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{"work":{"id":34957199,"created_at":"2017-10-25T10:10:23.465-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-15T08:04:59.468-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Population exposure to multiple chemicals in air presents significant challenges for environmental public health. Air quality regulations distinguish criteria air pollutants (CAPs) (e.g., ozone, PM2.5) from hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)-187 chemicals which include carcinogens and others that are associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological and numerous other non-cancer health effects. Evidence of the public's cumulative exposure and the health effects of HAPs are quite limited. A multilevel model is used to assess differential exposure to HAP respiratory, neurological, and cancer hazards (2005) related to the Townsend Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation (TSI), after adjustment for regional population size and economic activity, and local population density. We found significant positive associations between tract TSI and respiratory and cancer HAP exposure hazards, and smaller effects for neurological HAPs. Tracts in the top quintile of TSI have between 38%-60% higher HAP exposure than the bottom quintile; increasing population size from the bottom quintile to the top quintile modifies HAP exposure hazard related to TSI, increasing cancer HAP exposure hazard by 6% to 20% and OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9 2205 increasing respiratory HAP exposure hazard by 12% to 27%. This study demonstrates the value of social epidemiological methods for analyzing differential exposure and advancing cumulative risk assessment.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"54819398"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Differential Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollution in the United States: A Multilevel Analysis of Urbanization and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [70452736]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/34957199/Differential_Exposure_to_Hazardous_Air_Pollution_in_the_United_States_A_Multilevel_Analysis_of_Urbanization_and_Neighborhood_Socioeconomic_Deprivation" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="114334325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114334325/Does_the_air_pollution_model_influence_the_evidence_of_socio_economic_disparities_in_exposure_and_susceptibility">Does the air pollution model influence the evidence of socio-economic disparities in exposure 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data-author-id="41797101" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HKhreis">Haneen Khreis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With recent rapid urbanization, sustainable development is required to prevent health risks associated with adverse environmental exposures from the unsustainable development of cities. 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We found that 631 (95% CI: 366–809) premature deaths were attributable to PM2.5 in Houston, and 159 (95% CI: 0-609) we...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Burden of Disease Assessment of Ambient Air Pollution and Premature Mortality in Urban Areas: The Role of Socioeconomic Status and Transportation","attachmentId":74619256,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61645170/Burden_of_Disease_Assessment_of_Ambient_Air_Pollution_and_Premature_Mortality_in_Urban_Areas_The_Role_of_Socioeconomic_Status_and_Transportation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61645170/Burden_of_Disease_Assessment_of_Ambient_Air_Pollution_and_Premature_Mortality_in_Urban_Areas_The_Role_of_Socioeconomic_Status_and_Transportation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="55747495" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55747495/Ozone_and_childhood_respiratory_disease_in_three_US_cities_evaluation_of_effect_measure_modification_by_neighborhood_socioeconomic_status_using_a_Bayesian_hierarchical_approach">Ozone and childhood respiratory disease in three US cities: evaluation of effect measure modification by neighborhood socioeconomic status using a Bayesian hierarchical approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41045808" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MulhollandJames">James Mulholland</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental health : a global access science source, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ground-level ozone is a potent airway irritant and a determinant of respiratory morbidity. Susceptibility to the health effects of ambient ozone may be influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). Questions remain regarding the manner and extent that factors such as SES influence ozone-related health effects, particularly across different study areas. Using a 2-stage modeling approach we evaluated neighborhood SES as a modifier of ozone-related pediatric respiratory morbidity in Atlanta, Dallas, & St. Louis. We acquired multi-year data on emergency department (ED) visits among 5-18 year olds with a primary diagnosis of respiratory disease in each city. Daily concentrations of 8-h maximum ambient ozone were estimated for all ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTA) in each city by fusing observed concentration data from available network monitors with simulations from an emissions-based chemical transport model. In the first stage, we u...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ozone and childhood respiratory disease in three US cities: evaluation of effect measure modification by neighborhood socioeconomic status using a Bayesian hierarchical approach","attachmentId":71471584,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55747495/Ozone_and_childhood_respiratory_disease_in_three_US_cities_evaluation_of_effect_measure_modification_by_neighborhood_socioeconomic_status_using_a_Bayesian_hierarchical_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55747495/Ozone_and_childhood_respiratory_disease_in_three_US_cities_evaluation_of_effect_measure_modification_by_neighborhood_socioeconomic_status_using_a_Bayesian_hierarchical_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="81392406" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81392406/with_input_from_participants_of_the_International_Symposium_of_Socioeconomic_Factors_and_Air_Pollution_Health_Effects">with input from participants of the International Symposium of Socioeconomic Factors and Air Pollution Health Effects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20096553" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CifuentesLuis">Luis A Cifuentes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Persons with lower socioeconomic status (SES) may face higher risk from polluted air. This disproportionate burden may result from elevated exposure, due to proximity to roadways or indoor air pollution from burning of biomass, and from differences in nutrition and access to health care, among other factors. Several studies have explored this topic, however, there remain many unanswered questions. Research on how SES affects the relationship between air pollution and health faces challenges including the choice and interpretation of SES indicators; distinguishing indicators that describe the present state and those that describe historical conditions; the correlation between SES indicators and other variables; differential diagnosis and use of health care services based on SES; and varying perceptions of health. This paper summarizes these and other challenges and provides recommendations for how to move this research forward. Recommendations relate to what geographical locations, h...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"with input from participants of the International Symposium of Socioeconomic Factors and Air Pollution Health Effects","attachmentId":87450700,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81392406/with_input_from_participants_of_the_International_Symposium_of_Socioeconomic_Factors_and_Air_Pollution_Health_Effects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81392406/with_input_from_participants_of_the_International_Symposium_of_Socioeconomic_Factors_and_Air_Pollution_Health_Effects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="17591314" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17591314/Use_of_Segregation_Indices_Townsend_Index_and_Air_Toxics_Data_to_Assess_Lifetime_Cancer_Risk_Disparities_in_Metropolitan_Charleston_South_Carolina_USA">Use of Segregation Indices, Townsend Index, and Air Toxics Data to Assess Lifetime Cancer Risk Disparities in Metropolitan Charleston, South Carolina, USA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37423927" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LashantaRice">Lashanta Rice</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Use of Segregation Indices, Townsend Index, and Air Toxics Data to Assess Lifetime Cancer Risk Disparities in Metropolitan Charleston, South Carolina, USA","attachmentId":39600043,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17591314/Use_of_Segregation_Indices_Townsend_Index_and_Air_Toxics_Data_to_Assess_Lifetime_Cancer_Risk_Disparities_in_Metropolitan_Charleston_South_Carolina_USA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17591314/Use_of_Segregation_Indices_Townsend_Index_and_Air_Toxics_Data_to_Assess_Lifetime_Cancer_Risk_Disparities_in_Metropolitan_Charleston_South_Carolina_USA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="82229552" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82229552/Additional_file_1_Figure_S1_of_Ozone_and_childhood_respiratory_disease_in_three_US_cities_evaluation_of_effect_measure_modification_by_neighborhood_socioeconomic_status_using_a_Bayesian_hierarchical_approach">Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Ozone and childhood respiratory disease in three US cities: evaluation of effect measure modification by neighborhood socioeconomic status using a Bayesian hierarchical approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41045808" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MulhollandJames">James Mulholland</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Distribution and summary statistics for indicators of neighborhood SES in each city. Table S1. Number of ED visits and ZCTAs in high and low SES neighborhoods. Figure S2. Effect modification of ozone-respiratory disease by continuous values of neighborhood SES in city-specific analyses (PDF 1175 kb)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Ozone and childhood respiratory disease in three US cities: evaluation of effect measure modification by neighborhood socioeconomic status using a Bayesian hierarchical approach","attachmentId":88004370,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82229552/Additional_file_1_Figure_S1_of_Ozone_and_childhood_respiratory_disease_in_three_US_cities_evaluation_of_effect_measure_modification_by_neighborhood_socioeconomic_status_using_a_Bayesian_hierarchical_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82229552/Additional_file_1_Figure_S1_of_Ozone_and_childhood_respiratory_disease_in_three_US_cities_evaluation_of_effect_measure_modification_by_neighborhood_socioeconomic_status_using_a_Bayesian_hierarchical_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="13471200" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13471200/Exploring_the_joint_effect_of_atmospheric_pollution_and_socioeconomic_status_on_selected_health_outcomes_an_overview_of_the_PAISARC_project">Exploring the joint effect of atmospheric pollution and socioeconomic status on selected health outcomes: an overview of the PAISARC project</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32693717" href="https://ehesp.academia.edu/DenisBard">Denis Bard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Research Letters, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Health socioeconomic gradients are well documented in developed countries, but incompletely explained. A portion of these health inequalities may be explained by environmental exposures. The objective of PAISARC is to explore the relations between socioeconomic status, air pollution exposure and two selected health outcomes---asthma exacerbations and myocardial infarction---at the level of a small area. The study design is ecological, using</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Exploring the joint effect of atmospheric pollution and socioeconomic status on selected health outcomes: an overview of the PAISARC project","attachmentId":45302760,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13471200/Exploring_the_joint_effect_of_atmospheric_pollution_and_socioeconomic_status_on_selected_health_outcomes_an_overview_of_the_PAISARC_project","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13471200/Exploring_the_joint_effect_of_atmospheric_pollution_and_socioeconomic_status_on_selected_health_outcomes_an_overview_of_the_PAISARC_project"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":54819398,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":54819398,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_54819398" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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Evidence from a zonal time series in Hamilton, Canada</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32936131" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelJerrett">Michael Jerrett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Do socioeconomic characteristics modify the short term association between air pollution and mortality? 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data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="18101150" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18101150/Comparison_of_Personal_Indoor_and_Outdoor_Exposures_to_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants_in_Three_Urban_Communities">Comparison of Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Exposures to Hazardous Air Pollutants in Three Urban Communities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38211904" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasStock">Thomas Stock</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38055265" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StevenMongin">Steven Mongin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Science & Technology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="407028" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/407028/Spatially_differentiated_and_source_specific_population_exposure_to_ambient_urban_air_pollution">Spatially differentiated and source-specific population exposure to ambient urban air pollution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="306896" href="https://csu.academia.edu/binzou">Bin Zou（邹滨）</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatially differentiated and source-specific population exposure to ambient 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