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class="mw-page-title-main">Funeral procession</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cortège funèbre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosesi_pemakaman" title="Prosesi pemakaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prosesi pemakaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouwstoet" title="Rouwstoet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rouwstoet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%AC%E9%80%81" title="葬送 – Japanese" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ceremony. For the painting, see <a href="/wiki/Funeral_Procession_(painting)" title="Funeral Procession (painting)">Funeral Procession (painting)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Funeral_procession" title="Talk:Funeral procession">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouwstoet" class="extiw" title="nl:Rouwstoet">the corresponding article</a> in Dutch</b>.  <i><small>(August 2012)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRouwstoet&sl=nl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Dutch article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Dutch#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Dutch">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 229 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Dutch Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at [[:nl:Rouwstoet]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|nl|Rouwstoet}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Funeral_procession" title="Talk:Funeral procession">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm/220px--Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_(January_2019).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_(January_2019).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm/Funeral_procession_of_Officer_Natalie_Corona_%28January_2019%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A funeral procession in California</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>funeral procession</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a>, usually in <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicles">motor vehicles</a> or by foot, from a <a href="/wiki/Funeral_home" title="Funeral home">funeral home</a> or place of worship to the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier times the deceased was typically carried by male family members on a <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a> or in a coffin to the final resting place.<sup id="cite_ref-osb912_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb912-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice has shifted over time toward transporting the deceased in a <a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">hearse</a>, while family and friends follow in their vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition from the procession by foot to procession by car can be attributed to two main factors; the switch to burying or cremating the body at locations far from the funeral site and the introduction of motorized vehicles and public transportation making processions by foot through the street no longer practical.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hindu_funeral.jpg/220px-Hindu_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hindu_funeral.jpg/330px-Hindu_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hindu_funeral.jpg/440px-Hindu_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu funeral procession c. 1820</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian city of Banāras is knowns as the Great Cremation Ground because it contains Manikarnikā, the location where Hindu's bring the deceased for cremation. Manikarnikā is located in the center of the city along the Ganges River.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funeral procession normally takes place from the house of the deceased to the <a href="/wiki/Cremation_ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremation ground">cremation ground</a> and is normally an all-male affair.<sup id="cite_ref-bsg082_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsg082-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eldest son leads the procession followed by others.<sup id="cite_ref-am042_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am042-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to western traditions, the procession leaves as soon as possible after death and mourners chant the name of god en route to the crematorium.<sup id="cite_ref-kssa092_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kssa092-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pb982_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pb982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body itself is bathed and wrapped in a white sheet, carried to the cremation ground on a bamboo litter.<sup id="cite_ref-osb912_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb912-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The son leading the procession carries a fire pot when he leaves the house, which is used to light the funeral pyre.<sup id="cite_ref-am042_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am042-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-osb912_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb912-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procession ends at Manikarnikā, where the body is dipped in the Ganges River, then sprinkled with sandalwood oil and covered with garlands of flowers before being cremated.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more modern times and places outside of India, the domestic traditions of decorating the body, <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulating</a>, and offering rice balls occurs at the family home or funeral home instead of at the cremation site.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No large procession takes place, but rather the male family members carry the coffin from the home to the hearse and then follow in cars to the crematorium. The coffin is again carried by the men from the hearse into the chapel at the crematorium.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief mourner and male family members will flip the switch to light the cremator after the funeral ceremony takes place. In some cases, the family will travel farther to spread the ashes of the deceased in a <a href="/wiki/Holy_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy river">holy river</a>. However, if they choose not to do so, the ashes will be spread in the sea or a river nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Islam religion, the funeral procession is a virtuous act that typically involves a large amount of participation from other Muslims. Traditions that were begun by the Prophet are what urged Muslims to partake in the procession. Muslims believe that by following the funeral procession, praying over the body, and attending the burial one may receive quīrāts (rewards) to put them in good favor with <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funeral processions of prominent figures in the Islamic society would attract large crowds because many people would want to honor the deceased. The number of people attending one's funeral can be considered a mark of social standing being that the more well-known and influential one was, the more likely people were to attend. In some cases, the governor may insist on leading the funeral procession for men of high prominence even if this is against the wishes of the family of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim funeral processions may also attract people of other religions at times if the deceased is well known in society. However, Muslims will always be the ones carrying the body on a <a href="/wiki/Bedstead" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedstead">bedstead</a>, while other religions may follow alongside, typically staying in their own groups. Islamic funeral processions have been viewed as similar to those in late antiquity Alexandria, being that the whole city would partake in the procession and lights and incense would be used as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg/220px-Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg/330px-Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg/440px-Convoi_Funebres_de_l_Imperatrice_Leopoldine_by_Debret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession of Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina of Brazil</a> with a horse-drawn hearse in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, 1826.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C4%9Bchanov_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/T%C4%9Bchanov_1965.jpg/220px-T%C4%9Bchanov_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/T%C4%9Bchanov_1965.jpg/330px-T%C4%9Bchanov_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/T%C4%9Bchanov_1965.jpg/440px-T%C4%9Bchanov_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Traditional funeral procession, Těchanov, Czechoslovakia, 1965</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Allingham_Funeral_Procession_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_Allingham_Funeral_Procession_01.jpg/220px-Henry_Allingham_Funeral_Procession_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_Allingham_Funeral_Procession_01.jpg/330px-Henry_Allingham_Funeral_Procession_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_Allingham_Funeral_Procession_01.jpg/440px-Henry_Allingham_Funeral_Procession_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Christian funeral procession by car in Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, England, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Christian religion, the funeral procession was originally from the home of the deceased to the church because this was the only procession associated with burial. This is because the burial took place on the church property so there was no procession that occurred after the funeral service.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, as the deceased began to be buried in cemeteries that were not at the church, the main funeral procession was considered to be from the church to the place of burial. This switch was mainly due to the monastic influence over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the place of burial was at the church or nearby, the body was carried to the grave/tomb. Those carrying the coffin were led by others carrying wax candles and incense. The incense signify a sign of honor for the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphons">antiphons</a> were also sung along the way. One antiphon that has been used in funeral processions for a very long time is called <i>In Paradisum</i>: </p> <blockquote> <p>May the angels lead you into paradise </p><p>may the martyrs come to welcome you </p><p>and take you to the holy city, </p><p> the new and eternal Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the modern day, the funeral procession is no longer common or practiced in the same way. Now a hearse is used to transport the body to the gravesite. The procession consists of carrying the casket from the church to the hearse and then from the hearse to the gravesite once at the cemetery. The male family members and friends are typically the ones who carry the coffin.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism/Shinto_(Japan)"><span id="Buddhism.2FShinto_.28Japan.29"></span>Buddhism/Shinto (Japan)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhism/Shinto (Japan)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_monks_procession_in_front_of_a_pyre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Buddhist_monks_procession_in_front_of_a_pyre.jpg/220px-Buddhist_monks_procession_in_front_of_a_pyre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Buddhist_monks_procession_in_front_of_a_pyre.jpg/330px-Buddhist_monks_procession_in_front_of_a_pyre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Buddhist_monks_procession_in_front_of_a_pyre.jpg/440px-Buddhist_monks_procession_in_front_of_a_pyre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6408" data-file-height="3604" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession of Buddhist monks before lighting the pyre for cremation in Don Det, Laos</figcaption></figure> <p>After a person has died the first thing to be done is to choose two people to be in charge of making all of the arrangements for the funeral events to come. The main relatives are in charge of encoffining the body and the female relatives make the death clothes that the deceased will wear. Once the body is prepared the wake occurs. This takes place the night before the procession and lasts through the night. Typically relatives and neighbors attend and food and alcoholic beverages are served.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next morning at 10 A.M. the funeral procession begins. Coolies (laborers) are hired and divided into two groups; the rokushaku group carries the <a href="/wiki/Palanquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanquin">palanquin</a> and coffin and the hirabito group carries the paper and fresh flowers and lanterns. Before departing for the temple the priest will chant <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order in which the procession proceeds is first those carrying the lanterns, then the flowers, then birds which are released to bring merit to the deceased, the incense burners, the memorial tablet, and then the coffin. Male relatives are the only people who carry items in the procession while the women ride in rickshaws following the coffin. The male heir of the deceased carries the memorial tablet, which is covered in thin silk. The men in the procession wear formal clothing with the family crest.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the family and neighbors would walk with the procession all the way to the temple, however during the Taishō era people would drop off from the procession along the way and take a train to the temple to wait for the procession to arrive. The family and close friends of the deceased would stay with the procession the entire way. The procession ends when it reaches the temple where the funeral will be held.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Taishō era, funerals began to undergo many changes with one of the biggest ones being the elimination of the funeral procession. Funeral processions were extremely prominent during the Meiji era and part of the reason for ridding of them was to move away from the elaborateness of that time period and into more simplistic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another main reason for elimination of processions was the increase in public transportation and motorized vehicles, making the streets far too congested for large processions to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As funeral practices moved away from the procession, kokubetsu-shiki (home farewell ceremonies) began to take their place. These ceremonies could be held at the family home, but sometimes were held at the funeral home or temple to replace the mourning that the funeral procession used to accomplish. These farewell ceremonies also served the purpose of offering condolence toward the grieving family in a social aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With there no longer being a procession, the real and paper flowers that were carried began to be used to decorate the altar at the temple. The custom of placing a picture of the deceased on the altar also began during this period. Overall, the funeral procession changes were mainly attributed to "external societal conditions" rather than public opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Jewish law, the deceased is to be buried as soon as possible so the time between death and burial is short. Burial cannot occur on the Sabbath or any Jewish holiday. The funeral service is brief and typically takes place at a funeral home, but sometimes is held at the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> or cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funeral procession route goes from the funeral home or synagogue to the burial site and the <a href="/wiki/Pallbearers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallbearers">pallbearers</a> are the male family members and friends of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is traditional to stop seven times along the procession route at meaningful places to recite psalms. Psalm 91:1, "O thous that dwellest in the cover of the Most High" is a very common psalm to recite.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of pausing seven times during the procession is derived from the funeral procession of the patriarch Jacob. During his funeral procession from Egypt to Canaan (Erets Yisrael - Land of Israel, later "Syria Palestina" circa 135 AD by Hadrian, Roman emperor after a failed rebellion of Judea against the Roman Empire), the group stopped for seven days to cross the Jordan River into the "Promised Land". These pauses along the way also serve to give the mourners a chance to stop at the different places to reflect on the life of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpse_road" title="Corpse road">Corpse road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">Motorcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_train" title="Funeral train">Funeral train</a>, using a railway train</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_procession&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Funeral_processions" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Funeral processions">Funeral processions</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:62-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard.1990" class="citation book cs1">Richard., Rutherford (1990). <i>The death of a Christian : the order of Christian funerals</i>. Barr, Tony. (Rev. ed.). Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814660401" title="Special:BookSources/0814660401"><bdi>0814660401</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23133769">23133769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+death+of+a+Christian+%3A+the+order+of+Christian+funerals&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minn.&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23133769&rft.isbn=0814660401&rft.aulast=Richard.&rft.aufirst=Rutherford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumegi2014" class="citation book cs1">Sumegi, Angela (2014). <i>Understanding Death: An Introduction to Ideas of Self and the Afterlife in World Religions</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 187–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Death%3A+An+Introduction+to+Ideas+of+Self+and+the+Afterlife+in+World+Religions&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=187-190&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sumegi&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osb912-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osb912_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osb912_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osb912_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w8RPAAAAIBAJ&pg=1450,2623826&dq=">"Gandhi's son will light traditional funeral pyre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star-Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Banner">Ocala Star-Banner</a></i>. 24 May 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ocala+Star-Banner&rft.atitle=Gandhi%27s+son+will+light+traditional+funeral+pyre&rft.date=1991-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dw8RPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1450%2C2623826%26dq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKōkyō2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kōkyō, Murakami (2000). "Changes in Japanese Urban Funeral Customs during the Twentieth Century". <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (3/4). Nanzan University: 337–344. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233669">30233669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Japanese+Urban+Funeral+Customs+during+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=337-344&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30233669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=K%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Murakami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck1999" class="citation book cs1">Eck, Diana L. (1999). <i>Banaras, city of light</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 324, 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231114478" title="Special:BookSources/0231114478"><bdi>0231114478</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40619497">40619497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaras%2C+city+of+light&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=324%2C+340&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40619497&rft.isbn=0231114478&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsg082-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bsg082_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/14"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, Volume 1</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195148909" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195148909"><bdi>978-0195148909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+History%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0195148909&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-am042-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-am042_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-am042_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Axel (2004). <i>Hinduism: Past and Present</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691089531" title="Special:BookSources/0691089531"><bdi>0691089531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0691089531&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kssa092-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kssa092_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusai_Anthony2009" class="citation book cs1">Susai Anthony, Kenneth Schouler (2009). <i>The Everything Hinduism Book: Learn the Traditions and Rituals of the "Religion of Peace"</i>. Everything Books. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598698626" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598698626"><bdi>978-1598698626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Hinduism+Book%3A+Learn+the+Traditions+and+Rituals+of+the+%22Religion+of+Peace%22&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Everything+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1598698626&rft.aulast=Susai+Anthony&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Schouler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pb982-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pb982_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1998" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/themesissuesinhi0000unse/page/270"><i>Themes and Issues in Hinduism</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/themesissuesinhi0000unse/page/270">270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304338516" title="Special:BookSources/0304338516"><bdi>0304338516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themes+and+Issues+in+Hinduism&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0304338516&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthemesissuesinhi0000unse%2Fpage%2F270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2001). "Death, Funeral Processions, and the Articulation of Religious Authority in Early Islam". <i>Studia Islamica</i> (93). Maisonneuve & Larose: 27–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1596107">10.2307/1596107</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596107">1596107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Death%2C+Funeral+Processions%2C+and+the+Articulation+of+Religious+Authority+in+Early+Islam&rft.issue=93&rft.pages=27-58&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1596107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Qasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2003" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, Lenore B. (Winter 2003). "Bereaved Orthodox Jewish Families and Their Community: A Cross-Cultural Perspective". <i>Journal of Community Health Nursing</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 237–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327655JCHN2004_04">10.1207/S15327655JCHN2004_04</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3427694">3427694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14644690">14644690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44358710">44358710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=Bereaved+Orthodox+Jewish+Families+and+Their+Community%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Perspective&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-238&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14644690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44358710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3427694%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15327655JCHN2004_04&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Lenore+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG." class="citation book cs1">G., Hoy, William. <i>Do funerals matter? : the purposes and practices of death rituals in global perspective</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203072745" title="Special:BookSources/9780203072745"><bdi>9780203072745</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800035957">800035957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+funerals+matter%3F+%3A+the+purposes+and+practices+of+death+rituals+in+global+perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F800035957&rft.isbn=9780203072745&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=Hoy%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuneral+procession" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: 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