/IEC 9075-13: 2003. SQL/JRT špecifikuje schopnosť sa odvolať na statické java metódy ako rutiny vo vnútri SQL aplikácii. To taktiež volá po schopnosti používať java triedy ako SQL usporiadané užívateľské definované typy. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/XML&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/XML (stránka neexistuje)">SQL/XML</a>, alebo <b>XML-príbuzné špecifikácie</b>, rozšírenie je definované ISO/IEC 9075-14: 2003. SQL/XML špecifikuje SQL-based rozšírenie na používanie spojenia s SQL. XML dátový typ je predstavený, rovnako ako niekoľko rutín, funkcií, a XML-to-SQL dátový typ mapujúci na podporu manipulácie a ukladania XML v SQL databáze.</li></ul> <p>SQL/PSM, alebo <b>Trvalo uložené moduly</b>, rozšírenie je definované ISO/IEC 9075-4: 2003. SQL/PSM normalizuje procedurálne rozšírenie pre SQL, obsahujúci prúd kontroly,&#160;!!!condition!!! manipuláciu, príkaz&#160;!!condition!! signálov a&#160;!!resignals!!, kurzorov a lokálnych premenných a dosadzovanie výrazov do premenným a parametrov. Navyše, SQL/PSM formuje deklaráciu a udržovanie trvalých databázových jazykových rutín (napr., “uložené procedúry”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jazykové_prvky"><span id="Jazykov.C3.A9_prvky"></span>Jazykové prvky</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Jazykové prvky" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_Query_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Jazykové prvky"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jazyk SQL sa skladá z niekoľkých jazykových prvkov, zahŕňajúc: </p> <ul><li><b>Príkazy</b> – môžu mať trvalý dopad na schémy a údaje, alebo ktoré môžu kontrolovať protokoly, toky programov, pripojenia, spojenia, diagnózu.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vyhľadávanie</b> – ktoré vyberajú údaje podľa špecifických kritérií</li> <li><b>Výrazy</b> – ktoré môžu zobrazovať skalárne veličiny, alebo tabuľky, pozostávajúce z údajov v riadkoch a stĺpcoch</li> <li><b>Premenné</b> – ktoré špecifikujú podmienky, ktoré môžu stanoviť SQL trojhodnotovú logiku (3VL) Boolean-ovskej pravdivých hodnôt, ktoré sú používané na limitovanie účinkov príkazov a vyhľadávania, alebo na zmeny tokov programov.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Významné_programovacie_jazyky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:V%C3%BDznamn%C3%A9_programovacie_jazyky" title="Šablóna:Významné programovacie jazyky"><span title="Zobraz túto 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