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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Arrival of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_and_early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_and_early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Portuguese and early modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_and_early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 19th century and later </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_Bahraini_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_Bahraini_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 2011 Bahraini protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_Bahraini_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Arab_Spring_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Arab_Spring_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Post-Arab Spring years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Arab_Spring_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Governorates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value_Added_Tax_(VAT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value_Added_Tax_(VAT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Value Added Tax (VAT) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value_Added_Tax_(VAT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Science and technology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Science and technology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policy_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Policy framework </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_infrastructure_for_science_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_infrastructure_for_science_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 New infrastructure for science and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_infrastructure_for_science_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investment_in_education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investment_in_education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Investment in education and research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investment_in_education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends_in_research_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends_in_research_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Trends in research output </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends_in_research_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bahrain</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 245 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-245" aria-hidden="true" > 245 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95" title="ባሕሬን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባሕሬን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरीन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बहरीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Баҳреин – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Баҳреин" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="البحرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9A%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܒܚܪܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܚܪܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Պահրէյն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պահրէյն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr%C3%A8yin" title="Bahrèyin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bahrèyin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="বাহৰেইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাহৰেইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%E1%B8%A5r%C3%A9in" title="Baḥréin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baḥréin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="बहराइन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बहराइन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C3%A9%C4%A9" title="Varéĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Varéĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="БахӀрайн – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="БахӀрайн" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99hreyn" title="Bəhreyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəhreyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحرئین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بحرئین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="বাহরাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাহরাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрэйн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бахрэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрэйн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бахрэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बहरीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharein" title="Baharein – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Baharein" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷཧ་རཡིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷཧ་རཡིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Баһрэйн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Баһрэйн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareyn" title="Bareyn – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bareyn" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bahrajn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr%C3%A9in" title="Bahréin – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bahréin" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahareyini" title="Bhahareyini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahareyini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareine" title="Bareine – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bareine" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لبحرين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبحرين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%99%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބަޙްރައިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަޙްރައިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bahrajn" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="बहराइन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बहराइन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="བཧ་རེན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བཧ་རེན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Μπαχρέιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαχρέιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бахрейн Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бахрейн Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%A9in" title="Baréin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baréin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barejno" title="Barejno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barejno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بحرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barain" title="Barain – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Barain" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahre%C3%AFn" title="Bahreïn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bahreïn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachrein" title="Bachrein – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bachrein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bair%C3%A9in" title="Bairéin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bairéin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreyn" title="Bahreyn – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bahreyn" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachrain" title="Bachrain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bachrain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="બહેરીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બહેરીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरैन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बहरैन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8" title="바레인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바레인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharen" title="Baharen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Baharen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharaina" title="Baharaina – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Baharaina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Բահրեյն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բահրեյն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहरीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="বাহরাইন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বাহরাইন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barein" title="Barein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בחריין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחריין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಹರೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಹರೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barein" title="Barein – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Barein" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბაჰრეინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაჰრეინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bahrajn" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreyn" title="Bahreyn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bahreyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahirayini" title="Bahirayini – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bahirayini" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barayn" title="Barayn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Barayn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%A9yn" title="Baréyn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baréyn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behreyn" title="Behreyn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Behreyn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດບາເຣນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບາເຣນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharina" title="Baharina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baharina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreina" title="Bahreina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bahreina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Багьрейн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Багьрейн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreinas" title="Bahreinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bahreinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barain" title="Barain – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Barain" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="बहराइन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बहराइन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бахреин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бахреин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareina" title="Bareina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bareina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ബഹ്റൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹ്റൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%A7rejn" title="Baħrejn – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Baħrejn" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81reina" title="Pāreina – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pāreina" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरैन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बहरैन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბაჰრეინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაჰრეინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="البحرين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحرین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بحرین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯕꯥꯍꯔꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯥꯍꯔꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрэйн – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бахрэйн" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘာရိန်းနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာရိန်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagraain" title="Bagraain – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bagraain" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="बहराइन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बहराइन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बहरिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="バーレーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーレーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахьрайн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бахьрайн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachrain" title="Bachrain – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bachrain" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barain" title="Barain – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Barain" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barayn" title="Barayn – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Barayn" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrayn" title="Bahrayn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bahrayn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ବାହାରିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାହାରିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahireen" title="Baahireen – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baahireen" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrayn" title="Bahrayn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bahrayn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਹਿਰੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਹਿਰੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरैन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बहरैन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parin" title="Parin – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Parin" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بحرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحرین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بحرین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baarien" title="Baarien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baarien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="បារ៉ែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បារ៉ែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bahrajn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxreyn" title="Baxreyn – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Baxreyn" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreyn" title="Bahreyn – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bahreyn" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqrayin" title="Paqrayin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paqrayin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0h%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Баhрейн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баhрейн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareina" title="Pareina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pareina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरैन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बहरैन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحرین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بحرین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreini" title="Bahreini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bahreini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="බහරේනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බහරේනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بحرين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بحرين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhaharayi" title="IBhaharayi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhaharayi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bahrajn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bahrajn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bahrajn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxrayn" title="Baxrayn – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baxrayn" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بەحرەین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەحرەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бахреин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бахреин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பகுரைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகுரைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lba%E1%B8%A5rin" title="Lbaḥrin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lbaḥrin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%E1%B8%A5rin" title="Beḥrin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Beḥrin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%85%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бәхрәйн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәхрәйн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပႃႇရဵၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႃႇရဵၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బహ్రెయిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బహ్రెయిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barein" title="Barein – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Barein" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศบาห์เรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบาห์เรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Баҳрайн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳрайн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleini" title="Paleini – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Paleini" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%AD%E1%8E%B4%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%82" title="ᏆᎭᎴᎢᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᎭᎴᎢᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreyn" title="Bahreyn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bahreyn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahre%C3%BDn" title="Bahreýn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bahreýn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%96%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨅᨖᨑᨕᨗᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨅᨖᨑᨕᨗᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Бахрейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бахрейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بحرین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86" title="بەھرەيىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بەھرەيىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahru%C3%A4ns" title="Bahruäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bahruäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴林" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreyn" title="Bahreyn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bahreyn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barein" title="Barein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Barein" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrayni" title="Bahrayni – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bahrayni" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bahrain" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="באכריין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באכריין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1h%C3%A1r%C3%A1%C3%ACn%C3%AC" title="Báháráìnì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Báháráìnì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behreyn" title="Behreyn – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Behreyn" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bahrein" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahreins" title="Bahreins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bahreins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr%C3%A9n" title="Bahrén – 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_/_Bahrain" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bahrain" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bahrain" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q398" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div 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50.500</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in West Asia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bahrain (disambiguation)">Bahrain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Bahrain</div><div class="ib-country-names">مَمْلَكَةُ الْبَحْرَيْن (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bahrain"><img alt="White band on the hoist side separated from a red area by five triangles in a vertical line representing the five pillars of Islam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bahrain" title="Flag of Bahrain">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Bahrain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bahrain"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Emblem_of_Bahrain.svg/95px-Emblem_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Emblem_of_Bahrain.svg/143px-Emblem_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Emblem_of_Bahrain.svg/190px-Emblem_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="819" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bahrain" title="Coat of arms of Bahrain"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: بَحْرَيْنُنَا <a href="/wiki/Bahrainona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrainona">Baḥraynunā</a> Our Bahrain <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="Bahraini_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bahraini_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Bahraini_Anthem.ogg/Bahraini_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABahraini_Anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Bahrain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Bahrain (in green)"><img alt="Location of Bahrain (in green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Map_of_Bahrain.svg/250px-Map_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Map_of_Bahrain.svg/375px-Map_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Map_of_Bahrain.svg/500px-Map_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Bahrain (in green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahrain&params=26_13_N_50_35_E_type:city">26°13′N 50°35′E / 26.217°N 50.583°E / 26.217; 50.583</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>53.2% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li><li>43.4% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people#Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Asian people">Asians</a></li><li>1.4% <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Africans</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/North_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Americans">North Americans</a></li><li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic,_cultural_and_religious_groups_of_Bahrain" title="Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain">Others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pew-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>99.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li>—55% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></li><li>—45% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li><li>4.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Christianity</a></li><li>1.2% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li><li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li>0.002% <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain#Religion" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Others</a></li><li>2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Bahraini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">King</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Bahraini_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the Bahraini throne">Crown Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salman_bin_Hamad_Al_Khalifa" title="Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa">Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bahrain)" title="National Assembly (Bahrain)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Council_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Council of Bahrain">Consultative Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Representatives of Bahrain">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1783</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared Independence<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[6]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_296" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 296">Admitted to the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Charter_of_Bahrain" title="National Action Charter of Bahrain">Kingdom of Bahrain</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 2002</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">786.8<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> km2 (303.8 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">173rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,463,265<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">149th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,501,635<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,864/km2 (4,827.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">6th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $105.6 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">98th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $65,345<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $47.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">95th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $29,573<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">40th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.888<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_dinar" title="Bahraini dinar">Bahraini dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BHD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bahrain" title="Telephone numbers in Bahrain">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bahrain" title="Telephone numbers in Bahrain">+973</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BH" title="ISO 3166-2:BH">BH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bh" title=".bh">.bh</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahrain.bh">bahrain.bh</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Since 17 November 1967<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li><li value="2">46% are Bahraini citizens, 4.7% are other Arabs.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bahrain,<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> officially the Kingdom of Bahrain,<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, and comprises a small <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial islands</a>, centered on <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Island" title="Bahrain Island">Bahrain Island</a> which makes up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. Bahrain is situated between <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> and the northeastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, to which it is connected by the <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway" title="King Fahd Causeway">King Fahd Causeway</a>. The population of Bahrain is 1,501,635 as of May 14, 2023, based on elaborations of the United Nations data, of whom 712,362 are Bahraini nationals.<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-2">[2]</a> Bahrain spans some 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">third-smallest nation</a> in Asia after the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>. According to archeologist Geoffrey Bibby, Bahrain is the site of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Dilmun_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilmun civilization">Dilmun civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[15]</a> It has been famed since antiquity for its <a href="/wiki/Pearl_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl fisheries">pearl fisheries</a>, which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-18">[16]</a> Bahrain was one of the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">earliest areas to be influenced by Islam</a>, during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in 628 AD. Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>. In 1783, the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah" title="Bani Utbah">Bani Utbah</a> and allied tribes captured Bahrain from <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Al-Madhkur" title="Nasr Al-Madhkur">Nasr Al-Madhkur</a> and it has since been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa royal family</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa">Ahmed al Fateh</a> as Bahrain's first <a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)#In_Arab_countries" title="Hakim (title)">hakim</a>. In the late 1800s, following successive treaties with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>, Bahrain became a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> In 1971, it <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Bahrain)" title="Independence Day (Bahrain)">declared independence</a>. Formerly an <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a>, Bahrain was declared a <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a> in 2002, and Article 2 of the newly adopted <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bahrain_(2002)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002)">constitution</a> made <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> a principal source for legislation. In 2011, the country experienced <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">protests</a> inspired by the regional <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Bahrain's ruling <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> royal family has been criticised for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">violating the human rights</a> of groups including dissidents, political opposition figures, and its majority <a href="/wiki/Shia_in_Bahrain" title="Shia in Bahrain">Shia Muslim population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Bahrain developed one of the first post-oil economies in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> the result of decades of investing in the <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> sectors;<a href="#cite_note-EDB-23">[21]</a> many of the world's largest financial institutions have a presence in the country's capital. It is recognized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>. Bahrain is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Bahrain is a Dialogue partner of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organization">Shanghai Cooperation Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Bahrain is the <a href="/wiki/Dual_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual form">dual form</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word Bahr (meaning literally "<a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>"), so al-Bahrayn originally means literally "the two <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">seas</a>". However, the name has been lexicalised as a feminine <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a> and does not follow the grammatical rules for duals; thus its form is always Bahrayn and never Bahrān, the expected nominative form. Endings are added to the word with no changes, as in the name of the national anthem Bahraynunā ("our Bahrain") or the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> Bahraynī. The medieval grammarian <a href="/wiki/Ismail_ibn_Hammad_al-Jawhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari">al-Jawahari</a> commented on this, saying that the more formally correct term Bahrī (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was unused.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> It remains disputed which "two seas" the name Bahrayn originally refers to.<a href="#cite_note-EoI-28">[26]</a> The term appears five times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as Awal.<a href="#cite_note-EoI-28">[26]</a> Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island,<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> the seas north and south of the island,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the saltwater as noted by visitors since antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> An alternative theory concerning Bahrain's toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, which suggests that the two seas were the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Great Green Ocean</a> (the Persian Gulf) and a <a href="/wiki/Al-Asfar_Lake" title="Al-Asfar Lake">peaceful lake</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian mainland</a>. Until the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, "Bahrain" referred to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">region of Eastern Arabia</a> that included Southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>, and Bahrain. The region stretched from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in Iraq to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayn's "Bahrayn Province". The exact date at which the term "Bahrain" began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Rentz-32">[30]</a> The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as "Bahrain" for a millennium.<a href="#cite_note-maj-33">[31]</a> The island and kingdom were also commonly spelled Bahrein<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-34">[32]</a> into the 1950s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">History of Bahrain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> Bahrain was home to <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>, an important <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> trade centre linking <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Bahrain was later ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> From the sixth to third century BC, Bahrain was part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. By about 250 BC, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> brought the Persian Gulf under its control and extended its influence as far as Oman. The Parthians established garrisons along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf to control trade routes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical era">classical era</a>, Bahrain was referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greeks</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tylos" title="Tylos">Tylos</a>, the centre of pearl trading, when the Greek admiral <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> serving under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> landed on Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen198313-38">[36]</a> Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit the island, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network; he recorded: "That on the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Gulf, are large plantations of cotton trees, from which are manufactured clothes called sindones, of strongly differing degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia."<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> states that much of Bahrain was covered by these cotton trees and that Bahrain was famous for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Alexander had planned to settle Greek colonists in Bahrain, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Bahrain became very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> was in everyday use). Local coinage shows a seated Zeus, who may have been worshipped there as a syncretised form of the Arabian sun-god <a href="/wiki/Shams_(deity)" title="Shams (deity)">Shams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Tylos was also the site of Greek athletic contests.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> believed the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> originated from Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> also believed that the homeland of the Phoenicians was Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Heeren" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Heeren">Arnold Heeren</a> who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or <a href="/wiki/Tylos" title="Tylos">Tylos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Bahrain" title="Arad, Bahrain">Aradus</a>, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples."<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The people of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, in particular, have long maintained <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> origins, and the similarity in the words "Tylos" and "Tyre" has been commented upon.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> However, there is little evidence of any human settlement at all on Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellin_-_Karte_von_der_K%C3%BCste_von_Arabien_c.1745_(crop).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bellin_-_Karte_von_der_K%C3%BCste_von_Arabien_c.1745_%28crop%29.png/220px-Bellin_-_Karte_von_der_K%C3%BCste_von_Arabien_c.1745_%28crop%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bellin_-_Karte_von_der_K%C3%BCste_von_Arabien_c.1745_%28crop%29.png/330px-Bellin_-_Karte_von_der_K%C3%BCste_von_Arabien_c.1745_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bellin_-_Karte_von_der_K%C3%BCste_von_Arabien_c.1745_%28crop%29.png/440px-Bellin_-_Karte_von_der_K%C3%BCste_von_Arabien_c.1745_%28crop%29.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>A 1745 <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Bellin" title="Jacques-Nicolas Bellin">Bellin</a> map of the historical region of Bahrain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg/220px-AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg/330px-AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg/440px-AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the locations of the <a href="/wiki/Dilmun_Burial_Mounds" title="Dilmun Burial Mounds">ancient burial mounds</a>. There are an estimated 350,000 burial mounds.</figcaption></figure>The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the Semitic Tilmun (from <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>).<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The term Tylos was commonly used for the islands until <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a> when the inhabitants are referred to as Thilouanoi.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era; for instance the name of Arad, a residential suburb of <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a>, is believed to originate from "Arados", the ancient Greek name for Muharraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen198313-38">[36]</a> In the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>, the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid dynasty</a>, marched on Oman and Bahrain, where he defeated Sanatruq the ruler of Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-books.google-51">[49]</a> Bahrain was also the site of worship of an ox deity called <a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a> (Arabic: اوال) Worshipers built a large statue to Awal in <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a>, although it has now been lost. For many centuries after Tylos, Bahrain was known as Awal. By the 5th century, Bahrain became a centre for <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian Christianity</a>, with the village <a href="/wiki/Samahij" class="mw-redirect" title="Samahij">Samahij</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> as the seat of bishops. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-Jean_Francois_Salles_p132-53">[51]</a> As a sect, the Nestorians were often persecuted as heretics by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but Bahrain was outside the Empire's control, offering some safety. The names of several <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> villages today reflect Bahrain's Christian legacy, with <a href="/wiki/Al_Dair" title="Al Dair">Al Dair</a> meaning "the monastery". Bahrain's pre-Islamic population consisted of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Christian Arabs</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qays" title="Abd al-Qays">Abd al-Qays</a>), Persians (<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a>), <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain#Early_history" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-orig-54">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>-speaking agriculturalists.<a href="#cite_note-ram-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-om-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bertram_Serjeant" title="Robert Bertram Serjeant">Robert Bertram Serjeant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baharna" title="Baharna">Baharna</a> may be the <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabised</a> "descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and Persians inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquest</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ram-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Bertram_Serjeant_1968_488-58">[56]</a> The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language#Geographic_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic speakers</a> and to some degree Persian speakers, while <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-om-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Islam">Arrival of Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrival of Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of expeditions of Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Bahrain_letter_facsimile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Muhammad_Bahrain_letter_facsimile.png/220px-Muhammad_Bahrain_letter_facsimile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Muhammad_Bahrain_letter_facsimile.png/330px-Muhammad_Bahrain_letter_facsimile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Muhammad_Bahrain_letter_facsimile.png/440px-Muhammad_Bahrain_letter_facsimile.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimile</a> of a letter sent by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Munzir_ibn-Sawa_al-Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi">Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi</a>, governor of Bahrain, in AD 628</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s first interaction with the people of Bahrain was the <a href="/wiki/Al_Kudr_Invasion" title="Al Kudr Invasion">Al Kudr Invasion</a>. Muhammad ordered a surprise attack on the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Salim" title="Banu Salim">Banu Salim</a> tribe for plotting to attack Medina. He had received news that some tribes were assembling an army in Bahrain and preparing to attack the mainland, but the tribesmen retreated when they learned Muhammad was leading an army to do battle with them.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia_600ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Persia_600ad.jpg/220px-Persia_600ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Persia_600ad.jpg/330px-Persia_600ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Persia_600ad.jpg/440px-Persia_600ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persian Empire in the Sassanid era</a> on the eve of the Arab conquest, c. 600 AD.</figcaption></figure>Traditional Islamic accounts state that <a href="/wiki/Al-Ala%27a_Al-Hadrami" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami">Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami</a> was sent as an envoy during the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Zayd_ibn_Harithah_(Hisma)" title="Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (Hisma)">Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (Hisma)</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-62">[60]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrain region</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in AD 628 and that <a href="/wiki/Munzir_ibn_Sawa_Al_Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi">Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi</a>, the local ruler, responded to his mission and converted the entire area.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> In the year 899, the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> Muslim sect, seized Bahrain, seeking to create a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> society based on reason and redistribution of property among initiates. Thereafter, the Qarmatians demanded <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> from the caliph in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, and in 930 <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca" title="Sack of Mecca">sacked</a> <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, bringing the sacred <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> back to their base in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain (historical region)">Ahsa</a>, in medieval Bahrain, for ransom. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a>, the stone was returned 22 years later in 951 under mysterious circumstances. Wrapped in a sack, it was thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a> in Iraq, accompanied by a note saying "By command we took it, and by command, we have brought it back." The theft and removal of the Black Stone caused it to break into seven pieces.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-glasse-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Following their defeat in the year 976 by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-68">[66]</a> the Qarmatians were overthrown by the Arab <a href="/wiki/Uyunid_dynasty" title="Uyunid dynasty">Uyunid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Hasa</a>, who took over the entire Bahrain region in 1076.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The Uyunids controlled Bahrain until 1235, when the archipelago was briefly occupied by the Persian ruler of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>. In 1253, the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <a href="/wiki/Usfurids" title="Usfurids">Usfurids</a> brought down the Uyunid dynasty, thereby gaining control over eastern <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, including the islands of Bahrain. In 1330, the archipelago became a tributary state of the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rentz-32">[30]</a> though locally the islands were controlled by the Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Jarwanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarwanids">Jarwanid</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In the mid-15th century, the archipelago came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrids</a>, a Bedouin dynasty also based in <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa</a> that ruled most of eastern Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_and_early_modern_era">Portuguese and early modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Portuguese and early modern era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain">Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain_(1783%E2%80%931971)" title="History of Bahrain (1783–1971)">History of Bahrain (1783–1971)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qatari%E2%80%93Bahraini_War" title="Qatari–Bahraini War">Qatari–Bahraini War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrain_Fort_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bahrain_Fort_overview.jpg/220px-Bahrain_Fort_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bahrain_Fort_overview.jpg/330px-Bahrain_Fort_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bahrain_Fort_overview.jpg/440px-Bahrain_Fort_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Portuguese Fort of Barém</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> while it ruled Bahrain from 1521 to 1602.</figcaption></figure> In 1521, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> allied with Hormuz and seized Bahrain from the <a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Muqrin_ibn_Zamil" title="Muqrin ibn Zamil">Muqrin ibn Zamil</a>, who was killed during the takeover. Portuguese rule lasted for around 80 years, during which time they depended mainly on <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Persian governors.<a href="#cite_note-Rentz-32">[30]</a> The Portuguese were expelled from the islands in 1602 by <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> which gave impetus to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> For the next two centuries, Persian rulers retained control of the archipelago, interrupted by the 1717 and 1738 invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadis</a> of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-74">[72]</a> During most of this period, they resorted to governing Bahrain indirectly, either through the city of <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrant</a> Sunni Arab clans. The latter were tribes returning to the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf from Persian territories in the north who were known as <a href="/wiki/Huwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwala">Huwala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rentz-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCoy-76">[74]</a> In 1753, the Huwala clan of <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Al-Madhkur" title="Nasr Al-Madhkur">Nasr Al-Madhkur</a> invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand" title="Karim Khan Zand">Karim Khan Zand</a> and restored direct Iranian rule.<a href="#cite_note-McCoy-76">[74]</a> In 1783, Al-Madhkur lost the islands of Bahrain following his defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah" title="Bani Utbah">Bani Utbah</a> clan and allied tribes at the 1782 Battle of <a href="/wiki/Zubarah" title="Zubarah">Zubarah</a>. Bahrain was not new territory to the Bani Utbah; they had been a presence there since the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> During that time, they started purchasing date palm gardens in Bahrain; a document shows that 81 years before the arrival of the Al Khalifa, one of the sheikhs of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Bin_Ali" title="Al Bin Ali">Al Bin Ali</a> tribe (an offshoot of the Bani Utbah) had bought a palm garden from Mariam bint Ahmed Al Sanadi in <a href="/wiki/Sitra" title="Sitra">Sitra</a> island.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif/220px-Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif/330px-Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif/440px-Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Purple – <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese</a> in the Persian Gulf in the 16th and 17th centuries (modern boundaries shown). Main cities, ports and routes.</figcaption></figure> The Al Bin Ali were the dominant group controlling the town of Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula,<a href="#cite_note-Arabia's_Frontiers_p44-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> originally the centre of power of the Bani Utbah. After the Bani Utbah gained control of Bahrain, the Al Bin Ali had a practically independent status there as a self-governing tribe. They used a flag with four red and three white stripes, called the <a href="/wiki/Al-Sulami_flag" title="Al-Sulami flag">Al-Sulami flag</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> in Bahrain, Qatar, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and the Eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Later, different Arab family clans and tribes from Qatar moved to Bahrain to settle after the fall of Nasr Al-Madhkur of <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>. These families included the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">House of Khalifa</a>, Al-Ma'awdah, Al-Buainain, Al-Fadhil, Al-Kuwari, Al-Mannai, Al-Noaimi, Al-Rumaihi, Al-Sulaiti, Al-Sadah, Al-Thawadi and other families and tribes.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The House of Khalifa moved from Qatar to Bahrain in 1799. Originally, their ancestors were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a> in central Arabia by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and trading ships in <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> waterway until Turks expelled them to Kuwait in 1716, where they remained until 1766.<a href="#cite_note-qdl1-83">[81]</a> Around the 1760s, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Jalahma" title="Al Jalahma">Al Jalahma</a> and House of Khalifa, both belonging to the Utub Federation, migrated to <a href="/wiki/Zubarah" title="Zubarah">Zubarah</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, leaving Al Sabah as the sole proprietors of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_and_later">19th century and later</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century and later">edit</a>]</div> In the early 19th century, Bahrain was invaded by both the Omanis and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Sauds</a>. In 1802 it was governed by a 12-year-old child, when the Omani ruler Sayyid Sultan installed his son, Salim, as governor in the <a href="/wiki/Arad_Fort" title="Arad Fort">Arad Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In 1816, the British political resident in the Persian Gulf, William Bruce, received a letter from the Sheikh of Bahrain who was concerned about a rumour that Britain would support an attack on the island by the Imam of Muscat. He sailed to Bahrain to reassure the Sheikh that this was not the case and drew up an informal agreement assuring the Sheikh that Britain would remain a neutral party.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coronation_of_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_1933.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coronation_of_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_1933.jpg/330px-Coronation_of_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coronation_of_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_1933.jpg/440px-Coronation_of_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>This photograph shows the coronation of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa as the Hakim of Bahrain in February 1933.</figcaption></figure> In 1820, the Al Khalifa tribe were recognised by the United Kingdom as the rulers ("Al-Hakim" in Arabic) of Bahrain after signing a <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">treaty relationship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> However, ten years later they were forced to pay yearly tributes to Egypt despite seeking Persian and British protection.<a href="#cite_note-NAS-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trigonometrical_Plan_of_the_Island_and_Harbour_of_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trigonometrical_Plan_of_the_Island_and_Harbour_of_Bahrain.jpg/300px-Trigonometrical_Plan_of_the_Island_and_Harbour_of_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trigonometrical_Plan_of_the_Island_and_Harbour_of_Bahrain.jpg/450px-Trigonometrical_Plan_of_the_Island_and_Harbour_of_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trigonometrical_Plan_of_the_Island_and_Harbour_of_Bahrain.jpg/600px-Trigonometrical_Plan_of_the_Island_and_Harbour_of_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Map of Bahrain in 1825.</figcaption></figure> In 1860, the Al Khalifas used the same tactic when the British tried to overpower Bahrain. Writing letters to the Persians and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, Al Khalifas agreed to place Bahrain under the latter's protection in March due to offering better conditions. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Government of British India</a> overpowered Bahrain when the Persians refused to protect it. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Pelly" title="Lewis Pelly">Pelly</a> signed a new treaty with Al Khalifas placing Bahrain under British rule and protection.<a href="#cite_note-NAS-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrainharbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bahrainharbor.jpg/300px-Bahrainharbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bahrainharbor.jpg/450px-Bahrainharbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bahrainharbor.jpg/600px-Bahrainharbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Manama Harbour, c. 1870</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Qatari%E2%80%93Bahraini_War" title="Qatari–Bahraini War">Qatari–Bahraini War</a> in 1868, British representatives signed another agreement with the Al Khalifas. It specified that the ruler could not dispose of any of his territories except to the United Kingdom and could not enter into relationships with any foreign government without British consent.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPG-90">[88]</a> In return the British promised to protect Bahrain from all aggression by sea and to lend support in case of land attack.<a href="#cite_note-TPG-90">[88]</a> More importantly the British promised to support the rule of the Al Khalifa in Bahrain, securing its unstable position as rulers of the country. Other agreements in 1880 and 1892 sealed the protectorate status of Bahrain to the British.<a href="#cite_note-TPG-90">[88]</a> Unrest amongst the people of Bahrain began when Britain officially established complete dominance over the territory in 1892. The first revolt and widespread uprising took place in March 1895 against Sheikh Issa bin Ali, then ruler of Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojtahed-Zadeh1999130-91">[89]</a> Sheikh Issa was the first of the Al Khalifa to rule without Persian relations. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Sir Arnold Wilson</a>, Britain's representative in the Persian Gulf and author of The Persian Gulf, arrived in Bahrain from Muscat at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojtahed-Zadeh1999130-91">[89]</a> The uprising developed further with some protesters killed by British forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojtahed-Zadeh1999130-91">[89]</a> Before the development of the petroleum industry, the island was largely devoted to <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearl fisheries</a> and, as late as the 19th century, was considered to be the finest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-18">[16]</a> In 1903, German explorer <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burchardt" title="Hermann Burchardt">Hermann Burchardt</a> visited Bahrain and took many photographs of historical sites, including the old Qaṣr es-Sheikh, photos now stored at the <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnological Museum of Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, there were about 400 vessels hunting pearls and an annual export of more than £30,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-34">[32]</a> In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the British influence in the country. The group's leaders were subsequently arrested and exiled to India. In 1923, the British introduced <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s" title="Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s">administrative reforms</a> and replaced Sheikh Issa bin Ali with his son. Some clerical opponents and families, such as <a href="/wiki/Dawasir" title="Dawasir">Al Dosari</a>, left or were exiled to Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Three years later the British placed the country under the de facto rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Belgrave" title="Charles Belgrave">Charles Belgrave</a> who operated as an adviser to the ruler until 1957.<a href="#cite_note-All_at_sea_over_'the_Gulf'-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-archiveeditions-95">[93]</a> Belgrave brought a number of reforms such as establishment of the country's first modern school in 1919 and the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">slavery</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> At the same time, the pearl diving industry developed at a rapid pace. In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Rezā Shāh</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a>, demanded sovereignty over Bahrain in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, a move that prompted Belgrave to undertake harsh measures including encouraging conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and Sunni Muslims to bring down the uprisings and limit the Iranian influence.<a href="#cite_note-ICB-97">[95]</a> Belgrave even went further by suggesting to rename the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to the "Arabian Gulf"; however, the proposal was refused by the British government.<a href="#cite_note-All_at_sea_over_'the_Gulf'-94">[92]</a> Britain's interest in Bahrain's development was motivated by concerns over Saudi and Iranian ambitions in the region. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Oil_Well,_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Oil_Well%2C_Bahrain.jpg/220px-First_Oil_Well%2C_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Oil_Well%2C_Bahrain.jpg/330px-First_Oil_Well%2C_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Oil_Well%2C_Bahrain.jpg/440px-First_Oil_Well%2C_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of the First Oil Well in Bahrain, with oil first being extracted in 1931</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Petroleum_Company" title="Bahrain Petroleum Company">Bahrain Petroleum Company</a> (Bapco), a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company">Standard Oil Company</a> of California (Socal),<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> discovered oil in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In the early 1930s, Bahrain Airport was developed. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> flew there, including the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_HP42" class="mw-redirect" title="Handley Page HP42">Handley Page HP42</a> aircraft. Later in the same decade, the Bahrain Maritime Airport was established, for flying boats and seaplanes.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Bahrain <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II#Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Participants in World War II">participated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> side, joining on 10 September 1939. On 19 October 1940, four Italian <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.82" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.82">SM.82s</a> bombers <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">bombed Bahrain</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a> oilfields in Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> targeting Allied-operated oil refineries.<a href="#cite_note-Hamza-102">[100]</a> Although minimal damage was caused in both locations, the attack forced the Allies to upgrade Bahrain's defences, an action which further stretched Allied military resources.<a href="#cite_note-Hamza-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Manama_from_the_South,_1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/View_of_Manama_from_the_South%2C_1953.png/220px-View_of_Manama_from_the_South%2C_1953.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/View_of_Manama_from_the_South%2C_1953.png/330px-View_of_Manama_from_the_South%2C_1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/View_of_Manama_from_the_South%2C_1953.png/440px-View_of_Manama_from_the_South%2C_1953.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Overview of Manama, 1953.</figcaption></figure> After World War II, increasing anti-British sentiment spread throughout the Arab World and led to riots in Bahrain. The riots focused on the Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-MOMENT-103">[101]</a> In 1948, following <a href="/wiki/1947_Manama_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Manama pogrom">rising hostilities and looting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-israelnationalnews.com-104">[102]</a> most members of Bahrain's Jewish community abandoned their properties and evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, later settling in Israel (<a href="/wiki/Pardes_Hanna-Karkur" title="Pardes Hanna-Karkur">Pardes Hanna-Karkur</a>) and the United Kingdom. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit">[update]</a>, 37 Jews remained in the country.<a href="#cite_note-israelnationalnews.com-104">[102]</a> In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Committee" title="National Union Committee">National Union Committee</a>, formed by reformists following sectarian clashes, demanded an elected popular assembly, removal of Belgrave and carried out a number of protests and general strikes. In 1965 a month-long <a href="/wiki/March_Intifada" title="March Intifada">uprising</a> broke out after hundreds of workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_11.5.2012-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain Province">Bahrain Province</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manama_Souq_1965.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Manama_Souq_1965.JPG/220px-Manama_Souq_1965.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Manama_Souq_1965.JPG/330px-Manama_Souq_1965.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Manama_Souq_1965.JPG/440px-Manama_Souq_1965.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manama_souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Manama souq">Manama souq</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> On 15 August 1971,<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> though the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a> was claiming historical sovereignty over Bahrain, he accepted <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_independence_survey,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini independence survey, 1970">a referendum</a> held by the United Nations and eventually Bahrain declared independence and signed a new treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. Bahrain joined the United Nations and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> later in the year.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The oil boom of the 1970s benefited Bahrain greatly, although the subsequent downturn hurt the economy. The country had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-109">[107]</a> In 1981, following the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic revolution</a> in Iran, the Bahraini <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> population orchestrated a <a href="/wiki/1981_failed_coup_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 failed coup in Bahrain">failed coup</a> attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Bahrain" title="Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain">Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain</a>. The coup would have installed a Shia cleric exiled in Iran, <a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjatu l-Islām</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadi_al-Modarresi" title="Hadi al-Modarresi">Hādī al-Mudarrisī</a>, as supreme leader heading a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> In December 1994, a group of youths threw stones at female runners for running bare-legged during an international marathon. The resulting clash with police soon grew into civil unrest.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> A <a href="/wiki/1990s_uprising_in_Bahrain" title="1990s uprising in Bahrain">popular uprising</a> occurred between 1994 and 2000 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The event resulted in approximately forty deaths and ended after <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a> became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> He instituted elections for parliament, gave women the right to vote, and released all political prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-AI_Bahr_promising-115">[113]</a> A referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Charter_of_Bahrain" title="National Action Charter of Bahrain">National Action Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP-POGAR-116">[114]</a> As part of the adoption of the National Action Charter on 14 February 2002, Bahrain changed its formal name from the State (dawla) of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> At the same time, the title of the Head of State, Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa, was changed from Emir to King.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the country participated in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">military action</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in October 2001 by deploying a <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> in the Arabian Sea for rescue and humanitarian operations.<a href="#cite_note-Europa-119">[117]</a> As a result, in November of that year, US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s administration designated Bahrain as a "<a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Europa-119">[117]</a> Bahrain opposed the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> and had offered <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> asylum in the days before the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Europa-119">[117]</a> Relations improved with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> after the border dispute over the <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a> was resolved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Following the political liberalisation of the country, Bahrain negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Bahrain–United States Free Trade Agreement">free trade agreement</a> with the United States in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a>, a fort and archaeological complex was inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_Bahraini_protests">2011 Bahraini protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2011 Bahraini protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div> Inspired by the regional <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, Bahrain's Shia majority <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Rage_(Bahrain)" title="Day of Rage (Bahrain)">started</a> large protests against its Sunni rulers in early 2011.<a href="#cite_note-reutbahsoe-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The government initially allowed <a href="/wiki/March_of_loyalty_to_martyrs" title="March of loyalty to martyrs">protests</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Bloody_Thursday" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain Bloody Thursday">pre-dawn raid</a> on protesters camped in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Roundabout" title="Pearl Roundabout">Pearl Roundabout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> A month later it requested security assistance from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> countries and declared a three-month state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-bici-125">[123]</a> The government then launched a crackdown on the opposition that included conducting thousands of arrests and <a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture during the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">systematic torture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Almost daily clashes between protesters and security forces led to <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_2011_Bahraini_uprising_and_its_aftermath" title="Casualties of the 2011 Bahraini uprising and its aftermath">dozens of deaths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_23.4.2012-129">[127]</a> Protests, sometimes staged by opposition parties, were ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-reutbahral-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcbahmar-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutbahmass-132">[130]</a> More than 80 civilians and 13 policemen have been killed as of March 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Human_Rights" title="Physicians for Human Rights">Physicians for Human Rights</a>, 34 of these deaths were related to government usage of <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> originally manufactured by U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Federal_Laboratories" title="Federal Laboratories">Federal Laboratories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phr-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukforeignaffairscommittee-135">[133]</a> The lack of coverage by Arab media in the Persian Gulf,<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-136">[134]</a> as compared to other <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> uprisings, has sparked several controversies. Iran is alleged by United States and others to have a hand in the arming of Bahraini militants.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Arab_Spring_years">Post-Arab Spring years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Arab Spring years">edit</a>]</div> The Saudi-led Intervention of Bahrain led to swift suppression of widespread anti-government protests through military assistance from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arab Spring">the Arab Spring</a>, ended in a bloody crackdown against the mainly Shiite demonstrators who had demanded an elected government, threatening the Sunni monarchy's grip on power. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Pearling_Trail" title="Bahrain Pearling Trail">Bahrain Pearling Trail</a>, consisting of three oyster beds, was designated as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, inscribing it as "Pearling, Testimony of an Island Economy". On 9 April 2020, Bahrain launched a committee to paying private-sector employees for a three-month period in order to ease the financial pain caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Bahrain assailed the movement as an Iranian plot, and banned opposition parties, put civilians in front of military courts and jailed dozens of peaceful political opponents, eliciting harsh international criticism.<a href="#cite_note-france1-138">[136]</a> "Ten years after Bahrain's popular uprising, systemic injustice has intensified and political repression targeting dissidents, human rights defenders, clerics and independent civil society have effectively shut any space for the peaceful exercise of the right to freedom of expression or peaceful activism", <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> said in a statement.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Bahrain remains militarily and financially dependent on Saudi Arabia and the UAE,<a href="#cite_note-france1-138">[136]</a> though this is changing with the economic reforms being implemented by the government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Geography of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrain_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bahrain_Topography.png/260px-Bahrain_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bahrain_Topography.png/390px-Bahrain_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bahrain_Topography.png/520px-Bahrain_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>Topography</figcaption></figure> Bahrain is a generally flat and arid <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in the Persian Gulf. It consists of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment with the highest point the 134 m (440 ft) <a href="/wiki/Mountain_of_Smoke" title="Mountain of Smoke">Mountain of Smoke</a> (Jabal ad Dukhan).<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-142">[140]</a> Bahrain had a total area of 665 km2 (257 sq mi) but due to <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, the area increased to 780 km2 (300 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-142">[140]</a> Often described as an archipelago of 33 islands,<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> extensive land reclamation projects have changed this; by August 2008 the number of islands and island groups had increased to 84.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Bahrain does not share a land boundary with another country but does have a 161 km (100 mi) coastline. The country also claims a further 22 km (12 nmi) of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial sea">territorial sea</a> and a 44 km (24 nmi) <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Contiguous zone">contiguous zone</a>. Bahrain's largest islands are <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Island" title="Bahrain Island">Bahrain Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muharraq_Island" title="Muharraq Island">Muharraq Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_an_Nasan" title="Umm an Nasan">Umm an Nasan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sitra" title="Sitra">Sitra</a>. Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers. The country's natural resources include large quantities of oil and natural gas as well as fish in the offshore waters. Arable land constitutes only 2.82%<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[6]</a> of the total area. About 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis.<a href="#cite_note-TR-145">[143]</a> In Bahrain <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 700 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 220 hectares (ha) in 1990. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as <a href="/wiki/Tubli_Bay" title="Tubli Bay">Tubli Bay</a>. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinisation</a> by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of <a href="/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkha</a> water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bahrain">Climate of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Bahrain is the eleventh most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> across the Persian Gulf in Iran cause low-level winds to be directed toward Bahrain. Dust storms from Iraq and Saudi Arabia transported by northwesterly winds, locally called <a href="/wiki/Shamal_(wind)" title="Shamal (wind)">shamal</a> wind, cause reduced visibility in the months of June and July.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Summers are very hot. The seas around Bahrain are very shallow, heating up quickly in the summer to produce very high <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, especially at night. Summer temperatures may reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) under the right conditions.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular. Precipitation mostly occurs in winter, with an average of 70.8 millimetres or 2.8 inches of rainfall recorded annually. The country experienced <a href="/wiki/2024_Persian_Gulf_floods" title="2024 Persian Gulf floods">widespread flooding</a> in April 2024 after heavy rainfall affected the Gulf region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bahrain" title="Wildlife of Bahrain">Wildlife of Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Bahrain" title="List of birds of Bahrain">List of birds of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_in_Al-Areen_Wildlife_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Birds_in_Al-Areen_Wildlife_Park.jpg/170px-Birds_in_Al-Areen_Wildlife_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Birds_in_Al-Areen_Wildlife_Park.jpg/255px-Birds_in_Al-Areen_Wildlife_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Birds_in_Al-Areen_Wildlife_Park.jpg/340px-Birds_in_Al-Areen_Wildlife_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">Greater flamingos</a> (Phoenicopterus roseus) are native to Bahrain.</figcaption></figure> More than 330 species of birds were recorded in the Bahrain archipelago, 26 species of which breed in the country. Millions of migratory birds pass through the Persian Gulf region in the winter and autumn months.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a> One globally endangered species, <a href="/wiki/Houbara_bustard" title="Houbara bustard">Chlamydotis undulata</a>, is a regular migrant in the autumn.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a> The many islands and shallow seas of Bahrain are globally important for the breeding of the <a href="/wiki/Socotra_cormorant" title="Socotra cormorant">Socotra cormorant</a>; up to 100,000 pairs of these birds were recorded over the Hawar Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a> Bahrain's national bird is the <a href="/wiki/Bulbul" title="Bulbul">bulbul</a> while its national animal is the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a>. And the national flower of Bahrain is the beloved Deena. Only 18 species of mammals are found in Bahrain, animals such as <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a>, desert rabbits and <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a> are common in the wild but the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a> was hunted to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a> Twenty-five species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> were recorded as well as 21 species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and 307 species of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a> The marine <a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotopes</a> are diverse and include extensive <a href="/wiki/Sea_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea grass">sea grass</a> beds and <a href="/wiki/Mudflats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudflats">mudflats</a>, patchy <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> as well as offshore islands. Sea grass beds are important foraging grounds for some threatened species such as <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBD-152">[150]</a> In 2003, Bahrain banned the capture of <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sea cows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">marine turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> within its territorial waters.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a> The Hawar Islands Protected Area provides valuable feeding and breeding grounds for a variety of migratory seabirds; it is an internationally recognised site for <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">bird migration</a>. The breeding colony of <a href="/wiki/Socotra_cormorant" title="Socotra cormorant">Socotra cormorant</a> on Hawar Islands is the largest in the world, and the dugongs foraging around the archipelago form the second-largest dugong aggregation after Australia.<a href="#cite_note-CBD-152">[150]</a> Bahrain has five designated <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>, four of which are marine environments.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a> They are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a></li> <li>Mashtan Island, off the coast of Bahrain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Bahrain" title="Arad, Bahrain">Arad</a> bay, in Muharraq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubli_Bay" title="Tubli Bay">Tubli Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Areen_Wildlife_Park" title="Al Areen Wildlife Park">Al Areen Wildlife Park</a>, which is a zoo and a breeding centre for <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered animals</a>, is the only protected area on land and also the only protected area which is managed on a day-to-day basis.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-151">[149]</a></li></ul> Bahrain <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">emits a lot of carbon dioxide per person</a> compared to other countries, primarily due to it just being a small country.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Politics of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamad-Bin-Isa-Al-Khalifa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hamad-Bin-Isa-Al-Khalifa.jpg/170px-Hamad-Bin-Isa-Al-Khalifa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hamad-Bin-Isa-Al-Khalifa.jpg/255px-Hamad-Bin-Isa-Al-Khalifa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hamad-Bin-Isa-Al-Khalifa.jpg/340px-Hamad-Bin-Isa-Al-Khalifa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, the King of Bahrain</figcaption></figure> Bahrain under the Al Khalifa is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a> headed by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a>. King Hamad enjoys wide executive powers which include appointing the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">prime minister</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bahrain" title="Cabinet of Bahrain">ministers</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">army</a>, chairing the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bahrain" title="Judiciary of Bahrain">Higher Judicial Council</a>, appointing the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bahrain)" title="National Assembly (Bahrain)">parliament</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Council_(Bahrain)" title="Consultative Council (Bahrain)">upper house</a> and dissolving its elected <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_(Bahrain)" title="Council of Representatives (Bahrain)">lower house</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-154">[152]</a> The head of government is the prime minister. In 2010, about half of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bahrain" title="Cabinet of Bahrain">the cabinet</a> was composed of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Bahrain has a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> National Assembly (al-Majlis al-Watani) consisting of the Shura Council (Majlis Al-Shura) with 40 seats and the Council of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab) with 40 seats. The forty members of the Shura are appointed by the king. In the Council of Representatives, 40 members are elected by absolute majority vote in gerrymandered single-member constituencies to serve four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The appointed council "exercises a de facto veto" over the "rubber-stamp" elected, because draft acts must be approved so they may pass into law. After approval, the king may ratify and issue the act or return it within six months to the National Assembly where it may only pass into law if approved by two-thirds of both councils.<a href="#cite_note-:2-154">[152]</a> In 1973, the country held its first <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_general_election,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini general election, 1973">parliamentary elections</a>; however, two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Isa_bin_Salman_Al_Khalifa" title="Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa">late emir</a> dissolved the parliament and suspended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain#Constitution_of_1973" title="Constitution of Bahrain">constitution</a> after parliament rejected the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Law_in_Bahrain" title="State Security Law in Bahrain">State Security Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_11.5.2012-105">[103]</a> The period between 2002 and 2010 saw three parliamentary elections. The <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_parliamentary_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini parliamentary election, 2002">first</a>, held in 2002 was boycotted by the opposition, <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a>, which won a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini general election, 2006">second</a> in 2006 and <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_general_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini general election, 2010">third</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_parliamentary_by-election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini parliamentary by-election, 2011">A 2011 by-election</a> was held to replace 18 members of Al Wefaq who resigned in protest against government crackdown.<a href="#cite_note-ThReut_boycott-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_violence-159">[157]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Bahrain is 2023 the 4th least <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">electoral democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-160">[158]</a> The opening up of politics saw big gains for both <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnī">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamists</a> in elections, which gave them a parliamentary platform to pursue their policies.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> It gave a new prominence to clerics within the political system, with the most senior Shia religious leader, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Isa_Qassim" title="Isa Qassim">Isa Qassim</a>, playing a vital role.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> This was especially evident when in 2005 the government called off the Shia branch of the "Family law" after over 100,000 Shia took to the streets. Islamists opposed the law because "neither elected MPs nor the government has the authority to change the law because these institutions could misinterpret the word of God". The law was supported by women activists who said they were "suffering in silence". They managed to organise a rally attended by 500 participants.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghada_Jamsheer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghada Jamsheer">Ghada Jamsheer</a>, a leading woman activist<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> said the government was using the law as a "bargaining tool with opposition Islamic groups".<a href="#cite_note-GJ_18.12.2006-167">[165]</a> Analysts of democratisation in the Middle East cite the Islamists' references to respect human rights in their justification for these programmes as evidence that these groups can serve as a progressive force in the region.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Some Islamist parties have been particularly critical of the government's readiness to sign international treaties such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. At a parliamentary session in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the convention, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Adel_Mouwda" title="Adel Mouwda">Adel Mouwda</a>, the former leader of a <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">salafist</a> party, <a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Asalah</a>, explained the party's objections: "The convention has been tailored by our enemies, God kill them all, to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours. This why we have eyes from the American Embassy watching us during our sessions, to ensure things are swinging their way".<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain Defence Force</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Bahrain" title="Naval Support Activity Bahrain">Naval Support Activity Bahrain</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RBNS_Sabha_(FFG_90)_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RBNS_Sabha_%28FFG_90%29_Bahrain.jpg/200px-RBNS_Sabha_%28FFG_90%29_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RBNS_Sabha_%28FFG_90%29_Bahrain.jpg/300px-RBNS_Sabha_%28FFG_90%29_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RBNS_Sabha_%28FFG_90%29_Bahrain.jpg/400px-RBNS_Sabha_%28FFG_90%29_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/RBNS_Sabha" title="RBNS Sabha">RBNS Sabha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahraini_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Bahraini Navy">Royal Bahraini Navy</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force_F-16_Block_70_lands_at_Edwards_Air_Force_Base.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force_F-16_Block_70_lands_at_Edwards_Air_Force_Base.jpg/200px-Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force_F-16_Block_70_lands_at_Edwards_Air_Force_Base.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force_F-16_Block_70_lands_at_Edwards_Air_Force_Base.jpg/300px-Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force_F-16_Block_70_lands_at_Edwards_Air_Force_Base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force_F-16_Block_70_lands_at_Edwards_Air_Force_Base.jpg/400px-Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force_F-16_Block_70_lands_at_Edwards_Air_Force_Base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2771" data-file-height="1848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">An <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force" title="Royal Bahraini Air Force">Royal Bahraini Air Force</a></div></div></div></div></div> The kingdom has a small but professional and well-equipped military called the Bahrain Defence Force (BDF), numbering around 8,200 personnel, including 6,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahraini_Army" title="Royal Bahraini Army">Royal Bahraini Army</a>, 700 in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahraini_Naval_Force" title="Royal Bahraini Naval Force">Royal Bahraini Naval Force</a>, and 1,500 in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force" title="Royal Bahraini Air Force">Royal Bahraini Air Force</a>. The BDF command structure also includes the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Royal_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain Royal Guard">Bahrain Royal Guard</a>, which is the size of one battalion and has its own armored vehicles and artillery. The <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain National Guard">Bahrain National Guard</a> is separate from the BDF, though it is tasked with assisting it in defense from external threats, and it has about 2,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-171">[169]</a> The supreme commander of the Bahraini military is King <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a> and the deputy supreme commander is the Crown Prince, <a href="/wiki/Salman_bin_Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The Commander-in-Chief of the BDF has been Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Ahmed_Al_Khalifa" title="Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa">Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa</a> since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> The BDF is primarily equipped with United States-made-equipment, such as the <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-5_Freedom_Fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-5 Freedom Fighter">F-5 Freedom Fighter</a>, <a href="/wiki/UH-60_Blackhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60 Blackhawk">UH-60 Blackhawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60A3 tanks</a>, and the ex-<a href="/wiki/USS_Jack_Williams" title="USS Jack Williams">USS Jack Williams</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry_class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate">Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate</a> renamed the <a href="/wiki/RBNS_Sabha" title="RBNS Sabha">RBNS Sabha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> On 7 August 2020, it was announced in a ceremony held at the <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth" title="HMNB Portsmouth">HMNB Portsmouth</a> Naval Base in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, that <a href="/wiki/HMS_Clyde_(P257)" title="HMS Clyde (P257)">HMS Clyde</a> had been transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahrain_Naval_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Bahrain Naval Force">Royal Bahrain Naval Force</a>, with the ship renamed as RBNS Al-Zubara.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> On 18 January 2024 the Bahraini Navy received a second Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate, the former <a href="/wiki/USS_Robert_G._Bradley" title="USS Robert G. Bradley">USS Robert G. Bradley</a>, which was renamed RBNS Khalid bin Ali.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Bahrain was the first country in the Gulf to operate the F-16. Sometime in 2024 the Royal Bahraini Air Force expects to receive 16 aircraft of the modernized F-16 Block 70 variant,<a href="#cite_note-aircombat-181">[179]</a> in addition to its current 20 F-16C/D and 12 F-5E/F fighters. The Royal Bahraini Army has 180 M60A3 main battle tanks, with 100 in active service and 80 in storage.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-171">[169]</a> The Government of Bahrain has <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">close relations</a> with the United States, having signed a cooperative agreement with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Military</a>, and has provided the United States a base in <a href="/wiki/Juffair" title="Juffair">Juffair</a> since the early 1990s, although a US naval presence existed since 1948.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> This is the home of the headquarters for Commander, United States Naval Forces Central Command (<a href="/wiki/COMUSNAVCENT" class="mw-redirect" title="COMUSNAVCENT">COMUSNAVCENT</a>) / United States Fifth Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT),<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> and around 6,000 United States military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Bahrain participates in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> and forces loyal to former President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> who was deposed in the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> uprising.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The permanent British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> base at <a href="/wiki/Mina_Salman" title="Mina Salman">Mina Salman</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jufair" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Jufair">HMS Jufair</a>, was officially opened in April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bahrain" title="Foreign relations of Bahrain">Foreign relations of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_meets_with_King_Hamed_bin_Issa_of_Bahrain,_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Donald_Trump_meets_with_King_Hamed_bin_Issa_of_Bahrain%2C_May_2017.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_meets_with_King_Hamed_bin_Issa_of_Bahrain%2C_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Donald_Trump_meets_with_King_Hamed_bin_Issa_of_Bahrain%2C_May_2017.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_meets_with_King_Hamed_bin_Issa_of_Bahrain%2C_May_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Donald_Trump_meets_with_King_Hamed_bin_Issa_of_Bahrain%2C_May_2017.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_meets_with_King_Hamed_bin_Issa_of_Bahrain%2C_May_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a> meets U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in May 2017</figcaption></figure> Bahrain has established <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral relations">bilateral relations</a> with 190 countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit">[update]</a>, Bahrain maintains a network of 25 <a href="/wiki/Embassies" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassies">embassies</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Consulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulates">consulates</a> and four permanent missions to the Arab League, United Nations and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Bahrain–European Union relations">European Union</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Bahrain also hosts 36 embassies. The United States designated Bahrain a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_America-190">[188]</a> Bahrain plays a modest, moderating role in regional politics and adheres to the views of the Arab League on Middle East peace and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian</a> rights by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Two_state_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Two state solution">two state solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Bahrain is also one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Relations with Iran tend to be tense as a result of a <a href="/wiki/1981_Bahraini_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt">failed coup</a> in 1981 which Bahrain blames Iran for and occasional claims of Iranian sovereignty over Bahrain by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">ultra-conservative</a> elements in the Iranian public.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> In 2016, following the storming of the Saudi embassy in Tehran, both Saudi Arabia and Bahrain cut diplomatic relations with Iran. Bahrain and Israel established bilateral relations in 2020 under the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Bahrain is the 81st most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Human rights in Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4bahrain22011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/4bahrain22011.jpg/170px-4bahrain22011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/4bahrain22011.jpg/255px-4bahrain22011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/4bahrain22011.jpg/340px-4bahrain22011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">Bahraini protests</a> against the ruling Al Khalifa family in 2011</figcaption></figure> The period between 1975 and 1999, known as the "<a href="/wiki/State_Security_Law_in_Bahrain" title="State Security Law in Bahrain">State Security Law Era</a>", saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_27.9.1995-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW_1.6.1997-198">[196]</a> After Emir (now King) Hamad Al Khalifa succeeded his father Isa Al Khalifa in 1999, he introduced wide reforms and human rights improved significantly.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing a "historic period of human rights".<a href="#cite_note-AI_Bahr_promising-115">[113]</a> Consensual male and female homosexual relations between adults over the age of 21 are legal in Bahrain and the only Muslim Gulf country where it is legal since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_camped_out_infront_of_the_Pearl_Roundabout_in_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Protesters_camped_out_infront_of_the_Pearl_Roundabout_in_Bahrain.jpg/170px-Protesters_camped_out_infront_of_the_Pearl_Roundabout_in_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Protesters_camped_out_infront_of_the_Pearl_Roundabout_in_Bahrain.jpg/255px-Protesters_camped_out_infront_of_the_Pearl_Roundabout_in_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Protesters_camped_out_infront_of_the_Pearl_Roundabout_in_Bahrain.jpg/340px-Protesters_camped_out_infront_of_the_Pearl_Roundabout_in_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Protesters at the Pearl Roundabout just before it was demolished.</figcaption></figure> Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Bahrain" title="Torture in Bahrain">torture</a> began to be employed again.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_Torture_Redux-201">[199]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> described the country's human rights situation as "dismal".<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Due to this, Bahrain lost some of the high <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Bahrain" title="International rankings of Bahrain">International rankings</a> it had gained before.<a href="#cite_note-Freedom_in_the_World_2012-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FH_FotN_2011-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-RWB_2002-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-RWB_2010-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FH_Press_Freedom_2011-207">[205]</a> In 2011, Bahrain was criticised for its crackdown on the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">Arab spring uprising</a>. In September, a government-appointed <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Independent_Commission_of_Inquiry" title="Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry">commission</a> confirmed <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_reports_on_the_Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights reports on the Bahraini uprising of 2011">reports</a> of grave human rights violations, including <a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture during the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">systematic torture</a>. The government promised to introduce reforms and avoid repeating the "painful events".<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> However, reports by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch issued in April 2012 said the same violations were still happening.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Amnesty International's 2015 report on the country points to the continued suppression of dissent, restricted freedom of expression, unjust imprisonment, and frequent torture and other ill-treatment of its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> As of October 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit">[update]</a>, Bahrain is ruled by an "<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian regime">authoritarian regime</a>" and is rated as "Not Free" by the U.S.-based non-governmental <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FH2013-212">[210]</a> Freedom House continues to label Bahrain as "not free" in its 2021 report.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> On 7 July 2016, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> adopted, with a large majority, a resolution condemning human rights abuses performed by Bahraini authorities, and strongly called for an end to the ongoing repression against the country's human rights defenders, political opposition and civil society.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sit-in_in_solidarity_with_Nabeel_Rajab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sit-in_in_solidarity_with_Nabeel_Rajab.JPG/220px-Sit-in_in_solidarity_with_Nabeel_Rajab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sit-in_in_solidarity_with_Nabeel_Rajab.JPG/330px-Sit-in_in_solidarity_with_Nabeel_Rajab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sit-in_in_solidarity_with_Nabeel_Rajab.JPG/440px-Sit-in_in_solidarity_with_Nabeel_Rajab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> Several people held a sit-in in solidarity with human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Nabeel_Rajab" title="Nabeel Rajab">Nabeel Rajab</a></figcaption></figure> In August 2017, United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> spoke against the discrimination of Shias in Bahrain, saying, "Members of the Shia community there continue to report ongoing discrimination in government employment, education, and the justice system," and that "Bahrain must stop discriminating against the Shia communities." He also stated that "In Bahrain, the government continue to question, detain and arrest Shia clerics, community members and opposition politicians."<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> However, in September 2017, the U.S. State Department has approved arms sales packages worth more than $3.8 billion to Bahrain including F-16 jets, upgrades, missiles and patrol boats.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> In its latest report Amnesty International accused both the US and UK governments of turning a blind eye to horrific abuses of human rights by the ruling Bahraini regime.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> On 31 January 2018, Amnesty International reported that the Bahraini government expelled four of its citizens after having revoked their nationality in 2012, turning them into stateless people.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> On 21 February 2018, human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Nabeel_Rajab" title="Nabeel Rajab">Nabeel Rajab</a> was sentenced to a further five years in jail for tweets and documentation of human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> On behalf of the ruling family, Bahraini police have received training on how to deal with public protests from the British government.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> On 11 July 2020, a government watchdog in Bahrain claimed that the confessions of two pro-democracy campaigners were extracted by torture. Mohammed Ramadhan and Husain Moosa from Bahrain were leading figures in the pro-democracy protests of 2011. They were arrested in 2014 and accused of killing a police officer.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> On July 13, 2020, the highest Court in Bahrain overruled the previous judgment and upheld the death sentences for both men. The judgment was criticized by Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, the director of advocacy at the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Institute_for_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy">Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy</a>, who stated: "Today's verdict is yet another dark stain in the struggle for human rights in Bahrain."<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> The 761-page World Report 2021 published by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> in January 2021 revealed that the situation of human rights did not improve in Bahrain in 2020. It highlighted that the repression against social media activities escalated, death sentences were upheld by the courts against opposition activists after unfair trials, and the critics were continued to be prosecuted for peaceful expression. The country also increased the use of the death penalty, while it denied medical treatment to some of the prominent opposition figures being kept in detention. The Human Rights Watch said that Bahrain uses several repressive tools to silence and punish every person who dares to criticize the government.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) and the London-based <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Institute_for_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy">Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy</a> (BIRD) claimed that 13 children aged between 11 and 17 were beaten and threatened with rape and electric shocks after detaining them in protest-related cases.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women's rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Women's rights in Bahrain">Women's rights in Bahrain</a></div> Women in Bahrain acquired voting rights and the right to stand in national elections in the 2002 election.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> However, no women were elected to office in that year's polls.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In response to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes representatives of the Kingdom's indigenous Jewish and Christian communities.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nada_Haffadh" title="Nada Haffadh">Nada Haffadh</a> became the country's first female cabinet minister on her appointment as Minister of Health in 2004. The quasi-governmental women's group, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_Women" title="Supreme Council for Women">Supreme Council for Women</a>, trained female candidates to take part in the 2006 general election. When Bahrain was elected to head the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist <a href="/wiki/Haya_Rashed_Al-Khalifa" title="Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa">Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa</a> President of the United Nations General Assembly, only the third woman in history to head the world body.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Female activist Ghada Jamsheer said "The government used women's rights as a decorative tool on the international level." She referred to the reforms as "artificial and marginal" and accused the government of "hinder[ing] non-governmental women societies".<a href="#cite_note-GJ_18.12.2006-167">[165]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Lateefa_Al_Gaood" title="Lateefa Al Gaood">Lateefa Al Gaood</a> became the first female MP after winning by default.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> The number rose to four after the 2011 by-elections.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Houda_Nonoo" title="Houda Nonoo">Houda Nonoo</a> was appointed ambassador to the United States making her the first Jewish ambassador of any Arab country.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Alees_Samaan" title="Alees Samaan">Alice Samaan</a>, a Christian woman, was appointed ambassador to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> The predominant forms of media in Bahrain consists of weekly and daily newspapers, television, and radio. Newspapers are widely available in multiple languages such as Arabic, English, Malayalam, etc. to support the varied population. <a href="/wiki/Akhbar_Al_Khaleej" title="Akhbar Al Khaleej">Akhbar Al Khaleej</a> (أخبار الخليج) and <a href="/wiki/Al_Ayam_(Bahrain)" title="Al Ayam (Bahrain)">Al Ayam</a> (الأيام) are examples of major Arabic newspapers published daily. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Daily_News" title="Gulf Daily News">Gulf Daily News</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daily_Tribune_(Bahrain)" title="Daily Tribune (Bahrain)">Daily Tribune</a> publish daily newspapers in English. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Madhyamam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Madhyamam">Gulf Madhyamam</a> is a newspaper published in Malayalam. The country's television network operates five networks, all of which are by the <a href="/wiki/Information_Affairs_Authority" title="Information Affairs Authority">Information Affairs Authority</a>. Radio, much like the television network, is mostly state-run and usually in Arabic. Radio Bahrain is a long-running English language radio station, and Your FM is a radio station serving the large expatriate population from the Indian subcontinent living in the country. By June 2012, Bahrain had 961,000 internet users.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-236">[234]</a> The platform "provides a welcome free space for journalists, although one that is increasingly monitored", according to <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>. Rigorous filtering targets political, human rights, religious material and content deemed obscene. Bloggers and other <a href="/wiki/Netizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Netizens">netizens</a> were among those detained during protests in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-237">[235]</a> Bahraini journalists risk prosecution for offences that include "undermining" the government and religion. <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a> is widespread. Journalists were targeted by officials during anti-government protests in 2011. Three editors from the now-banned opposition daily <a href="/wiki/Al-Wasat_(Bahraini_newspaper)" title="Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper)">Al-Wasat</a> were sacked and later fined for publishing "false" news. Several foreign correspondents were expelled.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-237">[235]</a> An independent commission, set up to look into the unrest, found that state media coverage was at times inflammatory. It said opposition groups suffered from lack of access to mainstream media and recommended that the government "consider relaxing censorship". Assessments by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters sans frontières</a> have consistently found Bahrain to be one of the most world's most restrictive regimes.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governorates">Governorates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Governorates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Bahrain" title="Governorates of Bahrain">Governorates of Bahrain</a></div> Bahrain is divided into four governorates:<a href="#cite_note-Central_Governorate_dissolved-239">[237]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Map</th> <th>Current Governorates </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Governorates_of_Bahrain_2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/New_Governorates_of_Bahrain_2014.svg/256px-New_Governorates_of_Bahrain_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/New_Governorates_of_Bahrain_2014.svg/384px-New_Governorates_of_Bahrain_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/New_Governorates_of_Bahrain_2014.svg/512px-New_Governorates_of_Bahrain_2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="426" /></a></td> <td> 1 – <a href="/wiki/Capital_Governorate,_Bahrain" title="Capital Governorate, Bahrain">Capital Governorate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2 – <a href="/wiki/Muharraq_Governorate" title="Muharraq Governorate">Muharraq Governorate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 3 – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Governorate" title="Northern Governorate">Northern Governorate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 4 – <a href="/wiki/Southern_Governorate" title="Southern Governorate">Southern Governorate</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Economy of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bahrain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bahrain.svg/290px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bahrain.svg/435px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bahrain.svg/580px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development in Bahrain</figcaption></figure> According to a January 2006 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia</a>, Bahrain has the fastest-growing economy in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2008-240">[238]</a> Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth-freest overall in the world based on the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2011-241">[239]</a> In 2008, Bahrain was named the world's fastest-growing financial centre by the City of London's <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-243">[241]</a> Bahrain's banking and financial services sector, particularly <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a>, have benefited from the regional boom driven by demand for oil.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-244">[242]</a> Petroleum production and processing is Bahrain's most exported product, accounting for 60% of export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_Bahrain" title="Aluminium Bahrain">Aluminium production</a> is the second-most exported product, followed by finance and construction materials.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manama,_Bahrain_Decembre_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Manama%2C_Bahrain_Decembre_2014.jpg/220px-Manama%2C_Bahrain_Decembre_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Manama%2C_Bahrain_Decembre_2014.jpg/330px-Manama%2C_Bahrain_Decembre_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Manama%2C_Bahrain_Decembre_2014.jpg/440px-Manama%2C_Bahrain_Decembre_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Manama skyline as viewed from <a href="/wiki/Juffair" title="Juffair">Juffair</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Avenues_-_Grand_Avenue_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Avenues_-_Grand_Avenue_section.jpg/170px-The_Avenues_-_Grand_Avenue_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Avenues_-_Grand_Avenue_section.jpg/255px-The_Avenues_-_Grand_Avenue_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Avenues_-_Grand_Avenue_section.jpg/340px-The_Avenues_-_Grand_Avenue_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A view of the Grand Avenue section of the Avenues</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Avenues_-_Outside_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Avenues_-_Outside_view.jpg/220px-The_Avenues_-_Outside_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Avenues_-_Outside_view.jpg/330px-The_Avenues_-_Outside_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Avenues_-_Outside_view.jpg/440px-The_Avenues_-_Outside_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The view from outside one of the entrance gates at the Avenues</figcaption></figure> Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing price of oil since 1985, for example during and following the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf crisis of 1990–91</a>. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to a number of multinational firms and construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude oil, which accounted for 51% of the country's imports in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-TR-145">[143]</a> In October 2008, the Bahraini government introduced a long-term economic vision for Bahrain known as 'Vision 2030' which aims to transform Bahrain into a diversified and sustainable economy. In recent years, the government has undertaken several economic reforms in order to improve its financial dependency and also to boost its image as an island tourist destination that is compact, has short travel times and provides a much more authentic Arab experience than the regional economic and tourism powerhouse of Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> The Avenues is one such example of the recent developments. It is a waterfront facing shopping mall that was opened in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> Bahrain depends heavily on food imports to feed its growing population; it relies heavily on meat imports from Australia and also imports 75% of its total fruit consumption needs.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-DT-248">[246]</a> Since only 2.9% of the country's land is <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> contributes to 0.5% of Bahrain's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-DT-248">[246]</a> In 2004, Bahrain signed the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Bahrain–United States Free Trade Agreement">Bahrain–US Free Trade Agreement</a>, which will reduce certain trade barriers between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-249">[247]</a> In 2011, due to the combination of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a>, its GDP growth rate decreased to 1.3%, which was the lowest growth rate since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> The country's public debt in 2020 is $44.5 billion, or 130% of GDP. It is expected to rise to 155 per cent of GDP in 2026, according to IMF estimates. The <a href="/wiki/Military_expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Military expenditure">military expenditure</a> is the main reason for this increase in debt.<a href="#cite_note-mondediplo1-251">[249]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Bahrain is much lower than the world average. In 2016, Bahrain had 0.52 global hectares <a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-252">[250]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> In 2016, Bahrain used 8.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use 16.5 times as much biocapacity as Bahrain contains. As a result, Bahrain is running a biocapacity deficit.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-252">[250]</a> Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems. In 2008, the jobless figure was at 4%,<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2008a-254">[252]</a> with women overrepresented at 85% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2008b-255">[253]</a> In 2007 Bahrain became the first Arab country to institute <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment benefits</a> as part of a series of labour reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, <a href="/wiki/Majeed_Al_Alawi" title="Majeed Al Alawi">Majeed Al Alawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> As of Q4 2022, total employment in Bahrain<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> stood at 746,145 workers. This included both Bahraini and Non-Bahraini workers. These employment levels represented a full recovery of employment since the downturn caused by the COVID pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bahrain" title="Tourism in Bahrain">Tourism in Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muharraq_and_Manama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muharraq_and_Manama.jpg/220px-Muharraq_and_Manama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muharraq_and_Manama.jpg/330px-Muharraq_and_Manama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muharraq_and_Manama.jpg/440px-Muharraq_and_Manama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> (background)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muharraq_Blick_nach_Manama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Muharraq_Blick_nach_Manama_2.jpg/220px-Muharraq_Blick_nach_Manama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Muharraq_Blick_nach_Manama_2.jpg/330px-Muharraq_Blick_nach_Manama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Muharraq_Blick_nach_Manama_2.jpg/440px-Muharraq_Blick_nach_Manama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4564" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a></figcaption></figure> As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eleven million visitors in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Most of these are from the surrounding Arab states, although an increasing number hail from outside the region due to growing awareness of the kingdom's heritage and partly due to its higher profile as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Grand_Prix" title="Bahrain Grand Prix">Bahrain Grand Prix</a>. The kingdom combines modern Arab culture and the archaeological legacy of five thousand years of civilisation. The island is home to forts including <a href="/wiki/Qalat_Al_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalat Al Bahrain">Qalat Al Bahrain</a> which has been listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_National_Museum" title="Bahrain National Museum">Bahrain National Museum</a> has artefacts from the country's history dating back to the island's first human inhabitants some 9000 years ago and the <a href="/wiki/Beit_Al_Quran" title="Beit Al Quran">Beit Al Quran</a> (Arabic: بيت القرآن, meaning: the House of Qur'an) is a museum that holds Islamic artefacts of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. Some of the popular historical tourist attractions in the kingdom are the <a href="/wiki/Al_Khamis_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khamis Mosque">Al Khamis Mosque</a>, which is one of the oldest mosques in the region, the <a href="/wiki/Arad_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Arad fort">Arad fort</a> in Muharraq, <a href="/wiki/Barbar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbar temple">Barbar temple</a>, which is an ancient temple from the Dilmunite period of Bahrain, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dilmun_Burial_Mounds" title="Dilmun Burial Mounds">A'ali Burial Mounds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sar,_Bahrain" title="Sar, Bahrain">Saar</a> temple.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life,_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life, Bahrain">Tree of Life</a>, a 400-year-old tree that grows in the <a href="/wiki/Sakhir" title="Sakhir">Sakhir</a> desert with no nearby water, is also a popular tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_Life_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tree_of_Life_Bahrain.jpg/220px-Tree_of_Life_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tree_of_Life_Bahrain.jpg/330px-Tree_of_Life_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tree_of_Life_Bahrain.jpg/440px-Tree_of_Life_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life,_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life, Bahrain">Tree of Life</a>, a 9.75 meter high <a href="/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria">Prosopis cineraria</a> tree that is over 400 years old</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bird_watching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird watching">Bird watching</a> (primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding">horse riding</a> are popular tourist activities in Bahrain. Many tourists from nearby Saudi Arabia and across the region visit Manama primarily for the <a href="/wiki/Shopping_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping malls">shopping malls</a> in the capital Manama, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain City Centre">Bahrain City Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seef_Mall" title="Seef Mall">Seef Mall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seef" title="Seef">Seef</a> district of Manama. The <a href="/wiki/Manama_Souq" title="Manama Souq">Manama Souq</a> and Gold Souq in the old district of <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> are also popular with tourists.<a href="#cite_note-MoFA-262">[260]</a> In January 2019 the state-run Bahrain News Agency announced the summer 2019 opening of an underwater theme park covering about 100,000 square meters with a sunken <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> as the site's centrepiece. The project is a partnership between the Supreme Council for Environment, Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority (BTEA), and private investors. Bahrain hopes scuba divers from around the world will visit the underwater park, which will also include artificial <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, a copy of a Bahraini pearl merchant's house, and sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> The park is intended to become the world's largest eco-friendly underwater theme park.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Since 2005, Bahrain hosts an annual festival in March, titled Spring of Culture, which features internationally renowned musicians and artists performing in concerts.<a href="#cite_note-TA-265">[263]</a> Manama was named the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a> for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League and Asian Tourism for 2014 with the Gulf Capital of Tourism for 2016 by The Gulf Cooperation Council. The 2012 festival featured concerts starring <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias" title="Julio Iglesias">Julio Iglesias</a> and other musicians.<a href="#cite_note-TOB-266">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value_Added_Tax_(VAT)">Value Added Tax (VAT)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Value Added Tax (VAT)">edit</a>]</div> The Kingdom of Bahrain introduced the Value Added Tax with effect from 1 January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> This is a multipoint tax on the sale of goods and services in Kingdom of Bahrain. This has been managed by the government through the national bureau of revenue. The ultimate burden of this tax is passed on the consumer. To start with the maximum rate of VAT was 5% which is increased to 10% with effect from 1 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> The government of Bahrain is assuring compliance through high penalties on defaults and tighter audits. This first of its kind VAT has invited qualified chartered accounting firms mainly from India to advise on VAT matters. Firms like KPMG, KeyPoint, Assure Consulting and APMH have set up offices looking at the need for consulting in this domain of VAT. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bahrain" title="Transport in Bahrain">Transport in Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrain_International_Airport_(New_Terminal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bahrain_International_Airport_%28New_Terminal%29.jpg/220px-Bahrain_International_Airport_%28New_Terminal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bahrain_International_Airport_%28New_Terminal%29.jpg/330px-Bahrain_International_Airport_%28New_Terminal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bahrain_International_Airport_%28New_Terminal%29.jpg/440px-Bahrain_International_Airport_%28New_Terminal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The new terminal of the Bahrain International Airport</figcaption></figure> Bahrain has one main <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_International_Airport" title="Bahrain International Airport">Bahrain International Airport</a> (BAH) which is located on the island of <a href="/wiki/Muharraq_Island" title="Muharraq Island">Muharraq</a>, in the north-east. The airport handled almost 100,000 flights and more than 9.5 million passengers in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Stats_2019-269">[267]</a> On January 28, 2021, Bahrain opened its new airport terminal as part of its economic vision 2030.<a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-270">[268]</a> The new airport terminal is capable of handling 14 million passengers and is a big boost to the country's aviation sector.<a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-270">[268]</a> Bahrain's national carrier, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air" title="Gulf Air">Gulf Air</a> operates and bases itself in the BIA. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Fahd_causeway_satellite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Fahd_causeway_satellite.png/220px-King_Fahd_causeway_satellite.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Fahd_causeway_satellite.png/330px-King_Fahd_causeway_satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Fahd_causeway_satellite.png/440px-King_Fahd_causeway_satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway" title="King Fahd Causeway">King Fahd Causeway</a> as seen from space</figcaption></figure> Bahrain has a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Road transport in Bahrain">road network</a>, particularly in Manama. The discovery of oil in the early 1930s accelerated the creation of multiple roads and <a href="/wiki/Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways">highways</a> in Bahrain, connecting several isolated villages, such as <a href="/wiki/Budaiya" title="Budaiya">Budaiya</a>, to Manama.<a href="#cite_note-Yasser-271">[269]</a> To the east, a bridge connected <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> to <a href="/wiki/Muharraq_Island" title="Muharraq Island">Muharraq</a> since 1929, a new causeway was built in 1941 which replaced the old wooden bridge.<a href="#cite_note-Yasser-271">[269]</a> Currently there are three modern bridges connecting the two locations.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Transits between the two islands peaked after the construction of the Bahrain International Airport in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Yasser-271">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ring_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring roads">Ring roads</a> and highways were later built to connect Manama to the villages of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Governorate" title="Northern Governorate">Northern Governorate</a> and towards towns in central and southern Bahrain. The four main islands and all the towns and villages are linked by well-constructed roads. There were 3,164 km (1,966 mi) of roadways in 2002, of which 2,433 km (1,512 mi) were paved. A <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> stretching over 2.8 km (2 mi), connect Manama with <a href="/wiki/Muharraq_Island" title="Muharraq Island">Muharraq Island</a>, and another bridge joins <a href="/wiki/Sitra" title="Sitra">Sitra</a> to the main island. The <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway" title="King Fahd Causeway">King Fahd Causeway</a>, measuring 24 km (15 mi), links Bahrain with the Saudi Arabian mainland via the island of <a href="/wiki/Umm_an-Nasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm an-Nasan">Umm an-Nasan</a>. It was completed in December 1986, and financed by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. In 2008, there were 17,743,495 passengers transiting through the causeway.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> A second causeway, which will have both road and rail connection, between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia called 'King Hamad Causeway' is currently being discussed and is in the planning phase.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> Bahrain's port of <a href="/wiki/Mina_Salman" title="Mina Salman">Mina Salman</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> of the country and consists of 15 <a href="/wiki/Berth_(moorings)" title="Berth (moorings)">berths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-275">[273]</a> In 2001, Bahrain had a merchant fleet of eight ships of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Gross_Tonnage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Tonnage">GT</a> or over, totaling 270,784 GT.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Private vehicles and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain Metro">nationwide metro system</a> is currently under construction and is due to be operational by 2025. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Telecommunications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Telecommunications in Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bahrain" title="Internet in Bahrain">Internet in Bahrain</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> sector in Bahrain officially started in 1981 with the establishment of Bahrain's first telecommunications company, <a href="/wiki/Batelco" title="Batelco">Batelco</a> and until 2004, it <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolised</a> the sector. In 1981, there were more than 45,000 telephones in use in the country. By 1999, Batelco had more than 100,000 mobile contracts.<a href="#cite_note-RE-278">[276]</a> In 2002, under pressure from international bodies, Bahrain implemented its telecommunications law which included the establishment of an independent <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Regulatory_Authority_of_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain">Telecommunications Regulatory Authority</a> (TRA).<a href="#cite_note-RE-278">[276]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Zain_Group" title="Zain Group">Zain</a> (a rebranded version of <a href="/wiki/MTC_Vodafone" class="mw-redirect" title="MTC Vodafone">MTC Vodafone</a>) started operations in Bahrain and in 2010 VIVA (owned by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Telecom_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Telecom Company">STC</a> Group) became the third company to provide mobile services.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> Bahrain has been connected to the internet since 1995 with the country's <a href="/wiki/Domain_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain suffix">domain suffix</a> being '<a href="/wiki/.bh" title=".bh">.bh</a>'. The country's connectivity score (a statistic which measures both Internet access and fixed and mobile telephone lines) is 210.4 per cent per person, while the regional average in <a href="/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab States of the Persian Gulf">Arab States of the Persian Gulf</a> is 135.37 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> The number of Bahraini <a href="/wiki/Internet_users" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet users">internet users</a> has risen from 40,000 in 2000<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> to 250,000 in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> or from 5.95 to 33 per cent of the population. As of August 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit">[update]</a>, the TRA has licensed 22 <a href="/wiki/Internet_Service_Providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Service Providers">Internet Service Providers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_framework">Policy framework</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Policy framework">edit</a>]</div> The Bahraini Economic Vision 2030 published in 2008 does not indicate how the stated goal of shifting from an economy built on oil wealth to a productive, globally competitive economy will be attained. Bahrain has already diversified its exports to some extent, out of necessity. It has the smallest hydrocarbon reserves of any Persian Gulf state, producing 48,000 barrels per day from its one onshore field.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> The bulk of the country's revenue comes from its share in the offshore field administered by Saudi Arabia. The gas reserve in Bahrain is expected to last for less than 27 years, leaving the country with few sources of capital to pursue the development of new industries. Investment in research and development remained very low in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> Apart from the Ministry of Education and the Higher Education Council, the two main hives of activity in science, technology, and innovation are the University of Bahrain (established in 1986) and the Bahrain Centre for Strategic, International, and Energy Studies. The latter was founded in 2009 to undertake research with a focus on strategic security and energy issues to encourage new thinking and influence policymaking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_infrastructure_for_science_and_education">New infrastructure for science and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New infrastructure for science and education">edit</a>]</div> Bahrain hopes to build a science culture within the kingdom and to encourage technological innovation, among other goals. In 2013, the Bahrain Science Centre was launched as an interactive educational facility targeting 6- to 18-year-olds. The topics covered by current exhibitions include junior engineering, human health, the five senses, Earth sciences and biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> In April 2014, Bahrain launched its National Space Science Agency. The agency has been working to ratify international space-related agreements such as the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a>, the Rescue Agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a>, the Registration Convention and the Moon Agreement. The agency plans to establish infrastructure for the observation of both outer space and the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> In November 2008, an agreement was signed to establish a Regional Centre for Information and Communication Technology in Manama under the auspices of UNESCO. The aim is to establish a knowledge hub for the six-member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In March 2012, the centre hosted two high-level workshops on ICTs and education. In 2013, Bahrain topped the Arab world for internet penetration (90% of the population), trailed by the United Arab Emirates (86%) and Qatar (85%). Just half of Bahrainis and Qataris (53%) and two-thirds of those in the United Arab Emirates (64%) had access in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investment_in_education_and_research">Investment in education and research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Investment in education and research">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the government devoted 2.6% of GDP to education, one of the lowest ratios in the Arab world. This ratio was on a par with investment in education in Lebanon and higher only than that in Qatar (2.4% in 2008) and Sudan (2.2% in 2009).<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> Bahrain was ranked 72nd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> Bahrain invests little in research and development. In 2009 and 2013, this investment reportedly amounted to 0.04% of GDP, although the data were incomplete, covering only the higher education sector. The lack of comprehensive data on research and development poses a challenge for policymakers, as data inform evidence-based policymaking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> The available data for researchers in 2013 cover only the higher education sector. Here, the number of researchers is equivalent to 50 per million inhabitants, compared to a global average for all employment sectors of 1,083 per million.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bahrain" title="University of Bahrain">University of Bahrain</a> had over 20,000 students in 2014, 65% of whom are women, and around 900 faculty members, 40% of whom are women. From 1986 to 2014, university staff published 5,500 papers and books. The university spent about US$11 million per year on research in 2014, which was conducted by a contingent of 172 men and 128 women. Women thus made up 43% of researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bahrain" title="University of Bahrain">University of Bahrain</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> Bahrain was one of 11 Arab states which counted a majority of female university graduates in science and engineering in 2014. Women accounted for 66% of graduates in natural sciences, 28% of those in engineering and 77% of those in health and welfare. It is harder to judge the contribution of women to research, as the data for 2013 only cover the higher education sector.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends_in_research_output">Trends in research output</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Trends in research output">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, Bahraini scientists published 155 articles in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). This corresponds to 15 articles per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million inhabitants in 2013. Scientific output has risen slowly from 93 articles in 2005 and remains modest. By 2014, only Mauritania and Palestine had a smaller output in this database among Arab states.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> Between 2008 and 2014, Bahraini scientists collaborated most with their peers from Saudi Arabia (137 articles), followed by Egypt (101), the United Kingdom (93), the United States (89) and Tunisia (75).<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Demographics of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joining_in_prayer_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Joining_in_prayer_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Joining_in_prayer_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Joining_in_prayer_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Joining_in_prayer_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Joining_in_prayer_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Joining_in_prayer_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Bahrainis observing public prayers in Manama</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manama_Souq_(Traditional_marketplace).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Manama_Souq_%28Traditional_marketplace%29.jpg/220px-Manama_Souq_%28Traditional_marketplace%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Manama_Souq_%28Traditional_marketplace%29.jpg/330px-Manama_Souq_%28Traditional_marketplace%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Manama_Souq_%28Traditional_marketplace%29.jpg/440px-Manama_Souq_%28Traditional_marketplace%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Manama Souq on Bahrain National Day</figcaption></figure> In 2010, Bahrain's population grew to 1.2 million, of which 568,399 were Bahraini and 666,172 were non-nationals.<a href="#cite_note-2010-census-288">[286]</a> It had risen from 1.05 million (517,368 non-nationals) in 2007, the year when Bahrain's population crossed the one million mark.<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2008c-289">[287]</a> Though a majority of the population is Middle Eastern, a sizeable number of people from South Asia live in the country. In 2008, approximately 290,000 <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian nationals</a> lived in Bahrain, making them the single largest expatriate community in the country, the majority of which hail from the south Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2008d-290">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndEmb-291">[289]</a> Bahrain is the fourth <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">most densely populated sovereign state in the world</a> with a population density of 1,646 people per km2 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-2010-census-288">[286]</a> The only sovereign states with larger population densities are <a href="/wiki/City_states" class="mw-redirect" title="City states">city states</a>. Much of this population is concentrated in the north of the country with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Governorate" title="Southern Governorate">Southern Governorate</a> being the least densely populated part.<a href="#cite_note-2010-census-288">[286]</a> The north of the country is so urbanized that it is considered by some to be one large <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrani people">Bahrani people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic,_cultural_and_religious_groups_of_Bahrain" title="Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain">Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain</a></div> Bahraini people are ethnically diverse. Shia Bahrainis are divided into two main ethnic groups: <a href="/wiki/Baharna" title="Baharna">Baharna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam</a>. The Shia Bahrainis are <a href="/wiki/Baharna" title="Baharna">Baharna</a> (Arab), and the <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam</a> are <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> Shias. Shia Persians form large communities in Manama and Muharraq. A small minority of Shia Bahrainis are ethnic Hasawis from <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a>. Sunni Bahrainis are mainly divided into two main ethnic groups: Arabs (al Arab) and <a href="/wiki/Huwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwala">Huwala</a>. Sunni Arabs are the most influential ethnic group in Bahrain. They hold most government positions and the <a href="/wiki/Al_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khalifa">Bahraini monarchy</a> are Sunni Arabs. Sunni Arabs have traditionally lived in areas such as Zallaq, Muharraq, <a href="/wiki/Riffa" title="Riffa">West Riffa</a> and Hawar islands. The Huwala are descendants of Sunni Iranians; some of them are Sunni Persians,<a href="#cite_note-mig-293">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> while others Sunni Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> There are also Sunnis of <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> origin. Most African Bahrainis come from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and have traditionally lived in Muharraq Island and Riffa.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Bahrain">Freedom of religion in Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muharram_in_Bahrain" title="Muharram in Bahrain">Muharram in Bahrain</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 792.38228215682px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 543.1058840722px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 542.72291637419px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 61.713047639714px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:94.50630751798px 32.688802965494px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Bahrain (2020) by Pew Research<a href="#cite_note-pew-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Islam</a> (69.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Christianity</a> (14.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a> (10.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Buddhism</a> (3.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Jewish</a> (0.002%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain#Religion" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Other</a> (0.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unaffiliated (2%)</div> </div> </div></div> The state religion of Bahrain is <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Islam</a> and most Bahrainis are Muslim. The majority of Bahraini Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a> according to official data as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> It is one of three countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in which Shiites were the majority, the other two nations being <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCShia-299">[297]</a> Public surveys are rare in Bahrain, but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US department of state</a>'s report on religious freedom in Bahrain estimated that Shias constituted approximately 55% of Bahrain's citizen population in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> The royal family and most Bahrani elites are Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-Pollock-301">[299]</a> The country's two Muslim communities are united on some issues, but disagree sharply on others.<a href="#cite_note-Pollock-301">[299]</a> Shia have often complained of being politically repressed and economically marginalized in Bahrain; as a result, most of the protestors in the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">Bahraini uprising of 2011</a> were Shia.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Evangelical_Church_Manama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_Evangelical_Church_Manama.jpg/220px-National_Evangelical_Church_Manama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_Evangelical_Church_Manama.jpg/330px-National_Evangelical_Church_Manama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_Evangelical_Church_Manama.jpg/440px-National_Evangelical_Church_Manama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>National Evangelical Church, Manama</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrinathji_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Shrinathji_Temple.jpg/220px-Shrinathji_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Shrinathji_Temple.jpg/330px-Shrinathji_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Shrinathji_Temple.jpg/440px-Shrinathji_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Shrinathji temple in Manama</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Christians in Bahrain</a> make up about 14.5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-2010-census-288">[286]</a> There is a native <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Christian community in Bahrain</a>. Non-Muslim Bahraini residents numbered 367,683 per the 2010 census, most of whom are Christians.<a href="#cite_note-2010Census-305">[303]</a> Expatriate Christians make up the majority of Christians in Bahrain, while native Christian Bahrainis (who hold Bahraini citizenship) make up a smaller community. Native Christians who hold Bahraini citizenship number approximately 1,000 persons.<a href="#cite_note-2010Census-305">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alees_Samaan" title="Alees Samaan">Alees Samaan</a>, a former Bahraini ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is a native Christian. Bahrain also has a native <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Jewish community</a> numbering thirty-seven Bahraini citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Yaar-306">[304]</a> Various sources cite Bahrain's native Jewish community as being from 36 to 50 people.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> According to Bahraini writer <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Khedouri" title="Nancy Khedouri">Nancy Khedouri</a>, the Jewish community of Bahrain is one of the youngest in the world, having its origins in the migration of a few families to the island from then-Iraq and then-Iran in the late 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houda_Nonoo" title="Houda Nonoo">Houda Nonoo</a>, former ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, is Jewish. There is also a Hindu community on the island. They constitute the third largest religious group. The <a href="/wiki/Shrinathji_Temple,_Bahrain" title="Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain">Shrinathji temple</a> located in old Manama is the oldest Hindu temple in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> and the Arab world. It is over 200 years old and was built by the Thattai Hindu community in 1817.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> According to the 2001 census, 81.2% of Bahrain's population was Muslim, 10% were Christian, and 9.8% practised <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain#Religion" title="Demographics of Bahrain">other religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[6]</a> The 2010 census records that the Muslim proportion had fallen to 70.2% (the 2010 census did not differentiate between the non-Muslim religions).<a href="#cite_note-2010-census-288">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> is the official language of Bahrain, though English is widely used.<a href="#cite_note-BO-310">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani Arabic</a> is the most widely spoken dialect of the Arabic language, though it differs widely from standard Arabic, like all Arabic dialects. Arabic plays an important role in political life, as, according to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bahrain_(2002)" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002)">article 57 (c)</a> of Bahrain's constitution, an MP must be fluent in Arabic to stand for parliament.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> is the second largest and widely spoken language in Bahrain. The Baloch are fluent in Arabic and Balochi. Among the Bahraini and non-Bahraini population, many people speak <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, the official language of Iran, or <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, an official language in Pakistan and a regional language in India.<a href="#cite_note-BO-310">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> is also widely spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Nepalese workers and Gurkha Soldiers</a> community. <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla language">Bangla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> are spoken among significant Indian communities.<a href="#cite_note-BO-310">[308]</a> All commercial institutions and road signs are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_sign" title="Bilingual sign">bilingual</a>, displaying both English and Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Education in Bahrain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bahrain" title="List of universities in Bahrain">List of universities in Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_students_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/University_students_Bahrain.jpg/220px-University_students_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/University_students_Bahrain.jpg/330px-University_students_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/University_students_Bahrain.jpg/440px-University_students_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Female students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bahrain" title="University of Bahrain">University of Bahrain</a> dressed in traditional garb</figcaption></figure> Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> Education is free for Bahraini citizens in <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">government schools</a>, with the Bahraini <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bahrain)" title="Ministry of Education (Bahrain)">Ministry of Education</a> providing free textbooks. <a href="/wiki/Coeducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeducation">Coeducation</a> is not used in government schools, with boys and girls segregated into separate schools.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, Qur'anic schools (<a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab</a>) were the only form of education in Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-MoE-315">[313]</a> They were traditional schools aimed at teaching children and youth the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Bahrain became open to western influences, and a demand for modern educational institutions appeared. 1919 marked the beginning of modern government school system in Bahrain when the Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys opened in <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MoE-315">[313]</a> In 1926, the Education Committee opened the second government school for boys in <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, and in 1928 the first government school for girls was opened in Muharraq.<a href="#cite_note-MoE-315">[313]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are a total of 126,981 students studying in government schools.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> In 2004, King <a href="/wiki/Hamad_ibn_Isa_Al_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa</a> introduced the "King Hamad Schools of Future" project that uses Information Communication Technology to support <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 education">K–12 education</a> in Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> The project's objective is to connect all schools within the kingdom with the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> In addition to British intermediate schools, the island is served by the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_School" title="Bahrain School">Bahrain School</a> (BS). The BS is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> school that provides a K-12 curriculum including <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> offerings. There are also international schools that offer either the <a href="/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">IB Diploma Programme</a> or United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/A-Levels" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Levels">A-Levels</a>. Bahrain also encourages institutions of higher learning, drawing on expatriate talent and the increasing pool of Bahrain nationals returning from abroad with advanced degrees. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bahrain" title="University of Bahrain">University of Bahrain</a> was established for standard undergraduate and graduate study, and the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University_College_of_Health_Sciences" title="King Abdulaziz University College of Health Sciences">King Abdulaziz University College of Health Sciences</a>, operating under the direction of the Ministry of Health, trains <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nurses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a>. The 2001 National Action Charter paved the way for the formation of international universities such as the <a href="/wiki/Ahlia_University" title="Ahlia University">Ahlia University</a> in Manama and <a href="/wiki/University_College_of_Bahrain" title="University College of Bahrain">University College of Bahrain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saar,_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar, Bahrain">Saar</a>. The Royal University for Women (RUW), established in 2005, was the first purpose-built, international university in Bahrain dedicated solely to educating women. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> External has appointed MCG (Management Consultancy Group) as the regional representative office in Bahrain for distance learning programmes.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> MCG is one of the oldest international institutes in the country. Institutes have also opened which educate South Asian students, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Urdu_School,_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakistan Urdu School, Bahrain (page does not exist)">Pakistan Urdu School, Bahrain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_School,_Bahrain" title="Indian School, Bahrain">Indian School, Bahrain</a>. A few prominent institutions are the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Bahrain" title="American University of Bahrain">American University of Bahrain</a> established in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Institute_of_Banking_and_Finance" title="Bahrain Institute of Banking and Finance">Bahrain Institute of Banking and Finance</a>, the Ernst & Young Training Institute, and the <a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_International_Centre" title="Birla Institute of Technology International Centre">Birla Institute of Technology International Centre</a>. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a> (RCSI) set up a constituent <a href="/wiki/RCSI-Bahrain" title="RCSI-Bahrain">medical university</a> in the country. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_University" title="Arabian Gulf University">Arabian Gulf University</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMA_International_University" class="mw-redirect" title="AMA International University">AMA International University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Health_Sciences,_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Health Sciences, Bahrain">College of Health Sciences</a>, these are the only medical schools in Bahrain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bahrain" title="Health in Bahrain">Health in Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bahrain" title="Healthcare in Bahrain">Healthcare in Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IHB_Ambulance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/IHB_Ambulance.jpg/220px-IHB_Ambulance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/IHB_Ambulance.jpg/330px-IHB_Ambulance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/IHB_Ambulance.jpg/440px-IHB_Ambulance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Ambulance in <a href="/wiki/International_Hospital_of_Bahrain" title="International Hospital of Bahrain">International Hospital of Bahrain</a></figcaption></figure> Bahrain has a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system, dating back to 1960.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> Government-provided health care is free to Bahraini citizens and heavily subsidised for non-Bahrainis. Healthcare expenditure accounted for 4.5% of Bahrain's GDP, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Bahraini physicians and nurses form a majority of the country's workforce in the health sector, unlike neighbouring Gulf states.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> in Bahrain was the <a href="/wiki/American_Mission_Hospital" title="American Mission Hospital">American Mission Hospital</a>, which opened in 1893 as a dispensary.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> The first public hospital, and also <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">tertiary hospital</a>, to open in Bahrain was the <a href="/wiki/Salmaniya_Medical_Complex" title="Salmaniya Medical Complex">Salmaniya Medical Complex</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Salmaniya" title="Salmaniya">Salmaniya</a> district of Manama, in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> Private hospitals are also present throughout the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Hospital_of_Bahrain" title="International Hospital of Bahrain">International Hospital of Bahrain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in Bahrain is 73 for males and 76 for females. Compared to many countries in the region, the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> is relatively low.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP-325">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (TB) do not constitute major problems in Bahrain as neither disease is indigenous to the country. As a result, cases of malaria and TB have declined in recent decades with cases of contractions amongst Bahraini nationals becoming rare.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP-325">[323]</a> The Ministry of Health sponsors regular vaccination campaigns against TB and other diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP-325">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> Currently, Bahrain has an <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> epidemic as 28.9% of all males and 38.2% of all females are classified as obese.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> Bahrain also has one of the highest prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a> in the world (5th place). More than 15% of the Bahraini population are affected by the disease, and they account for 5% of deaths in the country.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a> account for 32% of all deaths in Bahrain, being the number one cause of death in the country (the second being <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">Sickle-cell anaemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalassaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassaemia">thalassaemia</a> are prevalent in the country, with a study concluding that 18% of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle-cell anaemia while 24% are carriers of thalassaemia.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Culture of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg/220px-Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg/330px-Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg/440px-Isa_Bin_Ali_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Isa_ibn_Ali_Al_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa">Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa</a> house is an example of traditional architecture in Bahrain.</figcaption></figure> Islam is the main religion, and Bahrainis are known for their tolerance towards the practice of other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> Intermarriages between Bahrainis and expatriates are not uncommon—there are many Filipino Bahrainis like Filipino child actress <a href="/wiki/Mona_Louise_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona Louise Rey">Mona Marbella Al-Alawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> Rules regarding female attire are generally relaxed compared to regional neighbours; the traditional attire of women usually include the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-142">[140]</a> Although the traditional male attire is the <a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">thobe</a>, which also includes traditional headdresses such as the <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">keffiyeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">ghutra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">agal</a>, Western clothing is common in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-142">[140]</a> Although Bahrain legalized <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> in 1976, many homosexuals have since been arrested, often for violating broadly written laws against public immorality and public indecency.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_art" title="Bahraini art">Bahraini art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrain_Pottery_Creator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bahrain_Pottery_Creator.jpg/220px-Bahrain_Pottery_Creator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bahrain_Pottery_Creator.jpg/330px-Bahrain_Pottery_Creator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bahrain_Pottery_Creator.jpg/440px-Bahrain_Pottery_Creator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>An artisan making pottery using the traditional mud and water mixture on a revolving wheel.</figcaption></figure> The modern art movement in the country officially emerged in the 1950s, culminating in the establishment of an art society. <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphic art</a> are the popular forms of art in the country. <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> has gained popularity in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-TGE-336">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a>-making and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>-weaving are also popular products that were widely made in Bahraini villages.<a href="#cite_note-TGE-336">[334]</a> Arabic calligraphy grew in popularity as the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini government">Bahraini government</a> was an active patron in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, culminating in the establishment of an Islamic museum, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Al_Quran" title="Beit Al Quran">Beit Al Quran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TGE-336">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_National_Museum" title="Bahrain National Museum">Bahrain national museum</a> houses a permanent <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> The annual Spring of Culture<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> festival run by the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> has become a popular event promoting performance arts in the Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> of Bahrain is similar to that of its neighbours in the Persian Gulf. The <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">wind tower</a>, which generates natural ventilation in a house, is a common sight on old buildings, particularly in the old districts of Manama and <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-340">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Literature of Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_at_ICC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/National_Library_at_ICC.jpg/220px-National_Library_at_ICC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/National_Library_at_ICC.jpg/330px-National_Library_at_ICC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/National_Library_at_ICC.jpg/440px-National_Library_at_ICC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bahrain_at_Isa_Cultural_Centre" title="National Library of Bahrain at Isa Cultural Centre">National Library of Bahrain at Isa Cultural Centre</a></figcaption></figure> Literature retains a strong tradition in the country; most traditional writers and poets write in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">classical Arabic</a> style. In recent years, the number of younger poets influenced by <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">western literature</a> are rising, most writing in <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> and often including political or personal content.<a href="#cite_note-EC-341">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Al_Shargawi" title="Ali Al Shargawi">Ali Al Shargawi</a>, a decorated longtime poet, was described in 2011 by Al Shorfa as the literary icon of Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-AS-342">[340]</a> In literature, Bahrain was the site of the ancient land of <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>. Legend also states that it was the location of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-343">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT-344">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_2">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bahrain" title="Media of Bahrain">Media of Bahrain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Music of Bahrain</a></div> The music style in Bahrain is similar to that of its neighbours. The <a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a> style of music, which is <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, is popular in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">sawt</a> style of music, which involves a complex form of urban music, performed by an <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a> (plucked lute), a <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirwas" title="Mirwas">mirwas</a> (a drum), is also popular in Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-AUC-345">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bahar" title="Ali Bahar">Ali Bahar</a> was one of the most famous singers in Bahrain. He performed his music with his Band Al-Ekhwa (The Brothers). Bahrain was also the site of the first <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a> amongst the Persian Gulf states.<a href="#cite_note-AUC-345">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment_in_Bahrain" title="Category:Entertainment in Bahrain">Category:Entertainment in Bahrain</a></div> With regards to cultural and tourism activities, the Ministry of Culture<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> organizes a number of annual festivals. such as the Spring of Culture in March and April, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain_Summer_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahrain Summer Festival (page does not exist)">Bahrain Summer Festival</a> and Ta'a Al-Shabab from August to September, and the Bahrain International Music Festival in October which features musical and theatrical performances, lectures, and much more. As for cultural sites, residents, visitors, and tourists can re-live history through Bahrain's many historical sites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bahrain" title="Sport in Bahrain">Sport in Bahrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_Martial_Arts_event_in_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mixed_Martial_Arts_event_in_Bahrain.jpg/220px-Mixed_Martial_Arts_event_in_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mixed_Martial_Arts_event_in_Bahrain.jpg/330px-Mixed_Martial_Arts_event_in_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mixed_Martial_Arts_event_in_Bahrain.jpg/440px-Mixed_Martial_Arts_event_in_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a> hosted by BRAVE Combat Federation event in Bahrain</figcaption></figure>Bahrain is the first nation other than <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> of America to host <a href="/wiki/International_Mixed_Martial_Arts_Federation" title="International Mixed Martial Arts Federation">International Mixed Martial Arts Federation</a> World Championships of Amateur MMA in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Brave_Combat_Federation" title="Brave Combat Federation">Brave Combat Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> Bahrain have recorded an influx in global athletes visiting the nation for Mixed Martial Arts training during 2017.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brave_Combat_Federation" title="Brave Combat Federation">Brave Combat Federation</a> is a Bahrain-based Mixed Martial Arts promotion that has hosted events in 30 nations which is a record for hosting events in most number of nations by an MMA promotion.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> Bahrain MMA Federation (BMMAF) has been set up under the patronage of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Hamad_Al_Khalifa" title="Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa">Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa</a> and the jurisdiction of the Sports Minister, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Nasser_bin_Hamad_Al_Khalifa" title="Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa">Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> The development of MMA in the nation is convened through KHK MMA, which owns <a href="/wiki/Brave_Combat_Federation" title="Brave Combat Federation">Brave Combat Federation</a> which is the largest Mixed Martial Arts promotion in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> Bahrain will be hosting Amateur World Championships 2017 in association with <a href="/wiki/International_Mixed_Martial_Arts_Federation" title="International Mixed Martial Arts Federation">International Mixed Martial Arts Federation</a>. Bahrain will be the first Asian and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> country to host the amateur MMA championship.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> Bahrain is also home to KHK <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">MMA</a> Fight Team, that facilitates training for some of the prominent talent in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a> in the world who compete in BRAVE Combat Federation, <a href="/wiki/Professional_Fighters_League" title="Professional Fighters League">PFL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> was introduced in Bahrain under the initiative of KHK Sports and Exelon.<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> Bahrain Premier League 2018 comprised six franchise squads of 13 resident cricketers competing in the T20 format. The teams were SRam MRam Falcons, Kalaam Knight-Riders, Intex Lions, Bahrain Super Giants, Four Square Challengers and Awan Warriors.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SocceroosvsBahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SocceroosvsBahrain.jpg/220px-SocceroosvsBahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SocceroosvsBahrain.jpg/330px-SocceroosvsBahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SocceroosvsBahrain.jpg/440px-SocceroosvsBahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Bahrain national football team playing <a href="/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Australia men's national soccer team">Australia</a> on June 10, 2009, in a World Cup qualifier</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is also a popular sport in Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-356">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_national_football_team" title="Bahrain national football team">Bahrain's national football team</a> has competed multiple times at the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">Asian Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nations_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Nations Cup">Arab Nations Cup</a> and played in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> qualifiers, though it has never qualified for the World Cup.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> Bahrain's national football team won the <a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Football_Federation" title="West Asian Football Federation">West Asian Football Federation</a> cup and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a> Both the cups came under the helm of Helio Sousa who is the manager of the nation's national football team. Bahrain has its own <a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">top-tier</a> domestic professional <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_association_football" title="Geography of association football">football league</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Premier_League" title="Bahraini Premier League">Bahraini Premier League</a>. On 3 August 2020, the Kingdom of Bahrain bought a minority stake in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_FC" title="Paris FC">Paris F.C.</a>, a team that plays in France's second tier. Bahrain's entry into the soccer club spurred criticism that the country is trying to whitewash its <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> record and this is another way of buying influence in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bahrain#Basketball" title="Sport in Bahrain">Basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bahrain#Rugby" title="Sport in Bahrain">rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> are also widely popular in the country.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-356">[354]</a> The government of Bahrain also sponsors a <a href="/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam" title="UCI WorldTeam">UCI WorldTeam</a> cycling team, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Merida_Pro_Cycling_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain–Merida Pro Cycling Team">Bahrain Victorius</a>, which participated in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Tour_de_France" title="2017 Tour de France">2017 Tour de France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Bahrain_GP_podium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2007_Bahrain_GP_podium.jpg/220px-2007_Bahrain_GP_podium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2007_Bahrain_GP_podium.jpg/330px-2007_Bahrain_GP_podium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2007_Bahrain_GP_podium.jpg/440px-2007_Bahrain_GP_podium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The podium ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/2007_Bahrain_Grand_Prix" title="2007 Bahrain Grand Prix">2007 Bahrain Grand Prix</a></figcaption></figure> Bahrain has a <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit" title="Bahrain International Circuit">Formula One race track</a>, which hosted the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air" title="Gulf Air">Gulf Air</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Grand_Prix" title="Bahrain Grand Prix">Bahrain Grand Prix</a> on 4 April 2004, the first in an Arab country. This was followed by the Bahrain Grand Prix in 2005. Bahrain hosted the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on 12 March of that year. Both the above races were won by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alonso" title="Fernando Alonso">Fernando Alonso</a> of <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>. The race has since been hosted annually, except for <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahrain_Grand_Prix" title="2011 Bahrain Grand Prix">2011</a> when it was cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">ongoing anti-government protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autosport89525-363">[361]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2012_Bahrain_Grand_Prix" title="2012 Bahrain Grand Prix">2012</a> race occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/2012_Bahrain_Grand_Prix_protests" title="2012 Bahrain Grand Prix protests">protests</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> The decision to hold the race despite ongoing protests and violence<a href="#cite_note-race_on-365">[363]</a> has been described as "controversial" by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>,<a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> named it "one of the most controversial in the history of the sport".<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> In 2006, Bahrain also hosted its inaugural Australian <a href="/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">V8 Supercar</a> event dubbed the "Desert 400". The V8s returned every November to the <a href="/wiki/Sakhir" title="Sakhir">Sakhir</a> circuit until 2010, in which it was the second event of the series. The series has not returned since. The <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit" title="Bahrain International Circuit">Bahrain International Circuit</a> also features a full-length <a href="/wiki/Dragstrip" title="Dragstrip">dragstrip</a> where the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe's top drag racing teams to try to raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a> On June 10, 2024, the Bahrain Olympic Academy received the <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> honorary distinction for its role in aiding and supporting advancement of sports in its region. The honorary medal was presented to his highness Shaikh <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Hamad_Al_Khalifa" title="Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa">Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa</a> by Isidoros Kouvelos, President of <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Academy" title="International Olympic Academy">IOA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bahrain" title="Portal:Bahrain">Bahrain portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bahrain" title="Outline of Bahrain">Outline of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Bahrain" title="State of Bahrain">State of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam of Bahrain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɑːˈreɪn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/En-us-Bahrain.ogg\/En-us-Bahrain.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Bahrain.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-us-Bahrain.ogg/En-us-Bahrain.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Bahrain.ogg" title="File:En-us-Bahrain.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bah-RAYN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bæxˈreɪn/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: البحرين, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Baḥrayn, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Two <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Seas</a>', locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[æl bɑħˈreːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/80\/Ar-Bahrain-1.oga\/Ar-Bahrain-1.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Bahrain-1.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Ar-Bahrain-1.oga/Ar-Bahrain-1.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Bahrain-1.oga" title="File:Ar-Bahrain-1.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Arabic: مملكة البحرين <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/Ar-Mamlakat_al-Ba%E1%B8%A5rayn.oga\/Ar-Mamlakat_al-Ba%E1%B8%A5rayn.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Mamlakat al-Ba\u1e25rayn"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Mamlakat al-Ba\u1e25rayn.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Ar-Mamlakat_al-Ba%E1%B8%A5rayn.oga/Ar-Mamlakat_al-Ba%E1%B8%A5rayn.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Mamlakat_al-Ba%E1%B8%A5rayn.oga" title="File:Ar-Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihr.org.bh/en/MediaHandler/GenericHandler/documents/download/1-%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Bahrain.pdf">"Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (Issued in 2002) and Its Amendments (Issued in 2012)"</a> (PDF). National Institution for Human Rights. National Institute for Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804180754/http://www.nihr.org.bh/en/MediaHandler/GenericHandler/documents/download/1-%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Bahrain.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institution+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Bahrain+%28Issued+in+2002%29+and+Its+Amendments+%28Issued+in+2012%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihr.org.bh%2Fen%2FMediaHandler%2FGenericHandler%2Fdocuments%2Fdownload%2F1-%2520Constitution%2520of%2520the%2520Kingdom%2520of%2520Bahrain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2020-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502014151/https://www.data.gov.bh/en/ResourceCenter/DownloadFile?id=3582">"Bahrain 2020 Census"</a>. Information and eGovernment Authority. 28 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.gov.bh/en/ResourceCenter/DownloadFile?id=3582">the original</a> on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+and+eGovernment+Authority&rft.atitle=Bahrain+2020+Census&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.bh%2Fen%2FResourceCenter%2FDownloadFile%3Fid%3D3582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bh0022)">Bahrain Country Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418014439/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bh0022)">Archived</a> 18 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Library of Congress </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pew_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew_4-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bahrain/religious_demography">Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Bahrain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723035338/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bahrain/religious_demography">Archived</a> 23 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710815-1.2.11.aspx">"Bahrain ends special pact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. 15 August 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210124248/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710815-1.2.11.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Bahrain+ends+special+pact&rft.date=1971-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19710815-1.2.11.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain/">"CIA World Factbook, "Bahrain""</a>. Cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120193210/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook%2C+%22Bahrain%22&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbahrain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/bnp_en/about%20the%20kingdom/about%20bahrain/related%20topics/facts%20and%20figures">"Facts & Figures"</a>. data.gov.bh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103190317/https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/bnp_en/about%20the%20kingdom/about%20bahrain/related%20topics/facts%20and%20figures">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024. 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Brill. 1993. p. 584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=584&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09796-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrezD7rvuf9YC%26pg%3DPA584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/bahrain_hdr_2018.pdf">"Bahrain Human Development Report 2018"</a> (PDF). Bahrain Human Development Report 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130104211/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/bahrain_hdr_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bahrain+Human+Development+Report+2018&rft.atitle=Bahrain+Human+Development+Report+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fbahrain_hdr_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rentz-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rentz_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rentz_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rentz_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rentz_32-3">d</a> Rentz, G. "al- Baḥrayn". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 15 March 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0089">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-maj-33"><a href="#cite_ref-maj_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles2001" class="citation book cs1">Holes, Clive (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR16">Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary</a>. BRILL. pp. XIX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004107630" title="Special:BookSources/9004107630"><bdi>9004107630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society+in+Eastern+Arabia%3A+Glossary&rft.pages=XIX&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004107630&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJLjAKH7-rIC%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1911">EB (1911)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192">"Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405042527/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qal%27at+al-Bahrain+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Harbour+and+Capital+of+Dilmun&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1984" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Curtis E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC&pg=PA52">Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46906-5"><bdi>978-0-226-46906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Land+Use+on+the+Bahrain+Islands%3A+The+Geoarchaeology+of+an+Ancient+Society&rft.pages=52-55&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46906-5&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Curtis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ65mRSPPU6UC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyedAkhtarUsmani2011" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA421">Concise History of Islam</a>. Vij Books India Pvt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382573470" title="Special:BookSources/9789382573470"><bdi>9789382573470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.isbn=9789382573470&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+Husain&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Syed+Saud&rft.au=Usmani%2C+B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeACqCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen198313-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen198313_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen198313_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1983">Larsen 1983</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, Henry Bohn, 1854 p38 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Arnold Heeren, ibid, p441 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Potts, D.T., in: Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms: Studies in Ancient Arabian Monetization, Huth, Martin, and van Alfen, Peter G., (editors), Numismatic studies, The American Numismatic Society, New York, 2010, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> W. B. Fisher et al. The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press 1968 p40 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJu._B._Tsirkin" class="citation web cs1">Ju. B. Tsirkin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135456/http://www.aulaorientalis.org/AuOr%20escaneado/AuOr%2019-2001/2/7.pdf">"Canaan. Phoenicia. Sidon"</a> (PDF). p. 274. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aulaorientalis.org/AuOr%20escaneado/AuOr%2019-2001/2/7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canaan.+Phoenicia.+Sidon.&rft.pages=274&rft.au=Ju.+B.+Tsirkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aulaorientalis.org%2FAuOr%2520escaneado%2FAuOr%252019-2001%2F2%2F7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._A._Donkin1998" class="citation book cs1">R. A. Donkin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C&pg=PA48">Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing: Origins to the Age of Discoveries, Volume 224</a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-224-5"><bdi>978-0-87169-224-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131400/https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Price%3A+Pearls+and+Pearl-fishing%3A+Origins+to+the+Age+of+Discoveries%2C+Volume+224&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-224-5&rft.au=R.+A.+Donkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleHFqMQ9mw8C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Rice1986" class="citation book cs1">Michael Rice (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hmbc9evgB0C&pg=PA401">Bahrain Through The Ages – Archa</a>. Routledge. pp. 401–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0112-3"><bdi>978-0-7103-0112-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131339/https://books.google.com/books?id=2hmbc9evgB0C&pg=PA401">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahrain+Through+The+Ages+%E2%80%93+Archa&rft.pages=401-402&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0112-3&rft.au=Michael+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hmbc9evgB0C%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5NMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA434">"Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity"</a>. A.H.L. Heeren. 1846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A.H.L.+Heeren&rft.atitle=Historical+Researches+Into+the+Politics%2C+Intercourse%2C+and+Trade+of+the+Principal+Nations+of+Antiquity&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5NMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice,_Michael1994" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (1994). The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03268-1"><bdi>978-0-415-03268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Arabian+Gulf&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-03268-1&rft.au=Rice%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice,_Michael1994" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (1994). The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03268-1"><bdi>978-0-415-03268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Arabian+Gulf&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-03268-1&rft.au=Rice%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Crawford" title="Harriet Crawford">Harriet Crawford</a> Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurosis.org/cms/index.php?q=node/2956">"GAMEON-ARABIA'2015, March 2–4, 2015, AOU, Manama, Bahrain, Conference Venue | EUROSIS"</a>. www.eurosis.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814150737/https://www.eurosis.org/cms/index.php?q=node/2956">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eurosis.org&rft.atitle=GAMEON-ARABIA%272015%2C+March+2%E2%80%934%2C+2015%2C+AOU%2C+Manama%2C+Bahrain%2C+Conference+Venue+%7C+EUROSIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurosis.org%2Fcms%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F2956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google-51"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyland2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoyland, Robert G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZb9g1tSeXYC&pg=PA28">Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam</a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19535-5"><bdi>978-0-415-19535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+the+Arabs%3A+From+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Coming+of+Islam&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19535-5&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZb9g1tSeXYC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> From Persian sa-mahij (سه ماهی) meaning Three Fish. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean_Francois_Salles_p132-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Francois_Salles_p132_53-0">^</a> Jean Francois Salles p132 </li> <li id="cite_note-orig-54"><a href="#cite_ref-orig_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7942/1/7942_4940.PDF?+UkUDh:CyT">"Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>. 1973. pp. 46–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120105940/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7942/1/7942_4940.PDF?+UkUDh:CyT">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Durham+University&rft.atitle=Social+and+political+change+in+Bahrain+since+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=46-47&rft.date=1973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F7942%2F1%2F7942_4940.PDF%3F%2BUkUDh%3ACyT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ram-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ram_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ram_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles2001" class="citation book cs1">Holes, Clive (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR24">Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary</a>. BRILL. pp. XXIV–XXVI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004107630" title="Special:BookSources/9004107630"><bdi>9004107630</bdi></a>. <q>Thus the pre-Islamic ethno-linguistic situation in eastern Arabia appear to have been a mixed tribal population of partially Christianised Arabs of diverse origins who probably spoke different old Arabian vernaculars; a mobile Persian-speaking population, possibly of traders and administrators, with strong links to Persia, with which they maintained close contact; a sedentary, non-tribal community of Aramaic-speaking farmers; a Persian clergy, which we know for certain, used Syriac as a language of liturgy and general writing, probably alongside Persian as a spoken language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society+in+Eastern+Arabia%3A+Glossary&rft.pages=XXIV-XXVI&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004107630&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJLjAKH7-rIC%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-om-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-om_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-om_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._R._Smart2013" class="citation book cs1">J. R. Smart (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8glrgh87kEC&pg=PA305">Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0411-8"><bdi>978-0-7007-0411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Modernity+in+Arabic+Language+And+Literature&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0411-8&rft.au=J.+R.+Smart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8glrgh87kEC%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1993" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, M. Th (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA98">E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 5</a>. BRILL. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097910" title="Special:BookSources/9004097910"><bdi>9004097910</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131335/https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9004097910&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVa6oSxzojzoC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Bertram_Serjeant_1968_488-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Bertram_Serjeant_1968_488_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerjeant,_Robert_Bertram1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bertram_Serjeant" title="Robert Bertram Serjeant">Serjeant, Robert Bertram</a> (1968). "Fisher-folk and fish-traps in al-Bahrain". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 31 (3): 486–514 (488). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00125522">10.1017/s0041977x00125522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/614301">614301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128833964">128833964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Fisher-folk+and+fish-traps+in+al-Bahrain&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=486-514+%28488%29&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128833964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F614301%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00125522&rft.au=Serjeant%2C+Robert+Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Emerick, Yahiya (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAxh0K8-BVgC&pg=PA185">Critical Lives: Muhammad</a>, p. 185, Penguin </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 147. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826203308/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s6.html">online</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA222">The Sealed Nectar</a>, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-history-62"><a href="#cite_ref-history_62-0">^</a> Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi5tAAAAMAAJ">History of Islam, Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402185803/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi5tAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 2 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet «P sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus" </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> A letter purported to be from Muhammad to al-Tamimi is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Beit_al-Qur%27an_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit al-Qur'an Museum">Beit al-Qur'an Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hoora" title="Hoora">Hoora</a>, Bahrain </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206161001/http://www.alghurabaa.org/books/seerah/The%20letters%20of%20the%20Prophet%20Muhammad%20to%20the%20Kings%20beyond%20Arabia.pdf">"The letters of the Prophet Muhammed beyond Arabia"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alghurabaa.org/books/seerah/The%20letters%20of%20the%20Prophet%20Muhammad%20to%20the%20Kings%20beyond%20Arabia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+letters+of+the+Prophet+Muhammed+beyond+Arabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alghurabaa.org%2Fbooks%2Fseerah%2FThe%2520letters%2520of%2520the%2520Prophet%2520Muhammad%2520to%2520the%2520Kings%2520beyond%2520Arabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428055134/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/qarma.html">"Qarmatiyyah"</a>. Overview of World Religions. St. Martin's College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/qarma.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overview+of+World+Religions&rft.atitle=Qarmatiyyah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fislam%2Fshia%2Fqarma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glasse-66"><a href="#cite_ref-glasse_66-0">^</a> Cyril Glasse, New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 245. Rowman Altamira, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6">0-7591-0190-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015514">"Black Stone of Mecca"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103174218/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015514">Archived</a> 3 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-68"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2002" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Juan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C">Sacred Space And Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam</a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-736-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Space+And+Holy+War%3A+The+Politics%2C+Culture+and+History+of+Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-736-9&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntarP5hrza0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Smith, G.R. "Uyūnids". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 16 March 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7786">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401120424/http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7786">Archived</a> 1 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erickbonnier-pictures.com/reports-travels/barhain-pearl-of-gulf/">"erickbonnier-pictures – Barhain – Pearl of Gulf"</a>. www.erickbonnier-pictures.com (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630134141/https://www.erickbonnier-pictures.com/reports-travels/barhain-pearl-of-gulf/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.erickbonnier-pictures.com&rft.atitle=erickbonnier-pictures+%E2%80%93+Barhain+%E2%80%93+Pearl+of+Gulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erickbonnier-pictures.com%2Freports-travels%2Fbarhain-pearl-of-gulf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-74"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_74-0">^</a> <a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2008" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Eric Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsU798UPaeYC">Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates: Migration, Minorities, and Identities in the Persian Gulf Arab States</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-93507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-93507-0"><bdi>978-0-549-93507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranians+in+Bahrain+and+the+United+Arab+Emirates%3A+Migration%2C+Minorities%2C+and+Identities+in+the+Persian+Gulf+Arab+States&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-93507-0&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Eric+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsU798UPaeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlot1991" class="citation book cs1">Slot, B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zoTsorEN_yEC">The Origins of Kuwait</a>. BRILL. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09409-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09409-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Kuwait&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09409-3&rft.aulast=Slot&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzoTsorEN_yEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albdoo.info/imgcache2008/3af882fe7cb2511eb935435895e1a566.gif">Ownership deeds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124223501/http://www.albdoo.info/imgcache2008/3af882fe7cb2511eb935435895e1a566.gif">Archived</a> 24 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to a palm garden on the island of Sitra, Bahrain, which was sold by Mariam bint Ahmed Al Sindi to Shaikh Salama Bin Saif Al Utbi, dated 1699–1111 Hijri, </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabia's_Frontiers_p44-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Arabia's_Frontiers_p44_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, John Craven (1991). Arabia's frontiers: the story of Britain's boundary drawing in the desert. I.B. Tauris. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia%27s+frontiers%3A+the+story+of+Britain%27s+boundary+drawing+in+the+desert&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=John+Craven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRihani1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Rihani, Ameen Fares</a> (1930). Around the coasts of Arabia. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+coasts+of+Arabia&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Rihani&rft.aufirst=Ameen+Fares&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia, Geographical, Volume 1, 1905 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLRoWtwJnZQC">Background Notes: Mideast, March, 2011</a>. US State Department. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59243-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59243-126-7"><bdi>978-1-59243-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+Notes%3A+Mideast%2C+March%2C+2011&rft.pub=US+State+Department&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59243-126-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLRoWtwJnZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qdl1-83"><a href="#cite_ref-qdl1_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575946.0x00009c">"'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1000] (1155/1782)"</a>. qdl.qa. 30 September 2014. p. 1000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116084206/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575946.0x00009c">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf.+Vol+I.+Historical.+Part+IA+%26+IB.+J+G+Lorimer.+1915%27+%5B1000%5D+%281155%2F1782%29&rft.pages=1000&rft.pub=qdl.qa&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023575946.0x00009c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915 [1000] (1155/1782), p. 1001 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Onley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/JamesOnley/Papers/335321/_The_Politics_of_Protection_in_the_Gulf_The_Arab_Rulers_and_the_British_Resident_in_the_Nineteenth_Century_2004_">The Politics of Protection in the Persian Gulf: The Arab Rulers and the British Resident in the Nineteenth Century</a>, Exeter University, 2004 p44 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnley2007" class="citation book cs1">Onley, James (2007). "Chapter 1, (2.7)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1vUckJbC8JIC&q=Bahrain+Britain+1816+Bruce&pg=PP58">The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj. Merchants, Rulers and British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922810-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922810-2"><bdi>978-0-19-922810-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%2C+%282.7%29&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Frontier+of+the+British+Raj.+Merchants%2C+Rulers+and+British+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+Gulf&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922810-2&rft.aulast=Onley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1vUckJbC8JIC%26q%3DBahrain%2BBritain%2B1816%2BBruce%26pg%3DPP58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Baharna1968" class="citation book cs1">Al-Baharna, Husain (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BH27AAAAIAAJ">Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States: A Study of Their Treaty Relations and Their International Problems</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0332-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0332-6"><bdi>0-7190-0332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Status+of+the+Arabian+Gulf+States%3A+A+Study+of+Their+Treaty+Relations+and+Their+International+Problems&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-7190-0332-6&rft.aulast=Al-Baharna&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBH27AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAS-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmartSmithPridham2004" class="citation book cs1">Smart, J. R.; Smith, G. Rex; Pridham, B. R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mu3tEPkVBpIC">New Arabian Studies</a>. University of Exeter Press. pp. 51, 52, 53, 67, 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-706-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-706-8"><bdi>978-0-85989-706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Arabian+Studies&rft.pages=51%2C+52%2C+53%2C+67%2C+68&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-706-8&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.+Rex&rft.au=Pridham%2C+B.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmu3tEPkVBpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPridhamUniversity_of_Exeter._Centre_for_Arab_Gulf_Studies1985" class="citation book cs1">Pridham, B. R.; University of Exeter. Centre for Arab Gulf Studies (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpIOAAAAQAAJ">The Arab Gulf and the West</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4011-1"><bdi>978-0-7099-4011-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Gulf+and+the+West&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-4011-1&rft.aulast=Pridham&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rft.au=University+of+Exeter.+Centre+for+Arab+Gulf+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpIOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TPG-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TPG_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TPG_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TPG_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Arnold T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FocirvdZKjcC">The Persian Gulf: A historical sketch from the earliest times to the beginning of the twentieth century</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84105-7"><bdi>978-1-136-84105-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf%3A+A+historical+sketch+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+beginning+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84105-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Arnold+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFocirvdZKjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojtahed-Zadeh1999130-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojtahed-Zadeh1999130_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojtahed-Zadeh1999130_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojtahed-Zadeh1999130_91-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMojtahed-Zadeh1999">Mojtahed-Zadeh 1999</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smb-digital.de/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=625685&bt=europeanaapi">The old Qaṣr es-Sheikh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813114115/http://www.smb-digital.de/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=625685&bt=europeanaapi">Archived</a> 13 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (click on photo to enlarge). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinninmont2011" class="citation news cs1">Kinninmont, Jane (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67553/jane-kinninmont/bahrains-re-reform-movement">"Bahrain's Re-Reform Movement"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105084741/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67553/jane-kinninmont/bahrains-re-reform-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Bahrain%27s+Re-Reform+Movement&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.aulast=Kinninmont&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F67553%2Fjane-kinninmont%2Fbahrains-re-reform-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_at_sea_over_'the_Gulf'-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-All_at_sea_over_'the_Gulf'_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-All_at_sea_over_'the_Gulf'_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbedin2004" class="citation news cs1">Abedin, Mahan (9 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625054007/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FL09Ak03.html">"All at sea over 'the Gulf'"</a>. Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=All+at+sea+over+%27the+Gulf%27&rft.date=2004-12-09&rft.aulast=Abedin&rft.aufirst=Mahan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatimes.com%2Fatimes%2FMiddle_East%2FFL09Ak03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-archiveeditions-95"><a href="#cite_ref-archiveeditions_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117000023/http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=8">"Near & Middle East Titles: Bahrain Government Annual Reports 1924–1970"</a>. Cambridge Archives Editions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=8">the original</a> on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Near+%26+Middle+East+Titles%3A+Bahrain+Government+Annual+Reports+1924%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Cambridge+Archives+Editions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiveeditions.co.uk%2Ftitledetails.asp%3Ftid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/treasure-troves-of-history-and-diversity-1.1137150">Treasure troves of history and diversity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127215535/http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/treasure-troves-of-history-and-diversity-1.1137150">Archived</a> 27 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Gulf_News" title="Gulf News">Gulf News</a>. 25 January 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-ICB-97"><a href="#cite_ref-ICB_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/mishmahig_islands_bahrain.php">"Bahrain:"How was separated from Iran" ?"</a>. Iran Chamber Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822091623/https://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/mishmahig_islands_bahrain.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahrain%3A%22How+was+separated+from+Iran%22+%3F&rft.pub=Iran+Chamber+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgeography%2Farticles%2Fmishmahig_islands_bahrain.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> Based on extracts from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojtahedzadeh1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mojtahedzadeh, Piruz (1995). "Bahrain: the land of political movements". Rahavard, A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies. XI (39).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rahavard%2C+A+Persian+Journal+of+Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Bahrain%3A+the+land+of+political+movements&rft.volume=XI&rft.issue=39&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mojtahedzadeh&rft.aufirst=Piruz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation news cs1">Yergin, Daniel (13 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/business/forum-the-incessant-lure-of-kuwait-s-oil.html">"The Incessant Lure of Kuwait's Oil"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514081731/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/business/forum-the-incessant-lure-of-kuwait-s-oil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Incessant+Lure+of+Kuwait%27s+Oil&rft.date=1991-01-13&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F01%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fforum-the-incessant-lure-of-kuwait-s-oil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation book cs1">Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. 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Retrieved 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+increasingly+sees+Iran%27s+hand+in+the+supporting+of+Bahraini+democracy+supporters&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft.aulast=Mekhennet&rft.aufirst=Souad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fus-increasingly-sees-irans-hand-in-the-arming-of-bahraini-militants%2F2017%2F04%2F01%2Fbe5e61fc-1329-11e7-833c-503e1f6394c9_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-france1-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-france1_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-france1_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210212-ten-years-on-bahrain-paralysed-by-legacy-of-arab-spring">"Ten years on, Bahrain paralysed by legacy of Arab Spring"</a>. 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International Journal of Middle East Studies. 19 (2): 177–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800031834">10.1017/s0020743800031834</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163353">163353</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162702326">162702326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Rival+Empires+of+Trade+and+Imami+Shiism+in+Eastern+Arabia%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-203&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162702326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800031834&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan+R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hungerford_Holdich" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hungerford Holdich">Holdich, Thomas Hungerford</a> (1911), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bahrein_Islands">"Bahrein Islands" </a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 212</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bahrein+Islands&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=212&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Holdich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hungerford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1983" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Curtis (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelanduseon00curt">Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46906-5"><bdi>978-0-226-46906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Land+Use+on+the+Bahrain+Islands%3A+The+Geoarcheology+of+an+Ancient+Society&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46906-5&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifelanduseon00curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojtahed-Zadeh1999" class="citation book cs1">Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4g6iRcZIKIC">Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1098-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+and+Territoriality+in+the+Persian+Gulf%3A+A+Maritime+Political+Geography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1098-0&rft.aulast=Mojtahed-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Pirouz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4g6iRcZIKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABahrain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bahrain at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahrain" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bahrain">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_/_Bahrain" class="extiw" title="c:البحرين / Bahrain">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bahrain" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Bahrain">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahrain" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Bahrain">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahrain" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Bahrain">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahrain" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bahrain">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bahrain" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bahrain">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bahrain" class="extiw" title="voy:Bahrain">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahrain.bh">Official government portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.gov.bh/">Kingdom of Bahrain, Ministry of Foreign Affairs website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain/">"Bahrain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=bahrain">Bahrain</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14540571">Bahrain profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bahrain_topics" title="Template:Bahrain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bahrain_topics" title="Template talk:Bahrain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bahrain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bahrain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bahrain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bahrain" title="Outline of Bahrain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ala%27a_Al-Hadrami" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami">Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Correia_(admiral)" title="António Correia (admiral)">Antonio Correia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_Omani_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain">1717 Omani invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain_(1783%E2%80%931971)" title="History of Bahrain (1783–1971)">History of Bahrain (1783–1971)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain">Bani Utbah invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s" title="Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s">Administrative reforms of the 1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Oil_Well,_Bahrain" title="First Oil Well, Bahrain">First Oil Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Committee" title="National Union Committee">National Union Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Intifada" title="March Intifada">March Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_uprising_in_Bahrain" title="1990s uprising in Bahrain">1990s uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Bahrain" title="2000s in Bahrain">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bahrain">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Bahrain">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bahrain">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bahrain" title="List of cities in Bahrain">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain#Area_and_boundaries" title="Geography of Bahrain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Bahrain" title="Governorates of Bahrain">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Bahrain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bahrain" title="Wildlife of Bahrain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bahrain" title="Cabinet of Bahrain">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain" title="Constitution of Bahrain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bahrain" title="Elections in Bahrain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bahrain" title="Foreign relations of Bahrain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bahrain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Women's rights in Bahrain">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Bahrain">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Bahrain)" title="Ministry of Interior (Bahrain)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Bahrain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_opposition" title="Bahraini opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bahrain" title="List of political parties in Bahrain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Bahrain" title="Visa policy of Bahrain">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bahrain" title="Agriculture in Bahrain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Dinar">Bahraini dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bahrain">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bahrain" title="List of companies of Bahrain">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bahrain" title="Tourism in Bahrain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bahrain" title="Transport in Bahrain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Bourse" title="Bahrain Bourse">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bahrain" title="Central Bank of Bahrain">Central Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Bahrain">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bahrain" title="Flag of Bahrain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Bahrain" title="Polygamy in Bahrain">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain#Holidays" title="Culture of Bahrain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bahrain" title="Sport in Bahrain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bahrain" title="Internet in Bahrain">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bahrain" title="Media of Bahrain">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_art" title="Bahraini art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Bahrain" title="Theatre of Bahrain">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_literature" title="Bahraini literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Bahrain" title="List of newspapers in Bahrain">Newspaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrainona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrainona">National Anthem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Bahrain" title="Radio in Bahrain">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bahrain" title="Television in Bahrain">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bahrain#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Bahrain">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Bahrain">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bahrain" title="Outline of Bahrain">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bahrain" title="Outline of Bahrain">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bahrain" title="Category:Bahrain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bahrain" title="Portal:Bahrain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this 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title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_Cooperation_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf"><img alt="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project" title="Dolphin Gas Project">Dolphin Gas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Patent_Office" title="GCC Patent Office">GCC Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Standardization_Organization" title="GCC Standardization Organization">GCC Standardization Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Arabian_Peninsula_Unity_Forum" title="Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum">Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Conformity_mark" title="Gulf Conformity mark">Gulf Conformity mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting" title="Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting">Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Railway" title="Gulf Railway">Gulf Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">Bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the GCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test" title="GCC homosexuality test">homosexuality test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce_nationalization" title="Workforce nationalization">Workforce nationalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geopolitical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder" title="Exercise North Thunder">Exercise North Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Futsal_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup">Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Club_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="GCC Club Cup">GCC Club Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Games" title="GCC Games">GCC Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_GCC_Games" title="2011 GCC Games">2011 Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships">GCC Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship" title="Gulf Ice Hockey Championship">Gulf Ice Hockey Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-17_Championship" title="GCC U-17 Championship">GCC U-17 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-19_Championship" title="GCC U-19 Championship">GCC U-19 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-23_Championship" title="GCC U-23 Championship">GCC U-23 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship" title="GCC Volleyball Club Championship">GCC Volleyball Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships">GCC Youth Athletics Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Category:Gulf Cooperation Council">Category:Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_subregion" title="Southern Denkalya subregion">Southern Denkalya subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404023058">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121084192">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131340012">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206601/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp4YWtBffFYgY6xgdxJjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004268-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79118921">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880331f">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284432j">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939913g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880331f">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284432j">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939913g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575522">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35739310">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge124250&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453566">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq465h4b3hn904z">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/14598">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552524305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059250981706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/65f4f7a6-d3c1-3a6b-a726-85e147d555b7">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/21919829-40e0-4eb7-951c-50abcc2e3abd">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/t0kjlpUv">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027334902">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046225">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=41305">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bahreyn">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahrain&params=26_4_N_50_30_E_type:country">26°4′N 50°30′E / 26.067°N 50.500°E / 26.067; 50.500</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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[\"CITEREFJones,_Sandy_Russell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJu._B._Tsirkin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhedouri,_Nancy_Elly.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinninmont2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeigh-Hewitson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosurdo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquhar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik,_Adnan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathew2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeixler1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMekhennet2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Rice1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojtahed-Zadeh1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojtahedzadeh1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulligan,_William_E.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNews_Wires2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiethammar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble,_Jonatha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanja2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPleitgen,_Frederik2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPleitgen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPridhamUniversity_of_Exeter._Centre_for_Arab_Gulf_Studies1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._A._Donkin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzlav-Katz,_Nissan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice,_Michael1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRihani1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalacanin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerjeant,_Robert_Bertram1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh_Singh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlot1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmartSmithPridham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon,_Erika2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreet2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyedAkhtarUsmani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbott,_Strobe1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorTremayne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_Arab2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngoed-Thomas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXavier2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYergin1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFal-Jayousi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFchaitanyesh.dr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFnationsonline.org\"] = 1,\n [\"Cole\"] = 1,\n [\"Language\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabian Plate\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 6,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bahrain topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 166,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Persian Gulf\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 6,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Gulf Cooperation Council\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Increase\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 28,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 5,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Ship\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"UN Population\"] = 3,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 28,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","22.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","160","7.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.5"],["(for 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-21T19:18:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T07:56:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2c\/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg","headline":"country in the Persian Gulf"}</script> </body> </html>