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href="#The_Great_Game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Great Game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1838–1842" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1838–1842"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838–1842</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1838–1842-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mid-nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1878–1880" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1878–1880"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878–1880</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1878–1880-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Iron_Amir,_1880–1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iron_Amir,_1880–1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Iron Amir, 1880–1901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Iron_Amir,_1880–1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habibullah_Khan,_1901–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habibullah_Khan,_1901–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Habibullah Khan, 1901–1919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habibullah_Khan,_1901–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Anglo-Afghan_War_and_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Anglo-Afghan_War_and_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Anglo-Afghan_War_and_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amanullah_Khan,_1919–1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amanullah_Khan,_1919–1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Amanullah Khan, 1919–1929</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amanullah_Khan,_1919–1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohammed_Zahir_Shah,_1933–1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohammed_Zahir_Shah,_1933–1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Mohammed Zahir Shah, 1933–1973</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohammed_Zahir_Shah,_1933–1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="النفوذ الأوروبي في أفغانستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النفوذ الأوروبي في أفغانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نفوذ اروپا در افغانستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفوذ اروپا در افغانستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="अफ़ग़ानिस्तान में यूरोपीय प्रभाव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़ग़ानिस्तान में यूरोपीय प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_europea_in_Afghanistan" title="Influenza europea in Afghanistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Influenza europea in Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_innflytelse_i_Afghanistan" title="Europeisk innflytelse i Afghanistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europeisk innflytelse i Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%90%D8%B2_(%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0)" title="افغانستان کې اروپايي اغېز (نفوذ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="افغانستان کې اروپايي اغېز (نفوذ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Европейское влияние в Афганистане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европейское влияние в Афганистане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22European+influence+in+Afghanistan%22">"European influence in Afghanistan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22European+influence+in+Afghanistan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22European+influence+in+Afghanistan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22European+influence+in+Afghanistan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22European+influence+in+Afghanistan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Afghanistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/200px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/300px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/400px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2200–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2100–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–535 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 728–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–180 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 256–125 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 180–90 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 155–80? BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 135 BC – 248 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20 BC – 50? AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 230–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 320–465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Rob</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 380–560</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 410–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 484–711</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–8th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 652–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 680–870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750-977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 863–900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 875–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 963–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> before 879–1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1215–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1219–1226</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1226–1245</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1224–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1245–1381</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1520–1591</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1510–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Kunduz Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ?–1859</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1716–1732</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1738–1747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1818–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1823–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Daoud coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973–1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt">Tanai coup attempt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996–2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001–2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">politics</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">since</span> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Afghanistan">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Afghanistan" title="Political violence in Afghanistan">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Afghanistan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">List of heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Afghanistan">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Afghanistan" title="List of wars involving Afghanistan">List of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hinduism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>European influence in Afghanistan</b> has been present in the country since the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, when the competing imperial powers of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> contested for control over Afghanistan as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">the Great Game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_Dost_Mohammad_Khan">Rise of Dost Mohammad Khan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rise of Dost Mohammad Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dost_Mohammad_Khan_of_Afghanistan_with_his_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dost_Mohammad_Khan_of_Afghanistan_with_his_son.jpg/150px-Dost_Mohammad_Khan_of_Afghanistan_with_his_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dost_Mohammad_Khan_of_Afghanistan_with_his_son.jpg/225px-Dost_Mohammad_Khan_of_Afghanistan_with_his_son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dost_Mohammad_Khan_of_Afghanistan_with_his_son.jpg/300px-Dost_Mohammad_Khan_of_Afghanistan_with_his_son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> with one of his sons.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a> in 1823, <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a>. Dost Mohammad achieved prominence among his brothers through clever use of the support of his mother's <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> tribesmen and his own youthful apprenticeship under his brother, <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fateh Khan">Fateh Khan</a>. However, in the same year, the Afghans lost their former stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a>. The Afghan forces in the battle were supported by <a href="/wiki/Azim_Khan" title="Azim Khan">Azim Khan</a>, half-brother of Dost Mohammad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1834 Dost Mohammad defeated an invasion by the former ruler, <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a>, but his absence from Kabul gave the Sikhs the opportunity to expand westward. <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>'s forces moved from Peshawar into territory ruled directly by Kabul. In 1836 Dost Mohammad's forces, under the command of his son <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a>, defeated the Sikhs at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a>, a post fifteen kilometres west of Peshawar. This was a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">pyrrhic victory</a> and they failed to fully dislodge the Sikhs from Jamrud. The Afghan leader did not follow up this triumph by retaking Peshawar, however, but instead contacted <a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">Lord Auckland</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> governor-general in <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British India</a>, for help in dealing with the Sikhs. The letter marked the beginning of British influence in Afghanistan, and the subsequent Anglo-Russian struggle known as <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">the Great Game</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Great_Game">The Great Game</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Great Game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">The Great Game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg/220px-Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg/330px-Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg/440px-Ghazni_City_during_1839-42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> in early 1800s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> became the major European power in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a> and began to show interest in Afghanistan as early as their 1809 treaty with <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a>. It was the threat of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> beginning to push for an advantage in the Afghanistan region that placed pressure on British India, in what became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">the Great Game</a>. The Great Game set in motion the confrontation of the British and Russian empires, whose <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a> moved steadily closer to one another until they met in Afghanistan. It also involved repeated attempts by the British to establish a puppet government in Kabul. The remainder of the 19th century saw greater European involvement in Afghanistan and her surrounding territories and heightened conflict among the ambitious local rulers as Afghanistan's fate played out globally. </p><p>The débâcle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as an invasion route to South Asia. In the early decades of the 19th century, it became clear to the British that the major threat to their interests in India would not come from the fragmented Afghan empire, the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranians</a>, or the French, but from the Russians, who had already begun a steady advance southward from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> winning decisive wars against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persians</a>. </p><p>At the same time, the Russians feared the possibility a permanent British foothold in Central Asia as the British expanded northward, incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> into their empire; later to become Pakistan. The British viewed Russia's absorption of the Caucasus, the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> lands, the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> with equal suspicion as a threat to their interests in the Indian subcontinent. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithograph_of_Akbar_Khan_in_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lithograph_of_Akbar_Khan_in_1842.jpg/150px-Lithograph_of_Akbar_Khan_in_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lithograph_of_Akbar_Khan_in_1842.jpg/225px-Lithograph_of_Akbar_Khan_in_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lithograph_of_Akbar_Khan_in_1842.jpg/300px-Lithograph_of_Akbar_Khan_in_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Prince <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a>, son of Dost Mohammad Khan.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to this rivalry between Britain and Russia, there were two specific reasons for British concern over Russia's intentions. First was the Russian influence at the Iranian court, which prompted the Russians to support Iran in its attempt to take <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, historically the western gateway to Afghanistan and northern India. In 1837 Iran advanced on Herat with the support and advice of Russian officers. The second immediate reason was the presence in Kabul in 1837 of a Russian agent, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Vitkevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Vitkevich">Yan Vitkevich</a>, who was ostensibly there, as was the British agent <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Burnes" title="Alexander Burnes">Alexander Burnes</a>, for commercial discussions. </p><p>The British demanded that Dost Mohammad sever all contact with the Iranians and Russians, remove Vitkevich from Kabul, surrender all claims to Peshawar, and respect Peshawar's independence as well as that of Kandahar, which was under the control of his brothers at the time. In return, the British government intimated that it would ask Ranjit Singh to reconcile with the Afghans. When Auckland refused to put the agreement in writing, Dost Mohammad suspended negotiations the British and began negotiations with Vitkevich. </p><p>In 1838 Auckland, Ranjit Singh, and Shuja signed an agreement stating that Shuja would regain control of Kabul and Kandahar with the help of the British and Sikhs; he would accept Sikh rule of the former Afghan provinces already controlled by Ranjit Singh, and that Herat would remain independent. In practice, the plan replaced Dost Mohammad with a British figurehead whose autonomy would be similar to the princes who ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> in British India. </p><p>It soon became apparent to the British that Sikh participation, advancing toward Kabul through the Khyber Pass while Shuja and the British advanced through Kandahar, would not be forthcoming. Auckland's plan in the spring of 1838 was for the Sikhs to place Shuja on the Afghan throne, with British support. By the end of the summer however, the plan had changed; now the British alone would impose the pliant Shuja Shah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1838–1842"><span id="First_Anglo-Afghan_War.2C_1838.E2.80.931842"></span>First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838–1842</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838–1842"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Shujah_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shah_Shujah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/150px-Shah_Shujah_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shah_Shujah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/225px-Shah_Shujah_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Shah_Shujah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/300px-Shah_Shujah_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shah Shujah</a> became the last <a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani ruler</a>, who first reigned between 1803 and 1809, and again from 1839 to 1842.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a prelude to his invasion plans, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> Lord Auckland issued the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simla_Manifesto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simla Manifesto (page does not exist)">Simla Manifesto</a> in October 1838, setting forth the necessary reasons for British intervention in Afghanistan. The manifesto stated that in order to ensure the welfare of India, the British must have a trustworthy ally on India's western frontier. The British claim that their troops were merely supporting <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shah Shujah's</a> small army in retaking what was once his throne fooled no one. Although the Simla Manifesto stated that British troops would be withdrawn as soon as Shuja was installed in Kabul, Shuja's rule depended entirely on British support to suppress rebellion and on British funds to buy the support of tribal chiefs. The British denied that they were invading Afghanistan, instead claiming they were supporting its legitimate Shuja government "against foreign interference and factious opposition". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britattack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Britattack.jpg/220px-Britattack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Britattack.jpg/330px-Britattack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Britattack.jpg/440px-Britattack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni" title="Battle of Ghazni">Battle of Ghazni</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1841 insurrection and massacre flared up in Kabul. The British vacillated and disagreed and were beleaguered in their inadequate <a href="/wiki/Cantonments" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonments">cantonments</a>. The British negotiated with the most influential sirdars, cut off as they were by winter and insurgent tribes from any hope of relief. Mohammad Akbar Khan, son of the captive Dost Mohammad, arrived in Kabul and became effective leader of the sirdars. At a conference with them Sir William MacNaghten was killed, but in spite of this, the sirdars' demands were agreed to by the British and they withdrew. During the withdrawal they were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai">Ghilzai</a> tribesmen and in running battles through the snowbound passes nearly the entire column of <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Elphinstone%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Elphinstone's Army">4,500 troops and 12,000 camp followers were killed</a>. Of the British only one, Dr. <a href="/wiki/William_Brydon" title="William Brydon">William Brydon</a>, reached Jalalabad, while a few others were captured. </p><p>Afghan forces loyal to Akbar Khan besieged the remaining British contingents at Kandahar, Ghazni and Jalalabad. Ghazni fell, but the other garrisons held out, and with the help of reinforcements from India their besiegers were defeated. While preparations were under way for a renewed advance on Kabul, the new Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">Lord Ellenborough</a> ordered British forces to leave Afghanistan after securing the release of the prisoners from Kabul and taking reprisals. The forces from Kandahar and Jalalabad again defeated Akbar Khan, retook and sacked Ghazni and Kabul, rescuing the prisoners before withdrawing through the Khyber Pass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid-nineteenth_century">Mid-nineteenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid-nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_(1857)" title="Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)">Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sher_Ali_Khan_with_Cd_Charles_Chamberlain_and_Sir_Richard_F._Pollock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sher_Ali_Khan_with_Cd_Charles_Chamberlain_and_Sir_Richard_F._Pollock.jpg/170px-Sher_Ali_Khan_with_Cd_Charles_Chamberlain_and_Sir_Richard_F._Pollock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Sher_Ali_Khan_with_Cd_Charles_Chamberlain_and_Sir_Richard_F._Pollock.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a> with CD Charles Chamberlain and Sir Richard F. Pollock in 1869.</figcaption></figure> <p>After months of chaos in Kabul, Mohammad Akbar Khan secured local control and in April 1843 his father Dost Mohammad, who had been released by the British, returned to the throne in Afghanistan. In the following decade, Dost Mohammad concentrated his efforts on reconquering Mazari Sharif, Konduz, Badakhshan, and Kandahar. Mohammad Akbar Khan died in 1845. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49), Dost Mohammad's last effort to take Peshawar failed. </p><p>By 1854 the British wanted to resume relations with Dost Mohammad, whom they had essentially ignored in the intervening twelve years. The 1855 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peshawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Peshawar (page does not exist)">Treaty of Peshawar</a> reopened diplomatic relations, proclaimed respect for each side's territorial integrity, and pledged both sides as friends of each other's friends and enemies of each other's enemies. </p><p>In 1857 an addendum to the 1855 treaty permitted a British military mission to become a presence in Kandahar (but not Kabul) during a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persians</a>, who had attacked Herat in 1856. During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, some British officials suggested restoring Peshawar to Dost Mohammad, in return for his support against the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, but this view was rejected by British political officers on the North West frontier, who believed that Dost Mohammad would see this as a sign of weakness and turn against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863 Dost Mohammad <a href="/wiki/Herat_campaign_of_1862%E2%80%931863" title="Herat campaign of 1862–1863">retook Herat</a> with British acquiescence. A few months later, he died. <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a>, his third son, and proclaimed successor, failed to recapture Kabul from his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afzal_Khan" title="Mohammad Afzal Khan">Mohammad Afzal</a> (whose troops were led by his son, <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman</a>) until 1868, after which Abdur Rahman retreated across the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> and bided his time. </p><p>In the years immediately following the First Anglo-Afghan War, and especially after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British in India, <a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> governments in London took a political view of Afghanistan as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a>. By the time Sher Ali had established control in Kabul in 1868, he found the British ready to support his regime with arms and funds, but nothing more. Over the next ten years, relations between the Afghan ruler and Britain deteriorated steadily. The Afghan ruler was worried about the southward encroachment of Russia, which by 1873 had taken over the lands of the khan, or ruler, of <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a>. Sher Ali sent an envoy seeking British advice and support. The previous year the British had signed an agreement with the Russians in which the latter agreed to respect the northern boundaries of Afghanistan and to view the territories of the Afghan Emir as outside their sphere of influence. The British, however, refused to give any assurances to the disappointed Sher Ali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Anglo-Afghan_War,_1878–1880"><span id="Second_Anglo-Afghan_War.2C_1878.E2.80.931880"></span>Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878–1880</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878–1880"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan_with_British_officers_in_May_of_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan_with_British_officers_in_May_of_1879.jpg/220px-Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan_with_British_officers_in_May_of_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan_with_British_officers_in_May_of_1879.jpg/330px-Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan_with_British_officers_in_May_of_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan_with_British_officers_in_May_of_1879.jpg/440px-Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan_with_British_officers_in_May_of_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3910" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan" title="Mohammad Yaqub Khan">Mohammad Yaqub Khan</a> with Britain's <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Napoleon_Cavagnari" title="Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari">Sir Pierre Cavagnari</a> on 26 May 1879, when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gandamak" title="Treaty of Gandamak">Treaty of Gandamak</a> was signed.</figcaption></figure> <p>After tension between Russia and Britain in Europe ended with the June 1878 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>, Russia turned its attention to Central Asia. That same summer, Russia sent an uninvited diplomatic mission to Kabul. Sher Ali tried, but failed, to keep them out. Russian envoys arrived in Kabul on 22 July 1878 and on 14 August, the British demanded that Sher Ali accept a British mission too. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durbar_Maidan_of_Sherpur_Cantonment_in_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Durbar_Maidan_of_Sherpur_Cantonment_in_1879.jpg/170px-Durbar_Maidan_of_Sherpur_Cantonment_in_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Durbar_Maidan_of_Sherpur_Cantonment_in_1879.jpg/255px-Durbar_Maidan_of_Sherpur_Cantonment_in_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Durbar_Maidan_of_Sherpur_Cantonment_in_1879.jpg/340px-Durbar_Maidan_of_Sherpur_Cantonment_in_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Durban Maidan of Sherpur Cantonment in 1879 near Kabul.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forces_from_British_India_camping_at_Kandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forces_from_British_India_camping_at_Kandahar.jpg/170px-Forces_from_British_India_camping_at_Kandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forces_from_British_India_camping_at_Kandahar.jpg/255px-Forces_from_British_India_camping_at_Kandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forces_from_British_India_camping_at_Kandahar.jpg/340px-Forces_from_British_India_camping_at_Kandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>British and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">allied forces</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> after the 1880 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">Battle of Kandahar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The amir not only refused to receive a British mission but threatened to stop it if it were dispatched. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lord Lytton</a>, the viceroy, ordered a diplomatic mission to set out for Kabul in September 1878 but the mission was turned back as it approached the eastern entrance of the Khyber Pass, triggering the Second Anglo-Afghan War. A British force of about 40,000 fighting men was distributed into military columns which penetrated Afghanistan at three different points. An alarmed Sher Ali attempted to appeal in person to the Tsar for assistance, but unable to do so, he returned to <a href="/wiki/Mazari_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazari Sharif">Mazari Sharif</a>, where he died on 21 February 1879. </p><p>With British forces occupying much of the country, Sher Ali's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan" title="Mohammad Yaqub Khan">Mohammad Yaqub Khan</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gandamak" title="Treaty of Gandamak">Treaty of Gandamak</a> in May 1879 in order to put a quick end to the conflict. According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to the British. British representatives were installed in Kabul and other locations, British control was extended to the Khyber and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michni_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michni Pass (page does not exist)">Michni Passes</a>, and Afghanistan ceded various <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">frontier</a> <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas_(FATA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)">areas</a> and Quetta to Britain. The British forces then withdrew. Soon afterwards, an uprising in Kabul led to the killings of Britain's Resident in Kabul, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Napoleon_Cavagnari" title="Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari">Sir Pierre Cavagnari</a> and his guards and staff on 3 September 1879, provoking the second phase of the Second Afghan War. Major General Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Field_Force" title="Kabul Field Force">Kabul Field Force</a> over the Shutargardan Pass into central Afghanistan, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Army" title="Afghan Army">Afghan Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Char_Asiab_District" title="Char Asiab District">Char Asiab</a> on 6 October 1879 and occupied Kabul. <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi warriors">Ghazi</a> Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak staged an uprising and attacked British forces near Kabul in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Sherpur_Cantonment" title="Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment">Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment</a> in December 1879, but his defeat there resulted in the collapse of this rebellion. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gandamak" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Gandamak">Treaty of Gandamak</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Yaqub Khan, suspected of complicity in the killings of Cavagnari and his staff, was obliged to abdicate. The British considered a number of possible political settlements, including partitioning Afghanistan between multiple rulers or placing Yaqub's brother <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ayub Khan</a> on the throne, but ultimately decided to install his cousin Abdur Rahman Khan as emir instead. Ayub Khan, who had been serving as governor of Herat, rose in revolt, defeated a British detachment at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a> in July 1880 and besieged Kandahar. Roberts then led the main British force from Kabul and decisively defeated Ayub Khan in September at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">Battle of Kandahar</a>, bringing his rebellion to an end. Abdur Rahman had confirmed the Treaty of Gandamak, leaving the British in control of the territories ceded by Yaqub Khan and ensuring British control of Afghanistan's foreign policy in exchange for protection and a subsidy. Abandoning the provocative policy of maintaining a British resident in Kabul, but having achieved all their other objectives, the British withdrew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Iron_Amir,_1880–1901"><span id="The_Iron_Amir.2C_1880.E2.80.931901"></span>The Iron Amir, 1880–1901</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Iron Amir, 1880–1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdur_Rahman_Khan_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Abdur_Rahman_Khan_sitting.jpg/170px-Abdur_Rahman_Khan_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Abdur_Rahman_Khan_sitting.jpg/255px-Abdur_Rahman_Khan_sitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Abdur_Rahman_Khan_sitting.jpg/340px-Abdur_Rahman_Khan_sitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Amir</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> (<i>The Iron Amir</i>) in 1897.</figcaption></figure> <p>As far as British interests were concerned, <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman</a> answered their prayers: a forceful, intelligent leader capable of welding his divided people into a state; and he was willing to accept limitations to his power imposed by British control of his country's foreign affairs and the British buffer state policy. His twenty-one-year reign was marked by efforts to modernize and establish control of the kingdom, whose boundaries were delineated by the two empires bordering it. Abdur Rahman turned his considerable energies to what evolved into the creation of the modern state of Afghanistan. </p><p>He achieved this consolidation of Afghanistan in three ways. He suppressed various rebellions and followed up his victories with harsh punishment, execution, and deportation. He broke the stronghold of Pashtun tribes by forcibly transplanting them. He transplanted his most powerful Pashtun enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai">Ghilzai</a>, and other tribes from southern and south-central Afghanistan to areas north of the Hindu Kush with predominantly non-Pashtun populations. The last non-Muslim Afghans of <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a> north of Kabul were forcefully converted to Islam. Finally, he created a system of provincial governorates different from old tribal boundaries. Provincial governors had a great deal of power in local matters, and an army was placed at their disposal to enforce tax collection and suppress dissent. Abdur Rahman kept a close eye on these governors, however, by creating an effective intelligence system. During his reign, tribal organization began to be eroded as provincial government officials allowed land to change hands outside the traditional clan and tribal limits. </p><p>The Pashtuns battled and conquered the Uzbeks and forced them into the status of ruled people who were discriminated against.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of anti-Russian strategic interests, the British assisted the Afghan conquest of the Uzbek Khanates, giving weapons to the Afghans and supporting the Afghan government's <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">colonization of northern Afghanistan by Pashtuns</a>, which involved sending massive amounts of Pashtun colonists onto Uzbek land.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to forging a nation from the splintered regions making up Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman tried to modernize his kingdom by forging a regular army and the first institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>. Despite his distinctly <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">authoritarian personality</a>, Abdur Rahman called for a <a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">loya jirga</a>, an assemblage of royal princes, important notables, and religious leaders. According to his autobiography, Abdur Rahman had three goals: subjugating the tribes, extending government control through a strong, visible army, and reinforcing the power of the ruler and the royal family. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanmap1893.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Afghanmap1893.JPG/300px-Afghanmap1893.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Afghanmap1893.JPG/450px-Afghanmap1893.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Afghanmap1893.JPG/600px-Afghanmap1893.JPG 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Maps showing the boundary of Afghanistan before the 1893 <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> Treaty.</figcaption></figure> <p>During his visit to Rawalpindi in 1885, the Amir requested the Viceroy of India to depute a Muslim Envoy to Kabul who was noble birth and of ruling family background. Mirza Atta Ullah Khan, Sardar Bahadur s/o Khan Bahadur Mirza Fakir Ullah Khan (Saman Burj Wazirabad), a direct descendant of Jarral Rajput Rajas of Rajauri, was selected and approved by the Amir to be the British Envoy to Kabul. </p><p>Abdur Rahman also paid attention to technological advance. He brought foreign physicians, engineers (especially for mining), geologists, and printers to Afghanistan. He imported European machinery and encouraged the establishment of small factories to manufacture soap, candles, and leather goods. He sought European technical advice on communications, transport, and irrigation. Local Afghan tribes strongly resisted this modernization. Workmen making roads had to be protected by the army against local warriors. Nonetheless, despite these sweeping internal policies, Abdur Rahman's foreign policy was completely in foreign hands. </p><p>The first important frontier dispute was the <a href="/wiki/Panjdeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjdeh">Panjdeh</a> crisis of 1885, precipitated by Russian encroachment into Central Asia. Having seized the <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (now Mary) Oasis by 1884, Russian forces were directly adjacent to Afghanistan. Claims to the <a href="/wiki/Panjdeh_Oasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjdeh Oasis">Panjdeh Oasis</a> were in debate, with the Russians keen to take over all the region's Turkoman domains. After battling Afghan forces in the spring of 1885, the Russians seized the oasis. Russian and British troops were quickly alerted, but the two powers reached a compromise; Russia was in possession of the oasis, and Britain believed it could keep the Russians from advancing any farther. Without an Afghan say in the matter, the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Boundary_Commission" title="Afghan Boundary Commission">Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission</a> agreed that the Russians would relinquish the farthest territory captured in their advance but retain Panjdeh. This agreement on these border sections delineated for Afghanistan a permanent northern frontier at the Amu Darya, but also involved the loss of much territory, especially around Panjdeh. </p><p>The second section of Afghan border demarcated during Abdur Rahman's reign was in the <a href="/wiki/Wakhan" title="Wakhan">Wakhan</a>. The British insisted that Abdur Rahman accept sovereignty over this remote region, where unruly Kyrgyz held sway; he had no choice but to accept Britain's compromise. In 1895 and 1896, another Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission agreed on the frontier boundary to the far northeast of Afghanistan, which bordered Chinese territory (although the Chinese did not formally accept this as a boundary between the two countries until 1964.) </p><p>For Abdur Rahman, delineating the boundary with India (through the Pashtun area) was far more significant, and it was during his reign that the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> was drawn. Under pressure, Abdur Rahman agreed in 1893 to accept a mission headed by the British Indian foreign secretary, Sir <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Durand" title="Mortimer Durand">Mortimer Durand</a>, to define the limits of British and Afghan control in the Pashtun territories. Boundary limits were agreed on by Durand and Abdur Rahman before the end of 1893, but there is some question about the degree to which Abdur Rahman willingly ceded certain regions. There were indications that he regarded the Durand Line as a delimitation of separate areas of political responsibility, not a permanent international frontier, and that he did not explicitly cede control over certain parts (such as <a href="/wiki/Kurram_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurram Valley">Kurram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>) that were already in British control under the Treaty of Gandamak. </p><p>The Durand Line cut through tribes and bore little relation to the realities of <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a> or military strategy. The line laid the foundation not for peace between the border regions, but for heated disagreement between the governments of Afghanistan and British India, and later, Afghanistan and Pakistan over what came to be known as the issue of <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a> or 'Land of the Pashtuns'. (See <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a>). </p><p>The clearest manifestation that Abdur Rahman had established control in Afghanistan was the peaceful succession of his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a>, to the throne on his father's death in October 1901. Although Abdur Rahman had fathered many children, he groomed Habibullah to succeed him, and he made it difficult for his other sons to contest the succession by keeping power from them and sequestering them in Kabul under his control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habibullah_Khan,_1901–1919"><span id="Habibullah_Khan.2C_1901.E2.80.931919"></span>Habibullah Khan, 1901–1919</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Habibullah Khan, 1901–1919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habibullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan_in_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Habibullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan_in_1893.jpg/150px-Habibullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan_in_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Habibullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan_in_1893.jpg/225px-Habibullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan_in_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Habibullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan_in_1893.jpg/300px-Habibullah_Khan_of_Afghanistan_in_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a>, eldest son of Abur Rahman Khan, in 1893.</figcaption></figure> <p>Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman Khan's eldest son and child of a slave mother, kept a close watch on the palace intrigues revolving around his father's more distinguished wife (a granddaughter of Dost Mohammad), who sought the throne for her own son. Although made secure in his position as ruler by virtue of support from the army which was created by his father, Habibullah was not as domineering as Abdur Rahman. Consequently, the influence of religious leaders as well as that of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a>, a cousin of the king, increased during his reign. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habib_Ullah_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Habib_Ullah_1907.jpg/170px-Habib_Ullah_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Habib_Ullah_1907.jpg/255px-Habib_Ullah_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Habib_Ullah_1907.jpg/340px-Habib_Ullah_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>King Habibullah Khan in 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms. Tarzi's passionate Afghan nationalism influenced a future generation of Asian reformers. </p><p>The boundary with Iran was firmly delineated in 1904, replacing the ambiguous line made by a British commission in 1872. Agreement could not be reached, however, on sharing the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_River" title="Helmand River">Helmand River</a>. </p><p>Like all foreign policy developments of this period affecting Afghanistan, the conclusion of the "Great Game" between Russia and Britain occurred without the Afghan ruler's participation. The 1907 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> (the Convention of St. Petersburg) not only divided the region into separate areas of Russian and British influence but also established foundations for Afghan neutrality. The convention provided for Russian acquiescence that Afghanistan was now outside this sphere of influence, and for Russia to consult directly with Britain on matters relating to Russian-Afghan relations. Britain, for its part, would not occupy or annex Afghan territory, or interfere in Afghanistan's internal affairs. </p><p>During World War I, Afghanistan remained neutral despite pressure to support <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> when its sultan proclaimed his nation's participation in what it considered a holy war. Habibullah did, however, entertain an <a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Indo-German–Turkish mission</a> in Kabul in 1915 that had as its titular head the Indian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a> and was led by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Niedermayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Niedermayer">Oskar Niedermayer</a> and the German legate <a href="/wiki/Werner_Otto_von_Hentig" title="Werner Otto von Hentig">Werner Otto von Hentig</a>. After much procrastination, he won an agreement from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> for a huge payment and arms provision in exchange for attacking British India. But the crafty Afghan ruler clearly viewed the war as an opportunity to play one side off against the other, for he also offered the British to resist a Central Powers attack on India in exchange for an end to British control of Afghan foreign policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Anglo-Afghan_War_and_Independence">Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></div> <p>Amanullah's ten years of reign initiated a period of dramatic change in Afghanistan in both foreign and domestic politics. Amanullah declared full independence and sparked the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Amanullah altered foreign policy in his new relations with external powers and transformed domestic politics with his social, political, and economic reforms. Although his reign ended abruptly, he achieved some notable successes, and his efforts failed as much due to the centrifugal forces of tribal Afghanistan and the machinations of Russia and Britain as to any political folly on his part. </p><p>Amanullah came to power just as the entente between Russia and Britain broke down following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>. Once again Afghanistan provided a stage on which the great powers played out their schemes against one another. Keen to modernise his country and remove all foreign influence, Amanullah, sought to shore up his powerbase. Amidst intrigue in the Afghan court, and political and civil unrest in India, he sought to divert attention from the internal divisions of Afghanistan and unite all faction behind him by attacking the British.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the civil unrest in India as an excuse to move troops to the Durand Line, Afghan troops crossed the border at the western end of the Khyber Pass on 3 May 1919 and occupied the village of Bagh, the scene of an earlier uprising in April.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson-Latham_&_McBride,_p._23_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-Latham_&_McBride,_p._23-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Indian government ordered a full mobilisation and on 6 May 1919 declared war. For the British it had come at a time when they were still recovering from the First World War. The troops that were stationed in India were mainly reserves and Territorials, who were awaiting demobilisation and keen to return to Britain, whilst the few regular regiments that were available were tired and depleted from five years of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson-Latham_&_McBride,_p._23_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-Latham_&_McBride,_p._23-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afghan forces achieved success in the initial days of the war, taking the British and Indians by surprise in two main thrusts as the Afghan regular army was joined by large numbers of Pashtun tribesmen from both sides of the border. A series of skirmishes then followed as the British and Indians recovered from their initial surprise. As a counterbalance to deficiencies in manpower and morale, the British had a considerable advantage in terms of equipment, possessing machine guns, armoured cars, motor transport, wireless communications and aircraft and it was the latter that would prove decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British forces deployed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">air forces</a> for the first time in the region, and the King's home was directly targeted in what is the first case of aerial bombardment in Afghanistan's history. The attacks played a key role in forcing an armistice but brought an angry rebuke from King Amanullah. He wrote: "It is a matter of great regret that the throwing of bombs by zeppelins on London was denounced as a most savage act and the bombardment of places of worship and sacred spots was considered a most abominable operation. While we now see with our own eyes that such operations were a habit which is prevalent among all civilized people of the west".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fighting concluded in August 1919 and Britain virtually dictated the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_of_1919" title="Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919">Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919</a>, a temporary armistice that provided, on one somewhat ambiguous interpretation, for Afghan self-determination in foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before final negotiations were concluded in 1921, however, Afghanistan had already begun to establish its own foreign policy without repercussions anyway, including diplomatic relations with the new government in the Soviet Union in 1919. During the 1920s, Afghanistan established diplomatic relations with most major countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amanullah_Khan,_1919–1929"><span id="Amanullah_Khan.2C_1919.E2.80.931929"></span>Amanullah Khan, 1919–1929</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amanullah Khan, 1919–1929"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Amanullah_Khan_and_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war">Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/170px-King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/255px-King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/340px-King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">King Amanullah</a>, third son of Habibullah Khan.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 February 1919, Habibullah Khan was assassinated on a hunting trip. He had not declared a succession, but left his third son, <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>, in charge in Kabul. Amanullah did have an older brother, <a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Afghanistan)" title="Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)">Nasrullah Khan</a>. But, because Amanullah controlled both the national treasury and the army, Amanullah was well situated to seize power. The army's support allowed Amanullah to suppress other claims and imprison those relatives who would not swear loyalty to him. Within a few months, the new amir had gained the allegiance of most tribal leaders and established control over the cities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_of_Afghanistan_in_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Women_of_Afghanistan_in_1927.jpg/220px-Women_of_Afghanistan_in_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Women_of_Afghanistan_in_1927.jpg/330px-Women_of_Afghanistan_in_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Women_of_Afghanistan_in_1927.jpg/440px-Women_of_Afghanistan_in_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Family life of Afghan politicians in 1927.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>King Amanullah in 1928, the scope of the European tour with <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <p>Amanullah Khan's reforms were heavily influenced by Europe. This came through the influence of Mahmud Tarzi, who was both Amanullah Khan's father-in-law and Foreign Minister. Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet, journalist, and diplomat, was a key figure that brought Western dress and etiquette to Afghanistan. He also fought for progressive reforms such as woman's rights, educational rights, and freedom of press. All of these influences, brought by Tarzi and others, were welcomed by Amanullah Khan. </p><p>In 1926, Amanullah ended the Emirate of Afghanistan and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a> with himself as king. In 1927 and 1928, King Amanullah Khan and his wife <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a> visited Europe. On this trip they were honored and feted. In fact, in 1928 the King and Queen of Afghanistan received honorary degrees from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. This was an era when other Muslim nations, like Turkey and Egypt were also on the path to modernization. King Amanullah was so impressed with the social progress of Europe that he tried to implement them right away, this met with heavy resistance from the conservative society and eventually led to his demise. </p><p>Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan and he used his power to modernize the country. Amanullah created new cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the region and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict dress codes for women. He created a new capital city and increased trade with Europe and Asia. He also advanced a modernist constitution that incorporated equal rights and individual freedoms. This rapid modernization though, created a backlash, and a reactionary uprising known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Khost_rebellion_(1924%E2%80%931925)" title="Khost rebellion (1924–1925)">Khost rebellion</a></i> which was suppressed in 1925. </p><p>After Amanullah travelled to Europe in late 1927, opposition to his rule increased. An uprising in <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> culminated in a march to the capital, and much of the army deserted rather than resist. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah abdicated in favor of his brother, King <a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan" title="Inayatullah Khan">Inayatullah Khan</a>. On 17 January, Inayatullah abdicated and <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Kalakani" class="mw-redirect" title="Habibullah Kalakani">Habibullah Kalakani</a> became the next ruler of Afghanistan and restored the emirate. However, his rule was short lived and, on 17 October 1929, Habibullah Kalakani was overthrown and replaced by King <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadir Khan">Nadir Khan</a>. </p><p>After his abdication in 1929, Amanullah went into temporary exile in India. When he attempted to return to Afghanistan, he had little support from the people. From India, the ex-king traveled to Europe and settled in Italy, and later in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Meanwhile, Nadir Khan made sure his return to Afghanistan was impossible by engaging in a propaganda war. Nadir Khan accused Amanullah Khan of <a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">kufr</a> with his pro western policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mohammed_Zahir_Shah,_1933–1973"><span id="Mohammed_Zahir_Shah.2C_1933.E2.80.931973"></span>Mohammed Zahir Shah, 1933–1973</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mohammed Zahir Shah, 1933–1973"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1933, after the assassination of Nadir Khan, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Mohammed Zahir Shah</a> became king. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1950s_Afghanistan_-_Records_store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1950s_Afghanistan_-_Records_store.jpg/220px-1950s_Afghanistan_-_Records_store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1950s_Afghanistan_-_Records_store.jpg/330px-1950s_Afghanistan_-_Records_store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1950s_Afghanistan_-_Records_store.jpg/440px-1950s_Afghanistan_-_Records_store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>A 1950s or 1960s record store in Afghanistan, showing the increasing Western influence at the time, particularly in Kabul.</figcaption></figure><p> In 1940, the Afghan legation in Berlin asked that if Germany won the Second World War would the <i>Reich</i> give all of British India up to the Indus river to Afghanistan. Ernst von Weizsacker, the State Secretary at the <i>Auswärtiges Amt</i> wrote to the German minister in Kabul on 3 October 1940: </p><blockquote><p>"The Afghan minister called on me on September 30 and conveyed greetings from his minister president, as well as their good wishes for a favourable outcome of the war. He inquired whether German aims in Asia coincided with Afghan hopes; he alluded to the oppression of Arab countries and referred to the 15m Afghans (Pashtuns, mainly in the North West Frontier province) who were forced to suffer on Indian territory.<br /><br />My statement that Germany's goal was the liberation of the peoples of the region referred to, who were under the British yoke was received with satisfaction by the Afghan minister. He stated that justice for Afghanistan would be created only when the country's frontier had been extended to the Indus; this would also apply if India should secede from Britain. The Afghan remarked that Afghanistan had given proof of her loyal attitude by vigorously resisting English pressure to break off relations with Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> No Afghan government ever accepted the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> which divided the ethnically Pashtun population into the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a> (modern north-western Pakistan) and Afghanistan, and it was the hope of Kabul that if Germany won the war, then all of the Pashtun people might be united into one realm.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Amanullah_Khan_and_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war">Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Nilsson" title="Aurora Nilsson">Aurora Nilsson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Anglo-Afghan-Wars">"Anglo-Afghan Wars | History, Significance, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 31 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Anglo-Afghan+Wars+%7C+History%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAnglo-Afghan-Wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+influence+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2000). <i>Soldier Sahibs</i>. Abacus. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0"><bdi>0-349-11456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier+Sahibs&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-349-11456-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+influence+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2011" class="citation book cs1">Brian Glyn Williams (22 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYtXJhByzoEC&pg=PA32"><i>Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 32–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0615-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-0615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Declassified%3A+A+Guide+to+America%27s+Longest+War&rft.pages=32-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0615-9&rft.au=Brian+Glyn+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYtXJhByzoEC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+influence+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleuer2014" class="citation web cs1">Bleuer, Christian (17 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/from-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing/">"From 'Slavers' to 'Warlords': Descriptions of Afghanistan's Uzbeks in western writing"</a>. <i>Afghanistan Analysts Network</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan+Analysts+Network&rft.atitle=From+%27Slavers%27+to+%27Warlords%27%3A+Descriptions+of+Afghanistan%27s+Uzbeks+in+western+writing&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.aulast=Bleuer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanistan-analysts.org%2Ffrom-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+influence+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthorp, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-Latham_&_McBride,_p._23-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson-Latham_&_McBride,_p._23_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson-Latham_&_McBride,_p._23_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson-Latham & McBride, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthorp, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singer, pp. 192–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balthorp, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2001" class="citation news cs1">Ali, Tariq (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/51/109.html">"The king of Greater Afghanistan; A German dispatch from 1940 shows Zahir Shah's true colours"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=The+king+of+Greater+Afghanistan%3B+A+German+dispatch+from+1940+shows+Zahir+Shah%27s+true+colours&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F51%2F109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+influence+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2001" class="citation news cs1">Ali, Tariq (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/51/109.html">"The king of Greater Afghanistan; A German dispatch from 1940 shows Zahir Shah's true colours"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=The+king+of+Greater+Afghanistan%3B+A+German+dispatch+from+1940+shows+Zahir+Shah%27s+true+colours&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F51%2F109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+influence+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barthorp, Michael. 2002. <i>Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947</i>. Cassell. London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36294-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36294-8">0-304-36294-8</a></li> <li>Singer, André. 1984. "Lords of the Kyber, the story of the North-West Frontier". Faber & Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11796-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11796-1">0-571-11796-1</a></li> <li>Wilkinson-Latham, Robert & McBride, Angus. 1977. <i>North-West Frontier 1837–1947</i>. Men-at-Arms Series # 72. Osprey Publishing. London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-275-9">0-85045-275-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. <i>The Afghans</i>, pp. 245–334. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19841-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19841-5">0-631-19841-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldich1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holdich" title="Thomas Holdich">Holdich, Thomas</a> (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Empire and the century/The Frontier Question"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Frontier_Question">"The Frontier Question" </a></span>. <i>The Empire and the century</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 651–662.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Frontier+Question&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=651-662&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Holdich&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+influence+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_influence_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arithmetic_on_the_Frontier" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Arithmetic on the Frontier">Arithmetic on the Frontier</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Short_Account_of_Afghanistan,_its_History,_and_our_Dealings_with_it" class="extiw" title="wikisource:A Short Account of Afghanistan, its History, and our Dealings with it">A Short Account of Afghanistan, its History, and our Dealings with it</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007581/Anglo-Afghan-Wars">Encyclopædia Britannica – Anglo Afghan Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8428">The Afghan Wars 1839–42 and 1878–80</a> by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Forbes" title="Archibald Forbes">Archibald Forbes</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html">Library of Congress – Country Study of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5380.htm#history">U.S. Department of State Background Note on Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302231701/http://afghan-web.com/history/chron/index3.html">Chronological History of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102045439/http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/dostmohammad.htm">The Rise of Dost Mohammad and the Beginning of the Great Game</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/18/international/asia/18AFGH.html">HISTORY: For Ages, Afghanistan Is Not Easily Conquered, New York Times, 9/18/2001</a></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Template talk:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Afghan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Afghan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Anglo-Afghan War">Anglo-Afghan War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hay_Macnaghten" title="William Hay Macnaghten">William Hay Macnaghten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keane,_1st_Baron_Keane" title="John Keane, 1st Baron Keane">John Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Cotton" title="Willoughby Cotton">Willoughby Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Pollock,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet">George Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_Keith_Elphinstone" title="William George Keith Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Browne" title="Sam Browne">Sam Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Stewart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet">Donald Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barrett_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)">Arthur Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Amir Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Amir Sher Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ghazi Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Mohammed Nadir Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni" title="Battle of Ghazni">Battle of Ghazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kahun" title="Siege of Kahun">Siege of Kahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jellalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jellalabad">Battle of Jellalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul" title="1842 retreat from Kabul">Retreat from Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_Expedition_(1842)" title="Kabul Expedition (1842)">Battle of Kabul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ali_Masjid" title="Battle of Ali Masjid">Battle of Ali Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peiwar_Kotal" title="Battle of Peiwar Kotal">Battle of Peiwar Kotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_British_Residency_in_Kabul" title="Siege of the British Residency in Kabul">Siege of the British Residency in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Battle of Charasiab">Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Sherpur_Cantonment" title="Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment">Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ahmed_Khel" title="Battle of Ahmed Khel">Battle of Ahmed Khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Charasiab" title="Second Battle of Charasiab">Second Battle of Charasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">Battle of Kandahar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European influence in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game:_Afghanistan" title="The Great Game: Afghanistan">The Great Game: Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)">Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Afghan_Wars" title="Category:Anglo-Afghan Wars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Anglo-Afghan War">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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