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id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Habitat and population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Biology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anatomy and physiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Biological variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Psychology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sleep_and_dreaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_and_dreaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sleep and dreaming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_and_dreaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consciousness_and_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consciousness_and_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Consciousness and thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consciousness_and_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivation_and_emotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation_and_emotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Motivation and emotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation_and_emotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Sexuality and love </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 The arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools_and_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Tools and technologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Religion and spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Science and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Kinship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Government and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Trade and economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Human</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 221 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-221" aria-hidden="true" > 221 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%85" title="የሰው ልጅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሰው ልጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मनुष्य – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मनुष्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C3%A1n" title="Humán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Humán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA_%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omu" title="Omu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Omu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9" title="মানুহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মানুহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanu" title="Humanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Humanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriniw" title="Iriniw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Iriniw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="मनई – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मनई" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyp%C3%B3ra" title="Yvypóra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvypóra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ГӀадан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaqi" title="Jaqi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jaqi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan" title="İnsan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اینسان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینسان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusa" title="Manusa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manusa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7" title="মানুষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানুষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ng" title="Lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menungsa" title="Menungsa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Menungsa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Кеше – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кеше" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чалавек – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чалавек – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="मानुस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मानुस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="འགྲོ་བ་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འགྲོ་བ་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den" title="Den – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Den" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Ухаанта хүн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ухаанта хүн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sser_hum%C3%A0" title="Ésser humà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ésser humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Çын – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çын" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk_moudr%C3%BD" title="Člověk moudrý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Člověk moudrý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhu" title="Munhu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munthu" title="Munthu – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Munthu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omu" title="Omu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Omu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod_dynol" title="Bod dynol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bod dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninsala" title="Ninsala – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ninsala" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="بنادم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بنادم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmmo%C5%A1" title="Olmmoš – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Olmmoš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="मान्सु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मान्सु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimene" title="Inimene – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimene" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άνθρωπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρωπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ломань – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ломань" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humano" title="Humano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizaki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaan" title="Insaan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Insaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menniskja" title="Menniskja – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Menniskja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_moderne" title="Homme moderne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homme moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minske" title="Minske – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minske" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duine" title="Duine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_an_duine" title="Mac an duine – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mac an duine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_humano" title="Ser humano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ser humano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Саг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Саг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="آدم – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آدم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="મનુષ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મનુષ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%ACn" title="Ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C" title="사람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan_Adam" title="Ɗan Adam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ɗan Adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարդ բանական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդ բանական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मनुष्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनुष्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%E1%BB%A5%CC%80" title="Madụ̀ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Madụ̀" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_(sebbangan)" title="Tao (sebbangan) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tao (sebbangan)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esser_human" title="Esser human – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Esser human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%84%E1%92%83" title="ᐄᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐄᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Адæймаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адæймаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abantu" title="Abantu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Abantu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuntu" title="Umuntu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B0ur" title="Maður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="אדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manungsa" title="Manungsa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manungsa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5" title="ಮಾನವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tau" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اِنسان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Адам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Морт – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Морт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntu" title="Muntu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Muntu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moun" title="Moun – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounit%C3%A9" title="Mounité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mounité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirov" title="Mirov – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Киши – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Киши" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsona" title="Porsona – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Porsona" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инсан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Инсан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94" title="ມະນຸດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະນຸດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylv%C4%81ks" title="Cylvāks – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Cylvāks" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_humana" title="Gens humana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gens humana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93ks" title="Cilvēks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кас – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кас" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogus" title="Žmogus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bse_uman" title="Ëse uman – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ëse uman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mins" title="Mins – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mins" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto" title="Moto – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umana" title="Umana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remna" title="remna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuntu" title="Omuntu – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Omuntu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ember" title="Ember – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ember" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="लोक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olombelona" title="Olombelona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="മനുഷ്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bniedem" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5" title="मानव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ადამიერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამიერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="آدم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آدم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95" title="ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Nè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmano" title="Houmano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Houmano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ломанць – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ломанць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Хүн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လူသား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူသား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacatl" title="Tlacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mense" title="Mense – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mense" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="मानिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82" title="मनू – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88" title="ヒト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Адам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Адам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salan" title="Salan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Salan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88sser_uman" title="Èsser uman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èsser uman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Айдеме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Айдеме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7" title="ମଣିଷ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଣିଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odam" title="Odam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਮਨੁੱਖ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="मनुस्सो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मनुस्सो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hende" title="Hende – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hende" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuman" title="Yuuman – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuuman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Морт – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Морт" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="មនុស្ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មនុស្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92m" title="Òm – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsch" title="Minsch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%82owiek_rozumny" title="Człowiek rozumny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Człowiek rozumny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humano" title="Humano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insan" title="Insan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Insan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsh" title="Minsh – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Minsh" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manush" title="Manush – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Manush" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Человек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Человек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8h%D0%B8" title="Киhи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киhи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tademaw" title="tademaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tademaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="मनुष्यः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनुष्यः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodie" title="Bodie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bodie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njeriu" title="Njeriu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njeriu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanu" title="Umanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Umanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="මිනිසා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිනිසා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_rozumn%C3%BD" title="Človek rozumný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Človek rozumný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek" title="Človek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Človek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czowjek" title="Czowjek – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czowjek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadyow" title="Dadyow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dadyow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="مرۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusa" title="Manusa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manusa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihminen" title="Ihminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniska" title="Människa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao" title="Tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மனிதர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனிதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan" title="Afgan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Afgan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan" title="Afgan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afgan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Акыллы кеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акыллы кеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/squliq" title="squliq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="squliq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మానవుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="มนุษย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Инсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan" title="İnsan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" title="Adam – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Adam" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnipa" title="Nnipa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnipa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyubishyi" title="A̱tyubishyi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyubishyi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Людина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئادەم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئادەم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunz" title="Vunz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vunz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristit" title="Ristit – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ristit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inemine" title="Inemine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inemine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djin_(biyolodjeye)" title="Djin (biyolodjeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djin (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Human_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Human (disambiguation)">Human (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankind_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mankind (disambiguation)">Mankind (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humankind_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Humankind (disambiguation)">Humankind (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Race_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Human Race (disambiguation)">Human Race (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Being_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Human Being (disambiguation)">Human Being (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homo sapiens (disambiguation)">Homo sapiens (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">Person</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Human <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 0.3–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.89846153846px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Chibanian" title="Chibanian">Chibanian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Akha_cropped_hires.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG/220px-Akha_cropped_hires.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG/330px-Akha_cropped_hires.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Akha_cropped_hires.JPG 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="554" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male (left) and female <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a> humans, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Homo" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">H. sapiens</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Homo sapiens <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Population_Density_Map_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/World_Population_Density_Map_2020.png/220px-World_Population_Density_Map_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/World_Population_Density_Map_2020.png/330px-World_Population_Density_Map_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/World_Population_Density_Map_2020.png/440px-World_Population_Density_Map_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="1464" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Homo sapiens population density (2020) </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man" or "wise man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a>, and the last surviving species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Great_apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great apes">great apes</a> characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing#Evolution_of_hairlessness" title="Prehistory of nakedness and clothing">hairlessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedalism</a>, and high <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">intelligence</a>. Humans have large <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brains</a>, enabling more advanced <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> skills that enable them to thrive and adapt in varied environments, develop highly complex <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>, and form complex <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>. Humans are <a href="/wiki/Sociality" title="Sociality">highly social</a>, with individual humans tending to belong to a <a href="/wiki/Level_of_analysis" title="Level of analysis">multi-layered</a> network of cooperating, distinct, or even competing <a href="/wiki/Social_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Social groups">social groups</a> – from <a href="/wiki/Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Families">families</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peer_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer groups">peer groups</a> to <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">political states</a>. As such, <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interactions</a> between humans have established a wide variety of values, <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">traditions</a> (collectively termed <a href="/wiki/Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions">institutions</a>), each of which bolsters human <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. Humans are also highly <a href="/wiki/Curious" class="mw-redirect" title="Curious">curious</a>, with the desire to understand and influence <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> having motivated humanity's development of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and other frameworks of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>; humans also study themselves through such domains as <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. There are estimated to be <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">more than eight billion living humans</a>. Although some scientists equate the term "humans" with all members of the genus <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> member. All other members of the genus Homo, which are now extinct, are known as <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a>, and the term "modern human" is used to distinguish Homo sapiens from archaic humans. <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">Anatomically modern humans</a> emerged around 300,000 years ago in Africa, evolving from <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> or a similar species. Migrating <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">out of Africa</a>, they gradually replaced and <a href="/wiki/Interbred" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbred">interbred</a> with local populations of archaic humans. Multiple hypotheses for the extinction of archaic human species <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_extinction" title="Neanderthal extinction">such as Neanderthals</a> include competition, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">interbreeding</a> with Homo sapiens, or inability to adapt to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Humans began exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a> about 160,000–60,000 years ago. For most of their history, humans were <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> hunter-gatherers. The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, which began in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> around 13,000 years ago (and separately in a few other places), saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and permanent <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">human settlement</a>; in turn, this led to the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">development of civilization</a> and kickstarted a period of continuous (and ongoing) <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and rapid <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">technological change</a>. Since then, a number of civilizations have risen and fallen, while a number of <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">technological</a> developments have resulted in significant changes to the human lifestyle. <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Genes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size, and life span. Though humans vary in many traits, humans are among the least genetically diverse species. Any two humans are at least 99.5% genetically similar. Humans are <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">sexually dimorphic</a>: generally, <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">males</a> have greater body strength and <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">females</a> have a higher <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a> percentage. At <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, humans develop <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic" title="Secondary sex characteristic">secondary sex characteristics</a>. Females are capable of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, usually between puberty, at around 12 years old, and <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>, around the age of 50. As <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> creatures, they are capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material, and have <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">used fire</a> and other forms of heat to prepare and <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cook</a> food since the time of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>. Humans can survive for up to eight weeks without <a href="/wiki/Human_food" title="Human food">food</a> and several days without <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Humans are generally <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleeping</a> on average seven to nine hours per day. <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a> is dangerous, with a high risk of complications and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. Often, both the mother and the father provide care for their children, who are <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">helpless at birth</a>. Humans have a large, highly developed, and complex <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>, the region of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> associated with higher cognition. Humans are highly <a href="/wiki/Intelligent" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent">intelligent</a> and capable of <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory#In_animals" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a>; they have flexible facial expressions, <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a>. The human mind is capable of <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a>, private <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">volition</a>, and forming views on <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>. This has allowed <a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">great technological advancements</a> and complex tool development through complex <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a> and the transmission of knowledge to subsequent generations through <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. Humans have had a dramatic <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">effect on the environment</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>, being rarely preyed upon by other species.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Human <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>, industrialization, land development, <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> and combustion of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> have led to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental destruction">environmental destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> that significantly contributes to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">mass extinction</a> of other forms of life.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Within the last century, humans have explored challenging environments such as <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heim-1991-4">[4]</a> Human habitation within these hostile environments is restrictive and expensive, typically limited in duration, and restricted to <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industrial</a> expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-Heim-1991-4">[4]</a> Humans have visited the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> and made their presence known on other <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bodies">celestial bodies</a> through human-made <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic spacecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Since the early 20th century, there has been continuous human presence in Antarctica through <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">research stations</a> and, since 2000, <a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">in space</a> through habitation on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Names_for_the_human_species" title="Names for the human species">Names for the human species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Human taxonomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> coined the name Homo sapiens</figcaption></figure> All modern humans are classified into the <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> Homo sapiens, coined by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his 1735 work <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Name_of_a_biological_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of a biological genus">generic name</a> "<a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>" is a learned 18th-century derivation from Latin homō, which refers to humans of either sex.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The word human can refer to all members of the Homo genus.<a href="#cite_note-Barras-2016-12">[12]</a> The name "Homo sapiens" means 'wise man' or 'knowledgeable man'.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> There is disagreement if certain extinct members of the genus, namely <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, should be included as a separate species of humans or as a <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of H. sapiens.<a href="#cite_note-Barras-2016-12">[12]</a> Human is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> humain, ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> hūmānus, the adjectival form of homō ('man' – in the sense of humanity).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The native English term <a href="/wiki/Man_(word)" title="Man (word)">man</a> can refer to the species generally (a synonym for humanity) as well as to human males. It may also refer to individuals of either sex.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Despite the fact that the word animal is colloquially used as an antonym for human,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and contrary to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions#Biology" title="List of common misconceptions">common biological misconception</a>, humans are <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The word <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> is often used interchangeably with human, but philosophical debate exists as to whether <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a> applies to all humans or all <a href="/wiki/Sentient_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient being">sentient beings</a>, and further if a human can lose personhood (such as by going into a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent vegetative state">persistent vegetative state</a>).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div> Humans are apes (<a href="/wiki/Hominoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoidea">superfamily Hominoidea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a> of apes that eventually gave rise to humans first split from <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a> (family Hylobatidae) and <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a> (genus Pongo), then <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> (genus Gorilla), and finally, <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a> (genus <a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a>). The last split, between the human and chimpanzee–bonobo lineages, took place around 8–4 million years ago, in the late <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> epoch.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> During this split, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2" title="Chromosome 2">chromosome 2</a> was formed from the joining of two other chromosomes, leaving humans with only 23 pairs of chromosomes, compared to 24 for the other apes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Following their split with chimpanzees and bonobos, the <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">hominins</a> diversified into many species and at least two distinct genera. All but one of these lineages – representing the genus <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> and its sole extant species Homo sapiens – are now extinct.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucy_Skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lucy_Skeleton.jpg/170px-Lucy_Skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lucy_Skeleton.jpg/255px-Lucy_Skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lucy_Skeleton.jpg/340px-Lucy_Skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a> skeleton found</figcaption></figure> The genus Homo evolved from <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Though <a href="/wiki/Human_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Human fossils">fossils</a> from the transition are scarce, the earliest members of Homo share several key traits with Australopithecus.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Villmoare2015-27">[27]</a> The earliest record of Homo is the 2.8 million-year-old specimen <a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">LD 350-1</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and the earliest named species are <a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">Homo rudolfensis</a> which evolved by 2.3 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Villmoare2015-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a> (the African variant is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>) evolved 2 million years ago and was the first <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a> species to leave Africa and disperse across Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> H. erectus also was the first to evolve a characteristically human <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago from a species commonly designated as either <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a>, the descendants of H. erectus that remained in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> H. sapiens migrated out of the continent, gradually replacing or interbreeding with local populations of archaic humans.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Humans began exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a> about 160,000–70,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and possibly earlier.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This development was likely selected amidst <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">natural climate change</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> Africa.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">"out of Africa" migration</a> took place in at least two waves, the first around 130,000 to 100,000 years ago, the second (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">Southern Dispersal</a>) around 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> H. sapiens proceeded to colonize all the continents and larger islands, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> 125,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Australia around 65,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> the Americas around 15,000 years ago, and remote islands such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in the years 300 to 1280 CE.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Human evolution was not a simple linear or branched progression but involved <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">interbreeding between related species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21179161-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Genomic research has shown that hybridization between substantially diverged lineages was common in human evolution.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> evidence suggests that several genes of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> origin are present among all non sub-Saharan-African populations, and Neanderthals and other hominins, such as <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a>, may have contributed up to 6% of their <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> to present-day non sub-Saharan-African humans.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21179161-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Human evolution is characterized by a number of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">developmental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human physiology">physiological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">behavioral</a> changes that have taken place since the split between the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees</a>. The most significant of these adaptations are <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing#Evolution_of_hairlessness" title="Prehistory of nakedness and clothing">hairlessness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> obligate bipedalism, increased brain size and decreased <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">neoteny</a>). The relationship between all these changes is the subject of ongoing debate.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"><a href="/wiki/Hominoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoidea">Hominoidea</a> (hominoids, <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Hylobatidae (<a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Hominidae (hominids, <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Pongo (<a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pongo_abelii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongo abelii">Pongo abelii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pongo_tapanuliensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongo tapanuliensis">Pongo tapanuliensis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pongo_pygmaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongo pygmaeus">Pongo pygmaeus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> (hominines) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Gorilla (<a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gorilla_gorilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorilla gorilla">Gorilla gorilla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gorilla_beringei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorilla beringei">Gorilla beringei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> (hominins) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Panina" title="Panina">Panina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Pan (<a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_paniscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan paniscus">Pan paniscus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a> (homininans) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Homo sapiens (humans) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_migrations_mercator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_migrations_mercator.svg/350px-Early_migrations_mercator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_migrations_mercator.svg/525px-Early_migrations_mercator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Early_migrations_mercator.svg/700px-Early_migrations_mercator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Overview map of the peopling of the world by <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">early human migration</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">Southern Dispersal</a> paradigm</figcaption></figure> Until about 12,000 years ago, all humans lived as <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> (the invention of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>) first took place in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> and spread through large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> over the following millennia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> It also occurred independently in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> (about 6,000 years ago),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">West Savanna</a> regions of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Access to food surplus led to the formation of permanent <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">human settlements</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of animals and the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">use of metal tools</a> for the first time in history. Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early <a href="/wiki/Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilizations">civilizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/220px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/440px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Great Pyramids of Giza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Urban_revolution" title="Urban revolution">urban revolution</a> took place in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BCE</a> with the development of <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> cities located in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It was in these cities that the earliest known form of writing, <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>, appeared around 3000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Other major civilizations to develop around this time were <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> They eventually traded with each other and invented technology such as wheels, plows and sails.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodnár-2018-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Emerging by 3000 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe civilization</a> is the oldest complex civilization in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Astronomy and mathematics were also developed and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> was built.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> There is evidence of a <a href="/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event" title="4.2-kiloyear event">severe drought</a> lasting about a hundred years that may have caused the decline of these civilizations,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> with new ones appearing in the aftermath. <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> came to dominate Mesopotamia while others,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, rose to prominence in new areas.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> around 1200 BCE resulted in the disappearance of a number of civilizations and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> During this period iron started replacing bronze, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In the 5th century BCE, history started being <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">recorded as a discipline</a>, which provided a much clearer picture of life at the time.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Between the 8th and 6th century BCE, Europe entered the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> age, a period when <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> flourished.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Around this time other civilizations also came to prominence. The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> started to build cities and create <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">complex calendars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> overtook the declining <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> and facilitated trade between India and the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In West Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>'s system of centralized governance became the precursor to many later empires,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> in India and the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> in China have been described as <a href="/wiki/Golden_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden ages">golden ages</a> in their respective regions.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg/170px-Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg/255px-Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg/340px-Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>Medieval French <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">manuscript illustration</a> of the three <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes</a> of medieval society from the 13th-century Li Livres dou Santé</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476, Europe entered the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> During this period, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> would provide centralized authority and education.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> became the prominent religion and expanded into North Africa. It led to an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, inspiring achievements in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, the revival of old advances in science and technology, and the formation of a distinct way of life.<a href="#cite_note-Renima-2016-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic worlds</a> would eventually clash, with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> declaring a series of <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">holy wars</a> to regain control of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> from <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In the Americas, between 200 and 900 CE <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> was in its <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology#Classic_Period" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Classic Period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> while further north, complex <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian societies</a> would arise starting around 800 CE.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> would conquer much of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> in the 13th and 14th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Over this same time period, the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> in Africa grew to be the largest empire on the continent, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Oceania would see the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tuʻi Tonga Empire</a> which expanded across many islands in the South Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> By the late 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> had become the dominant power in Mesoamerica and the <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andes</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">Late modern period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/220px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/330px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/440px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>'s steam engine</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> in Europe and the Near East (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450–1800) began with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">final defeat of the Byzantine Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">rise of the Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Meanwhile, Japan entered the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> rose in China<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> ruled much of India.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Europe underwent the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, starting in the 15th century,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> began with the exploring and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonizing</a> of new regions.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This included the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> This expansion led to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Native_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Native Americans">genocide of Native American peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> This period also marked the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, with great advances in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">late modern period</a> (1800–present) saw the <a href="/wiki/Technological_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological Revolution">Technological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> bring such discoveries as <a href="/wiki/Imaging_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging technology">imaging technology</a>, major innovations in transport and <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">energy development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideals, the Americas and Europe experienced a period of political revolutions known as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> raged through Europe in the early 1800s,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Spain lost most of its colonies in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> while Europeans continued <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">expansion into Africa</a> – where European control went from 10% to almost 90% in less than 50 years<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> – and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> expanded to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">world's largest empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schenker_VIA14_Laptop_asv2021-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Schenker_VIA14_Laptop_asv2021-01.jpg/220px-Schenker_VIA14_Laptop_asv2021-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Schenker_VIA14_Laptop_asv2021-01.jpg/330px-Schenker_VIA14_Laptop_asv2021-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Schenker_VIA14_Laptop_asv2021-01.jpg/440px-Schenker_VIA14_Laptop_asv2021-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5088" data-file-height="3816" /></a><figcaption>A laptop connected to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.</figcaption></figure>A tenuous <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> among European nations collapsed in 1914 with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, one of the deadliest conflicts in history.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">a worldwide economic crisis</a> led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regimes and a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">almost all of the world's countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The war's destruction led to the collapse of most global empires, leading to widespread decolonization. Following the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> emerged as the remaining <a href="/wiki/Global_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Global superpower">global superpowers</a>. This led to a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> that saw a struggle for global influence, including a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">space race</a>, ending in the collapse of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>, spurred by the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> systems, sees the world becoming increasingly <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalized</a> and interconnected.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_population">Habitat and population</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Population statistics<a href="#cite_note-129">[n 1]</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_Density,_v4.11,_2020_(48009093621).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Population_Density%2C_v4.11%2C_2020_%2848009093621%29.jpg/450px-Population_Density%2C_v4.11%2C_2020_%2848009093621%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Population_Density%2C_v4.11%2C_2020_%2848009093621%29.jpg/675px-Population_Density%2C_v4.11%2C_2020_%2848009093621%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Population_Density%2C_v4.11%2C_2020_%2848009093621%29.jpg/900px-Population_Density%2C_v4.11%2C_2020_%2848009093621%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="2231" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Choropleth" class="mw-redirect" title="Choropleth">Choropleth</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> (people per square kilometer) estimates by 30 arc-second grid in 2020</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.1 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Population_density#Human_population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16/km2 (41/sq mi) by total area 54/km2 (141/sq mi) by land area</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[n 2]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Early human settlements were dependent on proximity to <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water</a> and – depending on the lifestyle – other <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a>, such as populations of animal prey for <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> for growing crops and grazing livestock.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Modern humans, however, have a great capacity for altering their <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitats</a> by means of technology, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, construction, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Human settlements">Human settlements</a> continue to be <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerable</a> to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">natural disasters</a>, especially those placed in hazardous locations and with low quality of construction.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Grouping and deliberate habitat alteration is often done with the goals of providing protection, accumulating comforts or material wealth, expanding the available food, improving <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, increasing knowledge or enhancing the exchange of resources.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Humans are one of the most <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptable</a> species, despite having a low or narrow tolerance for many of the earth's extreme environments.<a href="#cite_note-Piantadosi-2003-136">[134]</a> Currently the species is present in all eight <a href="/wiki/Biogeographical_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeographical realms">biogeographical realms</a>, although their presence in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic realm</a> is very limited to <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">research stations</a> and annually there is a population decline in the winter months of this realm. Humans established nation-states in the other seven realms, such as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (each located in a different biogeographical realm). By using advanced tools and <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, humans have been able to extend their tolerance to a wide variety of temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidities</a>, and altitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Piantadosi-2003-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> As a result, humans are a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan</a> species found in almost all regions of the world, including <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">arid desert</a>, extremely cold <a href="/wiki/Arctic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic region">arctic regions</a>, and heavily polluted cities; in comparison, most other species are confined to a few geographical areas by their limited adaptability.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a> is not, however, uniformly distributed on the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface, because the population density varies from one region to another, and large stretches of surface are almost completely uninhabited, like <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and vast swathes of the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Piantadosi-2003-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Most humans (61%) live in Asia; the remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%), Europe (11%), and Oceania (0.5%).<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png/330px-Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png/495px-Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png/660px-Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption> Humans and their domesticated animals represent 96% of all mammalian biomass on earth, whereas all wild mammals represent only 4%.<a href="#cite_note-Bar-On-141">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> Estimates of the population at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Around 50–60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 4th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plagues</a>, first recorded in the 6th century AD, reduced the population by 50%, with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> killing 75–200 million people in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Human population is believed to have reached one billion in 1800. It has since then increased exponentially, reaching two billion in 1930 and three billion in 1960, four in 1975, five in 1987 and six billion in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> It passed seven billion in 2011<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> and passed eight billion in November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> It took over two million years of <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">human prehistory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">history</a> for the human population to reach one <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> and only 207 years more to grow to 7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The combined <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of the carbon of all the humans on Earth in 2018 was estimated at 60 million tons, about 10 times larger than that of all non-domesticated mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Bar-On-141">[139]</a> In 2018, 4.2 billion humans (55%) lived in urban areas, up from 751 million in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_(DESA)-2018-150">[148]</a> The most urbanized regions are Northern America (82%), Latin America (81%), Europe (74%) and Oceania (68%), with Africa and Asia having nearly 90% of the world's 3.4 billion rural population.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_(DESA)-2018-150">[148]</a> Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> especially in inner city and suburban <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human body</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/330px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/495px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png/660px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels_2.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Basic anatomical features of female and male humans. These models have had <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a> and male <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair" title="Facial hair">facial hair</a> removed and head hair trimmed.</figcaption></figure> Most aspects of human physiology are closely <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to corresponding aspects of animal physiology. The <a href="/wiki/Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">dental formula</a> of humans is: 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Humans have proportionately shorter <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palates</a> and much smaller <a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">teeth</a> than other primates. They are the only primates to have short, relatively flush <a href="/wiki/Canine_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine teeth">canine teeth</a>. Humans have characteristically crowded teeth, with gaps from lost teeth usually closing up quickly in young individuals. Humans are gradually losing their <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom teeth">third molars</a>, with some individuals having them congenitally absent.<a href="#cite_note-Revolution-152">[150]</a> Humans share with chimpanzees a <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> tail,<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">appendix</a>, flexible shoulder joints, grasping fingers and <a href="/wiki/Opposable_thumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposable thumb">opposable thumbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Humans also have a more barrel-shaped chests in contrast to the funnel shape of other apes, an adaptation for bipedal respiration.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Apart from bipedalism and brain size, humans differ from chimpanzees mostly in <a href="/wiki/Smelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelling">smelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digestion#Protein_digestion" title="Digestion">digesting proteins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neil-156">[154]</a> While humans have a density of <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a> comparable to other apes, it is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Vellus_hair" title="Vellus hair">vellus hair</a>, most of which is so short and wispy as to be practically invisible.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Humans have about 2 million <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a> spread over their entire bodies, many more than chimpanzees, whose sweat glands are scarce and are mainly located on the palm of the hand and on the soles of the feet.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> It is estimated that the worldwide average <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">height for an adult human</a> male is about 171 cm (5 ft 7 in), while the worldwide average height for adult human females is about 159 cm (5 ft 3 in).<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be typical in the extremely <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">aged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Throughout history, human populations have universally become taller, probably as a consequence of better nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">mass</a> of an adult human is 59 kg (130 lb) for females and 77 kg (170 lb) for males.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Like many other conditions, body weight and body type are influenced by both <a href="/wiki/Genetic_predisposition" title="Genetic predisposition">genetic susceptibility</a> and environment and varies greatly among individuals.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Humans have a far faster and more accurate <a href="/wiki/Throw" class="mw-redirect" title="Throw">throw</a> than other animals.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Humans are also among the best long-distance runners in the animal kingdom, but slower over short distances.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Neil-156">[154]</a> Humans' thinner body hair and more productive sweat glands help avoid <a href="/wiki/Heat_exhaustion" title="Heat exhaustion">heat exhaustion</a> while running for long distances.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Compared to other apes, the human <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> produces greater <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> is proportionately larger.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_genetics" title="Human genetics">Human genetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karyotype.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karyotype.png/220px-Karyotype.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karyotype.png/330px-Karyotype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karyotype.png/440px-Karyotype.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>A graphical representation of the standard human <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a>, including both the female (XX) and male (XY) sex chromosomes.</figcaption></figure> Like most animals, humans are a <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">diploid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> species. Each <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a> has two sets of 23 <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, each set received from one parent; <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> have only one set of chromosomes, which is a mixture of the two parental sets. Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes, there are 22 pairs of <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomes</a> and one pair of <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">sex chromosomes</a>. Like other mammals, humans have an <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a>, so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and males have XY.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Genes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility and mental abilities. The exact influence of <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">genes and environment</a> on certain traits is not well understood.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> While no humans – not even <a href="/wiki/Monozygotic_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Monozygotic twins">monozygotic twins</a> – are genetically identical,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> two humans on average will have a genetic similarity of 99.5%-99.9%.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> This makes them more <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">homogeneous</a> than other great apes, including chimpanzees.<a href="#cite_note-REGWG2005-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> This small variation in human DNA compared to many other species suggests a <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> (around 100,000 years ago), in which the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The forces of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> have continued to operate on human populations, with evidence that certain regions of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> display <a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional selection</a> in the past 15,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> was first sequenced in 2001<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> and by 2020 hundreds of thousands of genomes had been sequenced.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/International_HapMap_Project" title="International HapMap Project">International HapMap Project</a> had compared the genomes of 1,184 individuals from 11 populations and identified 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single nucleotide polymorphisms">single nucleotide polymorphisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> African populations harbor the highest number of private genetic variants. While many of the common variants found in populations outside of Africa are also found on the African continent, there are still large numbers that are private to these regions, especially <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2020-186">[184]</a> By 2010 estimates, humans have approximately 22,000 genes.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> By comparing <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mitochondrial DNA</a>, which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic marker</a> is found in all modern humans, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">mitochondrial Eve</a>, must have lived around 90,000 to 200,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg/220px-Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg/330px-Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg/440px-Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A 10 mm <a href="/wiki/Human_embryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryo">human embryo</a> at 5 weeks</figcaption></figure> Most <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">human reproduction</a> takes place by <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a> via <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>, but can also occur through <a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">assisted reproductive technology</a> procedures.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> period is 38 weeks, but a normal pregnancy can vary by up to 37 days.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Embryonic development in the human covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Humans are able to <a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">induce early labor</a> or perform a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> if the child needs to be born earlier for medical reasons.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> In developed countries, <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a> are typically 3–4 kg (7–9 lb) in weight and 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in height at birth.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a> is common in developing countries, and contributes to the high levels of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> in these regions.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Compared with other species, human childbirth is dangerous, with a much higher risk of complications and death.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The size of the fetus's head is more closely matched to the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> than in other primates.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlicev-200">[198]</a> The reason for this is not completely understood,<a href="#cite_note-202">[n 3]</a> but it contributes to a painful labor that can last 24 hours or more.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The chances of a successful labor increased significantly during the 20th century in wealthier countries with the advent of new medical technologies. In contrast, pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">natural childbirth</a> remain hazardous ordeals in developing regions of the world, with <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal death rates">maternal death rates</a> approximately 100 times greater than in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> Both the mother and the father provide care for human offspring, in contrast to other primates, where parental care is mostly done by the mother.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">Helpless at birth</a>, humans continue to grow for some years, typically reaching <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> at 15 to 17 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The human life span has been split into various stages ranging from three to twelve. Common stages include <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adulthood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The lengths of these stages have varied across cultures and time periods but is typified by an unusually rapid growth spurt during adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Human females undergo <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> and become <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertile</a> at around the age of 50.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> It has been proposed that menopause increases a woman's overall reproductive success by allowing her to invest more time and resources in her existing offspring, and in turn their children (the <a href="/wiki/Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">grandmother hypothesis</a>), rather than by continuing to bear children into old age.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> The life span of an individual depends on two major factors, genetics and lifestyle choices.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> For various reasons, including biological/genetic causes, women live on average about four years longer than men.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human&action=edit">[update]</a>, the global average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancy at birth">life expectancy at birth</a> of a girl is estimated to be 74.9 years compared to 70.4 for a boy.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> There are significant geographical variations in human life expectancy, mostly correlated with economic development – for example, life expectancy at birth in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is 87.6 years for girls and 81.8 for boys, while in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, it is 55.0 years for girls and 50.6 for boys.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> The developed world is generally aging, with the median age around 40 years. In the <a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">developing world</a>, the median age is between 15 and 20 years. While one in five Europeans is 60 years of age or older, only one in twenty Africans is 60 years of age or older.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> In 2012, the United Nations estimated that there were 316,600 living <a href="/wiki/Centenarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Centenarians">centenarians</a> (humans of age 100 or older) worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <table class="wikitable plain-column-headers" style="width: 80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Human life stages </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Redheaded_child_mesmerized_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Redheaded_child_mesmerized_2.jpg/100px-Redheaded_child_mesmerized_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Redheaded_child_mesmerized_2.jpg/150px-Redheaded_child_mesmerized_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Redheaded_child_mesmerized_2.jpg/200px-Redheaded_child_mesmerized_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1601" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg/100px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg/150px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg/200px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boy_in_Dar_es_Salaam_(14453809622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Boy_in_Dar_es_Salaam_%2814453809622%29.jpg/100px-Boy_in_Dar_es_Salaam_%2814453809622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Boy_in_Dar_es_Salaam_%2814453809622%29.jpg/150px-Boy_in_Dar_es_Salaam_%2814453809622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Boy_in_Dar_es_Salaam_%2814453809622%29.jpg/200px-Boy_in_Dar_es_Salaam_%2814453809622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pataxo001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pataxo001.jpg/100px-Pataxo001.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pataxo001.jpg/150px-Pataxo001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pataxo001.jpg/200px-Pataxo001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_age.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/An_old_age.JPG/100px-An_old_age.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/An_old_age.JPG/150px-An_old_age.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/An_old_age.JPG/200px-An_old_age.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_playing_with_yellow_paint._Work_by_Dutch_artist_Peter_Klashorst_entitled_%22Experimental%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Baby_playing_with_yellow_paint._Work_by_Dutch_artist_Peter_Klashorst_entitled_%22Experimental%22.jpg/100px-Baby_playing_with_yellow_paint._Work_by_Dutch_artist_Peter_Klashorst_entitled_%22Experimental%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Baby_playing_with_yellow_paint._Work_by_Dutch_artist_Peter_Klashorst_entitled_%22Experimental%22.jpg/150px-Baby_playing_with_yellow_paint._Work_by_Dutch_artist_Peter_Klashorst_entitled_%22Experimental%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Baby_playing_with_yellow_paint._Work_by_Dutch_artist_Peter_Klashorst_entitled_%22Experimental%22.jpg/200px-Baby_playing_with_yellow_paint._Work_by_Dutch_artist_Peter_Klashorst_entitled_%22Experimental%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="4992" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnie_dong_6511a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ethnie_dong_6511a.jpg/100px-Ethnie_dong_6511a.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ethnie_dong_6511a.jpg/150px-Ethnie_dong_6511a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ethnie_dong_6511a.jpg/200px-Ethnie_dong_6511a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran,_10-08-2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran%2C_10-08-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran%2C_10-08-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran%2C_10-08-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran%2C_10-08-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran%2C_10-08-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran%2C_10-08-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg/100px-Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg/150px-Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg/200px-Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HappyPensioneer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HappyPensioneer.jpg/100px-HappyPensioneer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HappyPensioneer.jpg/150px-HappyPensioneer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HappyPensioneer.jpg/200px-HappyPensioneer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 20%;"><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a> boy and girl </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 20%;">Boy and girl before <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a>) </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 20%;"><a href="/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">Adolescent</a> male and female </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 20%;"><a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">Adult</a> man and woman </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 20%;"><a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">Elderly</a> man and woman </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_The_Feast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Preparing_The_Feast.jpg/220px-Preparing_The_Feast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Preparing_The_Feast.jpg/330px-Preparing_The_Feast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Preparing_The_Feast.jpg/440px-Preparing_The_Feast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Humans living in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, preparing a meal</figcaption></figure>Humans are <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Human groups have adopted a range of diets from purely <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> to primarily <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>. In some cases, dietary restrictions in humans can lead to <a href="/wiki/Deficiency_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficiency diseases">deficiency diseases</a>; however, stable human groups have adapted to many dietary patterns through both genetic specialization and cultural conventions to use nutritionally balanced food sources.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> The human diet is prominently reflected in human culture and has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crittenden-2017-226">[223]</a> Until the development of agriculture, Homo sapiens employed a hunter-gatherer method as their sole means of food collection.<a href="#cite_note-Crittenden-2017-226">[223]</a> This involved combining stationary food sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms, insect larvae and aquatic mollusks) with <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">wild game</a>, which must be hunted and captured in order to be consumed.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> It has been proposed that humans have used fire to prepare and <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cook</a> food since the time of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Human <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of wild plants began about 11,700 years ago, leading to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">development of agriculture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> a gradual process called the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> These dietary changes may also have altered human biology; the spread of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy farming</a> provided a new and rich source of food, leading to the evolution of the ability to digest <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> in some adults.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> The types of food consumed, and how they are prepared, have varied widely by time, location, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> In general, humans can survive for up to eight weeks without food, depending on stored body fat.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Survival without water is usually limited to three or four days, with a maximum of one week.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> In 2020 it is estimated 9 million humans die every year from causes directly or indirectly related to <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Childhood malnutrition is also common and contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">global burden of disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> However, global food distribution is not even, and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> among some human populations has increased rapidly, leading to health complications and increased mortality in some <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed</a> and a few <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. Worldwide, over one billion people are obese,<a href="#cite_note-Haslam-240">[237]</a> while in the United States 35% of people are obese, leading to this being described as an "<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity" title="Epidemiology of obesity">obesity epidemic</a>."<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> Obesity is caused by consuming more <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> than are expended, so excessive weight gain is usually caused by an energy-dense diet.<a href="#cite_note-Haslam-240">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_variation">Biological variation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Human genetic variation</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seti1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Seti1a.jpg/220px-Seti1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Seti1a.jpg/330px-Seti1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Seti1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Libyan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a>, drawing by an unknown artist after a mural of the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></figcaption></figure>There is biological variation in the human species – with traits such as <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood type</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic diseases">genetic diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">cranial features</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Human face">facial features</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ systems">organ systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">eye color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair color">hair color</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair texture">texture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">height</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_shape" title="Body shape">build</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin color</a> varying across the globe. The typical height of an adult human is between 1.4 and 1.9 m (4 ft 7 in and 6 ft 3 in), although this varies significantly depending on sex, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">ethnic origin</a>, and family bloodlines.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Body size is partly determined by genes and is also significantly influenced by environmental factors such as <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>, exercise, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep pattern">sleep patterns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hair_colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hair_colors.jpg/220px-Hair_colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hair_colors.jpg/330px-Hair_colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hair_colors.jpg/440px-Hair_colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3446" data-file-height="5081" /></a><figcaption>A variety of human hair colors; from top left, clockwise: <a href="/wiki/Black_hair" title="Black hair">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_hair" title="Brown hair">brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="White hair">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red</a>.</figcaption></figure> There is evidence that populations have adapted genetically to various external factors. The genes that allow adult humans to <a href="/wiki/Lactose_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactose tolerance">digest lactose</a> are present in high frequencies in populations that have long histories of cattle domestication and are more dependent on <a href="/wiki/Cow_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow milk">cow milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle cell anemia">Sickle cell anemia</a>, which may provide increased resistance to <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, is frequent in populations where <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> is endemic.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Populations that have for a very long time inhabited specific climates tend to have developed specific <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> that are beneficial for those environments – <a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_rule" title="Allen's rule">short stature and stocky build in cold regions</a>, tall and lanky in hot regions, and with high lung capacities or other <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_adaptation_in_humans" title="High-altitude adaptation in humans">adaptations at high altitudes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Some populations have evolved highly unique adaptations to very specific environmental conditions, such as those advantageous to ocean-dwelling lifestyles and <a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">freediving</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bajau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau">Bajau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Human hair ranges in color from <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red</a> to <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brown_hair" title="Brown hair">brown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Black_hair" title="Black hair">black</a>, which is the most frequent.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Hair color depends on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>, with concentrations fading with increased age, leading to <a href="/wiki/Grey_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey hair">grey</a> or even white hair. Skin color can range from <a href="/wiki/Dark_skin" title="Dark skin">darkest brown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Light_skin" title="Light skin">lightest peach</a>, or even nearly white or colorless in cases of <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roberts1-251">[248]</a> It tends to vary <a href="/wiki/Clinal_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinal variation">clinally</a> and generally correlates with the level of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet radiation</a> in a particular geographic area, with darker skin mostly around the equator.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> Skin darkening may have evolved as protection against ultraviolet solar radiation.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Light skin pigmentation protects against depletion of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, which requires <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to make.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Human skin also has a capacity to darken (tan) in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> There is relatively little variation between human geographical populations, and most of the variation that occurs is at the individual level.<a href="#cite_note-roberts1-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Much of human variation is continuous, often with no clear points of demarcation.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> Genetic data shows that no matter how population groups are defined, two people from the same population group are almost as different from each other as two people from any two different population groups.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> Dark-skinned populations that are found in Africa, Australia, and South Asia are not closely related to each other.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> Genetic research has demonstrated that human populations native to the <a href="/wiki/African_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="African continent">African continent</a> are the most genetically diverse<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> and genetic diversity decreases with migratory distance from Africa, possibly the result of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_bottleneck" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary bottleneck">bottlenecks</a> during human migration.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> These non-African populations acquired new genetic inputs from local <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">admixture with archaic populations</a> and have much greater variation from <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denisovans" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a> than is found in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2020-186">[184]</a> though Neanderthal admixture into African populations may be underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> Furthermore, recent studies have found that populations in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, have ancestral genetic variation which predates modern humans and has been lost in most non-African populations. Some of this ancestry is thought to originate from admixture with an <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans#Archaic_African_hominins" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">unknown archaic hominin</a> that diverged before the split of Neanderthals and modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Humans are a <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoric</a> species, meaning they are divided into male and female <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> The greatest degree of genetic <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">variation exists between males and females</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_diversity" title="Nucleotide diversity">nucleotide</a> genetic variation of individuals of the same sex across global populations is no greater than 0.1%–0.5%, the genetic difference between <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">males</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">females</a> is between 1% and 2%. Males on average are 15% heavier and 15 cm (6 in) taller than females.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> On average, men have about 40–50% more upper-body strength and 20–30% more lower-body strength than women at the same weight, due to higher amounts of muscle and larger muscle fibers.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Women generally have a higher <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a> percentage than men.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> Women have <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color#Sexual_dimorphism" title="Human skin color">lighter skin</a> than men of the same population; this has been explained by a higher need for vitamin D in females during pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> As there are chromosomal differences between females and males, some X and Y chromosome-related conditions and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disorders</a> only affect either men or women.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> After allowing for body weight and volume, the male voice is usually an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> deeper than the female voice.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> Women have a <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_longevity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in longevity">longer life span</a> in almost every population around the world.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> conditions in the human population, however these are rare.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIA_human_brain_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NIA_human_brain_drawing.jpg/220px-NIA_human_brain_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NIA_human_brain_drawing.jpg/330px-NIA_human_brain_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NIA_human_brain_drawing.jpg/440px-NIA_human_brain_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a>, showing several important structures</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a>, the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> in humans, controls the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>. In addition to controlling "lower", involuntary, or primarily <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a> activities such as <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, it is also the locus of "higher" order functioning such as <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Mental_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental function">cognitive processes</a> constitute the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, and, along with their <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavioral</a> consequences, are studied in the field of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. Humans have a larger and more developed <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> than other primates, the region of the brain associated with higher <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> This has led humans to proclaim themselves to be more intelligent than any other known species.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> Objectively defining intelligence is difficult, with other animals adapting senses and excelling in areas that humans are unable to.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> There are some traits that, although not strictly unique, do set humans apart from other animals.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Humans may be the only animals who have <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory#In_animals" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a> and who can engage in "<a href="/wiki/Mental_time_travel#Evolution_and_human_uniqueness" title="Mental time travel">mental time travel</a>".<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> Even compared with other social animals, humans have an unusually high degree of flexibility in their facial expressions.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> Humans are the only animals known to cry emotional tears.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Humans are one of the few animals able to self-recognize in <a href="/wiki/Mirror_test" title="Mirror test">mirror tests</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> and there is also debate over to what extent humans are the only animals with a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_and_dreaming">Sleep and dreaming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">Sleep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">Dream</a></div> Humans are generally <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>. The average sleep requirement is between seven and nine hours per day for an adult and nine to ten hours per day for a child; elderly people usually sleep for six to seven hours. Having less sleep than this is common among humans, even though <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a> can have negative health effects. A sustained restriction of adult sleep to four hours per day has been shown to correlate with changes in physiology and mental state, including reduced memory, fatigue, aggression, and bodily discomfort.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> During sleep humans dream, where they experience sensory images and sounds. Dreaming is stimulated by the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> and mostly occurs during the <a href="/wiki/REM_phase_of_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="REM phase of sleep">REM phase of sleep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> The length of a dream can vary, from a few seconds up to 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Humans have three to five dreams per night, and some may have up to seven.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> Dreamers are more likely to remember the dream if awakened during the REM phase. The events in dreams are generally outside the control of the dreamer, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">lucid dreaming</a>, where the dreamer is <a href="/wiki/Self-aware" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-aware">self-aware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> Dreams can at times make a <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> thought occur or give a sense of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">inspiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consciousness_and_thought">Consciousness and thought</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></div> Human consciousness, at its simplest, is <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a> or <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a> of internal or external existence.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> Despite centuries of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial,<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> being "at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives".<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> The only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness. Some philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness, which is sensory experience itself, and access consciousness, which can be used for reasoning or directly controlling actions.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> It is sometimes synonymous with 'the mind', and at other times, an aspect of it. Historically it is associated with <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a>, private <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">volition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> It now often includes some kind of <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>. It may be 'awareness', or '<a href="/wiki/Meta-cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-cognition">awareness of awareness</a>', or <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> There might be different levels or <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_theories_of_consciousness" title="Higher-order theories of consciousness">orders of consciousness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> or different kinds of consciousness, or just one kind with different features.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> The process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses is known as cognition.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> The human brain <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceives</a> the external world through the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>, and each individual human is influenced greatly by his or her experiences, leading to <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> views of <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> and the passage of time.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> The nature of thought is central to psychology and related fields. <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a> studies <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mental_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental function">mental processes</a> underlying behavior.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> Largely focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a> seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, or <a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">moral development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">Psychologists</a> have developed intelligence tests and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence quotient</a> in order to assess the relative intelligence of human beings and study its <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics)" title="Distribution (mathematics)">distribution</a> among population.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivation_and_emotion">Motivation and emotion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">Motivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_depicting_emotions_of_grief_from_Charles_Darwin%27s_book_The_Expression_of_the_Emotions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Plate_depicting_emotions_of_grief_from_Charles_Darwin%27s_book_The_Expression_of_the_Emotions.jpg/220px-Plate_depicting_emotions_of_grief_from_Charles_Darwin%27s_book_The_Expression_of_the_Emotions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Plate_depicting_emotions_of_grief_from_Charles_Darwin%27s_book_The_Expression_of_the_Emotions.jpg/330px-Plate_depicting_emotions_of_grief_from_Charles_Darwin%27s_book_The_Expression_of_the_Emotions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Plate_depicting_emotions_of_grief_from_Charles_Darwin%27s_book_The_Expression_of_the_Emotions.jpg/440px-Plate_depicting_emotions_of_grief_from_Charles_Darwin%27s_book_The_Expression_of_the_Emotions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of grief from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s 1872 book <a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></figcaption></figure> Human motivation is not yet wholly understood. From a psychological perspective, <a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">Maslow's hierarchy of needs</a> is a well-established theory that can be defined as the process of satisfying certain needs in ascending order of complexity.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> From a more general, philosophical perspective, human motivation can be defined as a commitment to, or withdrawal from, various goals requiring the application of human ability. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Incentive" title="Incentive">incentive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preference" title="Preference">preference</a> are both factors, as are any perceived links between incentives and preferences. <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">Volition</a> may also be involved, in which case willpower is also a factor. Ideally, both motivation and volition ensure the selection, striving for, and <a href="/wiki/Realisation_(metrology)" title="Realisation (metrology)">realization</a> of goals in an optimal manner, a <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">function</a> beginning in childhood and continuing throughout a lifetime in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> Emotions are <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> states associated with the nervous system<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> brought on by <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiological</a> changes variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">displeasure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> They are often <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal influence">intertwined</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disposition" title="Disposition">disposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> and motivation. Emotion has a significant influence on human behavior and their ability to learn.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> Acting on extreme or uncontrolled emotions can lead to social disorder and crime,<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> with studies showing criminals may have a lower <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a> than normal.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> Emotional experiences perceived as <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasant</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">joy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">interest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">contentment</a>, contrast with those perceived as <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">unpleasant</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">sadness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">despair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a>, or the state of being happy, is a human emotional condition. The definition of happiness is a common philosophical topic. Some define it as experiencing the <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a> of positive <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">emotional affects</a>, while avoiding the negative ones.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> Others see it as an appraisal of <a href="/wiki/Life_satisfaction" title="Life satisfaction">life satisfaction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> Recent research suggests that being happy might involve experiencing some negative emotions when humans feel they are warranted.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality_and_love">Sexuality and love</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweet_Baby_Kisses_Family_Love.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sweet_Baby_Kisses_Family_Love.jpg/220px-Sweet_Baby_Kisses_Family_Love.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sweet_Baby_Kisses_Family_Love.jpg/330px-Sweet_Baby_Kisses_Family_Love.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sweet_Baby_Kisses_Family_Love.jpg/440px-Sweet_Baby_Kisses_Family_Love.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption>Human parents often display <a href="/wiki/Familial_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial love">familial love</a> for their children.</figcaption></figure> For humans, sexuality involves <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic">erotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_intimacy" title="Physical intimacy">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">emotional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> feelings and behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-S._Greenberg-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolin-336">[333]</a> Because it is a broad term, which has varied with historical contexts over time, it lacks a precise definition.<a href="#cite_note-Bolin-336">[333]</a> The biological and physical aspects of sexuality largely concern the <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">human reproductive functions</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">human sexual response cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S._Greenberg-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolin-336">[333]</a> Sexuality also affects and is affected by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a>, and religious aspects of life.<a href="#cite_note-S._Greenberg-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolin-336">[333]</a> Sexual desire, or <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>, is a basic mental state present at the beginning of sexual behavior. Studies show that men desire sex more than women and <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbate</a> more often.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> Humans can fall anywhere along a continuous scale of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> although most humans are <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey16-339">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeVay-340">[337]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> behavior <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">occurs in some other animals</a>, only humans and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">domestic sheep</a> have so far been found to exhibit exclusive preference for same-sex relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey16-339">[336]</a> Most evidence supports nonsocial, <a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">biological causes of sexual orientation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bailey16-339">[336]</a> as cultures that are very tolerant of homosexuality do not have significantly higher rates of it.<a href="#cite_note-LeVay-340">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> Research in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> suggests that other aspects of human sexuality are biologically influenced as well.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> Love most commonly refers to a feeling of strong attraction or emotional <a href="/wiki/Attachment_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attachment (psychology)">attachment</a>. It can be impersonal (the love of an object, ideal, or strong political or spiritual connection) or interpersonal (love between humans).<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> When in love <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and other chemicals stimulate the brain's <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasure center">pleasure center</a>, leading to side effects such as increased <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">appetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">sleep</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">intense feeling of excitement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Human society statistics</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Most widely spoken languages<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-346">[343]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Most practiced religions<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactbook-346">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">unaffiliated</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Humanity's unprecedented set of intellectual skills were a key factor in the species' eventual technological advancement and concomitant domination of the biosphere.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> Disregarding extinct hominids, humans are the only animals known to teach generalizable information,<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> innately deploy recursive <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">embedding</a> to generate and communicate complex concepts,<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> engage in the "<a href="/wiki/Folk_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk physics">folk physics</a>" required for competent tool design,<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> or cook food in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> Teaching and learning preserves the cultural and ethnographic identity of human societies.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> Other traits and behaviors that are mostly unique to humans include starting fires,<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> structuring<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_learning" title="Vocal learning">vocal learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primary_Human_Languages_Improved_Version.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Primary_Human_Languages_Improved_Version.png/330px-Primary_Human_Languages_Improved_Version.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Primary_Human_Languages_Improved_Version.png/495px-Primary_Human_Languages_Improved_Version.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Primary_Human_Languages_Improved_Version.png/660px-Primary_Human_Languages_Improved_Version.png 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Principal <a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">language families</a> of the world (and in some cases geographic groups of families). For greater detail, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Distribution_of_languages_in_the_world" title="Template:Distribution of languages in the world">Distribution of languages in the world</a>.</figcaption></figure> While many species <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">communicate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> is unique to humans, a defining feature of humanity, and a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">cultural universal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> Unlike the limited systems of other animals, human language is open – an infinite number of meanings can be produced by combining a limited number of symbols.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> Human language also has the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(linguistics)" title="Displacement (linguistics)">displacement</a>, using words to represent things and happenings that are not presently or locally occurring but reside in the shared imagination of interlocutors.<a href="#cite_note-Revolution-152">[150]</a> Language differs from other forms of communication in that it is <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech#Modality-independence" title="Origin of speech">modality independent</a>; the same meanings can be conveyed through different media, audibly in <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>, visually by <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> or writing, and through tactile media such as <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> Language is central to the communication between humans, and to the sense of identity that unites nations, cultures and ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> There are approximately six thousand different languages currently in use, including sign languages, and many thousands more that are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></div>Human arts can take many forms including <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary arts">literary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing</a>. Visual art can range from <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> to <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> Literary arts can include <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramas</a>. The performing arts generally involve <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> Humans often combine the different forms (for example, music videos).<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> Other entities that have been described as having artistic qualities include <a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">food preparation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_games_as_an_art_form" title="Video games as an art form">video games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> As well as providing entertainment and transferring knowledge, the arts are also used for <a href="/wiki/The_arts_and_politics" title="The arts and politics">political purposes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/170px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/255px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/340px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (mythology)">Deluge</a> tablet of <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">the Gilgamesh epic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a> is a defining characteristic of humans and there is evidence for a relationship between creativity and language.<a href="#cite_note-Morriss-Kay-2010-372">[369]</a> The earliest evidence of art was shell engravings made by Homo erectus 300,000 years before modern humans evolved.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> Art attributed to H. sapiens existed at least 75,000 years ago, with jewellery and drawings found in caves in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> There are various hypotheses as to why humans have <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapted</a> to the arts. These include allowing them to better problem solve issues, providing a means to control or influence other humans, encouraging cooperation and contribution within a society or increasing the chance of attracting a potential mate.<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> The use of imagination developed through art, combined with logic may have given early humans an evolutionary advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Morriss-Kay-2010-372">[369]</a> Evidence of humans engaging in musical activities predates cave art and so far music has been <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">practiced by virtually all known human cultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morley-2014-377">[374]</a> There exists a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic music">ethnic musics</a>; with humans' musical abilities being related to other abilities, including complex social human behaviours.<a href="#cite_note-Morley-2014-377">[374]</a> It has been shown that human brains respond to music by becoming synchronized with the rhythm and beat, a process called <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">entrainment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> Dance is also a form of human expression found in all cultures<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> and may have evolved as a way to help early humans communicate.<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> Listening to music and observing dance stimulates the <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbitofrontal cortex</a> and other pleasure sensing areas of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> Unlike speaking, reading and writing does not come naturally to humans and must be taught.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> Still, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> has been present before the invention of words and language, with 30,000-year-old paintings on walls inside some caves portraying a series of dramatic scenes.<a href="#cite_note-Puchner-383">[380]</a> One of the oldest surviving works of literature is the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, first engraved on ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> tablets about 4,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> Beyond simply passing down knowledge, the use and sharing of imaginative <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> through stories might have helped develop humans' capabilities for communication and increased the likelihood of securing a mate.<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> Storytelling may also be used as a way to provide the audience with moral lessons and encourage cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-Puchner-383">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools_and_technologies">Tools and technologies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Train running on a track" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg/220px-JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg/330px-JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg/440px-JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SCMaglev" title="SCMaglev">SCMaglev</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_rail_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for rail vehicles">fastest train</a> in the world clocking in at 603 km/h (375 mph) as of 2015<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a></figcaption></figure> Stone tools were used by proto-humans at least 2.5 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> The use and manufacture of tools has been put forward as the ability that defines humans more than anything else<a href="#cite_note-Choi-2009-388">[385]</a> and has historically been seen as an important evolutionary step.<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> The technology became much more sophisticated about 1.8 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Choi-2009-388">[385]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">controlled use of fire</a> beginning around 1 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> The wheel and wheeled vehicles appeared simultaneously in several regions some time in the fourth millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-Bodnár-2018-68">[68]</a> The development of more complex tools and technologies allowed land to be <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">cultivated</a> and animals to be <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>, thus proving essential in the development of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> – what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> China developed <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">other important inventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> The continued improvements in <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> of copper, bronze, iron and eventually <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> and many other products.<a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> This coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, where the invention of automated machines brought major changes to humans' lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a> Modern technology is observed as <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">progressing exponentially</a>,<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> with major innovations in the 20th century including: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">nitrogen fixing fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">contraceptive pills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">green revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, scientific <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_spirituality">Religion and spirituality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg/170px-Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg/255px-Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg/340px-Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> of fire, lightning, and thunder, in the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>, depicted on horseback</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_religion" title="Definition of religion">Definitions of religion</a> vary;<a href="#cite_note-Idinopulos-1998-398">[395]</a> according to one definition, a religion is a <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> system concerning the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a>, and practices, <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a>, institutions and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> associated with such belief. Some religions also have a <a href="/wiki/Moral_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral code">moral code</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">evolution</a> and the history of the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">first religions</a> have become areas of active scientific investigation.<a href="#cite_note-399">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[398]</a> Credible evidence of religious behaviour dates to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> era (45–200 <a href="/wiki/Tya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tya (unit)">thousand years ago</a>).<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a> It may have evolved to play a role in helping enforce and encourage cooperation between humans.<a href="#cite_note-403">[400]</a> Religion manifests in diverse forms.<a href="#cite_note-Idinopulos-1998-398">[395]</a> Religion can include a belief in <a href="/wiki/Life_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Life after death">life after death</a>,<a href="#cite_note-404">[401]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>, the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious cosmology</a>) and its <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate fate">ultimate fate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religious_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious ethics">ethical teachings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[402]</a> Views on <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> vary substantially; traditions variously espouse <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-406">[403]</a> Although measuring religiosity is difficult,<a href="#cite_note-407">[404]</a> a majority of humans profess some variety of religious or spiritual belief.<a href="#cite_note-408">[405]</a> In 2015 the plurality were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[406]</a> As of 2015, about 16%, or slightly under 1.2 billion humans, were <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a>, including those with no religious beliefs or no identity with any religion.<a href="#cite_note-410">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_philosophy">Science and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang_star_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dunhuang_star_map.jpg/220px-Dunhuang_star_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dunhuang_star_map.jpg/330px-Dunhuang_star_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dunhuang_star_map.jpg/440px-Dunhuang_star_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang map">Dunhuang map</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Star_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Star map">star map</a> showing the North Polar region. China circa 700.</figcaption></figure> An aspect unique to humans is their ability to <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_transfer" title="Knowledge transfer">transmit knowledge</a> from one generation to the next and to continually build on this information to develop tools, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">scientific laws</a> and other advances to pass on further.<a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a> This accumulated knowledge can be tested to answer questions or make predictions about how the universe functions and has been very successful in advancing human ascendancy.<a href="#cite_note-412">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> has been described as the first scientist,<a href="#cite_note-413">[410]</a> and preceded the rise of scientific thought through the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[411]</a> Other early advances in science came from the <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> in China and during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renima-2016-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">scientific revolution</a>, near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Modern_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern science">modern science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[413]</a> A chain of events and influences led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, a process of observation and experimentation that is used to differentiate science from <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[414]</a> An understanding of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> is unique to humans, although other species of animals have some <a href="/wiki/Numerical_cognition" title="Numerical cognition">numerical cognition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-418">[415]</a> All of science can be divided into three major branches, the <a href="/wiki/Formal_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal sciences">formal sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>), which are concerned with <a href="/wiki/Formal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal systems">formal systems</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Applied_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied sciences">applied sciences</a> (e.g., engineering, medicine), which are focused on practical applications, and the empirical sciences, which are based on <a href="/wiki/Empirical_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical observation">empirical observation</a> and are in turn divided into <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, economics, sociology).<a href="#cite_note-419">[416]</a> Philosophy is a field of study where humans seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves and the world in which they live.<a href="#cite_note-420">[417]</a> Philosophical inquiry has been a major feature in the development of humans' intellectual history.<a href="#cite_note-421">[418]</a> It has been described as the "no man's land" between definitive scientific knowledge and dogmatic religious teachings.<a href="#cite_note-422">[419]</a> Major fields of philosophy include <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic (philosophy)">logic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">axiology</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>).<a href="#cite_note-423">[420]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_family_in_Brazil_posed_in_front_of_hut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Indian_family_in_Brazil_posed_in_front_of_hut.jpg/170px-Indian_family_in_Brazil_posed_in_front_of_hut.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Indian_family_in_Brazil_posed_in_front_of_hut.jpg/255px-Indian_family_in_Brazil_posed_in_front_of_hut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Indian_family_in_Brazil_posed_in_front_of_hut.jpg/340px-Indian_family_in_Brazil_posed_in_front_of_hut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Humans often live in family-based social structures</figcaption></figure> Society is the system of organizations and institutions arising from interaction between humans. Humans are highly social and tend to live in large complex social groups. They can be divided into different groups according to their income, wealth, <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">reputation</a> and other factors. The structure of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> and the degree of <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> differs, especially between modern and traditional societies.<a href="#cite_note-424">[421]</a> Human groups range from the size of <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">families</a> to nations. The first form of human social organization is thought to have resembled <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">band societies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/170px-Human.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/255px-Human.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/340px-Human.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">woman</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a></figcaption></figure> Human societies typically exhibit <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a> that distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a> characteristics and prescribe the range of acceptable behaviours and attitudes for their members based on their <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[424]</a> The most common categorisation is a <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men">men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a> Some societies recognize a <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a>,<a href="#cite_note-429">[426]</a> or less commonly a fourth or fifth.<a href="#cite_note-430">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[428]</a> In some other societies, <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary</a> is used as an umbrella term for a range of gender identities that are not solely male or female.<a href="#cite_note-432">[429]</a> Gender roles are often associated with a division of <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Practice_(social_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Practice (social theory)">practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(social_inequality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (social inequality)">privileges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>, with men enjoying more rights and privileges than women in most societies, both today and in the past.<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social construct</a>,<a href="#cite_note-434">[431]</a> gender roles are not fixed and vary historically within a society. Challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies.<a href="#cite_note-435">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a> Little is known about gender roles in the earliest human societies. <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">Early modern humans</a> probably had a range of gender roles similar to that of modern cultures from at least the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> were less sexually dimorphic and there is evidence that the behavioural difference between males and females was minimal.<a href="#cite_note-437">[434]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship">Kinship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></div> All human societies organize, recognize and classify types of social relationships based on relations between parents, children and other descendants (<a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a>), and relations through <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">affinity</a>). There is also a third type applied to <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godparents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive children</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">fictive</a>). These culturally defined relationships are referred to as kinship. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[435]</a> All societies have rules of <a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">incest taboo</a>, according to which marriage between certain kinds of kin relations is prohibited, and some also have rules of preferential marriage with certain kin relations.<a href="#cite_note-439">[436]</a> Pair bonding is a ubiquitous feature of human sexual relationships, whether it is manifested as serial monogamy, <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[437]</a> Genetic evidence indicates that humans were predominantly <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a> for most of their existence as a species, but that this began to shift during the Neolithic, when <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> started becoming widespread concomitantly with the transition from nomadic to sedentary societies.<a href="#cite_note-441">[438]</a> Anatomical evidence in the form of second-to-fourth digit ratios, a biomarker for prenatal androgen effects, likewise indicates modern humans were polygynous during the Pleistocene.<a href="#cite_note-442">[439]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a></div> Human ethnic groups are a social category that <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identifies</a> together as a group based on shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. These can be a common set of traditions, <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, or social treatment within their residing area.<a href="#cite_note-443">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[441]</a> Ethnicity is separate from the concept of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, which is based on physical characteristics, although both are <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">socially constructed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[442]</a> Assigning ethnicity to a certain population is complicated, as even within common ethnic designations there can be a diverse range of subgroups, and the makeup of these ethnic groups can change over time at both the collective and individual level.<a href="#cite_note-REGWG2005-178">[176]</a> Also, there is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes an ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-446">[443]</a> Ethnic groupings can play a powerful role in the <a href="/wiki/Social_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social identity">social identity</a> and solidarity of ethnopolitical units. This has been closely tied to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> as the predominant form of political organization in the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-447">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[446]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City,_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg/220px-United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg/330px-United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg/440px-United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">United Nations headquarters</a> (left) in New York City, which houses one of the world's largest political organizations</figcaption></figure> As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between these different groups increased. This led to the development of governance within and between the communities.<a href="#cite_note-450">[447]</a> Humans have evolved the ability to change affiliation with various social groups relatively easily, including previously strong political alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages.<a href="#cite_note-451">[448]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_flexibility" title="Cognitive flexibility">cognitive flexibility</a> allows individual humans to change their political ideologies, with those with higher flexibility less likely to support authoritarian and nationalistic stances.<a href="#cite_note-452">[449]</a> Governments create <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Policies">policies</a> that affect the citizens that they govern. There have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">many forms of government</a> throughout human history, each having various means of obtaining power and the ability to exert diverse controls on the population.<a href="#cite_note-453">[450]</a> Approximately 47% of humans live in some form of a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, 17% in a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>, and 37% in an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian regime">authoritarian regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[451]</a> Many countries belong to <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliances">alliances</a>; the largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">193 member states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[452]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_economics">Trade and economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/290px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/435px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/580px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> (red) and spice <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a> (blue)</figcaption></figure> Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals and has been cited as a practice that gave Homo sapiens a major advantage over other hominids.<a href="#cite_note-456">[453]</a> Evidence suggests early H. sapiens made use of long-distance trade routes to exchange goods and ideas, leading to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural explosion">cultural explosions</a> and providing additional food sources when hunting was sparse, while such trade networks did not exist for the now extinct Neanderthals.<a href="#cite_note-457">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[455]</a> Early trade likely involved materials for creating tools like <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[456]</a> The first truly international trade routes were around the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> through the Roman and medieval periods.<a href="#cite_note-460">[457]</a> Early human <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economies</a> were more likely to be based around <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift giving</a> instead of a <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">bartering</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-461">[458]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">commodities</a>; the oldest being in the form of cattle and the most widely used being <a href="/wiki/Cowrie_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowrie shells">cowrie shells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.pbs.org-1996-462">[459]</a> Money has since evolved into governmental issued <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic money">electronic money</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.pbs.org-1996-462">[459]</a> Human study of economics is a <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people.<a href="#cite_note-463">[460]</a> There are massive <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequalities</a> in the division of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> among humans; the eight richest humans are worth the same monetary value as the poorest half of all the human population.<a href="#cite_note-464">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">Conflict (process)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/220px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/330px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/440px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>American troops <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">landing at Normandy</a>, WWII.</figcaption></figure> Humans commit violence on other humans at a rate comparable to other primates, but have an increased preference for killing adults, <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">infanticide</a> being more common among other primates.<a href="#cite_note-465">[462]</a> Phylogenetic analysis predicts that 2% of early H. sapiens would be <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murdered</a>, rising to 12% during the medieval period, before dropping to below 2% in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-466">[463]</a> There is great variation in violence between human populations, with rates of homicide about 0.01% in societies that have <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a> and strong cultural attitudes against violence.<a href="#cite_note-467">[464]</a> The willingness of humans to kill other members of their species en masse through organized conflict (i.e., <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>) has long been the subject of debate. One school of thought holds that war evolved as a means to eliminate competitors, and has always been an innate human characteristic. Another suggests that war is a relatively recent phenomenon and has appeared due to changing social conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-2018-468">[465]</a> While not settled, current evidence indicates warlike predispositions only became common about 10,000 years ago, and in many places much more recently than that.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-2018-468">[465]</a> War has had a high cost on human life; it is estimated that during the 20th century, between 167 million and 188 million people died as a result of war.<a href="#cite_note-469">[466]</a> War casualty data is less reliable for pre-medieval times, especially global figures. But compared with any period over the past 600 years, the last ~80 years (post 1946), has seen a very significant drop in global military and civilian death rates due to armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-470">[467]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/48px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/64px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">List of human evolution fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline of human evolution</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> The world population and population density statistics are updated automatically from a template that uses the CIA World Factbook and United Nations World Population Prospects.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Cities with over 10 million inhabitants as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Traditionally this has been explained by conflicting <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">evolutionary pressures</a> involved in bipedalism and encephalization (called the <a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_dilemma" title="Obstetrical dilemma">obstetrical dilemma</a>), but recent research suggest it might be more complicated than that.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlicev-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style 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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.72">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7"><bdi>978-0-19-027772-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812150712/https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-72">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. 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Pacific Affairs. 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306014457/https://www.proquest.com/openview/a516602ac28aba8955507e46ab41483e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=25135">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=CHINA%27S+LAST+EMPIRE%3A+The+Great+Qing&rft.volume=83&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mosca&rft.aufirst=MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fa516602ac28aba8955507e46ab41483e%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D25135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuyantaIkhlas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Suyanta S, Ikhlas S (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.tarbiyahiainib.ac.id/index.php/attalim/article/view/228">"Islamic Education at Mughal Kingdom in India (1526–1857)"</a>. Al-Ta Lim Journal. 23 (2): 128–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15548%2Fjt.v23i2.228">10.15548/jt.v23i2.228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2355-7893">2355-7893</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407082504/http://journal.tarbiyahiainib.ac.id/index.php/attalim/article/view/228">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. 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The Hispanic American Historical Review. 11 (4): 439–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2506251">10.2307/2506251</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506251">2506251</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306014948/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506251">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022. 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Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=British+History+in+depth%3A+Slavery+and+the+%27Scramble+for+Africa%27&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fabolition%2Fscramble_for_africa_article_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaudzens2004" class="citation journal cs1">Raudzens G (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2004.0138">"The Australian Frontier Wars, 1788–1838 (review)"</a>. The Journal of Military History. 68 (3): 957–959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2004.0138">10.1353/jmh.2004.0138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-7795">1543-7795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162259092">162259092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Frontier+Wars%2C+1788%E2%80%931838+%28review%29&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=957-959&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162259092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1543-7795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2004.0138&rft.aulast=Raudzens&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2004.0138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Palan R (14 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2202/1565-3404.1239/html">"International Financial Centers: The British-Empire, City-States and Commercially Oriented Politics"</a>. 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Journal of Peace Research. 30 (2): 163–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343393030002004">10.1177/0022343393030002004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5482851">5482851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221155825/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343393030002004">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022. 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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6237-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6237-3"><bdi>978-0-7817-6237-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408103945/https://books.google.com/books?id=B47OVg25g-QC&q=fetal+stage+begins&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022. <q>The fetal stage is from the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization and continues until birth</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Maternity+Nursing&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6237-3&rft.aulast=Klossner&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB47OVg25g-QC%26q%3Dfetal%2Bstage%2Bbegins%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014" class="citation web cs1">World Health Organization (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/">"Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363"</a>. who.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307050438/https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2015. 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The lifetime risk is 1 in 16 in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, compared to 1 in 2,800 in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=What+Kills+One+Woman+Every+Minute+of+Every+Day%3F&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.aulast=Kantrowitz&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F19389326%2Fsite%2Fnewsweek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRush2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rush D (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F72.1.212S">"Nutrition and maternal mortality in the developing world"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sense+and+Nonsense%3A+Evolutionary+Perspectives+on+Human+Behaviour&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958696-7&rft.aulast=Laland&rft.aufirst=KN&rft.au=Brown%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2KcbFVBSxWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKailCavanaugh2010" class="citation book cs1">Kail RV, Cavanaugh JC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296">Human Development: A Lifespan View</a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60037-4"><bdi>978-0-495-60037-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003072150/https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022. <q>The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually occurs around age 12 or 13.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Gynecologic+Health&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-284-12501-6&rft.aulast=Schuiling&rft.aufirst=KD&rft.au=Likis%2C+FE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTDFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation book cs1">Phillips DC (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84StBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6475-9"><bdi>978-1-4833-6475-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011826/https://books.google.com/books?id=84StBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2022. <q>On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Educational+Theory+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-6475-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84StBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mintz S (1993). "Life stages". 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Science Advances. 6 (7): eaax5097. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.5097D">2020SciA....6.5097D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax5097">10.1126/sciadv.aax5097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7015685">7015685</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32095519">32095519</a>. <q>Our analyses of site frequency spectra indicate that these populations derive 2 to 19% of their genetic ancestry from an archaic population that diverged before the split of Neanderthals and modern humans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Recovering+signals+of+ghost+archaic+introgression+in+African+populations&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=eaax5097&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7015685%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32095519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax5097&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.5097D&rft.aulast=Durvasula&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sankararaman%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7015685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2012" class="citation book cs1">Pierce BA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4pXRaZAkdkC&q=humans+are+dioecious+genetics&pg=PA75">Genetics: A Conceptual Approach</a>. 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Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=World&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/">"The Changing Global Religious Landscape"</a>. Pew Research Center. 5 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. 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New York: Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-48489-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-48489-3"><bdi>978-0-316-48489-3</bdi></a>. <q>Homo sapiens and our close relatives may have some unique physical attributes, such as our dextrous hands, upright walking and resonant voices. However, these on their own cannot explain our success. They went together with our intelligence...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Precipice%3A+Existential+Risk+and+the+Future+of+Humanity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-316-48489-3&rft.aulast=Ord&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation news cs1">Goldman JG (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20121005-pay-attention-its-animal-school">"Pay attention… time for lessons at animal school"</a>. bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130120957/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20121005-pay-attention-its-animal-school">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. 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Science Advances. 4 (11): eaar8334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciA....4.8334W">2018SciA....4.8334W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aar8334">10.1126/sciadv.aar8334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6248967">6248967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30474053">30474053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Infant+cognition+includes+the+potentially+human-unique+ability+to+encode+embedding&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=eaar8334&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6248967%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30474053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aar8334&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018SciA....4.8334W&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Mueller%2C+JL&rft.au=Friederici%2C+AD&rft.au=M%C3%A4nnel%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6248967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson-Frey2003" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson-Frey SH (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2803%2900424-0">"What's so special about human tool use?"</a>. Neuron. 39 (2): 201–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2803%2900424-0">10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00424-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12873378">12873378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18437970">18437970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=What%27s+so+special+about+human+tool+use%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-204&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18437970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12873378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2803%2900424-0&rft.aulast=Johnson-Frey&rft.aufirst=SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0896-6273%252803%252900424-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmeryClayton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Emery NJ, Clayton NS (February 2009). "Tool use and physical cognition in birds and mammals". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 19 (1): 27–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conb.2009.02.003">10.1016/j.conb.2009.02.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19328675">19328675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18277620">18277620</a>. <q>In short, the evidence to date that animals have an understanding of folk physics is at best mixed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Tool+use+and+physical+cognition+in+birds+and+mammals&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18277620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19328675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conb.2009.02.003&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft.au=Clayton%2C+NS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemonick2015" class="citation news cs1">Lemonick MD (3 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131064840/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150602-chimp-cooking-evolution-human-brain-science/">"Chimps Can't Cook, But Maybe They'd Like To"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05799-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-05799-X"><bdi>0-521-05799-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779676">779676</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730033311/https://www.worldcat.org/title/science-and-civilisation-in-china/oclc/779676">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. 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Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-07904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-07904-6"><bdi>978-1-137-07904-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/615209781">615209781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730033313/https://www.worldcat.org/title/scientific-revolution-and-the-origins-of-modern-science/oclc/615209781">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renaissance+and+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+scientific+revolution+and+the+origins+of+modern+science&rft.place=Houndsmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F615209781&rft.isbn=978-1-137-07904-6&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F615209781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansson2017" class="citation web cs1">Hansson SO (2017). Zalta EN (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/">"Science and Pseudo-Science"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611061811/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Science+and+Pseudo-Science&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.aufirst=SO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpseudo-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsteadKuhlmeier2015" class="citation book cs1">Olmstead MC, Kuhlmeier VA (2015). Comparative Cognition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01116-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Cognition&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01116-8&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Kuhlmeier%2C+VA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423062909/https://pmr.uchicago.edu/sites/pmr.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/BranchesofSciencePresentation.pdf">"Branches of Science"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmr.uchicago.edu/sites/pmr.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/BranchesofSciencePresentation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Branches+of+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmr.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Fpmr.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FBranchesofSciencePresentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophy.fsu.edu/undergraduate-study/why-philosophy/What-is-Philosophy">"What is Philosophy?"</a>. Department of Philosophy. Florida State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223102725/https://philosophy.fsu.edu/undergraduate-study/why-philosophy/What-is-Philosophy">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=What+is+Philosophy%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.fsu.edu%2Fundergraduate-study%2Fwhy-philosophy%2FWhat-is-Philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy">"Philosophy"</a>. Definition, Systems, Fields, Schools, & Biographies. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223162559/https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy&rft.btitle=Definition%2C+Systems%2C+Fields%2C+Schools%2C+%26+Biographies&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannRussell1947" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufmann F, Russell B (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2102800">"A History of Western Philosophy and its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day"</a>. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 7 (3): 461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2102800">10.2307/2102800</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2102800">2102800</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331234443/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2102800">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy+and+its+Connection+with+Political+and+Social+Circumstances+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2102800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2102800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Russell%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2102800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanMingersStahl2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan NR, Mingers J, Stahl B (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0960085X.2018.1470776">"Philosophy and information systems: where are we and where should we go?"</a>. European Journal of Information Systems. 27 (3): 263–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0960085X.2018.1470776">10.1080/0960085X.2018.1470776</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2086%2F16128">2086/16128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-085X">0960-085X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:64796132">64796132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Philosophy+and+information+systems%3A+where+are+we+and+where+should+we+go%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-277&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2086%2F16128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A64796132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0960-085X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0960085X.2018.1470776&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=NR&rft.au=Mingers%2C+J&rft.au=Stahl%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0960085X.2018.1470776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchizzerotto" class="citation web cs1">Schizzerotto A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320150018/https://web.unitn.it/files/download/8481/srs_schizzerotto_social_stratification_2_as.pdf">"Social Stratification"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trento" title="University of Trento">University of Trento</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.unitn.it/files/download/8481/srs_schizzerotto_social_stratification_2_as.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Stratification&rft.pub=University+of+Trento&rft.aulast=Schizzerotto&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.unitn.it%2Ffiles%2Fdownload%2F8481%2Fsrs_schizzerotto_social_stratification_2_as.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2012" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama F (2012). The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9"><bdi>978-0-374-53322-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082411117">1082411117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+political+order+%3A+from+prehuman+times+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082411117&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53322-9&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781410605245-12/social-role-theory-sex-differences-similarities-current-appraisal">"Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities : A Current Appraisal"</a>. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Psychology Press. 2000. pp. 137–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781410605245-12">10.4324/9781410605245-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0524-5"><bdi>978-1-4106-0524-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430212712/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781410605245-12/social-role-theory-sex-differences-similarities-current-appraisal">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Role+Theory+of+Sex+Differences+and+Similarities+%3A+A+Current+Appraisal&rft.btitle=The+Developmental+Social+Psychology+of+Gender&rft.pages=137-188&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781410605245-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4106-0524-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781410605245-12%2Fsocial-role-theory-sex-differences-similarities-current-appraisal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blackstone, Amy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/soc_facpub/1/">"Gender Roles and Society"</a>. In Miller, Julia R.; Lerner, Richard M.; Schiamberg, Lawrence B. (eds.). Human Ecology: An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, Communities, and Environments. Sociology School Faculty Scholarship. Santa barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 335. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516131905/https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/soc_facpub/1/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+Roles+and+Society&rft.btitle=Human+Ecology%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Children%2C+Families%2C+Communities%2C+and+Environments&rft.place=Santa+barbara%2C+CA&rft.series=Sociology+School+Faculty+Scholarship&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.library.umaine.edu%2Fsoc_facpub%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadal2017" class="citation book cs1">Nadal, Kevin L. (2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender. SAGE Publications. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483384276" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483384276"><bdi>978-1483384276</bdi></a>. <q>Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary – the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender socialization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Gender&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1483384276&rft.aulast=Nadal&rft.aufirst=Kevin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerdt2020" class="citation book cs1">Herdt, Gilbert (2020). "Third Sexes and Third Genders". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nf8DwAAQBAJ">Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 21–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-942130-52-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-942130-52-9"><bdi>978-1-942130-52-9</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 13 July 2024 – via Springer Link.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+Recent+Shift+from+Polygyny+to+Monogamy+in+Humans+Is+Suggested+by+the+Analysis+of+Worldwide+Y-Chromosome+Diversity&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-97&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00239-003-2458-x&rft.issn=0022-2844&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12962309&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JMolE..57...85D&rft.aulast=Dupanloup&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Bertorelle%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Prata%2C+Maria+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Amorim%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Barbujani%2C+Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00239-003-2458-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonRolianCashmoreShultz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Emma; Rolian, Campbell; Cashmore, Lisa; Shultz, Susanne (3 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081742">"Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B:_Biological_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a>. 278 (1711): 1556–1563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2010.1740">10.1098/rspb.2010.1740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081742">3081742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21047863">21047863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Digit+ratios+predict+polygyny+in+early+apes%2C+Ardipithecus%2C+Neanderthals+and+early+modern+humans+but+not+in+Australopithecus&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=1711&rft.pages=1556-1563&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3081742%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21047863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2010.1740&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Rolian%2C+Campbell&rft.au=Cashmore%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Shultz%2C+Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3081742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kanchan_Chandra" title="Kanchan Chandra">Chandra, Kanchan</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/oclc/829678440">Constructivist theories of ethnic politics</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989315-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989315-7"><bdi>978-0-19-989315-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829678440">829678440</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730033538/https://www.worldcat.org/title/constructivist-theories-of-ethnic-politics/oclc/829678440">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructivist+theories+of+ethnic+politics&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829678440&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989315-7&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Kanchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F829678440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeopleBailey2010" class="citation book cs1">People J, Bailey G (2010). Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage learning. p. 389. <q>In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of 'us' and 'them.' In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes based on socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanity%3A+An+Introduction+to+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pages=389&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+learning&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=People&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Bailey%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore2019" class="citation web cs1">Blackmore E (22 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022013516/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/race-ethnicity/">"Race and ethnicity: How are they different?"</a>. Culture. 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Annual Review of Political Science. 9 (1): 397–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.9.062404.170715">10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170715</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=What+is+Ethnic+Identity+and+Does+It+Matter%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=397-424&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.9.062404.170715&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.polisci.9.062404.170715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith AD (1999). 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Nations and Nationalism. 13 (1): 19–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2007.00271.x">10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00271.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Max+Weber+on+%27ethnic+communities%27%3A+a+critique&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-35&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2007.00271.x&rft.aulast=Banton&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelantyKumar2006" class="citation book cs1">Delanty G, Kumar K (2006). The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0101-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-0101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0101-7&rft.aulast=Delanty&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Kumar%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian2004" class="citation book cs1">Christian D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapsoftimeintrod00chri">Maps of Time</a>. 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SAPIENS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807003627/https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/human-evolution-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Animal+behaviour%3A+Lethal+violence+deep+in+the+human+lineage&rft.volume=538&rft.issue=7624&rft.pages=180-181&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature19474&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4459560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27680700&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.538..180P&rft.aulast=Pagel&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentaur.reading.ac.uk%2F67361%2F1%2FPagel%2520N%2526V%2520on%2520Gomez%2520et%2520al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-2018-468">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson-2018_468-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson-2018_468-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2018" class="citation web cs1">Ferguson RB (1 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/war-is-not-part-of-human-nature/">"War Is Not Part of Human Nature"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Next+War+of+the+World&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fmiddle-east%2F2006-09-01%2Fnext-war-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2015" class="citation web cs1">Beauchamp, Zack (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/23/8832311/war-casualties-600-years">"600 years of war and peace, in one amazing chart"</a>. 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evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_evolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Humans and proto-humans (Homo)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penghu_1" title="Penghu 1">H. tsaichangensis</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homo sapiens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">H. s. sapiens (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> (→ <a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a>)? → <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> → archaic Homo sapiens → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homo sapiens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Diet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Behavior <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Life history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline">Human timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_theorists" title="Category:Human evolution theorists">Theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_books" title="Category:Human evolution books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" title="Category:Human evolution">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_species_of_family_Hominidae_(great_apes)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hominidae_nav" title="Template:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hominidae_nav" title="Template talk:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hominidae_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_species_of_family_Hominidae_(great_apes)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant species of family <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae (great apes)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li> <li>Suborder: <a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pongo(Orangutans)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a> (Orangutans)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan" title="Tapanuli orangutan">Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a> (Gorillas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gorilla" title="Eastern gorilla">Eastern gorilla (G. beringei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gorilla" title="Western gorilla">Western gorilla (G. gorilla)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo (P. paniscus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">Chimpanzee (P. troglodytes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> (Humans)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human (H. sapiens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apes" title="Category:Apes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apes" title="Template:Apes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apes" title="Template talk:Apes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Apes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hominoids" title="List of hominoids">Extant ape species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human</a> (H. sapiens)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo</a> (P. paniscus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">Chimpanzee</a> (P. troglodytes)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gorilla" title="Eastern gorilla">Eastern gorilla</a> (G. beringei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gorilla" title="Western gorilla">Western gorilla</a> (G. gorilla)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Orangutan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a> (P. abelii)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">Bornean orangutan</a> (P. pygmaeus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan" title="Tapanuli orangutan">Tapanuli orangutan</a> (P. tapanuliensis)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Gibbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: Hylobatidae)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg/100px-Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg/150px-Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg/200px-Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Naturep2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="706" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study of apes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birut%C4%97_Galdikas" title="Birutė Galdikas">Birutė Galdikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_genome_project" title="Chimpanzee genome project">Chimpanzee genome project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Kalema-Zikusoka" title="Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka">Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project" title="Neanderthal genome project">Neanderthal genome project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Smits" title="Willie Smits">Willie Smits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Dr%C3%B8scher_Nielsen" title="Lone Drøscher Nielsen">Lone Drøscher Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Redmond" title="Ian Redmond">Ian Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgin Center">Elgin Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ape_Cognition_and_Conservation_Initiative" title="Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative">Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_archaeology" title="Primate archaeology">Primate archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primate#Legal_and_social_status" title="Primate">Legal and social status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_personhood" title="Great ape personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_banning_non-human_ape_experimentation" title="Countries banning non-human ape experimentation">Research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa_Declaration_on_Great_Apes" title="Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes">Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apes_Survival_Partnership" title="Great Apes Survival Partnership">Great Apes Survival Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Primate_Day" title="International Primate Day">International Primate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonhuman_Rights_Project" title="Nonhuman Rights Project">Nonhuman Rights Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_apes" title="List of individual apes">List of individual apes</a> (non-human)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Apes in space</a> (non-human)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human last common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_primates" title="List of fictional primates">List of fictional primates</a> (non-human)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Great apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Day" title="Monkey Day">Monkey Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_humanoids" title="Mythic humanoids">Mythic humanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeren" title="Yeren">Yeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeti" title="Yeti">Yeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowie" title="Yowie">Yowie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apes" title="Category:Apes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Humans at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Humans" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Humans">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homo_sapiens" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Homo sapiens">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/People" class="extiw" title="q:People">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Humans" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Humans">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="extiw" title="species:Homo sapiens">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Homo sapiens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15978631" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q15978631">Q15978631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">Homo_sapiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12439">12439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6MB3T">6MB3T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/327955">327955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/HOMXSA">HOMXSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2436436">2436436</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43584">43584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10857762">10857762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180092">180092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000718">1000718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12100795">12100795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000376773">NHMSYS0000376773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9606">9606</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/d83185ac-1aa6-4f59-8645-fe8c040857b3">d83185ac-1aa6-4f59-8645-fe8c040857b3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/83981/">83981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1455977">1455977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=770315">770315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83088">83088</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=8319">8319</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1455977">1455977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/58D31D52-713D-44B4-9FE9-CB2D9249C422">58D31D52-713D-44B4-9FE9-CB2D9249C422</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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