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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events_leading_up_to_the_Arab_Spring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_leading_up_to_the_Arab_Spring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Events leading up to the Arab Spring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_leading_up_to_the_Arab_Spring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_and_uprisings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_and_uprisings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Protests and uprisings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_and_uprisings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary_of_conflicts_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_conflicts_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Summary of conflicts by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_conflicts_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Major events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahrain_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Bahrain (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Egypt (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Libya (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Syria (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia_(2010–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia_(2010–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Tunisia (2010–2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia_(2010–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.7 United Arab Emirates (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.8 Yemen (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Outcomes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outcomes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_Winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Arab Winter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Long-term aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sectarianism_and_collapse_of_state_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarianism_and_collapse_of_state_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Sectarianism and collapse of state systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarianism_and_collapse_of_state_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Arab_Spring_(Arab_Summer)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Arab_Spring_(Arab_Summer)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Second Arab Spring (Arab Summer) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Arab_Spring_(Arab_Summer)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Spring:_Revolution_or_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Spring:_Revolution_or_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Arab Spring: Revolution or reform </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arab_Spring:_Revolution_or_reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arab Spring: Revolution or reform subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arab_Spring:_Revolution_or_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Social justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-revolution_and_civil_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-revolution_and_civil_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Counter-revolution and civil wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-revolution_and_civil_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 By country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Live_blogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_blogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Live blogs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_blogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Ongoing coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arab Spring</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiese_Lente" title="Arabiese Lente – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabiese Lente" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B0%D4%A5%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Арабтәи ааԥынра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арабтәи ааԥынра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الربيع العربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الربيع العربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արաբական Գարուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբական Գարուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%81rabe" title="Primavera Árabe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primavera Árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_bahar%C4%B1" title="Ərəb baharı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb baharı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="আরব বসন্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব বসন্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek_%C3%AA_Chhun-thi%E2%81%BF" title="A-la-pek ê Chhun-thiⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek ê Chhun-thiⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B" title="Ғәрәп яҙы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп яҙы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арабская вясна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабская вясна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арабская вясна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабская вясна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арабска пролет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабска пролет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabischa_Friahling" title="Arabischa Friahling – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arabischa Friahling" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_prolje%C4%87e" title="Arapsko proljeće – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapsko proljeće" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%80rab" title="Primavera Àrab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primavera Àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A9_jaro" title="Arabské jaro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabské jaro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gwanwyn_Arabaidd" title="Y Gwanwyn Arabaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Gwanwyn Arabaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Arabiske_For%C3%A5r" title="Det Arabiske Forår – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Arabiske Forår" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8" title="الربيع د الشعوب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الربيع د الشعوب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabischer_Fr%C3%BChling" title="Arabischer Frühling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabischer Frühling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_kevad" title="Araabia kevad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia kevad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Αραβική Άνοιξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβική Άνοιξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%81rabe_(2010-2012)" title="Primavera Árabe (2010-2012) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primavera Árabe (2010-2012)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_printempo" title="Araba printempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba printempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_Udaberria" title="Arabiar Udaberria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar Udaberria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بهار عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بهار عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_v%C3%A1ri%C3%B0" title="Arabiska várið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arabiska várið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printemps_arabe" title="Printemps arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Printemps arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earrach_na_nArabach" title="Earrach na nArabach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Earrach na nArabach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%A1rabe" title="Primavera árabe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primavera árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matu%C4%A9ka_ma_Arabu" title="Matuĩka ma Arabu – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Matuĩka ma Arabu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%9D%98_%EB%B4%84" title="아랍의 봄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍의 봄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արաբական գարուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական գարուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="२०१० से प्रारंभ होने वाली अरब जगत की क्रांतिकारी लहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="२०१० से प्रारंभ होने वाली अरब जगत की क्रांतिकारी लहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_prolje%C4%87e" title="Arapsko proljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapsko proljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebangkitan_dunia_Arab" title="Kebangkitan dunia Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebangkitan dunia Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C3%ADska_vori%C3%B0" title="Arabíska vorið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabíska vorið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_araba" title="Primavera araba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primavera araba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="האביב הערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האביב הערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არაბული გაზაფხული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული გაზაფხული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Араб көктемі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб көктемі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuguvugu_la_Uarabuni" title="Vuguvugu la Uarabuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vuguvugu la Uarabuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Арап жазы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арап жазы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver_Arabicum" title="Ver Arabicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ver Arabicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_pavasaris" title="Arābu pavasaris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu pavasaris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabescht_Fr%C3%A9ijoer" title="Arabescht Fréijoer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arabescht Fréijoer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_pavasaris" title="Arabų pavasaris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų pavasaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_Veurjaor" title="Arabisch Veurjaor – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arabisch Veurjaor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_tavasz" title="Arab tavasz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab tavasz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арапска пролет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапска пролет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അറബ് വസന്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബ് വസന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="الربيع العربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الربيع العربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عربی بهار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عربی بهار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Арабын хавар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арабын хавар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8" title="အာရပ်နွေဦး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရပ်နွေဦး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Lente" title="Arabische Lente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische Lente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अरब बसन्त – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरब बसन्त" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A5" title="アラブの春 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブの春" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_arabiske_v%C3%A5ren" title="Den arabiske våren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den arabiske våren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Ar%C3%A0bia" title="Prima Aràbia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prima Aràbia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_bahori" title="Arab bahori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab bahori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عرب بہار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عرب بہار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_wiosna" title="Arabska wiosna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabska wiosna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%81rabe" title="Primavera Árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primavera Árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C4%83vara_arab%C4%83" title="Primăvara arabă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primăvara arabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арабская весна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабская весна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Улуу Араб долгуйуута – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Араб долгуйуута" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beranu_%C3%A0rabu_(2010-2012)" title="Beranu àrabu (2010-2012) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Beranu àrabu (2010-2012)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%A0rabba" title="Primavera àrabba – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Primavera àrabba" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arab Spring" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A1_jar" title="Arabská jar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabská jar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بەھاری عەرەبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەھاری عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5" title="Арапско пролеће – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапско пролеће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_prolje%C4%87e" title="Arapsko proljeće – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapsko proljeće" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabikev%C3%A4t" title="Arabikevät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabikevät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_v%C3%A5ren" title="Arabiska våren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska våren" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the demonstrations and revolts in the Arab world in the early 2010s. For other Arab revolts, see <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arab Revolt (disambiguation)">Arab Revolt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Arab Spring</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_-_February_9,_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png/183px-Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png/275px-Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png 1.5x, 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data-file-width="887" data-file-height="665" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:(Banyas_demonstration)_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/167px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/251px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/334px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yemen_protest.jpg/167px-Yemen_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yemen_protest.jpg/251px-Yemen_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yemen_protest.jpg/334px-Yemen_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Clockwise from the upper left corner: Protesters gathered at <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, 9 February 2011; Habib Bourguiba Boulevard, protesters in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, 14 January 2011; dissidents in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, calling for president <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> to resign on 3 February 2011; crowds of hundreds of thousands in <a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, 29 April 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">17 December 2010 – December 2012 (~2 years)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">MENA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_trap" title="Demographic trap">Demographic factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights#Human_rights_violations" title="Human rights">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">Free elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">Regime change</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">Defection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_camp" title="Protest camp">Protest camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_protest" title="Silent protest">Silent protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring_concurrent_incidents" title="Arab Spring concurrent incidents">Arab Spring concurrent incidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact of the Arab Spring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div>Full result by country</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>Tunisia: President <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> ousted, charged, exiled and government overthrown.</li> <li>Egypt: President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> ousted, arrested, charged, and government overthrown. The <a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> begins.</li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">killed</a> following an <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">eight-month civil war</a> that saw a foreign military intervention and the government overthrown.</li> <li>Yemen: President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> ousted, and power handed to a national unity government.</li> <li>Syria: President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> faced <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">civil uprising</a> against his rule that deteriorated into armed rebellion and eventual <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">full-scale civil war</a>.</li> <li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Civil uprising</a> against the government crushed by authorities and <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention</a>.</li> <li>Kuwait, Lebanon and Oman: Government changes implemented in response to protests.</li> <li>Morocco, Algeria and Jordan: Constitutional reforms implemented in response to protests.</li> <li>Djibouti, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, United Arab Emirates, Sudan, Palestine: Protests.</li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 61,000 deaths in 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/250px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/375px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/500px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="4771" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Arab Spring (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الربيع العربي, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) or the First Arab Spring (to distinguish from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a>) was a series of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">anti-government protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">uprisings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">armed rebellions</a> that spread across much of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> in the early 2010s. It began <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">in Tunisia</a> in response to corruption and <a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">economic stagnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> From Tunisia, the protests then spread to five other countries: <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. Rulers were deposed (<a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> of Tunisia in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> of Libya in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> of Egypt in 2011, and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> of Yemen in 2012) or major uprisings and social violence occurred including riots, civil wars, or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Minor protests took place in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Western Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYRB-Ruthven-3">[3]</a> A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is <a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">ash-shaʻb yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām!</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الشعب يريد إسقاط النظام, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'the people want to bring down the regime').<a href="#cite_note-slogan-4">[4]</a> The wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid to late 2012, as many Arab Spring demonstrations were met with violent responses from authorities,<a href="#cite_note-Many_wounded_as_Moroccan_police_beat_protestors-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria's_crackdown-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahrain_troops_lay_siege_to_protesters'_camp-7">[7]</a> pro-government militias, counterdemonstrators, and militaries. These attacks were answered with violence from protesters in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_clampdown_on_protests_mirrors_Egypt's_as_thugs_join_attacks-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yemeni_government_supporters_attack_protesters,_injuring_hundreds-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libya_Protests:_Gaddafi_Militia_Opens_Fire_on_demonstrators-10">[10]</a> Multiple large-scale conflicts followed: the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Fear_and_Faith_in_Paradise-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arab_Winter-12">[12]</a> the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">insurgency in Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">following civil war</a>;<a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">removal from office</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">subsequent unrest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">insurgency</a>;<a href="#cite_note-euronews-15">[15]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">subsequent civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yemen's_Arab_winter-16">[16]</a> Regimes that lacked major oil wealth and hereditary succession arrangements were more likely to undergo regime change.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> A power struggle continued after the immediate response to the Arab Spring. While leadership changed and regimes were held accountable, <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuums</a> opened across the Arab world. Ultimately, it resulted in a contentious battle between a consolidation of power by religious elites and the growing support for democracy in many Muslim-majority states.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The early hopes that these popular movements would end corruption, increase political participation, and bring about greater economic equity quickly collapsed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> moves by foreign state actors in Yemen,<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> the regional and international military interventions in Bahrain and Yemen, and the destructive civil wars in Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan_and_Dyer-20">[20]</a> Some have referred to the succeeding and still ongoing conflicts as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fear_and_Faith_in_Paradise-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arab_Winter-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-euronews-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yemen's_Arab_winter-16">[16]</a> Recent uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> show that the conditions that started the Arab Spring have not faded and political movements against <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and exploitation are still occurring.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Since late 2018, <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">multiple uprisings and protest movements</a> in Algeria, Sudan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Egypt have been seen as a continuation of the Arab Spring.<a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit">[update]</a>, multiple conflicts are still continuing that might be seen as a result of the Arab Spring. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War</a> has caused massive political instability and economic hardship in Syria, with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a> plunging to new lows.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_6-12-2020-24">[24]</a> In Libya, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">a major civil war</a> recently concluded, with foreign powers intervening.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">a civil war</a> continues to affect the country.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In Lebanon, a major banking crisis is threatening the country's economy as well as that of neighboring Syria. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The denomination “Arab Spring” is contested by some scholars and observers claiming that the term is problematic for several reasons. First, it was coined by Western commentators, not those involved in the events. The first specific use of the term Arab Spring as used to denote these events may have started with the US political journal <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-massad-28">[28]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lynch" title="Marc Lynch">Marc Lynch</a> described Arab Spring as "a term I may have unintentionally coined in a 6 January 2011 article" for Foreign Policy magazine.<a href="#cite_note-The_Arab_Uprising:_The_Unfinished_Revolutions_of_the_New_Middle_East-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-lynch-30">[30]</a> Protestors involved in the events however described their own political actions as "uprising" (intifada), Arab "awakening" (sahwa) and Arab "renaissance" (nahda), using expressions like al-marar al-Arabi (the Arab bitterness), karama (dignity) and thawra (revolution).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> Some authors argue that western governments, scholars and media used the term to minimise people’s revolutionary aims and discourse.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massad" title="Joseph Massad">Joseph Massad</a> on <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> said the term was "part of a US strategy of controlling the movement's aims and goals" and directing it towards Western-style <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-massad-28">[28]</a> When Arab Spring protests in some countries were followed by electoral success for <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> parties, some American pundits coined the terms Islamist Spring<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and Islamist Winter.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The term “Spring” further illustrates the problematic nature of projecting Western expectations onto non-Western actors and practices. The terminology follows the Western example of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> referred to as “Spring of Nations” and the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> in 1968, in which a Czech student, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Palach" title="Jan Palach">Jan Palach</a>, set himself on fire as <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a> did. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, it was used by various commentators and bloggers who anticipated a major Arab movement towards <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The term "Arab Spring" is thus contested as it signifies an expectation that the events would replicate the example of democratic revolutions set by the West.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> Lastly, the term “Arab” is contested as well as it homogenises the region’s cultural specificities and oversimplifies the nature of its diverse histories and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressures_from_within">Pressures from within</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pressures from within">edit</a>]</div> The world watched the events of the Arab Spring unfold, "gripped by the narrative of a young generation peacefully rising up against oppressive authoritarianism to secure a more democratic political system and a brighter economic future".<a href="#cite_note-Hassan_and_Dyer-20">[20]</a> The Arab Spring is widely believed to have been instigated by dissatisfaction, particularly of youth and unions, with the rule of local governments, though some have speculated that wide gaps in income levels and pressures caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> may have had a hand as well.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Some activists had taken part in programs sponsored by the US-funded <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, but the US government claimed that they did not initiate the uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Numerous factors led to the protests, including issues such as reform,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, economic decline, unemployment, extreme poverty, and a number of demographic structural factors,<a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_Revolution:_A_Demographic_Structural_Analysis-37">[37]</a> such as a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the entire population.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics_of_the_Arab_League,_computed_by_Wolfram_Alpha-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Digital_Dissidence_Political_Change:_Cyberactivism_and_Citizen_Journalism_in_Egypt-39">[39]</a> Catalysts for the revolts in all <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf countries</a> included the concentration of wealth in the hands of monarchs in power for decades, insufficient transparency of its redistribution, corruption, and especially the refusal of the youth to accept the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-Reverchon_03/13-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_Price_Index.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Food_Price_Index.webp/325px-Food_Price_Index.webp.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Food_Price_Index.webp/488px-Food_Price_Index.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Food_Price_Index.webp/650px-Food_Price_Index.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/FAO_Food_Price_Index" title="FAO Food Price Index">Food Price Index</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oils</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertilizer_prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fertilizer_prices.webp/325px-Fertilizer_prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fertilizer_prices.webp/488px-Fertilizer_prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fertilizer_prices.webp/650px-Fertilizer_prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5273" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Fertilizer prices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">DAP</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Superphosphate" title="Superphosphate">Triple Superphosphate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/325px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/488px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/650px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Total corn production (<a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a>) (left)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Corn used for <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a> (bushels) (left)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)</div> </figcaption></figure> Some protesters looked to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a> as an ideal (contested but peaceful elections, fast-growing but liberal economy, secular constitution but <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> government).<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Other analysts blamed the rise in food prices on commodity traders and the <a href="/wiki/Corn_ethanol" title="Corn ethanol">conversion of crops to ethanol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Yet others have claimed that the context of high rates of unemployment and corrupt political regimes led to dissent movements within the region.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_Media_and_the_Arab_Spring:_What_Have_We_Learned?-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media%27s_role_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Social media's role in the Arab Spring">Social media's role in the Arab Spring</a></div> In the wake of the Arab Spring protests, a considerable amount of attention focused on the role of social media and digital technologies in allowing citizens within areas affected by "the Arab Uprisings" as a means for collective activism to circumvent state-operated media channels.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The influence of social media on political activism during the Arab Spring has, however, been much debated.<a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-01-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-02-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_Media_in_the_Middle_East-51">[51]</a> Protests took place both in states with a very high level of Internet usage (such as <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> with 88% of its population online in 2011) and in states with some of the lowest Internet penetration (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Stepanova-52">[52]</a> The use of social media platforms more than doubled in Arab countries during the protests, with the exception of Libya.<a href="#cite_note-Salem,_Fadi,_Mourtada-53">[53]</a> Some researchers have shown how <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">dynamics of the crowd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Participatory_design#In_software_development" title="Participatory design">participatory systems</a> such as social media, has immense power to support a collective action—such as foment a political change.<a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-03-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-04-55">[55]</a> As of 5 April 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit">[update]</a>, the number of Facebook users in the Arab world surpassed 27.7 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Salem,_Fadi,_Mourtada-53">[53]</a> Some critics have argued that digital technologies and other forms of communication—videos, cellular phones, blogs, photos, emails, and text messages—have brought about the concept of a "digital democracy" in parts of North Africa affected by the uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Facebook, Twitter, and other major social media played a key role in the movement of Egyptian and Tunisian activists in particular.<a href="#cite_note-Stepanova-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Nine out of ten Egyptians and Tunisians responded to a poll that they used <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> to organize protests and spread awareness.<a href="#cite_note-Salem,_Fadi,_Mourtada-53">[53]</a> This large population of young Egyptian men referred to themselves as "the Facebook generation", exemplifying their escape from their non-modernized past.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Furthermore, 28% of Egyptians and 29% of Tunisians from the same poll said that blocking Facebook greatly hindered and/or disrupted communication. Social media sites were a platform for different movements formed by many frustrated citizens, including the 2008 "April 6 Youth Movement" organized by Ahmed Mahed, which set out to organize and promote a nationwide labor strike and which inspired the later creation of the "Progressive Youth of Tunisia".<a href="#cite_note-Networked-60">[60]</a> During the Arab Spring, people created <a href="/wiki/List_of_Facebook_features" title="List of Facebook features">pages</a> on Facebook to raise awareness about alleged crimes against humanity, such as police brutality in the Egyptian Revolution (see <a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a>).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Whether the project of raising awareness was primarily pursued by Arabs themselves or simply advertised by Western social media users is a matter of debate. Jared Keller, a journalist for <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, claims that most activists and protesters used Facebook (among other social media) to organize; however, what influenced Iran was "good old-fashioned word of mouth". Jared Keller argued that the sudden and anomalous social media output was caused from Westerners witnessing the situation(s), and then broadcasting them. The Middle East and North Africa used texting, emailing, and blogging only to organize and communicate information about internal local protests.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A study by <a href="/wiki/Zeynep_Tufekci" title="Zeynep Tufekci">Zeynep Tufekci</a> of the University of North Carolina and Christopher Wilson of the United Nations Development Program concluded that "social media in general, and Facebook in particular, provided new sources of information the regime could not easily control and were crucial in shaping how citizens made individual decisions about participating in protests, the logistics of protest, and the likelihood of success."<a href="#cite_note-Arab_Spring_2013-63">[63]</a> Marc Lynch of George Washington University said, "while social media boosters envisioned the creation of a new public sphere based on dialogue and mutual respect, the reality is that Islamists and their adversaries retreat to their respective camps, reinforcing each other's prejudices while throwing the occasional rhetorical bomb across the no-man's land that the center has become."<a href="#cite_note-Arab_Spring_2013-63">[63]</a> Lynch also stated in a Foreign Policy article, "There is something very different about scrolling through pictures and videos of unified, chanting Yemeni or Egyptian crowds demanding democratic change and waking up to a gory image of a headless 6-year-old girl on your Facebook news feed."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the months leading up to events in Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a>, Communications Program Manager Jonathan Stevens predicted the use of "collaborative Internet utilities" to effect governmental change. In his thesis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/608/Stevens_Jonathan.pdf">Webeaucracy: The Collaborative Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130402/http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/608/Stevens_Jonathan.pdf">Archived</a> 28 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Stevens put forth that unlike writing, printing, and telecommunications, "collaborative Internet utilities" denote a sea-change in the ability of crowds to effect social change. People and collaborative Internet utilities can be described as actor-networks; the <a href="/wiki/Subitizing" title="Subitizing">subitizing</a> limit (and history) suggests people left to their own devices cannot fully harness the mental power of crowds. <a href="/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_law" title="Metcalfe's law">Metcalfe's law</a> suggests that as the number of nodes increases, the value of collaborative actor-networks increases quadratically; collaborative Internet utilities effectively increase the subitizing limit, and, at some macro scale, these interactive collaborative actor-networks can be described by the same rules that govern <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Distributed_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel Distributed Processing">Parallel Distributed Processing</a>, resulting in crowd sourcing that acts as a type of distributed collective consciousness. The Internet assumes the role of earlier totemic religious figureheads, uniting the members of society through mechanical solidarity forming a collective consciousness. Through many-to-many collaborative Internet utilities, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Webeaucracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Webeaucracy (page does not exist)">Webeaucracy</a> is empowered as never before.<a href="#cite_note-Webeaucracy:_The_Collaborative_Revolution-65">[65]</a> Social networks were not the only instrument for rebels to coordinate their efforts and communicate. In the countries with the lowest Internet penetration and the limited role of social networks, such as <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, the role of mainstream electronic media devices—cellular phones, emails, and video clips (e.g., <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>)—was very important to cast the light on the situation in the country and spread the word about the protests in the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-Stepanova-52">[52]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> particularly, <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> were one of the main platforms to coordinate the protest actions and raise awareness to the masses.<a href="#cite_note-Demidov-66">[66]</a> Conversely, scholarship literature on the Middle East, political scientist Gregory Gause has found, had failed to predict the events of the Arab uprisings. Commenting on an early article by Gause whose review of a decade of Middle Eastern studies led him to conclude that almost no scholar foresaw what was coming, Chair of Ottoman and Turkish Studies at Tel Aviv University Ehud R. Toledano writes that Gause's finding is "a strong and sincere mea culpa" and that his criticism of Middle East experts for "underestimating the hidden forces driving change ... while they worked instead to explain the unshakable stability of repressive authoritarian regimes" is well-placed. Toledano then quotes Gause saying, "As they wipe the egg off their faces," those experts "need to reconsider long-held assumptions about the Arab world."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timeline of the Arab Spring</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_leading_up_to_the_Arab_Spring">Events leading up to the Arab Spring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Events leading up to the Arab Spring">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> experienced a series of conflicts during the three years leading up to the Arab Spring, the most notable occurring in the mining area of <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a> in 2008, where protests continued for many months. These protests included rallies, sit-ins, and strikes, during which there were two fatalities, an unspecified number of wounded, and dozens of arrests.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunisian_government_faces_growing_dissent_in_mining_region-69">[69]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the labor movement had been strong for years, with more than 3000 labor actions since 2004, and provided an important venue for organizing protests and collective action.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-70">[70]</a> One important demonstration was an attempted workers' strike on 6 April 2008 at the state-run textile factories of <a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">al-Mahalla al-Kubra</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. The idea for this type of demonstration spread throughout the country, promoted by computer-literate working-class youths and their supporters among middle-class college students.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-70">[70]</a> A Facebook page, set up to promote the strike, attracted tens of thousands of followers and provided the platform for sustained political action in pursuit of the "long revolution".<a href="#cite_note-Digital_Dissidence_Political_Change:_Cyberactivism_and_Citizen_Journalism_in_Egypt-39">[39]</a> The government mobilized to break the strike through infiltration and riot police, and while the regime was somewhat successful in forestalling a strike, dissidents formed the "6 April Committee" of youths and labor activists, which became one of the major forces calling for the anti-<a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a> demonstration on 25 January in <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, discontent had been building for years over a number of issues. In February 2008, US Ambassador Robert Ford wrote in a leaked diplomatic cable that <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> is "unhappy" with long-standing political alienation; that social discontent persisted throughout the country, with food strikes occurring almost every week; that there were demonstrations every day somewhere in the country; and that the Algerian government was corrupt and fragile.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some claimed that during 2010 there were as many as "9,700 riots and unrests" throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-army_should_quit-71">[71]</a> Many protests focused on issues such as education and health care, while others cited rampant corruption.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Crises_but_Few_Alternatives_in_Algeria-72">[72]</a> In Western Sahara, the <a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik protest camp</a> was erected 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a> by a group of young <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawis</a> on 9 October 2010. Their intention was to demonstrate against labor discrimination, unemployment, looting of resources, and human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-73">[73]</a> The camp contained between 12000 and 20000 inhabitants, but on 8 November 2010 it was destroyed and its inhabitants evicted by Moroccan security forces. The security forces faced strong opposition from some young Sahrawi civilians, and rioting soon spread to El Aaiún and other towns within the territory, resulting in an unknown number of injuries and deaths. Violence against Sahrawis in the aftermath of the protests was cited as a reason for <a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">renewed protests</a> months later, after the start of the Arab Spring.<a href="#cite_note-Saharawi_protests,_violence_and_blackmail_Moroccan-74">[74]</a> The catalyst for the escalation of protests was the self-immolation of Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a>. Unable to find work and selling fruit at a roadside stand, Bouazizi had his wares confiscated by a municipal inspector on 17 December 2010. An hour later he doused himself with gasoline and set himself afire. His death on 4 January 2011<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_suicide_protester_Mohammed_Bouazizi_dies-75">[75]</a> brought together various groups dissatisfied with the existing system, including many unemployed persons, political and human rights activists, labor and trade unionists, students, professors, lawyers, and others to begin the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_and_uprisings">Protests and uprisings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protests and uprisings">edit</a>]</div> The series of protests and demonstrations across the Middle East and North Africa that commenced in 2010 became known as the "Arab Spring",<a href="#cite_note-Egypt_protests:_an_Arab_spring_as_old_order_crumbles-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Arab_spring_requires_a_defiantly_European_reply-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arab_Spring_–_Who_lost_Egypt?-78">[78]</a> and sometimes as the "Arab Spring and Winter",<a href="#cite_note-What_Is_Palestine's_Next_Move_in_the_New_Middle_East?-79">[79]</a> "Arab Awakening",<a href="#cite_note-The_Arab_awakening_–_Spotlight-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Arab_awakening_reaches_Syria-81">[81]</a> or "Arab Uprisings",<a href="#cite_note-Arab_Uprisings:_What_the_20_February_Protests_Tell_Us_About_Morocco-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democracy's_hard_spring-83">[83]</a> even though not all the participants in the protests were <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>. It was sparked by the first protests that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> on 18 December 2010 in Sidi Bouzid, following <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> in protest of police corruption and ill treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Slap_to_a_Man's_Pride_Set_Off_Tumult_in_Tunisia-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peddler's_martyrdom_launched_Tunisia's_revolution-85">[85]</a> With the success of the protests in Tunisia, a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">wave of unrest</a> sparked by the <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Tunisian "Burning Man"</a> struck <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Inspired_by_Tunisia_and_Egypt,_Yemenis_join_in_anti-government_protests-86">[86]</a> then spread to other countries. The largest, most organized demonstrations often occurred on a "day of rage", usually Friday afternoon prayers.<a href="#cite_note-arabnews-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Police_in_south_Yemen_disperse_'day_of_rage'_protests-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahrain_moves_to_foil_anti-government_rallies-89">[89]</a> The protests also triggered similar unrest <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">outside the region</a>. Contrary to expectations the revolutions were not led by Islamists: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Even though the Islamists were certainly present during the uprisings, they never determined the directions of these movements—after all, there was hardly any central leadership in any of the uprisings. Some Islamist groups initially were even reluctant to join in the protests, and the major religious groups in Egypt—<a href="/wiki/Salafis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafis">Salafis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Azhar">al-Azhar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic Church</a>—initially opposed the revolution. The mufti of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a>, proclaimed that rising against a lawful ruler—President Mubarak—was haram, not permissible. And the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>'s old guard joined in the protests reluctantly only after being pushed by the group's young people.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></blockquote> The Arab Spring caused the "biggest transformation of the Middle East since decolonization".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> By the end of February 2012, rulers had been forced from power in <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia's_Ben_Ali_flees_amid_unrest-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_revolution_redefines_what's_possible_in_the_Arab_world-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Libya:_civil_war_breaks_out_as_Gaddafi_mounts_rearguard_fight-94">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Revolution">Yemen</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Thousands_in_Yemen_Protest_Against_the_Government-95">[95]</a> civil uprisings had erupted <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">in Bahrain</a><a href="#cite_note-reutbahdor-96">[96]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War">Syria</a>;<a href="#cite_note-derspiegel28march-97">[97]</a> major protests had broken out <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Algerian protests">in Algeria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Algeria_protest_draws_thousands-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wp13killed-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Jordanian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Jordanian protests">Jordan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Thousands_protest_in_Jordan-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–12)">Kuwait</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kuwaiti_stateless_protest_for_third_day-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-afrol1-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-One_dead,_dozen_injured_as_Oman_protest_turns_ugly-103">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and minor protests had occurred <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Mauritanian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Mauritanian protests">in Mauritania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rnw.nl-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Man_dies_after_setting_himself_on_fire_in_Saudi_Arabia-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pro-democracy_protests_reach_Djibouti-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-New_clashes_in_occupied_Western_Sahara-108">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a>. Tunisian President <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> fled to Saudi Arabia on 14 January 2011 following the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a> protests. Egyptian <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> resigned on 11 February 2011 after 18 days of massive protests, ending his 30-year presidency. The <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> was overthrown on 23 August 2011, after the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> (NTC) took control of <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a>. He was killed on 20 October 2011 in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> after the NTC took control of the city. Yemeni President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> signed the GCC power-transfer deal in which a presidential election was held, resulting in his successor <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a> formally replacing him as president on 27 February 2012 in exchange for immunity from prosecution. Weapons and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> fighters returning from the Libyan Civil War stoked a simmering <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">conflict in Mali</a> that has been described as 'fallout' from the Arab Spring in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mali_coup:_Arab_Spring_spreads_to_Africa-109">[109]</a> During this period, several leaders announced their intentions to step down at the end of their current terms. <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a> President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> announced that he would not seek reelection in 2015 (he ultimately retracted his announcement and ran anyway),<a href="#cite_note-Party:_Bashir_is_not_standing_for_re-election-110">[110]</a> as did <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>, whose term was to end in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-Iraq_PM_plans_no_re-election-111">[111]</a> although there were violent demonstrations demanding his immediate resignation in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Iraq_angered_protesters_call_for_Maliki_resignation-112">[112]</a> Protests in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> also caused the sacking of four successive governments<a href="#cite_note-Jordanians_stage_anti-gov't_sit-in_in_Amman-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2-114">[114]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_king_appoints_new_PM,_government_quits-115">[115]</a> The popular unrest in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> also resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser Al-Sabah">Nasser Al-Sabah</a>'s cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Kuwait's_prime_minister_resigns_after_protests-116">[116]</a> The geopolitical implications of the protests drew global attention.<a href="#cite_note-Thousands_of_Yemenis_call_on_president_to_quit-117">[117]</a> Some protesters were nominated for the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arab_protests_attract_Nobel_interest-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a> of Yemen was co-recipient of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011 Nobel Peace Prize</a> due to her role organizing peaceful protests. In December 2011 <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named "The Protester" its "<a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Person of the Year</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Time's_Person_of_the_Year_2011-119">[119]</a> Spanish photographer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Aranda" title="Samuel Aranda">Samuel Aranda</a> won the 2011 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Photo" title="World Press Photo">World Press Photo</a> award for his image of a Yemeni woman holding an injured family member, taken during the civil uprising in Yemen on 15 October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-World_Press_Photo_presents_Samuel_Aranda_with_photo_of_the_year_award-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary_of_conflicts_by_country">Summary of conflicts by country</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Summary of conflicts by country">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_Spring_and_Regional_Conflict_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Arab_Spring_and_Regional_Conflict_Map.svg/790px-Arab_Spring_and_Regional_Conflict_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="790" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Arab_Spring_and_Regional_Conflict_Map.svg/1185px-Arab_Spring_and_Regional_Conflict_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Arab_Spring_and_Regional_Conflict_Map.svg/1580px-Arab_Spring_and_Regional_Conflict_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Government overthrown more than once <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Government overthrown <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Civil war <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Protests and governmental changes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Major protests <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Minor protests <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Other protests and militant action outside the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Country </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Date started </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;">Status of protests </th> <th scope="col" style="width:40%;" class="unsortable">Outcome </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%;">Death toll </th> <th scope="col" style="width:14%;">Situation </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td>18 December 2010 </td> <td>Government overthrown on 14 January 2011 </td> <td>Overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a>; Ben Ali flees into exile in Saudi Arabia <ul><li>Resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Ghannouchi</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunisian_prime_minister_Mohamed_Ghannouchi_resigns_amid_unrest-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the political police<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_forms_national_unity_government_amid_unrest-122">[122]</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Constitutional_Rally" title="Democratic Constitutional Rally">RCD</a>, the former ruling party of Tunisia and liquidation of its assets<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_dissolves_Ben_Ali_party-123">[123]</a></li> <li>Release of political prisoners<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_set_to_release_political_prisoners-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Elections to a <a href="/wiki/2011_Tunisian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly</a> on 23 October 2011<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_election_delayed_until_23_October-125">[125]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>338<a href="#cite_note-Report:_338_killed_during_Tunisia_revolution-126">[126]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#00112b;"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">E Government overthrown</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td>29 December 2010 </td> <td>Ended on 10 January 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>Lifting of the 19-year-old state of emergency<a href="#cite_note-Algeria's_state_of_emergency_is_officially_lifted-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Algeria_repeals_emergency_law-128">[128]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>8<a href="#cite_note-Obama_Poised_to_Step_Up_Criticism_of_Mubarak_If_Crackdown_Is_Intensified-129">[129]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#d64400;"><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">E Major protests</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>14 January 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 4 October 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>In February 2011, King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a> dismisses Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Rifai</a> and his cabinet<a href="#cite_note-King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan_sacks_government_amid_street_protests-130">[130]</a></li> <li>In April 2011, King Abdullah creates the Royal Committee to Review the Constitution with directions to review the Constitution in accordance with calls for reform. On 30 September 2011, Abdullah approves changes to all 42 articles of the Constitution<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>In October 2011, Abdullah dismisses Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a> and his cabinet after complaints of slow progress on promised reforms<a href="#cite_note-derhally-132">[132]</a></li> <li>In April 2012, as the protests continue, <a href="/wiki/Awn_Al-Khasawneh" title="Awn Al-Khasawneh">Awn Al-Khasawneh</a> resigned, and the King appoints <a href="/wiki/Fayez_Tarawneh" title="Fayez Tarawneh">Fayez Tarawneh</a> as the new Prime Minister of Jordan<a href="#cite_note-JordansprimeministerresignsMiddle_East-133">[133]</a></li> <li>In October 2012, Abdullah dissolves the parliament for new early <a href="/wiki/2013_Jordanian_general_election" title="2013 Jordanian general election">elections</a>, and appoints <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ensour" title="Abdullah Ensour">Abdullah Ensour</a> as the new Prime Minister<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#008080;"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Jordanian protests">C Protests and governmental changes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td>17 January 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 8 April 2011 </td> <td> <ul><li>Economic concessions by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said_al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaboos bin Said al Said">Qaboos bin Said al Said</a><a href="#cite_note-Oman_takes_measures_to_address_public_grievances-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oman_boosts_student_benefits-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Dismissal of ministers<a href="#cite_note-Oman_shuffles_cabinet_amid_protests-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJ-Oman-5Mar-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Granting of lawmaking powers to Oman's elected legislature<a href="#cite_note-Oman's_Sultan_Granting_Lawmaking_Powers_to_Councils-140">[140]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> 2–6<a href="#cite_note-google1-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera1-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-143">[143]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#008080;"><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">C Protests and governmental changes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td>21 January 2011 (Official protests began on 11 March 2011) </td> <td>Ended on 24 December 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>Economic concessions by King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi_King_Boosts_Spending,_Returns_to_Country-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-King's_order_to_benefit_{{gaps|180|000}}_temporary_employees-145">[145]</a></li> <li>Male-only <a href="/wiki/2011_Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections" title="2011 Saudi Arabian municipal elections">municipal elections held 29 September 2011</a><a href="#cite_note-alawsat_details-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom_women-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah</a> announces women's approval to vote and be elected in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections" title="2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections">2015 municipal elections</a> and to be nominated to the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Shura Council</a><a href="#cite_note-oman_observer_electionday-148">[148]</a></li> <li>Commitment to the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">women's rights in Saudi Arabia</a>, especially after the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a> to position of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>50+<a href="#cite_note-comprehensive-151">[151]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#eac27c;"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">A Minor protests</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td>9 March 2011 (Official protests began on 10 March 2011) </td> <td>Ended on 20 December 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>Economic benefits were granted to quell the populace.</li></ul> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Emirati_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Emirati protests (page does not exist)">A Minor protests</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td>25 January 2011 </td> <td>Two governments overthrown (On 11 February 2011 and 3 July 2013), <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> follows until 2014 </td> <td>Overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, who is later convicted of corruption and ordered to stand trial for ordering the killing of protesters. <ul><li>Resignation of Prime Minister(s) <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a><a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_prime_minister_quits,_new_govt_soon-army-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Assumption of power by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_1971" title="Egyptian Constitution of 1971">Constitution</a>, dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Egyptian parliamentary election">Parliament</a><a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_military_moves_to_dissolve_parliament,_suspend_constitution-154">[154]</a></li> <li>Disbanding of <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Investigations_Service" title="State Security Investigations Service">State Security Investigations Service</a><a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_state_security_disbanded-155">[155]</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">NDP</a>, Egypt's former ruling party, and transfer of its assets to the state<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera5-156">[156]</a></li> <li>Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family, and his former ministers<a href="#cite_note-How_the_mighty_have_fallen-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Detention-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutersmurdercharges-159">[159]</a></li> <li>Lifting of the 31-year-old state of emergency<a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_state_of_emergency_ends_after_31_years-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">New presidential election</a> held to replace Mubarak as president; <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> elected and inaugurated;<a href="#cite_note-Mohammed_Morsi_sworn_in_as_Egypt's_president-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> begins</li></ul> Overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, who was convicted of espionage and inciting the killing of protestors. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">Mass protests against Morsi's rule</a></li> <li>Arrest of Morsi by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Armed Forces</a> in an event which saw him <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">removed from office</a><a href="#cite_note-aj0307-162">[162]</a></li> <li>Designation of <a href="/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Adly Mansour</a> as interim president and calls for early elections<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> 846<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#800080;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">ETwo governments overthrown</a> (<a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">EMubarak government</a> • <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">EMorsi government</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>26 January 2011 (Major protests began on 15 March 2011). </td> <td>Popular uprising and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">revolution</a>, which escalated into a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">civil war</a> by June 2012<a href="#cite_note-Syria_in_civil_war-165">[165]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Release of some political prisoners<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_activist_Haitham_al-Maleh_freed_under_amnesty-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_frees_80-year-old_former_judge_in_amnesty-167">[167]</a></li> <li>Dismissal of Provincial Governors<a href="#cite_note-Unrest_continues_in_Syria-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Assad_attempts_to_appease_minority_Kurds-169">[169]</a></li> <li>Resignation of the Government<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_cabinet_resigns_amid_unrest-170">[170]</a></li> <li>End of Emergency Law</li> <li>Resignations from Parliament<a href="#cite_note-bbc23april-171">[171]</a></li> <li>Resignation of Bashar al-Assad<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li>Overthrowal of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist regime">Ba'athist regime</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>Violent military crackdowns launched by Assad government, resulting in thousands of killings<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>Large defections from the Syrian army and clashes between soldiers and defectors<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_army_units_'clash_over_crackdown'-175">[175]</a></li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian insurgency">Syrian insurgency</a> and formation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">Escalation of the conflict</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a> perpetrated by Ba'athist military forces and deterioration into <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">full-scale civil war</a> by June 2012<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_in_civil_war-165">[165]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> 3,500+ protestors killed (by 31 December 2011)<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#950000;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Civil War</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td>27 January 2011 </td> <td>Two governments overthrown (On 27 February 2012 and 22 January 2015). Yemeni crisis and civil war follows. </td> <td>Overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>; Saleh granted immunity from prosecution; is killed in 2017 by the <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a>. <ul><li>Resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Muhammad_Mujawar" title="Ali Muhammad Mujawar">Ali Muhammad Mujawar</a></li> <li>Resignation of MPs from the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">ruling party</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera3-179">[179]</a></li> <li>Occupation of several areas of Yemeni territory by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda</a> and Houthi rebels</li> <li>Restructure of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen Armed Forces">military forces</a> by sacking several of its leaders<a href="#cite_note-commentmideast-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Approval of Saleh's immunity from prosecution by Yemeni legislators<a href="#cite_note-Yemen_Legislators_Approve_Immunity_for_the_President-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yemeni_presidential_election" title="2012 Yemeni presidential election">Presidential election</a> held to replace Saleh; <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a> elected and inaugurated</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> begins, followed by <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">a civil war</a> </td> <td> 2000<a href="#cite_note-2000killed-182">[182]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#800080;"><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">ETwo governments overthrown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Revolution">ESaleh government</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">EHadi government) and Civil War</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </td> <td>28 January 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 11 March 2011 </td> <td> </td> <td>2<a href="#cite_note-hana-183">[183]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#eac27c;"><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">A Minor protests</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td>30 January 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 26 October 2013 </td> <td> <ul><li>President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> announces he will not seek another term in 2015<a href="#cite_note-Sudan's_Bashir_will_not_stand_in_next_election:_party_official-184">[184]</a></li> <li>Bashir nevertheless chosen as Ruling Party candidate for 2015 election<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>200+<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#d64400;"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">A Major protests</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> </td> <td>10 February 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 5 October 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>Then Palestinian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Salam_Fayyad" title="Salam Fayyad">Salam Fayyad</a> states that he is "'willing to resign"<a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsPalestinianPMwillingtoresignafterprotests-187">[187]</a></li> <li>Fayyad resigns on 13 April 2013 because of political differences between him and the Palestinian president <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> over the finance portfolio<a href="#cite_note-PMAsks-188">[188]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>None </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#eac27c;"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Palestinian_protests" title="2011–2012 Palestinian protests">C Minor protests</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>12 February 2011 </td> <td>Ended 23 December 2011, instability and eventually war against terrorism follows </td> <td> <ul><li>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> announces he will not run for a 3rd term;<a href="#cite_note-Iraqi_prime_minister_won't_run_for_third_term-189">[189]</a></li> <li>Resignation of provincial governors and local authorities<a href="#cite_note-Governor_of_third_Iraqi_province_quits_over_protests-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Two-thirds wage increase for Sahwa militia members</li> <li>Elections held and <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> elected</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL insurgents</a> take broad swathes of Iraq</li></ul> Start of <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2014–2017)</a> </td> <td>35 35[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#d64400;"><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">B Protests and beginning of War</a> against terrorism </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td>14 February 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 18 March 2011 </td> <td> <ul><li>Economic concessions by King <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahrain's_king_gives_out_cash_ahead_of_protests-191">[191]</a></li> <li>Release of political prisoners<a href="#cite_note-monstersandcritics-192">[192]</a></li> <li>Negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> representatives[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> intervention at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bahrain" title="Cabinet of Bahrain">Government of Bahrain</a></li> <li>Head of the National Security Apparatus removed from post<a href="#cite_note-Economist_3.12.2011-193">[193]</a></li> <li>Formation of a committee to implement <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Independent_Commission_of_Inquiry" title="Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry">BICI</a> report recommendations<a href="#cite_note-AJE_27.11.2011-194">[194]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>120<a href="#cite_note-comprehensive4-195">[195]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">D Sustained civil disorder and government changes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td>15 February 2011 (Major protests began on 17 February 2011). </td> <td>Government overthrown on 23 August 2011, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">crisis</a> follows </td> <td>Overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi killed by rebel forces</a> <ul><li>Government defeated by <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">armed revolt</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">UN-mandated</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a><a href="#cite_note-NATO_Withdrawal_from_Libya-196">[196]</a></li> <li>Assumption of interim control by the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–14)">Beginning of sporadic low-level fighting and clashes</a><a href="#cite_note-Fighters_clash_again_near_Tripoli,_several_dead-197">[197]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> 9400–20000<a href="#cite_note-revolutioncasualties-198">[198]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#950000;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">EGovernment overthrown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Ecivil war</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td>19 February 2011 </td> <td>Ended in December 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>Resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser Al-Sabah">Nasser Al-Sabah</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuwait_Government_resigns-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">Parliament</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuwait_to_hold_early_general_election_on_2_February-200">[200]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>None<a href="#cite_note-30_wounded_in_Kuwait_protests_on_Friday-201">[201]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#008080;"><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932012)" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2012)">C Protests and governmental changes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>20 February 2011 </td> <td>Ended in March–April 2012 </td> <td> <ul><li>Political concessions by King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a>;<a href="#cite_note-middle-east-online-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Moroccan_constitutional_referendum" title="2011 Moroccan constitutional referendum">Referendum</a> on constitutional reforms;</li> <li>Respect to civil rights and an end to corruption<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-203">[203]</a></li></ul> </td> <td>6<a href="#cite_note-Demonstrator's_death_energizes_Moroccan_protesters-204">[204]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#008080;"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">C Protests and governmental changes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania_%281959%E2%80%932017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td>25 February 2011 </td> <td>Ended in 2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-Mauritania's_Bouazizi_died_today-205">[205]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#eac27c;"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">A Minor protests</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td>27 February 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 15 December 2011 </td> <td> </td> <td>None </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#008080;"><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">D Protests and governmental changes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Israel" title="Borders of Israel">Borders of Israel</a> </td> <td>15 May 2011 </td> <td>Ended on 5 June 2011 </td> <td> </td> <td> 35<a href="#cite_note-FRANCE24-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pillay-207">[207]</a> </td> <th style="color:#fff; background:#d64400;"><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_border_demonstrations" title="2011 Israeli border demonstrations">B Major protests</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4;" style="text-align:right;">Total death toll and other consequences: </td> <td>61,080+ (combined estimate of events) </td> <td> <ul><li>4 governments overthrown as part of the events</li> <li>Six protests leading to governmental changes</li> <li>Five major protests</li> <li>Four minor protests</li> <li>3 governments overthrown in the aftermath</li> <li>Four civil wars in the aftermath (Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_events">Major events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahrain_(2011)">Bahrain (2011)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bahrain (2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hundreds_of_thousands_of_Bahrainis_taking_part_in_march_of_loyalty_to_martyrs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hundreds_of_thousands_of_Bahrainis_taking_part_in_march_of_loyalty_to_martyrs.jpg/220px-Hundreds_of_thousands_of_Bahrainis_taking_part_in_march_of_loyalty_to_martyrs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hundreds_of_thousands_of_Bahrainis_taking_part_in_march_of_loyalty_to_martyrs.jpg/330px-Hundreds_of_thousands_of_Bahrainis_taking_part_in_march_of_loyalty_to_martyrs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hundreds_of_thousands_of_Bahrainis_taking_part_in_march_of_loyalty_to_martyrs.jpg/440px-Hundreds_of_thousands_of_Bahrainis_taking_part_in_march_of_loyalty_to_martyrs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Over 100000 Bahrainis taking part in the "<a href="/wiki/March_of_loyalty_to_martyrs" title="March of loyalty to martyrs">March of Loyalty to Martyrs</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> honoring political dissidents killed by security forces</figcaption></figure> The protests in Bahrain started on <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Rage_(Bahrain)" title="Day of Rage (Bahrain)">14 February</a>, and were initially aimed at achieving greater <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a> and respect for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">human rights</a>; they were not intended to directly threaten the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reutbahdor-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 162–3  Lingering frustration among the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> majority with being ruled by the Sunni government was a major root cause, but the protests in Tunisia and Egypt are cited as the inspiration for the demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-reutbahdor-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 65  The protests were largely peaceful until a pre-dawn raid by police on <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Bloody_Thursday" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain Bloody Thursday">17 February</a> to clear protestors from <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Roundabout" title="Pearl Roundabout">Pearl Roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, in which police killed four protesters.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 73–4  Following the raid, some protesters began to expand their aims to a call for the end of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-guardbahdown-209">[209]</a> On 18 February, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">army forces</a> opened fire on protesters when they tried to reenter the roundabout, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abdulredha_Buhmaid" title="Death of Abdulredha Buhmaid">fatally wounding</a> one.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 77–8  The following day protesters reoccupied Pearl Roundabout after the government ordered troops and police to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 81 <a href="#cite_note-bbcbahtran-210">[210]</a> Subsequent days saw large demonstrations; on 21 February a pro-government Gathering of National Unity drew tens of thousands,<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 86 <a href="#cite_note-BBC_17.3.2011-211">[211]</a> whilst on 22 February the number of protestors at the Pearl Roundabout peaked at over 150000 after more than 100000 protesters <a href="/wiki/March_of_loyalty_to_martyrs" title="March of loyalty to martyrs">marched</a> there and were coming under fire from the Bahraini Military which killed around 20 and injured over 100 protestors.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 88  On 14 March, <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">GCC forces</a> (composed mainly of Saudi and UAE troops) were requested by the government and occupied the country.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 132 <a href="#cite_note-BBCBahr14Mar-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a> declared a three-month <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on 15 March and asked the military to reassert its control as clashes spread across the country.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 139 <a href="#cite_note-reutbahsoe-213">[213]</a> On 16 March, armed soldiers and riot police cleared the protesters' camp in the Pearl Roundabout, in which 3 policemen and 3 protesters were reportedly killed.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 133–4 <a href="#cite_note-ajbahraincrackdown-214">[214]</a> Later, on 18 March, the government tore down Pearl Roundabout monument.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 150 <a href="#cite_note-telbahdes-215">[215]</a> After the lifting of emergency law on 1 June,<a href="#cite_note-guarbahmll-216">[216]</a> several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties.<a href="#cite_note-reutbahral-217">[217]</a> Smaller-scale protests and clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily.<a href="#cite_note-JSC_live_blog_25_January_2012-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-JSC_15_February_2012-219">[219]</a> On 9 March 2012, over 100000 protested in what the opposition called "the biggest march in our history".<a href="#cite_note-bbcbahmar-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutbahmass-221">[221]</a> The police response has been described as a "brutal" crackdown on peaceful and unarmed protestors, including doctors and bloggers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-scoop-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent-224">[224]</a> The police carried out midnight house raids in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> neighbourhoods, beatings at checkpoints, and denial of medical care in a "campaign of intimidation".<a href="#cite_note-arabnews8-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc9-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-www-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-228">[228]</a> More than 2,929 people have been arrested,<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera4-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-230">[230]</a> and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 287,288  On 23 November 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Independent_Commission_of_Inquiry" title="Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry">Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry</a> released its report on its investigation of the events, finding that the government had systematically tortured prisoners and committed other human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 415–422  It also rejected the government's claims that the protests were instigated by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_9.3.2012-231">[231]</a> Although the report found that systematic torture had stopped,<a href="#cite_note-bici-208">[208]</a>: 417  the Bahraini government has refused entry to several international human rights groups and news organizations, and delayed a visit by a <a href="/wiki/Juan_E._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan E. Méndez">UN inspector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Report:_Doctors_targeted_in_Bahrain-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutbahdel-233">[233]</a> More than 80 people had <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_of_2011_and_its_aftermath" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Bahraini uprising of 2011 and its aftermath">died</a> since the start of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_23.4.2012-234">[234]</a> Even a decade after the 2011 uprisings, the situation in Bahrain remained unchanged. The regime continued suppression against all forms of dissent. Years after the demonstrations, the Bahraini authorities are known to have accelerated their crackdown. They have been targeting human rights defenders, journalists, Shiite political groups and social media critics.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> Saudi government forces quashed <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">protests</a> in the country and assisted Bahraini authorities in suppressing demonstrations there. <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>, a Saudi critic, covered the Arab spring and spoke out against the Saudi government during this time. He was murdered by the government a few years later.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt_(2011)">Egypt (2011)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Egypt (2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/220px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/330px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/440px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> after <a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a>'s statement concerning <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>'s resignation</figcaption></figure> Inspired by the uprising in Tunisia and prior to his entry as a central figure in Egyptian politics, potential <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian presidential election">presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a> warned of a "Tunisia-style explosion" in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Warning_Egypt_could_follow_Tunisia-237">[237]</a> Protests in Egypt began on 25 January 2011 and ran for 18 days. Beginning around midnight on 28 January, the Egyptian government attempted, somewhat successfully, to eliminate the nation's Internet access,<a href="#cite_note-Analysis_of_Egyptian_and_Libyan_outages-238">[238]</a> in order to inhibit the protesters' ability to use <a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">media activism</a> to organize through <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt:_AP_Confirms_Government_has_Disrupted_Internet_Service-239">[239]</a> Later that day, as tens of thousands protested on the streets of Egypt's major cities, President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> dismissed his government, later appointing a new cabinet. Mubarak also appointed the first Vice President in almost 30 years. The U.S. embassy and international students began a voluntary evacuation near the end of January, as violence and rumors of violence escalated.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> On 10 February, Mubarak ceded all presidential power to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a>, but soon thereafter announced that he would remain as president until the end of his term.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_Mubarak_refuses_to_quit,_hands_VP_powers-242">[242]</a> However, protests continued the next day, and Suleiman quickly announced that Mubarak had resigned from the presidency and transferred power to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Armed Forces of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharm_el-Sheikh_resort_in_world_spotlight_as_Egypt's_Mubarak_flees_Cairo-243">[243]</a> The military immediately dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Egyptian Parliament</a>, suspended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution of Egypt</a>, and promised to lift the nation's thirty-year "<a href="/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt" title="Emergency law in Egypt">emergency laws</a>". A civilian, <a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a>, was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister of Egypt</a> on 4 March to widespread approval among Egyptians in <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-In_Egypt,_crowd_cheers_newly_appointed_prime_minister_Essam_Sharaf-244">[244]</a> Violent protests, however, continued through the end of 2011 as many Egyptians expressed concern about the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a>' perceived sluggishness in instituting reforms and their grip on power.<a href="#cite_note-EGYPT:_Protests_continue_but_activists_divided_over_goals-245">[245]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg/200px-%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg/300px-%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg/400px-%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="4161" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in solidarity with protestors in Syria, 4 February 2012</figcaption></figure> Hosni Mubarak and his former interior minister <a href="/wiki/Habib_el-Adly" title="Habib el-Adly">Habib el-Adly</a> were sentenced to life in prison on the basis of their failure to stop the killings during the first six days of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-New_Turmoil_in_Egypt_Greets_Mixed_Verdict_for_Mubarak-246">[246]</a> His successor, the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Islamist <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, won a <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">presidential election in 2012</a> regarded as free and fair by election observers, and was subsequently sworn in before judges at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_(Egypt)" title="Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)">Supreme Constitutional Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_president:_Egypt_turns_page_to_new_era-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Egyptian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2012–13 Egyptian protests">Fresh protests</a> against Morsi erupted in Egypt on 22 November 2012. More <a href="/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">protests against Morsi's rule</a> occurred one year into Morsi's presidency in June 2013, and on 3 July 2013, the military <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">overthrew Morsi's government</a>, thus removing him from office.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The Arab Spring was generally considered to have been a success in Egypt, much like in Tunisia. However, a December 2020 report published by PRI's <a href="/wiki/The_World_(radio_program)" title="The World (radio program)">The World</a>, a US-based public radio news magazine, suggests otherwise. The report says that the Egyptian government increased the amount of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">executions</a> that it carried out by more than twofold, with the report saying that the government put to death approximately 60 people. This number, according to the report, included human rights activists of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Initiative_for_Personal_Rights" title="Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights">Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights</a> (EIPR), who were arrested in November 2020. The executive director of the Project on Middle East Democracy, Stephen McInerney, said that a majority of pro-democracy activists had escaped Egypt, while those who could not had gone into hiding. The Project on Middle East Democracy mentioned using encrypted communication channels to talk to the activists regarding the protection of their whereabouts. Western countries are perceived to have generally overlooked these issues, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and several other European countries. The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Institute_for_Middle_East_Policy" title="Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy">Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a> believed that even ten years after the Arab Spring, Egypt was at its lowest for human rights.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya_(2011)">Libya (2011)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Libya (2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war (2011)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis (2011–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_(Libya,_2011-07-22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-22%29.jpg/220px-Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-22%29.jpg/330px-Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-22%29.jpg/440px-Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of demonstrators gather in <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a>.</figcaption></figure> Anti-government protests began in Libya on 15 February 2011. By 18 February, the opposition controlled most of <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>, the country's second-largest city. The government dispatched elite troops and militia in an attempt to recapture it, but they were repelled. By 20 February, protests had spread to the capital <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, leading to a television address by <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a>, who warned the protestors that their country could descend into civil war. The rising death toll, numbering in the thousands, drew international condemnation and resulted in the resignation of several Libyan diplomats, along with calls for the government's dismantlement.<a href="#cite_note-HIGHLIGHTS_–_Libyan_TV_address_by_Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi-250">[250]</a> Amidst ongoing efforts by demonstrators and rebel forces to wrest control of Tripoli from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977–2011)" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Jamahiriya</a>, the opposition set up an <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">interim government</a> in Benghazi to oppose Colonel <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s rule.<a href="#cite_note-Ex_Libyan_minister_forms_interim_govt-report-251">[251]</a> However, despite initial opposition success, government forces subsequently took back much of the Mediterranean coast. On 17 March, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> was adopted, authorising a <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> over Libya, and "all necessary measures" to protect civilians. Two days later, France, the United States and the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">intervened in Libya</a> with a bombing campaign against pro-Gaddafi forces. A coalition of 27 states from Europe and the Middle East soon joined the intervention. The forces were driven back from the outskirts of Benghazi, and the rebels <a href="/wiki/First_Gulf_of_Sidra_offensive" title="First Gulf of Sidra offensive">mounted an offensive</a>, capturing scores of towns across the coast of Libya. The offensive stalled however, and a counter-offensive by the government retook most of the towns, until a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brega%E2%80%93Ajdabiya_road" title="Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road">stalemate</a> was formed between <a href="/wiki/Brega" title="Brega">Brega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajdabiya" title="Ajdabiya">Ajdabiya</a>, the former being held by the government and the latter in the hands of the rebels. Focus then shifted to the west of the country, where bitter fighting continued. After a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misrata_(2011)" title="Battle of Misrata (2011)">three-month-long battle</a>, a loyalist siege of rebel-held <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>, the third largest city in Libya, was broken in large part due to coalition air strikes. The four major fronts of combat were generally considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Nafusa_Mountains" title="Nafusa Mountains">Nafusa Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitanian</a> coast, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sirte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sirte">Gulf of Sidra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rebels_wage_a_secret_night-time_war_on_the_streets_of_Tripoli-252">[252]</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rebels_Move_Toward_Gadhafi_Stronghold-253">[253]</a> In late August, anti-Gaddafi fighters <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">captured</a> <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, scattering Gaddafi's government and marking the end of his 42 years of power. Many institutions of the government, including Gaddafi and several top government officials, regrouped in <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a>, which Gaddafi declared to be Libya's new capital.<a href="#cite_note-From_voice_said_to_be_Gadhafi,_a_defiant_message_to_his_foes-254">[254]</a> Others fled to <a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bani_Walid" title="Bani Walid">Bani Walid</a>, and remote reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a>, or to surrounding countries.<a href="#cite_note-Gaddafi_loyalists_flee_Sebha_to_Niger-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rebels_to_seek_return_of_Gaddafi_family_from_Algeria-256">[256]</a> However, Sabha <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabha" title="Battle of Sabha">fell</a> in late September,<a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews-257">[257]</a> Bani Walid was captured after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bani_Walid" title="Battle of Bani Walid">grueling siege</a> weeks later,<a href="#cite_note-Libya_conflict:_NTC_forces_claim_Bani_Walid_victory-258">[258]</a> and on 20 October, fighters under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">seized</a> Sirte, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">killing Gaddafi</a> in the process.<a href="#cite_note-Qaddafi_dead_after_Sirte_battle,_PM_confirms-259">[259]</a> However, after Gaddafi was killed, the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Civil War</a> continued. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria_(2011)">Syria (2011)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syria (2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Banyas_demonstration)_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/220px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/330px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg/440px-%28Banyas_demonstration%29_%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%A8_-_29_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Anti-government demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></figcaption></figure> Protests in Syria started on 26 January 2011, when a police officer assaulted a man in public at "Al-Hareeka Street" in old Damascus. The man was arrested right after the assault. As a result, protesters called for the freedom of the arrested man. Soon a "day of rage" was set for 4–5 February, but it was uneventful.<a href="#cite_note-msnbcrage-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-aysor-261">[261]</a> On 6 March, the Syrian security forces arrested about 15 children in Daraa, in southern Syria, for writing slogans against the government. Soon protests erupted over the arrest and abuse of the children. <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a> was to be the first city to protest against the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'athist</a> government, which has been ruling <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> since 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Daraa:_The_spark_that_lit_the_Syrian_flame-262">[262]</a> Thousands of protesters gathered in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> on 15 March,<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-sawtbeirut-264">[264]</a> with recently released politician <a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suhair Atassi</a> becoming an unofficial spokesperson for the "Syrian revolution".<a href="#cite_note-bbc5-265">[265]</a> The next day there were reports of approximately 3000 arrests and a few casualties, but there are no official figures on the number of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-sawtbeirut6-266">[266]</a> On 18 April 2011, approximately 100000 protesters sat in the central Square of Homs calling for the resignation of President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>. Protests continued through July 2011, the government responding with harsh security clampdowns and military operations in several districts, especially in the north.<a href="#cite_note-In_Syria,_Opposition_Stages_Massive_Protests-267">[267]</a> On 31 July, Syrian army tanks stormed several cities, including Hama, Deir Ez-Zour, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hirak,_Syria" title="Al-Hirak, Syria">Herak</a> near Daraa. At least 136 people were killed, the highest death toll in any day since the start of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-Syria's_Ramadan_massacre-268">[268]</a> On 5 August 2011, an anti-government demonstration took place in Syria called "God is with us", during which the Syrian security forces shot the protesters from inside the ambulances, killing 11 people consequently.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya7-269">[269]</a> The Arab Spring events in Syria subsequently escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunisia_(2010–2011)">Tunisia (2010–2011)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tunisia (2010–2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg/220px-Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg/330px-Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg/440px-Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Protesters on <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Habib_Bourguiba" title="Avenue Habib Bourguiba">Avenue Habib Bourguiba</a>, downtown <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> on 14 January 2011, a few hours before president <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> fled the country</figcaption></figure> Following the self-immolation of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bouzid" title="Sidi Bouzid">Sidi Bouzid</a>, a series of increasingly violent street demonstrations through December 2010 ultimately led to the ousting of longtime <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of Tunisia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> on 14 January 2011. The demonstrations were preceded by high unemployment, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, corruption,<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_riots:_Reform_or_be_overthrown,_US_tells_Arab_states_amid_fresh_riots-270">[270]</a> lack of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia's_bitter_cyberwar-271">[271]</a> and poor <a href="/wiki/Habitability" title="Habitability">living conditions</a>. The protests constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades<a href="#cite_note-protestwave-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunisian_president_vows_to_punish_rioters_after_worst_unrest_in_a_decade-273">[273]</a> and resulted in scores of deaths and injuries, most of which were the result of action by police and security forces against demonstrators. Ben Ali fled into exile in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, ending his 23 years in power.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-274">[274]</a> A <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was declared and a caretaker coalition government was created following Ben Ali's departure, which included members of Ben Ali's party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Constitutional_Rally" title="Democratic Constitutional Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a> (RCD), as well as opposition figures from other ministries. The five newly appointed non-RCD ministers resigned almost immediately.<a href="#cite_note-threeministers-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljaz_protests_21jan-276">[276]</a> As a result of continued daily protests, on 27 January Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a> reshuffled the government, removing all former RCD members other than himself, and on 6 February the former ruling party was suspended;<a href="#cite_note-Tunisian_minister_suspends_ex-ruling_party-277">[277]</a> later, on 9 March, it was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-dissolution-278">[278]</a> Following further public protests, Ghannouchi himself resigned on 27 February, and <a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a> became prime minister. On 23 October 2011 Tunisians voted in the first post-revolution election to elect representatives to a 217-member <a href="/wiki/2011_Tunisian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election">constituent assembly</a> that would be responsible for the new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_elections_seen_as_litmus_test_for_Arab_Spring-279">[279]</a> The leading Islamist party, <a href="/wiki/Ennahda_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennahda Movement">Ennahda</a>, won 37% of the vote, and elected 42 women to the Constituent Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Post-Revolution_Tunisia_attempts_painful_transition_to_democracy.-280">[280]</a> On 26 January 2014 a <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Tunisian Constitution of 2014">new constitution</a> was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-adopted-281">[281]</a> The constitution is seen as progressive, increasing human rights, gender equality, and government duties toward people, laying the groundwork for a new parliamentary system and making Tunisia a decentralized and <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">open government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adopted-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-beacon-282">[282]</a> On 26 October 2014 Tunisia held its first <a href="/wiki/2014_Tunisian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Tunisian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> since the 2011 Arab Spring<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/2014_Tunisian_presidential_election" title="2014 Tunisian presidential election">presidential election</a> on 23 November 2014,<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> finishing its transition to a democratic state. These elections were characterized by a decline in Ennahdha's popularity in favor of the secular <a href="/wiki/Nidaa_Tounes" title="Nidaa Tounes">Nidaa Tounes</a> party, which became the first party of the country.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates_(2011)">United Arab Emirates (2011)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates (2011)">edit</a>]</div> There were large protests against the government United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> In the United Arab Emirates, the Arab Spring saw a sudden and intense demand for democratic reforms. However, government repression of human rights, including unlawful detentions and torture, quelled the opposition and silenced dissenters. Even years after the Arab Spring uprisings, the Emirates remain in staunch opposition to free speech.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> In 2011, 133 peaceful political <a href="/wiki/Activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Activists">activists</a>—including academics and members of a social organization, <a href="/wiki/Al_Islah_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)">Islah</a>—signed a petition calling for democratic reforms. Submitted to the Emirati monarch rulers, the petition demanded elections, more legislative powers for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">Federal National Council</a> and an independent judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-08-06-2013-289">[289]</a> In 2012, the authorities arrested 94 of the 133 <a href="/wiki/Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists">journalists</a>, government officials, judges, <a href="/wiki/Lawyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers">lawyers</a>, teachers and student activists, who were detained in secret detention facilities. For a year, until the trial began in March 2013, the 94 prisoners were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">enforced disappearances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>. As the "unfair" trial ended on 2 July 2013, 69 men were convicted on the basis of evidence acquired through forced confessions, and received harsh prison sentences of up to 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> The case came to be known as "UAE-94", following which <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> was further curbed. For years, these prisoners have been under <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary detention">arbitrary detention</a>, with some "held in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">incommunicado</a>, and denied their rights". In July 2021, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> called the UAE authorities to immediately release 60 prisoners of the UAE-94 case, who remained detained nine years after their arrest.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> At least 51 prisoners, who were part of the "UAE-94" mass trial, were being imprisoned despite completing their sentences. Some prisoners completed their sentences in March 2023, while others completed it as early as July 2019. HRW said that those the prisoners continued to remain in prison without a proper legal basis, even after completing the sentences between one month and nearly four years before.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Following the 2011 petition, the UAE authorities also arrested five prominent <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_defenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights defenders">human rights defenders</a> and government critics who did not sign the petition. All were pardoned the next day but have been facing a number of unfair acts of the government. One of the prominent Emirati activists, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mansoor" title="Ahmed Mansoor">Ahmed Mansoor</a>, reported being beaten twice since then. His passport was confiscated and nearly $140000 were stolen from his personal bank account. Most of the human rights activists have been victims of the UAE government's intimidation for years.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-08-06-2013-289">[289]</a> The authorities also exiled a local man to Thailand. He spoke out about the government.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen_(2011)">Yemen (2011)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Yemen (2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_Aden_Arab_Spring_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Protest_Aden_Arab_Spring_2011.jpg/220px-Protest_Aden_Arab_Spring_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Protest_Aden_Arab_Spring_2011.jpg/330px-Protest_Aden_Arab_Spring_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Protest_Aden_Arab_Spring_2011.jpg/440px-Protest_Aden_Arab_Spring_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Protestors in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> calling for reinstatement of <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> during Arab Spring.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_Protests_4-Apr-2011_P01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Yemeni_Protests_4-Apr-2011_P01.JPG/220px-Yemeni_Protests_4-Apr-2011_P01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Yemeni_Protests_4-Apr-2011_P01.JPG/330px-Yemeni_Protests_4-Apr-2011_P01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Yemeni_Protests_4-Apr-2011_P01.JPG/440px-Yemeni_Protests_4-Apr-2011_P01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Protests in <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a></figcaption></figure> Protests occurred in many towns in both the north and south of Yemen starting in mid-January 2011. Demonstrators in the <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South</a> mainly protested against President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Saleh</a>'s support of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a>, the marginalization of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Movement" title="Southern Movement">Southern</a> people and the exploitation of Southern natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Other parts of the country initially protested against governmental proposals to modify the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">constitution of Yemen</a>, unemployment and economic conditions,<a href="#cite_note-afreuters-297">[297]</a> and corruption,<a href="#cite_note-People_are_fed_up-298">[298]</a> but their demands soon included a call for the resignation of President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-People_are_fed_up-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-NADA_BAKRI-299">[299]</a> who had been facing internal opposition from his closest advisors since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-urge_leader-300">[300]</a> A major demonstration of over 16000 protesters took place in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> on 27 January 2011,<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times_breaking26-301">[301]</a> and soon thereafter <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">human rights activist</a> and politician <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a> called for a "Day of Rage" on 3 February.<a href="#cite_note-Feb3_DayRage_aljaz-302">[302]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News</a>, organizers were calling for a million protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Yemen_reinforces_forces_around_capital_amid_fear_of_protest_escalation-303">[303]</a> In response to the planned protest, Ali Abdullah Saleh stated that he would not seek another <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yemen" title="Elections in Yemen">presidential term in 2013</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yemeni_president_signals_he_won't_stay_beyond_2013-304">[304]</a> On 3 February, 20000 protesters demonstrated against the government in Sana'a,<a href="#cite_note-latimes_3feb_20k-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_20k-306">[306]</a> others participated in a "Day of Rage" in Aden<a href="#cite_note-aljaz_aden-307">[307]</a> that was called for by <a href="/wiki/Tawakel_Karman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawakel Karman">Tawakel Karman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Feb3_DayRage_aljaz-302">[302]</a> while soldiers, armed members of the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a>, and many protestors held a pro-government rally in Sana'a.<a href="#cite_note-oneindia_armedGPC_progov-308">[308]</a> Concurrent with the resignation of Egyptian president Mubarak, Yemenis again took to the streets protesting President Saleh on 11 February, in what has been dubbed a "Friday of Rage".<a href="#cite_note-YEMEN:_Protests_revived_in_'Friday_of_Rage'-309">[309]</a> The protests continued in the days following despite clashes with government advocates.<a href="#cite_note-Protests_rage_in_Yemen,_Bahrain;_Iran_hard-liners_want_foes_executed-310">[310]</a> In a "Friday of Anger" held on 18 February, tens of thousands of Yemenis took part in anti-government demonstrations in the major cities of Sana'a, <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>. Protests continued over the following months, especially in the three major cities, and briefly intensified in late May into urban warfare between <a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a> tribesmen and army defectors allied with the opposition on one side and security forces and militias loyal to Saleh on the other.<a href="#cite_note-Analysis:_Yemen_civil_war_likely_without_swift_Saleh_exit-311">[311]</a> After Saleh pretended to accept a <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>-brokered plan allowing him to cede power in exchange for immunity from prosecution only to back away before signing three separate times,<a href="#cite_note-Yemen's_Saleh_Agrees_to_Step_Down_in_Exchange_for_Immunity,_Official_Says-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aus2-5-313">[313]</a> an assassination attempt on 3 June left him and several other high-ranking Yemeni officials injured by a blast in the presidential compound's mosque.<a href="#cite_note-assassing-314">[314]</a> Saleh was evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> for treatment and handed over power to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a>, who largely continued his policies<a href="#cite_note-Yemen_crisis:_One-way_ticket_for_Saleh?-315">[315]</a> and ordered the arrest of several Yemenis in connection with the attack on the presidential compound.<a href="#cite_note-assassing-314">[314]</a> While in Saudi Arabia, Saleh kept hinting that he could return any time and continued to be present in the political sphere through television appearances from <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> starting with an address to the Yemeni people on 7 July.<a href="#cite_note-Saleh_appears_on_Yemen_TV,_bandaged_and_burnt-316">[316]</a> On 13 August, a demonstration was announced in Yemen as "Mansouron Friday" in which hundreds of thousands of Yemenis called for Saleh to go. The protesters joining the "Mansouron Friday" were calling for establishment of "a new Yemen".<a href="#cite_note-alghad-317">[317]</a> On 12 September Saleh issued a presidential decree while still receiving treatment in Riyadh authorizing Hadi to negotiate a deal with the opposition and sign the GCC initiative.<a href="#cite_note-Yemen_president_authorizes_deputy_to_negotiate_power_transfer-318">[318]</a> On 23 September, three months since the assassination attempt, Saleh returned to Yemen abruptly, defying all earlier expectations.<a href="#cite_note-Yemen_President_Ali_Abdullah_Saleh_returns_to_Sanaa-319">[319]</a> Pressure on Saleh to sign the GCC initiative eventually led to his doing so in Riyadh on 23 November. Saleh thereby agreed to step down and set the stage for the transfer of power to his vice president.<a href="#cite_note-Yemeni_President_Saleh_signs_deal_on_ceding_power-320">[320]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2012_Yemeni_presidential_election" title="2012 Yemeni presidential election">presidential election</a> was then held on 21 February 2012, in which Hadi (the only candidate) won 99.8% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-February_2012-321">[321]</a> Hadi then took the oath of office in Yemen's parliament on 25 February.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-322">[322]</a> By 27 February Saleh had resigned from the presidency and transferred power to Hadi.<a href="#cite_note-Yemen's_Saleh_formally_steps_down_after_33_years-323">[323]</a> The replacement government was overthrown by Houthi rebels on 22 January 2015, starting the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Outcomes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Winter">Arab Winter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arab Winter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact of the Arab Spring</a></div> In the aftermath of the Arab Spring in various countries, there was a wave of violence and instability commonly known as the Arab Winter<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-324">[324]</a> or Islamist Winter.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> The Arab Winter was characterized by extensive civil wars, general regional instability, economic and demographic decline of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and overall religious wars between Sunni and Shia Muslims. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_Civil_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Libyan_Civil_War.svg/220px-Libyan_Civil_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Libyan_Civil_War.svg/330px-Libyan_Civil_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Libyan_Civil_War.svg/440px-Libyan_Civil_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Areas of control in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Libyan Civil War</a> (2014–2020)</figcaption></figure> Although the long-term effects of the Arab Spring have yet to be shown, its short-term consequences varied greatly across the Middle East and North Africa. In Tunisia and Egypt, where the existing regimes were ousted and replaced through a process of free and fair election, the revolutions were considered short-term successes.<a href="#cite_note-Demystifying_the_Arab_Spring-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Arab_Spring_Revisited-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_Explains_Successful_Protest_Cascades?-328">[328]</a> This interpretation is, however, problematized by the subsequent political turmoil that emerged, particularly in Egypt. Elsewhere, most notably in the monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, existing regimes co-opted the Arab Spring movement and managed to maintain order without significant social change.<a href="#cite_note-Reconsidering_the_Robustness_of_Authoritarianism_in_the_Middle_East-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morocco:_Smart_Authoritarianism_Refined-330">[330]</a> In other countries, particularly Syria and Libya, the apparent result of Arab Spring protests was a complete <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Demystifying_the_Arab_Spring-326">[326]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arab_Spring#Societal_collapse" title="Talk:Arab Spring">see discussion</a>] Social scientists have endeavored to understand the circumstances that led to this variation in outcome. A variety of causal factors have been highlighted, most of which hinge on the relationship between the strength of the state and the strength of civil society. Countries with stronger civil society networks in various forms underwent more successful reforms during the Arab Spring; these findings are also consistent with more general social science theories such as those espoused by <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Migdal" title="Joel S. Migdal">Joel S. Migdal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strong_Societies_and_Weak_States-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowling_Alone-332">[332]</a> One of the primary influences that have been highlighted in the analysis of the Arab Spring is the relative strength or weakness of a society's formal and informal <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> prior to the revolts. When the Arab Spring began, Tunisia had an established infrastructure and a lower level of petty corruption than did other states, such as Libya.<a href="#cite_note-Demystifying_the_Arab_Spring-326">[326]</a> This meant that, following the overthrow of the existing regime, there was less work to be done in reforming Tunisian institutions than elsewhere, and consequently it was less difficult to transition to and consolidate a democratic system of government.<a href="#cite_note-Reconsidering_the_Robustness_of_Authoritarianism_in_the_Middle_East-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> Also crucial was the degree of state censorship over print, broadcast, and social media in different countries. Television coverage by channels like <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> provided worldwide exposure and prevented mass violence by the Egyptian government in Tahrir Square, contributing to the success of the Egyptian Revolution. In other countries, such as Libya, Bahrain, and Syria, such international press coverage was not present to the same degree, and the governments of these countries were able to act more freely in suppressing the protests.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-YEAR_IN_PICTURES:_Arab_Spring-335">[335]</a> Strong authoritarian regimes with high degrees of censorship in their national broadcast media were able to block communication and prevent the domestic spread of information necessary for successful protests. Countries with greater access to social media, such as Tunisia and Egypt, proved more effective in mobilizing large groups of people, and appear to have been more successful overall than those with greater state control over media.<a href="#cite_note-What_Explains_Successful_Protest_Cascades?-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Revolutions_Were_Tweeted-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Role_of_the_New_Media_in_the_Arab_Spring-337">[337]</a> Although social media played a large role in shaping the events of revolutions social activism did not occur in a vacuum. Without the use of street level organization social activists would not have been as effective.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> Even though a revolution did take place and the prior government has been replaced, Tunisia's government can not conclude that another uprising will not take place. There are still many grievances taking place today.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> Due to tourism coming to a halt and other factors during the revolution and Arab Spring movement, the budget deficit has grown and unemployment has risen since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_Overview-340">[340]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 2016, "Unemployment remains at 15.3% from 16.7% in 2011, but still well above the pre-revolution level of 13%."<a href="#cite_note-Tunisia_Overview-340">[340]</a> Large scale emigration brought on by a long and treacherous civil war has permanently harmed the Syrian economy. Projections for economic contraction will remain high at almost 7% in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg/220px-Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg/330px-Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg/440px-Anti-coup_protesters_with_R4bia_sign_in_Nasr_City-Cairo_11-Oct-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrators holding the <a href="/wiki/Rabia_sign" title="Rabia sign">Rabia sign</a> in solidarity with the victims of the <a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">August 2013 Rabaa massacre</a> of pro-Morsi sit-ins in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> Still to this day, in countries affected by the Arab Spring, there is great division amongst those who prefer the status quo and those who want democratic change. As these regions dive ever deeper into political conflict time will show if new ideas can be established or if old institutions will still stand strong.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The largest change from the pre-revolution to the post-revolution was in the attempt to break up political elites and reshape the geopolitical structure of the middle east. It is speculated that many of the changes brought on by the Arab Spring will lead to a shifting of regional power in the Middle East and a quickly changing structure of power.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> The support, even if tacit, of national military forces during protests has also been correlated to the success of the Arab Spring movement in different countries.<a href="#cite_note-The_Arab_Spring_Revisited-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reconsidering_the_Robustness_of_Authoritarianism_in_the_Middle_East-329">[329]</a> In Egypt and Tunisia, the military actively participated in ousting the incumbent regime and in facilitating the transition to democratic elections. Countries like Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, exhibited a strong mobilization of military force against protesters, effectively ending the revolts in their territories; others, including Libya and Syria, failed to stop the protests entirely and instead ended up in civil war.<a href="#cite_note-The_Arab_Spring_Revisited-327">[327]</a> The support of the military in Arab Spring protests has also been linked to the degree of ethnic homogeneity in different societies. In Saudi Arabia and Syria, where the ruling elite was closely linked with ethnic or religious subdivisions of society, the military sided with the existing regime and took on the ostensible role of protector to minority populations.<a href="#cite_note-Why_Middle_East_Studies_Missed_the_Arab_Spring-344">[344]</a> The presence of a strong, educated middle class has been noted as a correlate to the success of the Arab Spring in different countries.<a href="#cite_note-Why_was_the_Arab_World_Poised_for_Revolution?-345">[345]</a> Countries with strong welfare programs and a weak middle class, such as Saudi Arabia and Jordan, as well as countries with great economic disparity and an impoverished working class—including Yemen, Libya, and Morocco—did not experience successful revolutions. The strength of the middle class is, in turn, directly connected to the existing political, economic, and educational institutions in a country, and the middle class itself may be considered an informal institution.<a href="#cite_note-Institutions_as_a_Fundamental_Cause_of_Long-Run_Growth-346">[346]</a> In very broad terms, this may be reframed in terms of development, as measured by various indicators such as the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rentier_state" title="Rentier state">rentier states</a> such as the oil monarchies of the Persian Gulf exhibited less successful revolutions overall.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> Charting what he calls the 'new masses' of the twenty-first century, Sociologist Göran Therborn draws attention to the historical contradictory role of the middle class. The Egyptian middle class has illustrated this ambivalence and contradiction in 2011 and 2013: "The volatility of middle-class politics is vividly illustrated by the sharp turns in Egypt, from acclamation of democracy to adulation of the military and its mounting repression of dissent, effectively condoning the restoration of the ancien régime minus Mubarak.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_aftermath">Long-term aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Long-term aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sectarianism_and_collapse_of_state_systems">Sectarianism and collapse of state systems</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sectarianism and collapse of state systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Months_after_an_airstrike_on_a_neighborhood_populated_by_black_Yemenis_or_%22Muhamasheen%22_more_than_a_hundred_buildings_still_remain_in_rubble_and_survivors_continue_to_search_for_any_valuables_-_Sanaa_-_Yemen_-_Oct-9-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Months_after_an_airstrike_on_a_neighborhood_populated_by_black_Yemenis_or_%22Muhamasheen%22_more_than_a_hundred_buildings_still_remain_in_rubble_and_survivors_continue_to_search_for_any_valuables_-_Sanaa_-_Yemen_-_Oct-9-2015.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Months_after_an_airstrike_on_a_neighborhood_populated_by_black_Yemenis_or_%22Muhamasheen%22_more_than_a_hundred_buildings_still_remain_in_rubble_and_survivors_continue_to_search_for_any_valuables_-_Sanaa_-_Yemen_-_Oct-9-2015.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Months_after_an_airstrike_on_a_neighborhood_populated_by_black_Yemenis_or_%22Muhamasheen%22_more_than_a_hundred_buildings_still_remain_in_rubble_and_survivors_continue_to_search_for_any_valuables_-_Sanaa_-_Yemen_-_Oct-9-2015.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Yemeni capital Sanaa after <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led airstrikes</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Houthis, October 2015</figcaption></figure> Some trends in political Islam resulting from the Arab Spring noted by observers (Quinn Mecham and Tarek Osman) include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt#After_the_July_2013_overthrow_of_Mohamed_Morsi" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Repression</a> of the Muslim Brotherhood, not only in Egypt by the military and courts following the forcible removal of <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Morsi from office in 2013</a>; but also by Saudi Arabia and a number of Gulf countries (not Qatar).<a href="#cite_note-Mecham-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-brookings-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-Islam_Hassan-351">[351]</a> The ambassadors crisis also seriously threatened the GCC's activities, adversely affected its functioning and could arguably even have led to its dissolution.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_Hassan-351">[351]</a></li> <li>Rise of Islamist "<a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">state-building</a>" where "state failure" has taken place—most prominently in Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen. Islamists have found it easier than competing non-Islamists trying to fill the void of state failure, by securing external funding, weaponry and fighters – "many of which have come from abroad and have rallied around a pan-Islamic identity". The norms of governance in these Islamist areas are militia-based, and the governed submit to their authority out of fear, loyalty, other reasons, or some combination.<a href="#cite_note-Mecham-349">[349]</a> The "most expansive" of these new "models" is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mecham-349">[349]</a></li> <li>Increasing sectarianism (primarily Sunni-Shia) at least in part from <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> and the escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a>. Islamists are fighting Islamists across sectarian lines in Lebanon (Sunni militants targeting <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> positions), Yemen (between mainstream Sunni Islamists of <a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">al-Islah</a> and the Shiite <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydi</a> <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthi</a> movement), in Iraq (Islamic State and Iraqi Shiite militias).<a href="#cite_note-Mecham-349">[349]</a></li> <li>Increased caution and political learning in countries such as Algeria and Jordan where Islamists have chosen not to lead a major challenge against their governments. In Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">al-Islah</a> "has sought to frame its ideology in a way that will avoid charges of militancy".<a href="#cite_note-Mecham-349">[349]</a></li> <li>In countries where Islamists did choose to lead a major challenge and did not succeed in transforming society (particularly Egypt), a disinterest in "soul-searching" about what went wrong, in favor of "antagonism and fiery anger" and a thirst for revenge. Partisans of political Islam (although this does not include some prominent leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a> but is particularly true in Egypt) see themselves as victims of an injustice whose perpetrators are not just "individual conspirators but entire social groups".<a href="#cite_note-osman-2016-244-352">[352]</a></li></ul> "The repercussions of the 2011 uprisings have influenced Middle Eastern youth's experiences providing impetus for questioning perennial sacred beliefs and positions, and forging ahead avant-garde views and responses to the constraints they face."<a href="#cite_note-Hassan_and_Dyer-20">[20]</a> Contrary to the common discourse, Hussein Agha and Robert Malley from <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> argue that the divide in the post–Arab Spring in the Middle East is not sectarianism: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The bloodiest, most vicious, and most pertinent struggles occur squarely inside the Sunni world. Sectarianism is a politically expedient fable, conveniently used to cover up old-fashioned power struggles, maltreatment of minorities, and cruel totalitarian practices.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></blockquote> Agha and Malley point out that even in Syria there has been a misrepresentation of the conflict, that the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a> relied on an alliance that included middle class Sunnis along with other religious minorities. Prior to the uprising, the Syrian regime enjoyed some financial and political support from Sunni <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a>. The "select rich urban bourgeoisie, the Sunni Damascene in particular", according to Tokyo University researcher Housam Darwisheh, "now has a direct interest in preserving stability and their relations with the regime as long as their businesses prosper."<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> In the view of the Arab sociologist <a href="/wiki/Halim_Barakat" title="Halim Barakat">Halim Barakat</a>, "the persistence of communal cleavages complicates rather than nullifies social class consciousness and struggles."<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Arab_Spring_(Arab_Summer)">Second Arab Spring (Arab Summer)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Second Arab Spring (Arab Summer)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Arab_Spring&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> is a series of anti-government protests which took place in several <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> countries from late 2018 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_tg20190126-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_WillMary_ArabSpring10yrs_after-357">[357]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the deadliest incident of civil unrest since the fall of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> resulted in its <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> being replaced.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_Resignation29Nov-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_larges-360">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sustained civil disobedience</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> resulted in the overthrow of president <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> in a military <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">coup d'état</a>,<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a>, and the transfer of power from a military junta to a combined military–civilian <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council</a> that is legally committed to a <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">39-month transition to democracy</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">mass protests</a> resulted in the resignation of president <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>, and the postponement of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_presidential_election" title="2019 Algerian presidential election">scheduled presidential election</a>. Other protests also took place in <a href="/wiki/2019_Egyptian_protests" title="2019 Egyptian protests">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_Jordanian_protests" title="2018 Jordanian protests">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Moroccan_protests" title="2017–2018 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_Tunisian_protests" title="2018 Tunisian protests">Tunisia</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/2019_Gaza_economic_protests" title="2019 Gaza economic protests">economic protests</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_aj-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_WillMary_ArabSpring10yrs_after-357">[357]</a> The alternative names "New Arab Spring" and "Arab Summer" refer as well to similarity with the preceding Arab Spring wave of pro-democracy protests which took place in 2010–2013.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> However, in this wave of protests "the similarities and differences suggest more an upgrading than a replay of the Arab Spring."<a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_:5-367">[367]</a> The wider call for democracy and human rights was replaced by more day-to-day demands, on issues including excessive costs of living and high unemployment rates.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Arab_Spring_:5-367">[367]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_Spring:_Revolution_or_reform">Arab Spring: Revolution or reform</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arab Spring: Revolution or reform">edit</a>]</div> Very few analysts of the Arab societies foresaw a mass movement on such a scale that might threaten the existing order. In his 1993 sociological study of the Arab societies, culture and state, Barakat stated confidently that "one should expect the first Arab popular revolution to take place in Egypt or Tunisia. This does not, however, exclude the possibility that revolutions may occur in more pluralistic societies as well."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarakat199315–17-368">[368]</a> What was prevalent, according to the Syrian writer and political dissident <a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a> was three 'springs' that ensured the status quo. One of which was a "spring of despotic states that receive assistance and legitimacy from a world system centered around stability".<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> Most democracy protests do not result in reforms.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> Two months into the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> magazine in a leader article spoke about a new generation of young people, idealists, "inspired by democracy", which made revolutions. Those revolutions, the article stated, "are going the right way, with a hopeful new mood prevailing and free elections in the offing".<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> For those on the streets of Egypt the predominant slogan was "bread, freedom and social justice".<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> Some observers, however, have questioned the revolutionary nature of the 'Arab Spring'. A social theorist specialising in social movements and social change in the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Asef_Bayat" title="Asef Bayat">Asef Bayat</a>, has provided an analysis based on his decades-long of research as "a participant-observer" (in his own words). In his appraisal of the Arab revolutions, Bayat discerns a remarkable difference between these revolutions and the revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s in countries like Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and Iran. The Arab revolutions, argues Bayat, "lacked any associated intellectual anchor" and the predominant voices, "secular and Islamists alike, took free market, property relations, and neoliberal rationality for granted" and uncritically.<a href="#cite_note-Bayat-373">[373]</a> New social movements' define themselves as horizontal networks with aversion to the state and central authority. Thus their "political objective is not to capture the state", a fundamental feature in the twentieth-century revolutionary movements.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> Instead of revolution or reform, Bayat speaks of 'refolution'.<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a>, an Internet activist who would later gain an international fame, acknowledged that what he had intended by founding a Facebook page was a "simple reaction to the events in Tunisia" and that "there was no master plans or strategies" a priori.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> That the objective was reform to be achieved through peaceful means and not revolution was explicitly put forward by <a href="/wiki/April_6_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="April 6 Movement">April 6 Movement</a>, one of the leading forces of the Egyptian uprising, in their statements. It called for "coalition and co-operation between all factions and national forces to reach the reform and the peaceful change of the conditions of Egypt".<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> "Even in Tahrir Square with so many people and the rising level of demands," recalls an activist in the movement, "we were very surprised by the people wanting the downfall of the regime; and not a single one of us had expected this."<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> In comparing the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria, researcher Housam Darwisheh concludes: "The Egyptian uprising, in neither dismantling the ancien regime nor creating new institutional mechanisms to lead the transition, permitted the so-called 'deep state' to reassert itself while the deepening polarization led many non-Islamists to side with the military against the MB [the Muslim Brotherhood]."<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> According to Cambridge sociologist Hazem Kandil, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> did not aim at taking power during the events leading up to the toppling of Mubarak. The biggest and most organised organisation in Egypt in fact negotiated with the regime in "infamous talks between <a href="/wiki/Morsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Morsi">Morsi</a> and the then vice-president <a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a>", and "an informal deal was reached: withdraw your members from Tahrir Square, and we allow you to form a political party." Then the Brotherhood wavered whether to file a presidential candidate and did not push for a new constitution, choosing to work with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a> (SCAF): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Brotherhood and the Salafists went all-out to keep the existing constitution—originating under Sadat—with a few amendments. The result was irrelevant, because the military scrapped the old constitution anyway. But the Brothers managed to persuade over 70 per cent of the voters, so it became clear to the military that they had far more sway on the street than the secular revolutionaries who had brought down Mubarak, yet seemed incapable of much organization once they had done so. For SCAF, the priority was to bring the street under control, so it decided to start working with the Brotherhood to stabilize the country.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></blockquote> George Lawson from the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> places the Arab uprisings within the post-Cold War world. He characterises the uprisings as "largely unsuccessful revolution" and that they "bare a family resemblance to the 'negotiated revolutions'... Negotiated revolutions ... seek to transform political and symbolic fields of action, but without a concomitant commitment to a program of economic transformation."<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> In this 'negotiated revolution', comments Bayat, "revolutionaries had in effect little part in the 'negotiations'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayat2017161-382">[382]</a> What has been treated by some analysts as intellectual weakness of the revolutionary movement is partly due to the pre-2011 stifling cultural environment under repressive regimes. Although Egyptian intellectuals enjoyed a bigger margin of freedom than their counterparts in Tunisia, cultural figures sought protection from political players, and instead of leading criticism, they complied.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> The post-Cold War era saw the emergence of the idea and practice of gradual reform and liberal agenda. It saw an influx of humanitarian projects, <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> and charity work, liberal <a href="/wiki/Think_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Think tanks">think tanks</a> and emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> work. This new juncture seemed to have made the idea and prospect of revolution an outdated project. The focus instead shifted to individual freedoms and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. The new idea of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> was different from the kind of civil society <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, for instance, envisaged: 'a revolution before the revolution'. In her field study in Yemen, anthropologist Bogumila Hall depicts the effects of what she terms as "the marketization of civil society and its heavy reliance on donors", which "led to a largely depoliticized form of activism that by passed, rather than confronted, the state". Hall, with her focus on the muhammashīn (the marginalized) in Yemen, described how in the 1990s and 2000s international NGOs established charity projects and workshops "to teach slum dwellers new skills and behaviours". But, besides the "modest changes" brought by the NGOs, concludes Hall, "delegating the problem of the muhammashīn to the realm of development and poverty alleviation, without addressing the structural causes underlying their marginalisation, had a depoliticising effect. It led to a widely held assumption, also shared by the muhammashīn, that ending marginalisation was a matter for experts and administrative measures, not politics."<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> When Arab regimes viewed NGOs' leaders and other similar organisations with suspicion, accusing Western governments of providing funding and training to 'illegal organisations' and fomenting revolution, diplomatic cables reported "how American officials frequently assured skeptical governments that the training was aimed at reform, not promoting revolutions".<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> And when the Egyptian uprising was gaining its momentum, the American president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> "did not suggest that the 82-year-old leader step aside or transfer power... the argument was that he really needed to do the reforms, and do them fast. Former ambassador to Egypt (Frank G.) <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Wisner" title="Frank G. Wisner">Wisner</a> publicly suggested that Mr. Mubarak had to be at the center of any change, and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Rodham Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> warned that any transition would take time."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-386">[386]</a> Some activists, who read the American thinker and nonviolence advocate <a href="/wiki/Gene_Sharp" title="Gene Sharp">Gene Sharp</a>, obtained training from foreign bodies, including the Serbian opposition movement <a href="/wiki/Otpor!" class="mw-redirect" title="Otpor!">Otpor!</a>, and April 6 Movement modelled its logo after Otpor's.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-386">[386]</a> Otpor, writes Bayat in his discussion of the agencies of the Arab Spring activism in Tunisia and Egypt, obtained funds from well-known American organisations such as the American <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a>. Thus Otpur, in line with these organisations' advocacies, "pushed for political reform through nonradical, electoral, and market-driven language and practices".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayat2017177-387">[387]</a> Early 2019 witnessed two uprisings: one in Algeria and another in Sudan. In Algeria under pressure of weeks of protests, the head of the army forced the ailing twenty-year-serving president, <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>, to abdicate. In Sudan, after four months of protests, the Sudani defense minister ousted longtime President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> in a coup.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> Writing about what he calls "a rebirth of Tahrir Square", the prominent Lebanese novelist and critic <a href="/wiki/Elias_Khoury" title="Elias Khoury">Elias Khoury</a>, averred that "perhaps the secret of the Arab Spring lies not in its victories or defeats, but in its ability to liberate people from fear." Despite the "faded spirit of Tahrir Square" and an outcome that Khoury describes as a "monarchy that abrogates legal standards", a renaissance of resistance is unstoppable: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The defeat of the Arab Spring has seemed likely to extinguish this glimmer of hope, to return the Arab world to the tyrannical duopoly of military and oil and to crush the will of the people in the struggle between Sunni and Shia, between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The combination has thrown the region into Israelʹs lap. But the defeat cannot and will not stop the renaissance. If the Arab world has reached rock bottom, it canʹt go any lower and it canʹt last forever.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a></blockquote> There was a need, suggested Khoury, to turn "the uprisings of the Arab Spring into an intellectual, political and moral project that gives meaning to the goals of freedom, democracy and social justice". From the outset the 2011 Arab uprisings raised the banner of 'social justice'. The concept, what it means and how to achieve it has been a major subject of discussion and contention since then. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/October_2019_Iraqi_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2019 Iraqi protests">October 2019 Iraqi protests</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_justice">Social justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social justice">edit</a>]</div> In its economic and social manifesto, the Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Ennahda_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennahda Movement">Ennahda Movement</a> states that the movement "adopts the social and solidarised market economy within a national approach based on free economic activity, freedom of ownership, production and administration on the one hand, and social justice and equal opportunities on the other hand" and that "national capital has to be the axis in the development process."<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt</a> mainly focuses on "reform of existing political systems in the Arab world. It embraces the idea of political activism and social responsibility, organising charitable works and social support programmes as part of its outreach to its core support base of lower-income populations."<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> On its part the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Transitional_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="International Centre for Transitional Justice">International Centre for Transitional Justice</a> has set nine 'concrete and tangible' goals with focus on "accountability for serious violations of human rights, access to justice, facilitating peace processes, advancing the cause of reconciliation and reforming the state and social institutions".<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> One of those goals was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Dignity_Commission_(Tunisia)" title="Truth and Dignity Commission (Tunisia)">Truth and Dignity Commission (Tunisia)</a> that recorded and submitted to the relevant court the human rights abuses which had been committed by the Tunisian regime. A new climate of freedom of speech, freedom of organisation and elections characterised the political environment of post-Ben Ali Tunisia. Some observers and social analysts remarked, however, that the issue of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> remained a rhetoric or was marginalised. According to Fathi Al-Shamikhi, an expert in debt issues and founder of the Tunisian association RAID, different social forces played a crucial role in matters related to social demands and achieving social justice. "This role varies between those who advocate these demands and those who reject them, according to the social nature of each of these forces."<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> "Bread, freedom and social justice" were the main slogans of the Arab revolutions. But although social and economic demands were raised, argued researcher and former editor in chief of the Egyptian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shorouq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shorouq (page does not exist)">Al-Shorouq</a> Newspaper, Wael Gamal, "they were pushed aside in the political arena, and more attention was given to issues such as the transfer of power arrangements, the constitution first, the elections first, democratic transformation and the religious-secular conflict."<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-revolution_and_civil_wars">Counter-revolution and civil wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Counter-revolution and civil wars">edit</a>]</div> With the survival of the regime in Egypt and the rolling back of what was gained in the short period after the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak">Mubarak</a>, the persistence, or even the worsening, of the socio-economic conditions that led to the Tunisian uprising, a <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a> assisted the defeat of the uprising in the country, and especially the descent of other uprisings into brutal civil wars in Syria, Libya and Yemen, with acute humanitarian crises, there are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">many in capitals around the world who find it convenient to insist that a strongman is needed to deal with the peoples of this region. It is a racist, bigoted argument and should be called out as such, but many political leaders of the region are quite comfortable promoting it. Indeed, many of the counterrevolutionary moves in the region happened precisely because they agree with that argument.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a></blockquote> In April 2019, amidst an offensive to take Libya's capital city. of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> by military leader <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>, for whom U.S. President Donald Trump had voiced his support, the Syrian policy scholar Marwan Kabalan argued in an opinion piece for Al Jazeera that "counter-revolutionary forces are seeking to resurrect the military dictatorship model the Arab Spring dismantled." Kabalan contended that "regional and world powers have sponsored the return of military dictatorships to the region, with the hope that they would clean up the Arab Spring 'mess' and restore order." He also referred to Western powers' history of backing <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military rule</a> in the region, and how American interests in the Middle East clashed with French and British ones. He cited the U.S.-supported coups in Syria and Egypt, but generally how, as former U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> admitted, the United States "pursued stability at the expense of democracy... and achieved neither." Kabalan concluded: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There seems to be a concerted effort to establish a crescent of military-ruled countries from Sudan in northeast Africa to Algeria in the northwest through Egypt and Libya to ward off popular upheaval and keep "Islamist" forces in check.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></blockquote> Analyst <a href="/wiki/H._A._Hellyer" title="H. A. Hellyer">H. A. Hellyer</a> attributes the persistence of <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>, as well as counter-revolution, to structures that go back to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> - and also to the forms that states in the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> region took in the postcolonial era and the social pacts established in the process. What we are seeing since 2011, Hellyer says, is a clash between those "inherited structures" and the new "demographic realities" of the populations in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellyer2019-397">[397]</a> Compromise and dialogue with the entrenched regimes, followed by elections in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and Egypt, have produced either limited change or counter-revolution. In the first quarter of 2019, protests and mass mobilisation in Sudan and Algeria succeeded in toppling the heads of state, but, as scholar and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson Center">Woodrow Wilson Center</a> fellow <a href="/wiki/Marina_Ottaway" title="Marina Ottaway">Marina Ottaway</a> states, there is a dilemma: The demands of the genuine grassroots movements are unlikely "to be attained through a peaceful process – one without violence and the violation of the human rights of many." Ottaway points to the experiences of Algeria and Egypt; in the former, the regime annulled the results of the elections in the early 1990s, and in the latter, the military carried out a bloody repression of the Muslim Brotherhood government after the Brotherhood's own short-lived presidency was removed from office: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Attempts to bring about radical changes, by punishing and excluding a large part of the old elite, are not possible by democratic means, because such efforts elicit a strong reaction – a counterrevolution – leading to violence and repression.<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Jasmine revolution</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>: <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">2010–2012 Algerian protests</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>: <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">2011–2013 Sudanese protests</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>: <a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">2011 Omani protests</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Revolution">Yemeni Revolution</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>: <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Jordanian protests">2011–2012 Jordanian protests</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–2012 Moroccan protests</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>: <a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">2011 Iraqi protests</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>: <a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932012)" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2012)">Kuwaiti protests (2011–2012)</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="List of current monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula">List of current monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_North_Africa" title="List of modern conflicts in North Africa">List of modern conflicts in North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Want_to_Live_movement" title="We Want to Live movement">We Want to Live movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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Euro news. 8 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022235641/http://www.euronews.com/2013/02/08/egypt-and-tunisia-s-new-arab-winter/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014. 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Middle East Eye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024051417/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-s-arab-winter-1470341500">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Arab+winter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fyemen-s-arab-winter-1470341500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/tracking-the-arab-spring-why-the-modest-harvest/">"Tracking the "Arab Spring": Why the Modest Harvest?"</a>. Journal of Democracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107122840/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/tracking-the-arab-spring-why-the-modest-harvest/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+%22Arab+Spring%22%3A+Why+the+Modest+Harvest%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Farticles%2Ftracking-the-arab-spring-why-the-modest-harvest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Hoyle, Justin A. "A Matter of Framing: Explaining The Failure of Post-Islamist Social Movements in the Arab Spring." DOMES: Digest of Middle East Studies 25.2 (2016): 186–209. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 November 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilkins2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Filkins, Dexter (2 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/09/a-saudi-princes-quest-to-remake-the-middle-east">"A Saudi Prince's Quest to Remake the Middle East"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809023149/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/09/a-saudi-princes-quest-to-remake-the-middle-east">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Saudi+Prince%27s+Quest+to+Remake+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.aulast=Filkins&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F04%2F09%2Fa-saudi-princes-quest-to-remake-the-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan_and_Dyer-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_and_Dyer_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_and_Dyer_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_and_Dyer_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanDyer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Islam; Dyer, Paul (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31029084">"The State of Middle Eastern Youth"</a>. The Muslim World. 107 (1): 3–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmuwo.12175">10.1111/muwo.12175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4909">0027-4909</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403002800/http://www.academia.edu/31029084/The_Muslim_World_CIRS_Special_Issue_The_State_of_Middle_Eastern_Youth">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Middle+Eastern+Youth.&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmuwo.12175&rft.issn=0027-4909&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Islam&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31029084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2019/05/sudan-algeria-uprising-bouteflika-al-bashir">"The Long Arab Spring"</a>. jacobinmag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210202420/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/05/sudan-algeria-uprising-bouteflika-al-bashir">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacobinmag.com&rft.atitle=The+Long+Arab+Spring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2019%2F05%2Fsudan-algeria-uprising-bouteflika-al-bashir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/no-one-can-predict-where-middle-east-will-be-10-years-now">"From Lebanon to Iraq, the Arab Spring never ended, it just gets bigger"</a>. Middle East Eye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913054113/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/no-one-can-predict-where-middle-east-will-be-10-years-now">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=From+Lebanon+to+Iraq%2C+the+Arab+Spring+never+ended%2C+it+just+gets+bigger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fopinion%2Fno-one-can-predict-where-middle-east-will-be-10-years-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/are-we-seeing-a-new-arab-spring-30904">"Are we seeing a new Arab Spring?"</a>. Are we seeing a new Arab Spring?. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029010013/https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/are-we-seeing-a-new-arab-spring-30904">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Are+we+seeing+a+new+Arab+Spring%3F&rft.atitle=Are+we+seeing+a+new+Arab+Spring%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fopinion%2Fare-we-seeing-a-new-arab-spring-30904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_6-12-2020-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_6-12-2020_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/us-caesar-act-sanctions-and-could-devastate-syrias-flatlining-economy">"US 'Caesar Act' sanctions could devastate Syria's flatlining economy"</a>. The Guardian. 12 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815082832/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/us-caesar-act-sanctions-and-could-devastate-syrias-flatlining-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+%27Caesar+Act%27+sanctions+could+devastate+Syria%27s+flatlining+economy&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F12%2Fus-caesar-act-sanctions-and-could-devastate-syrias-flatlining-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/libya-war-haftar-tripoli-russia-putin-us-turkey-a9557136.html">Libya has a chance at peace but Russia and the US are in the way Haftar seems to be on his way out, while Turkey risks creating a new Afghanistan on Europe's southern flank</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610191434/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/libya-war-haftar-tripoli-russia-putin-us-turkey-a9557136.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Ahmed Aboudouh, June 9, 2020. Russia's ally, General Khalifa Haftar, commander of the self-proclaimed National Libyan Army, has lost his 14-month military campaign to capture the capital Tripoli. His rivals in the Government of National Accord (GNA) forces, backed by -extremist militias, managed to chase his troops deep into the east of the country. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/libya-war-tripoli-haftar-russia-turkey-gna-a9554976.html">Danger of 'miscalculation' as global powers scramble for position in Libya. Fighting moves from west to centre and south of country, as Egypt advances towards border, and Tripoli ignores truce calls. Borzou Daragahi, Oliver Carroll. June 8, 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610092402/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/libya-war-tripoli-haftar-russia-turkey-gna-a9554976.html">Archived</a> 10 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1688576/middle-east">Yemen's Government demands UN action regards Houthi violation of deal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913054234/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1688576/middle-east">Archived</a> 13 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Yemen's government has demanded UN action against Iran-backed Houthi militants for violating the Hodeidah deal, state news agency Saba New reported. Yemen's Economic Council – a state advisory body composed of cabinet members – said the militants looted the central bank in Hodeidah city and were delaying the fuel and food that arrive at the Hodeidah port. The looted funds were supposed to be used to pay salaries of public workers, who have not received payments for months, according to the report. This money will now "feed the militia's pointless war," the council said. On Wednesday, Yemen's Information Minister Muammar Al-Eryani said Houthis are looting and extorting the private healthcare sector. </li> <li id="cite_note-massad-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-massad_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-massad_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassad2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massad" title="Joseph Massad">Massad, Joseph</a> (29 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/08/201282972539153865.html">"The 'Arab Spring' and other American seasons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830211354/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/08/201282972539153865.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2012. 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Retrieved 5 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Arab+Uprisings%3A+What+the+February+20+Protests+Tell+Us+About+Morocco&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.au=Laila+Lalami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fblog%2F158670%2Farab-uprisings-what-february-20-protests-tell-us-about-morocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy's_hard_spring-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Democracy's_hard_spring_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18332630">"Democracy's hard spring"</a>. The Economist. 10 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527025300/http://www.economist.com/node/18332630">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Democracy%27s+hard+spring&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F18332630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slap_to_a_Man's_Pride_Set_Off_Tumult_in_Tunisia-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Slap_to_a_Man's_Pride_Set_Off_Tumult_in_Tunisia_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahim2011" class="citation news cs1">Fahim, Kareem (22 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/world/africa/22sidi.html">"Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521072140/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/world/africa/22sidi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Slap+to+a+Man%27s+Pride+Set+Off+Tumult+in+Tunisia&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft.aulast=Fahim&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F22%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F22sidi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peddler's_martyrdom_launched_Tunisia's_revolution-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Peddler's_martyrdom_launched_Tunisia's_revolution_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoueihed2011" class="citation news cs1">Noueihed, Lin (19 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209104243/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/uk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119">"Peddler's martyrdom launched Tunisia's revolution"</a>. Reuters UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119">the original</a> on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Peddler%27s+martyrdom+launched+Tunisia%27s+revolution&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft.aulast=Noueihed&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inspired_by_Tunisia_and_Egypt,_Yemenis_join_in_anti-government_protests-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Inspired_by_Tunisia_and_Egypt,_Yemenis_join_in_anti-government_protests_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2011" class="citation news cs1">Raghavan, Sudarsan (27 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/27/AR2011012702081.html">"Inspired by Tunisia and Egypt, Yemenis join in anti-government protests"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430151341/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/27/AR2011012702081.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Inspired+by+Tunisia+and+Egypt%2C+Yemenis+join+in+anti-government+protests&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Sudarsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2FAR2011012702081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabnews-87"><a href="#cite_ref-arabnews_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707154845/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article250370.ece">"Yemenis square off in rival 'Day of Rage' protests"</a>. Arab News. 3 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article250370.ece">the original</a> on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Yemenis+square+off+in+rival+%27Day+of+Rage%27+protests&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabnews.com%2Fmiddleeast%2Farticle250370.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Police_in_south_Yemen_disperse_'day_of_rage'_protests-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Police_in_south_Yemen_disperse_'day_of_rage'_protests_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214145237/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg">"Police in south Yemen disperse 'day of rage' protests"</a>. Aden, Yemen. Agence France-Presse. 11 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg">the original</a> on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+in+south+Yemen+disperse+%27day+of+rage%27+protests&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahrain_moves_to_foil_anti-government_rallies-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Bahrain_moves_to_foil_anti-government_rallies_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2011" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Brian (13 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/bahrain-moves-to-foil-anti-government-rallies/2011/02/13/ABrXVXG_story.html">"Bahrain moves to foil anti-government rallies"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109200531/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/bahrain-moves-to-foil-anti-government-rallies/2011/02/13/ABrXVXG_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bahrain+moves+to+foil+anti-government+rallies&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fbahrain-moves-to-foil-anti-government-rallies%2F2011%2F02%2F13%2FABrXVXG_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayat2017" class="citation book cs1">Bayat, Asef (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QQmDwAAQBAJ&q=rachid%20al-ghannouchi%20rebellion%20against%20the%20ruler&pg=PT189">Revolution without Revolutionaries: Making Sense of the Arab Spring</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0258-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0258-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-0258-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+without+Revolutionaries%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0258-8&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Asef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QQmDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drachid%2520al-ghannouchi%2520rebellion%2520against%2520the%2520ruler%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> A. Murat Agdemir. "The Arab Spring and Israel's Relations with Egypt. Israel Council of Foreign Affairs, 2016. Vol.10, No.2, pp. 223–235 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunisia's_Ben_Ali_flees_amid_unrest-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Tunisia's_Ben_Ali_flees_amid_unrest_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/20111153616298850.html">"Tunisia's Ben Ali flees amid unrest"</a>. Al Jazeera. 15 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181444/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/20111153616298850.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tunisia%27s+Ben+Ali+flees+amid+unrest&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F01%2F20111153616298850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt's_revolution_redefines_what's_possible_in_the_Arab_world-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt's_revolution_redefines_what's_possible_in_the_Arab_world_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2011" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Scott (11 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0211/Egypt-s-revolution-redefines-what-s-possible-in-the-Arab-world">"Egypt's revolution redefines what's possible in the Arab world"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723035217/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0211/Egypt-s-revolution-redefines-what-s-possible-in-the-Arab-world">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+revolution+redefines+what%27s+possible+in+the+Arab+world&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMiddle-East%2F2011%2F0211%2FEgypt-s-revolution-redefines-what-s-possible-in-the-Arab-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libya:_civil_war_breaks_out_as_Gaddafi_mounts_rearguard_fight-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Libya:_civil_war_breaks_out_as_Gaddafi_mounts_rearguard_fight_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2011" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html">"Libya: civil war breaks out as Gaddafi mounts rearguard fight"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110330195229/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Libya%3A+civil+war+breaks+out+as+Gaddafi+mounts+rearguard+fight&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Flibya%2F8344034%2FLibya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thousands_in_Yemen_Protest_Against_the_Government-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Thousands_in_Yemen_Protest_Against_the_Government_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakriGoodman2011" class="citation news cs1">Bakri, Nada; Goodman, J. 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Reuters. 14 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bahrain-protests-idUKTRE71D1G520110214">the original</a> on 18 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protester+killed+in+Bahrain+%27Day+of+Rage%27&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-bahrain-protests-idUKTRE71D1G520110214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-derspiegel28march-97"><a href="#cite_ref-derspiegel28march_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,753517,00.html">"'It Will Not Stop': Syrian Uprising Continues Despite Crackdown"</a>. Der Spiegel. 28 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610212100/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0%2C1518%2C753517%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=%27It+Will+Not+Stop%27%3A+Syrian+Uprising+Continues+Despite+Crackdown&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2F0%2C1518%2C753517%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Algeria_protest_draws_thousands-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Algeria_protest_draws_thousands_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/algeria-protest-draws-thousands-1.1065078">"Algeria protest draws thousands"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Algeria+protest+draws+thousands&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Falgeria-protest-draws-thousands-1.1065078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp13killed-99"><a href="#cite_ref-wp13killed_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrummen2011" class="citation news cs1">McCrummen, Stephanie (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/24/AR2011022403117.html">"13 killed in Iraq's 'Day of Rage' protests"</a>. The Washington Post. 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Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=13+killed+in+Iraq%27s+%27Day+of+Rage%27+protests&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.aulast=McCrummen&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F24%2FAR2011022403117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thousands_protest_in_Jordan-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Thousands_protest_in_Jordan_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html">"Thousands protest in Jordan"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Pro-democracy+protests+reach+Djibouti&rft.date=2011-02-20&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F001f94f6-3d18-11e0-bbff-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_clashes_in_occupied_Western_Sahara-108"><a href="#cite_ref-New_clashes_in_occupied_Western_Sahara_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/37450">"New clashes in occupied Western Sahara"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Region+%E2%80%93+World+%E2%80%93+Ahram+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FCategory%2F2%2F8%2FWorld%2FRegion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman_takes_measures_to_address_public_grievances-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman_takes_measures_to_address_public_grievances_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2011/February/middleeast_February780.xml&section=middleeast">"Oman takes measures to address public grievances"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaleej+Times&rft.atitle=Oman+takes+measures+to+address+public+grievances&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2FDisplayArticle08.asp%3Fxfile%3Ddata%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2FFebruary%2Fmiddleeast_February780.xml%26section%3Dmiddleeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oman_boosts_student_benefits-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Oman_boosts_student_benefits_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222221336/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ie73NUpvWHkuIAFKwLnqmyl0paLw?docId=CNG.29a2ebdaf178435a5e82e857cf4725de.ac1">"Oman boosts student benefits"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 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Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oman%27s+Sultan+Granting+Lawmaking+Powers+to+Councils&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2FOmans-Sultan-Shifts-Lawmaking-Powers-Amid-Unrest--117895309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-141"><a href="#cite_ref-google1_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurk" class="citation news cs1">Surk, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303135336/https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gh9egWT30AUKwD6gzNoIxvkoqFMg?docId=6083540">"Police in Oman fire tear gas, rubber bullets at protesters seeking political reform; 1 killed"</a>. Canadian Press. 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BBC News. 8 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227163914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12590588">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2011. 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Retrieved 23 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+Boosts+Spending%2C+Returns+to+Country&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2FSaudi-King-Boosts-Spending-Returns-to-Country-116739074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King's_order_to_benefit_{{gaps|180|000}}_temporary_employees-145"><a href="#cite_ref-King's_order_to_benefit_{{gaps|180|000}}_temporary_employees_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301013820/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article289334.ece">"King's order to benefit 180000 temporary employees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a>. 28 February 2011. 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Retrieved 26 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Gazette&rft.atitle=Kingdom+a+country+of+moderate+Islam&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaudigazette.com.sa%2Farticle%2F520191%2FSAUDI-ARABIA%2FKingdom-a-country-of-moderate-Islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21729721-bigger-changes-are-needed-ultraconservative-kingdom-saudi-arabia-will">"Saudi Arabia will finally allow women to drive"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+will+finally+allow+women+to+drive&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21729721-bigger-changes-are-needed-ultraconservative-kingdom-saudi-arabia-will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comprehensive-151"><a href="#cite_ref-comprehensive_151-0">^</a> Check <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Saudi_Arabian_protests#Casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests">casualties of the Saudi Arabian protests</a> for comprehensive list </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt's_prime_minister_quits,_new_govt_soon-army-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt's_prime_minister_quits,_new_govt_soon-army_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501033518/http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z">"Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+prime+minister+quits%2C+new+govt+soon-army&rft.pub=Forexyard.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forexyard.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2FEgypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-153"><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_153-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110211-713327.html">Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215082342/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110211-713327.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Wall Street Journal, 11 February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt's_military_moves_to_dissolve_parliament,_suspend_constitution-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Egypt's_military_moves_to_dissolve_parliament,_suspend_constitution_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140">"Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+military+moves+to+dissolve+parliament%2C+suspend+constitution&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fegypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egyptian_state_security_disbanded-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Egyptian_state_security_disbanded_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/03/20113151885983516.html">"Egyptian state security disbanded"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prosecutors+Order+Mubarak+and+Sons+Held&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft.au=Stack%2C+Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F14%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F14egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reutersmurdercharges-159"><a href="#cite_ref-reutersmurdercharges_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSTRE74N3LG20110524">"Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters"</a>. Reuters. 24 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531105100/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSTRE74N3LG20110524">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2011. 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Retrieved 19 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+state+of+emergency+ends+after+31+years&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fegypt%2F9303195%2FEgypts-state-of-emergency-ends-after-31-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohammed_Morsi_sworn_in_as_Egypt's_president-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohammed_Morsi_sworn_in_as_Egypt's_president_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mohammed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president/">"Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118055644/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/world/middleeast/egypt-may-elect-president-before-parliament-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023. 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France 24. 13 August 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abbas+asks+caretaker+premier+Hamdallah+to+remain&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20130813-abbas-caretaker-pm-hamdallah-stay-form-government-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iraqi_prime_minister_won't_run_for_third_term-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Iraqi_prime_minister_won't_run_for_third_term_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41437551">"Iraqi prime minister won't run for third term"</a>. NBC News. 5 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416121125/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41437551">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraqi+prime+minister+won%27t+run+for+third+term&rft.date=2011-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna41437551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Governor_of_third_Iraqi_province_quits_over_protests-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Governor_of_third_Iraqi_province_quits_over_protests_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304144057/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/0633bc9e-f175-4ccb-9aa8-5d1bd1a0e316.aspx">"Governor of third Iraqi province quits over protests"</a>. The Gulf Today. 27 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulftoday.ae/portal/0633bc9e-f175-4ccb-9aa8-5d1bd1a0e316.aspx">the original</a> on 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gulf+Today&rft.atitle=Governor+of+third+Iraqi+province+quits+over+protests&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulftoday.ae%2Fportal%2F0633bc9e-f175-4ccb-9aa8-5d1bd1a0e316.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahrain's_king_gives_out_cash_ahead_of_protests-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Bahrain's_king_gives_out_cash_ahead_of_protests_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216022333/https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE71A24Z20110211">"Bahrain's king gives out cash ahead of protests"</a>. Reuters. 11 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE71A24Z20110211">the original</a> on 16 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bahrain%27s+king+gives+out+cash+ahead+of+protests&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FcommoditiesNews%2FidAFLDE71A24Z20110211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monstersandcritics-192"><a href="#cite_ref-monstersandcritics_192-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1621209.php/Bahrain-s-king-to-free-political-prisoners-as-protests-continue">Bahrain's king to free political prisoners as protests continue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223064913/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1621209.php/Bahrain-s-king-to-free-political-prisoners-as-protests-continue">Archived</a> 23 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Monsters and Critics, 22 February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_3.12.2011-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_3.12.2011_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21541075">"Still rich but no longer so calm"</a>. The Economist. 3 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228213526/http://www.economist.com/node/21541075">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Still+rich+but+no+longer+so+calm&rft.date=2011-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21541075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJE_27.11.2011-194"><a href="#cite_ref-AJE_27.11.2011_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/201111275269122803.html">"Bahrain creates panel to study unrest report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 27 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111115052/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/201111275269122803.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bahrain+creates+panel+to+study+unrest+report&rft.date=2011-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F11%2F201111275269122803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comprehensive4-195"><a href="#cite_ref-comprehensive4_195-0">^</a> Check <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Casualties of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)</a> for comprehensive list </li> <li id="cite_note-NATO_Withdrawal_from_Libya-196"><a href="#cite_ref-NATO_Withdrawal_from_Libya_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106165618/http://www.neurope.eu/article/nato-announces-withdrawal-all-troops-libya">"NATO Withdrawal from Libya"</a>. New Europe. 31 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurope.eu/article/nato-announces-withdrawal-all-troops-libya">the original</a> on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Europe&rft.atitle=NATO+Withdrawal+from+Libya&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fnato-announces-withdrawal-all-troops-libya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fighters_clash_again_near_Tripoli,_several_dead-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Fighters_clash_again_near_Tripoli,_several_dead_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-clashes-idUSTRE7AB0HU20111112">"Fighters clash again near Tripoli, several dead"</a>. Reuters. 12 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235533/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/12/us-libya-clashes-idUSTRE7AB0HU20111112">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fighters+clash+again+near+Tripoli%2C+several+dead&rft.date=2011-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-libya-clashes-idUSTRE7AB0HU20111112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-revolutioncasualties-198"><a href="#cite_ref-revolutioncasualties_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Black2013" class="citation news cs1">Ian Black (8 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/libyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-government">"Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520141917/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/libyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-government">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libyan+revolution+casualties+lower+than+expected%2C+says+new+government&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.au=Ian+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F08%2Flibyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuwait_Government_resigns-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuwait_Government_resigns_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201083114/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-28/kuwait-government-resigns-amid-growing-opposition-protests.html">"Kuwait Government resigns"</a>. Business Week. 28 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-28/kuwait-government-resigns-amid-growing-opposition-protests.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Government+resigns&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2011-11-28%2Fkuwait-government-resigns-amid-growing-opposition-protests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuwait_to_hold_early_general_election_on_2_February-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuwait_to_hold_early_general_election_on_2_February_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525115025/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j3iEoEHineaoOiXnAXfxH2KFXTHg?docId=CNG.fad80dffc69b5105a37f43fbbaedadfd.261l">"Kuwait to hold early general election on 2 February"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 18 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j3iEoEHineaoOiXnAXfxH2KFXTHg?docId=CNG.fad80dffc69b5105a37f43fbbaedadfd.261l">the original</a> on 25 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kuwait+to+hold+early+general+election+on+2+February&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j3iEoEHineaoOiXnAXfxH2KFXTHg%3FdocId%3DCNG.fad80dffc69b5105a37f43fbbaedadfd.261l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30_wounded_in_Kuwait_protests_on_Friday-201"><a href="#cite_ref-30_wounded_in_Kuwait_protests_on_Friday_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222213527/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41676934/ns/world_news-mideast/n_africa">"30 wounded in Kuwait protests on Friday"</a>. MSN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41676934/ns/world_news-mideast/n_africa">the original</a> on 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=30+wounded+in+Kuwait+protests+on+Friday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F41676934%2Fns%2Fworld_news-mideast%2Fn_africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-middle-east-online-202"><a href="#cite_ref-middle-east-online_202-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44526">Moroccan king to make reforms with constitutional body</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223070006/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44526">Archived</a> 23 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Middle East Online, 22 February 2011; </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-203"><a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaram2011" class="citation news cs1">Karam, Souhail (20 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/thousands-in-morocco-march-for-rights-2247511.html">"Thousands in Morocco march for rights"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110325022318/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/thousands-in-morocco-march-for-rights-2247511.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Thousands+in+Morocco+march+for+rights&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft.aulast=Karam&rft.aufirst=Souhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fthousands-in-morocco-march-for-rights-2247511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demonstrator's_death_energizes_Moroccan_protesters-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Demonstrator's_death_energizes_Moroccan_protesters_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation news cs1">Miller, David (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=224033">"Demonstrator's death energizes Moroccan protesters"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031154635/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=224033">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Demonstrator%27s+death+energizes+Moroccan+protesters&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddleEast%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D224033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauritania's_Bouazizi_died_today-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Mauritania's_Bouazizi_died_today_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dekhnstan.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/mauritanias-bouazizi-died-today/">"Mauritania's Bouazizi died today"</a>. Dekhnstan.wordpress.com. 23 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830065407/http://dekhnstan.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/mauritanias-bouazizi-died-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritania%27s+Bouazizi+died+today&rft.pub=Dekhnstan.wordpress.com&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdekhnstan.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F01%2F23%2Fmauritanias-bouazizi-died-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRANCE24-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FRANCE24_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609033742/http://www.france24.com/en/20110606-syria-says-23-dead-israel-opens-fire-golan">"Syria says 23 dead as Israel opens fire on Golan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 6 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110606-syria-says-23-dead-israel-opens-fire-golan#">the original</a> on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Syria+says+23+dead+as+Israel+opens+fire+on+Golan&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110606-syria-says-23-dead-israel-opens-fire-golan%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillay-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Pillay_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/06/201167143318466482.html">"UN's Pillay condemns Israeli 'Naksa' killings"</a>. Al Jazeera. 8 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610115415/http://aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/06/201167143318466482.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN%27s+Pillay+condemns+Israeli+%27Naksa%27+killings&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F06%2F201167143318466482.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bici-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bici_208-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bici.org.bh/">"Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry"</a>. BICI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902042157/http://www.bici.org.bh/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Bahrain+Independent+Commission+of+Inquiry&rft.pub=BICI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bici.org.bh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardbahdown-209"><a href="#cite_ref-guardbahdown_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/18/bahrain-mourners-call-downnfall-monarchy">"Bahrain mourners call for end to monarchy"</a>. The Guardian. London. 18 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218093710/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/18/bahrain-mourners-call-downnfall-monarchy">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bahrain+mourners+call+for+end+to+monarchy&rft.date=2011-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F18%2Fbahrain-mourners-call-downnfall-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcbahtran-210"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcbahtran_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12515906">"Day of transformation in Bahrain's 'sacred square'"</a>. BBC News. 19 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405191822/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12515906">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Day+of+transformation+in+Bahrain%27s+%27sacred+square%27&rft.date=2011-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12515906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_17.3.2011-211"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_17.3.2011_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12773696">"Bangladeshis complain of Bahrain rally 'coercion'"</a>. BBC News. 17 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519001721/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12773696">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladeshis+complain+of+Bahrain+rally+%27coercion%27&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12773696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCBahr14Mar-212"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCBahr14Mar_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12729786">"Gulf States Send Force to Bahrain Following Protests"</a>. BBC News. 14 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110420040119/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12729786">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gulf+States+Send+Force+to+Bahrain+Following+Protests&rft.date=2011-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12729786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reutbahsoe-213"><a href="#cite_ref-reutbahsoe_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021911/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/15/us-bahrain-emergency-idUKTRE72E3E620110315">"Bahrain declares state of emergency after unrest"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Curfew+Follows+Deadly+Bahrain+Crackdown&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F03%2F201131643831976772.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telbahdes-215"><a href="#cite_ref-telbahdes_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2011" class="citation news cs1">Farmer, Ben (18 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/bahrain/8390773/Bahrain-authorities-destroy-Pearl-Roundabout.html">"Bahrain authorities destroy Pearl Roundabout"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322053958/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/bahrain/8390773/Bahrain-authorities-destroy-Pearl-Roundabout.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bahrain+authorities+destroy+Pearl+Roundabout&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fbahrain%2F8390773%2FBahrain-authorities-destroy-Pearl-Roundabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guarbahmll-216"><a href="#cite_ref-guarbahmll_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChulov2011" class="citation news cs1">Chulov, Martin (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/01/bahrain-protests-martial-law">"Bahrain sees new clashes as martial law lifted"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118074922/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/01/bahrain-protests-martial-law">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bahrain+sees+new+clashes+as+martial+law+lifted&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.aulast=Chulov&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjun%2F01%2Fbahrain-protests-martial-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reutbahral-217"><a href="#cite_ref-reutbahral_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bahrain-idUSTRE75A19G20110611">"Thousands rally for reform in Bahrain"</a>. Reuters. 11 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022170504/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/11/us-bahrain-idUSTRE75A19G20110611">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thousands+rally+for+reform+in+Bahrain&rft.date=2011-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-bahrain-idUSTRE75A19G20110611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSC_live_blog_25_January_2012-218"><a href="#cite_ref-JSC_live_blog_25_January_2012_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205042332/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/bahrain-jan-25-2012-1836">"Bahrain live blog 25 Jan 2012"</a>. 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Al Jazeera. 15 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807144949/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/02/201221415146400277.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+police+presence+blocks+Bahrain+protests&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2012%2F02%2F201221415146400277.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcbahmar-220"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcbahmar_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17309839">"Bahrain protesters join anti-government march in Manama"</a>. BBC News. 9 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425072214/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17309839">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bahrain+protesters+join+anti-government+march+in+Manama&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-17309839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reutbahmass-221"><a href="#cite_ref-reutbahmass_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021816/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/uk-bahrain-protest-idUKBRE82816T20120309">"Mass pro-democracy protest rocks Bahrain"</a>. Reuters. 9 March 2012. 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Retrieved 15 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307000356/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article320723.ece">Archived</a> 7 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc9-226"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc9_226-0">^</a> Law, Bill (22 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12817106">"Bahrain Rulers Unleash 'Campaign of Intimidation'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415071920/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12817106">Archived</a> 15 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crossing_Continents" title="Crossing Continents">Crossing Continents</a> (via <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>). 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Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%91%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7+%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88+%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F15%2F141661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawtbeirut-264"><a href="#cite_ref-sawtbeirut_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319034725/http://www.sawtbeirut.com/news-in-arabic/world-now/16474-syria-revolution-2011-march-15.html">"الاف السوريين يثورون في قلب دمشق و المحافظات مطالبين بالحرية"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82+%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farabic%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F03%2F110315_syria_protest.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawtbeirut6-266"><a href="#cite_ref-sawtbeirut6_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516012947/http://sawtbeirut.com/news-in-arabic/world-now/16483-2011-03-16-18-33-05.html">"معلومات عن سقوط شهداء في تظاهرات الثلاثاء في سوريا"</a>. Sawt Beirut. 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The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-US-warns-Middle-East-to-reform-or-be-overthrown.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. 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Global Voices Advox. 20 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913054107/https://advox.globalvoices.org/2016/09/20/the-uae-has-avoided-an-arab-spring-by-systematically-repressing-critical-speech/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. 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Retrieved 8 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Emirates+Balk+at+Activism+in+Region+Hit+by+Uprisings&rft.date=2013-06-08&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F09%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Femirates-balk-at-activism-in-region-hit-by-uprisings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icfuae.org.uk/press-releases/anniversary-%E2%80%9Cuae-94%E2%80%9D-trial-icfuae-calls-immediate-release-all-uae-prisoners">"On the anniversary of the "UAE 94" trial, ICFUAE calls for the immediate release of all UAE prisoners of conscience"</a>. International Campaign for Freedom in the United Arab Emirates (ICFUAE). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701104456/http://icfuae.org.uk/press-releases/anniversary-%E2%80%9Cuae-94%E2%80%9D-trial-icfuae-calls-immediate-release-all-uae-prisoners">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021. 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Amnesty International. 2 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617002249/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/07/uae-nearly-a-decade-of-unjust-imprisonment-for-uae-94-dissidents/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. 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Retrieved 11 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=YEMEN%3A+Protests+revived+in+%27Friday+of+Rage%27&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fbabylonbeyond%2F2011%2F02%2Fyemen-protests-revived-in-friday-of-rage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protests_rage_in_Yemen,_Bahrain;_Iran_hard-liners_want_foes_executed-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Protests_rage_in_Yemen,_Bahrain;_Iran_hard-liners_want_foes_executed_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubin2011" class="citation news cs1">Lubin, Gus (15 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-arab-protests-20110216,0,1700622.story">"Protests rage in Yemen, Bahrain; Iran hard-liners want foes executed"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Protests+rage+in+Yemen%2C+Bahrain%3B+Iran+hard-liners+want+foes+executed&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-arab-protests-20110216%2C0%2C1700622.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Analysis:_Yemen_civil_war_likely_without_swift_Saleh_exit-311"><a href="#cite_ref-Analysis:_Yemen_civil_war_likely_without_swift_Saleh_exit_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2011" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Cynthia (26 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-war-idUSTRE74P4LC20110526">"Analysis: Yemen civil war likely without swift Saleh exit"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Yemen+civil+war+likely+without+swift+Saleh+exit&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-yemen-war-idUSTRE74P4LC20110526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yemen's_Saleh_Agrees_to_Step_Down_in_Exchange_for_Immunity,_Official_Says-312"><a href="#cite_ref-Yemen's_Saleh_Agrees_to_Step_Down_in_Exchange_for_Immunity,_Official_Says_312-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatem2011" class="citation news cs1">Hatem, Mohammed (23 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813161300/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-23/yemen-s-saleh-agrees-to-step-down-in-exchange-for-immunity-official-says.html">"Yemen's Saleh Agrees to Step Down in Exchange for Immunity, Official Says"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Saleh+Agrees+to+Step+Down+in+Exchange+for+Immunity%2C+Official+Says&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft.aulast=Hatem&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-04-23%2Fyemen-s-saleh-agrees-to-step-down-in-exchange-for-immunity-official-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aus2-5-313"><a href="#cite_ref-Aus2-5_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/yemeni-peace-process-collapses/story-e6frg6so-1226047954704">"Yemeni Peace Process Collapses"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Yemeni+Peace+Process+Collapses&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fyemeni-peace-process-collapses%2Fstory-e6frg6so-1226047954704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-assassing-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assassing_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-assassing_314-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/several-arrested-in-yemen-for-alleged-role-in-an-assassination-attempt-on-saleh/">"Several Arrested in Yemen for Alleged Role in an Assassination Attempt on Saleh"</a>. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112054/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13661373">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen+crisis%3A+One-way+ticket+for+Saleh%3F&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft.aulast=Leyne&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13661373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saleh_appears_on_Yemen_TV,_bandaged_and_burnt-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Saleh_appears_on_Yemen_TV,_bandaged_and_burnt_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Qadhi2011" class="citation news cs1">Al Qadhi, Mohammed (8 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/saleh-appears-on-yemen-tv-bandaged-and-burnt">"Saleh appears on Yemen TV, bandaged and burnt"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709211229/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/saleh-appears-on-yemen-tv-bandaged-and-burnt">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Saleh+appears+on+Yemen+TV%2C+bandaged+and+burnt&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft.aulast=Al+Qadhi&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fnews%2Fworldwide%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaleh-appears-on-yemen-tv-bandaged-and-burnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alghad-317"><a href="#cite_ref-alghad_317-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820073225/https://alghad.com/f.php/article2/492415/%d8%aa%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b6%d8%ae%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%b6%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86.html">Massive protests against Yemeni President on "Mansouron" Friday</a>, Alghad Newspaper, 13 August 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yemen_president_authorizes_deputy_to_negotiate_power_transfer-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Yemen_president_authorizes_deputy_to_negotiate_power_transfer_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130110210405/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-12/world/yemen.saleh.power.transfer_1_mohammed-qahtan-saleh-opposition-parties">"Yemen president authorizes deputy to negotiate power transfer"</a>. CNN World. 12 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-12/world/yemen.saleh.power.transfer_1_mohammed-qahtan-saleh-opposition-parties">the original</a> on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+World&rft.atitle=Yemen+president+authorizes+deputy+to+negotiate+power+transfer&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2011-09-12%2Fworld%2Fyemen.saleh.power.transfer_1_mohammed-qahtan-saleh-opposition-parties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yemen_President_Ali_Abdullah_Saleh_returns_to_Sanaa-319"><a href="#cite_ref-Yemen_President_Ali_Abdullah_Saleh_returns_to_Sanaa_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15030899">"Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh returns to Sanaa"</a>. BBC News. 23 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212125835/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15030899">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2011. 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BBC News. 23 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205130243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15865253">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemeni+President+Saleh+signs+deal+on+ceding+power&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-15865253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-February_2012-321"><a href="#cite_ref-February_2012_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rulers.org/2012-02.html">"February 2012"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqhKKOqo6XDujeTI_yaD4B0CcyVA?docId=CNG.12cc0199ecc6457c2d2a25874218f73d.691">the original</a> on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Saleh+formally+steps+down+after+33+years&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iqhKKOqo6XDujeTI_yaD4B0CcyVA%3FdocId%3DCNG.12cc0199ecc6457c2d2a25874218f73d.691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-324"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/9753123/Middle-East-review-of-2012-the-Arab-Winter.html">"Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter"</a>. 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(25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-until-the-arab-world-enjoys-fundamental-rights-there-will-be-many">"Until the Arab world enjoys fundamental rights, there will be many more springs to come"</a>. The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427092822/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-until-the-arab-world-enjoys-fundamental-rights-there-will-be-many/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Until+the+Arab+world+enjoys+fundamental+rights%2C+there+will+be+many+more+springs+to+come&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Hellyer&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Famp%2Fopinion%2Farticle-until-the-arab-world-enjoys-fundamental-rights-there-will-be-many&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabalan2019" class="citation news cs1">Kabalan, Marwan (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/opinion/middle-east-military-crescent-making-190429115639893.html">"In the Middle East, a new military crescent is in the making"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429145237/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/opinion/middle-east-military-crescent-making-190429115639893.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+the+Middle+East%2C+a+new+military+crescent+is+in+the+making&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=Kabalan&rft.aufirst=Marwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2Fmiddle-east-military-crescent-making-190429115639893.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellyer2019-397"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellyer2019_397-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellyer2019">Hellyer 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttaway2019" class="citation web cs1">Ottaway, Marina (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/algeria-and-sudan-revolutionary-dilemma">"Algeria and Sudan: The revolutionary dilemma"</a>. Middle East Eye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913054614/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/algeria-and-sudan-revolutionary-dilemma">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria+and+Sudan%3A+The+revolutionary+dilemma&rft.pub=Middle+East+Eye&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fopinion%2Falgeria-and-sudan-revolutionary-dilemma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_MahameedBelalGebreiterLowe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Al Mahameed, Muhammad; Belal, Ataur; Gebreiter, Florian; Lowe, Alan (7 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/168291/">"Social accounting in the context of profound political, social and economic crisis: the case of the Arab Spring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Accounting,_Auditing_%26_Accountability_Journal" title="Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal">Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal</a>. 34 (5): 1080–1108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FAAAJ-08-2019-4129">10.1108/AAAJ-08-2019-4129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0951-3574">0951-3574</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228819446">228819446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting%2C+Auditing+%26+Accountability+Journal&rft.atitle=Social+accounting+in+the+context+of+profound+political%2C+social+and+economic+crisis%3A+the+case+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1080-1108&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228819446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0951-3574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FAAAJ-08-2019-4129&rft.aulast=Al+Mahameed&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Belal%2C+Ataur&rft.au=Gebreiter%2C+Florian&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F168291%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hager_Ali" title="Hager Ali">Ali, Hager</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/egypt-after-the-arab-spring-a-legacy-of-no-advancement">"Egypt after the Arab Spring: A Legacy of No Advancement"</a>. GIGA Focus Nahost. <a href="/wiki/GIGA_German_Institute_of_Global_and_Area_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1862-3611">1862-3611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+after+the+Arab+Spring%3A+A+Legacy+of+No+Advancement&rft.series=GIGA+Focus+Nahost&rft.pub=GIGA+German+Institute+of+Global+and+Area+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1862-3611&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Hager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fgiga-focus%2Fegypt-after-the-arab-spring-a-legacy-of-no-advancement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbaza2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Abaza, Mona (7 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldialogue.isa-sociology.org/articles/revolutionary-moments-in-tahrir-square">"Revolutionary Moments in Tahrir Square"</a>. Global DIalogue. Vol. 1, no. 4. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+DIalogue&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Moments+in+Tahrir+Square&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2011-05-07&rft.aulast=Abaza&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldialogue.isa-sociology.org%2Farticles%2Frevolutionary-moments-in-tahrir-square&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdih2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abdih, Yasser (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/022/0048/002/article-A012-en.xml">"Arab Spring: Closing the Jobs Gap: High youth unemployment contributes to widespread unrest in the Middle East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finance_%26_Development" title="Finance & Development">Finance & Development</a>. 48 (2): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5089%2F9781451953589.022">10.5089/9781451953589.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-451-95358-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-451-95358-9"><bdi>978-1-451-95358-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-1707">0145-1707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finance+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Arab+Spring%3A+Closing+the+Jobs+Gap%3A+High+youth+unemployment+contributes+to+widespread+unrest+in+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.issn=0145-1707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5089%2F9781451953589.022&rft.isbn=978-1-451-95358-9&rft.aulast=Abdih&rft.aufirst=Yasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.imf.org%2Fview%2Fjournals%2F022%2F0048%2F002%2Farticle-A012-en.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfadhel2016" class="citation book cs1">Alfadhel, Khalifa A. (2016). The failure of the Arab Spring. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-9789-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-9789-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-9789-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959034560">959034560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+failure+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959034560&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-9789-1&rft.aulast=Alfadhel&rft.aufirst=Khalifa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Lisa (May–June 2011). "Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences Between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya". <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 90 (3): 2–7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23039401">23039401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Demystifying+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Parsing+the+Differences+Between+Tunisia%2C+Egypt%2C+and+Libya&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=2011-05%2F2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23039401%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeininVairel2013" class="citation book cs1">Beinin, Joel; Vairel, Frédéric, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nf4tAAAAQBAJ">Social movements, mobilization, and contestation in the Middle East and North Africa</a>. Stanford studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies and cultures (2nd ed.). Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8803-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8803-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-8803-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+movements%2C+mobilization%2C+and+contestation+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.series=Stanford+studies+in+Middle+Eastern+and+Islamic+societies+and+cultures&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8803-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnf4tAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownleeMasoudReynolds2015" class="citation book cs1">Brownlee, Jason; Masoud, Tarek; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Reynolds_(political_scientist)" title="Andrew Reynolds (political scientist)">Reynolds, Andrew</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbxpBgAAQBAJ">The Arab Spring: pathways of repression and reform</a>. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966007-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966007-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881859066">881859066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Spring%3A+pathways+of+repression+and+reform&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881859066&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966007-0&rft.aulast=Brownlee&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Masoud%2C+Tarek&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbxpBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowers2009" class="citation book cs1">Browers, Michaelle (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/299717976">Political ideology in the Arab world: accommodation and transformation</a>. Cambridge Middle East studies. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76532-9"><bdi>978-0-521-76532-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299717976">299717976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+ideology+in+the+Arab+world%3A+accommodation+and+transformation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299717976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76532-9&rft.aulast=Browers&rft.aufirst=Michaelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F299717976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Roger (6 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/07/opinion/07iht-edcohen07.html">"Opinion | A Republic Called Tahrir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+A+Republic+Called+Tahrir&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F07%2Fopinion%2F07iht-edcohen07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMY9zhm2KAcC">The new Arab revolt: What happened, what it means, and what comes next</a>. 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Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-239-4"><bdi>978-0-87003-239-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181079193">181079193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+fa%C3%A7ade%3A+political+reform+in+the+Arab+world&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181079193&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-239-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondfacadepoli0000otta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelletreau2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pelletreau" title="Robert Pelletreau">Pelletreau, Robert H.</a> (24 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67546/robert-h-pelletreau/transformation-in-the-middle-east">"Transformation in the Middle East: Comparing the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Bahrain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Transformation+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Comparing+the+Uprisings+in+Tunisia%2C+Egypt+and+Bahrain&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft.aulast=Pelletreau&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F67546%2Frobert-h-pelletreau%2Ftransformation-in-the-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhares2010" class="citation book cs1">Phares, Walid (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5afNb3t17fMC">The coming revolution: struggle for freedom in the Middle East</a>. New York: Threshold Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7837-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7837-9"><bdi>978-1-4391-7837-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+coming+revolution%3A+struggle+for+freedom+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Threshold+Editions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-7837-9&rft.aulast=Phares&rft.aufirst=Walid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5afNb3t17fMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosusneyAngrist,_Michele_Penner2005" class="citation book cs1">Posusney, Marsha Pripstein; Angrist, Michele Penner, eds. (2005). Authoritarianism in the Middle East: regimes and resistance. Boulder, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-317-9"><bdi>978-1-58826-317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarianism+in+the+Middle+East%3A+regimes+and+resistance&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-317-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dafna_Hochman_Rand" title="Dafna Hochman Rand">Rand, Dafna Hochman</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vL97wF4gYucC">Roots of the Arab Spring: contested authority and political change in the Middle East</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4530-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-4530-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+the+Arab+Spring%3A+contested+authority+and+political+change+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4530-1&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Dafna+Hochman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvL97wF4gYucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWillisMcCarthyGarton_Ash2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a>; Willis, Michael J.; McCarthy, Rory; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Garton Ash, Timothy</a>, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oqXTCgAAQBAJ">Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874902-8"><bdi>978-0-19-874902-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/913852718">913852718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Resistance+in+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Triumphs+and+Disasters&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F913852718&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874902-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoqXTCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Arabic language edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassil2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bassil, Antoine (2017). <bdi lang="ar">المقاومة المدنية في الربيع العربي الانتصارات والكوارث</bdi> [Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters] (in Arabic). Beirut: Muttabaat Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-953-88970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-953-88970-2"><bdi>978-9-953-88970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Muttabaat+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-953-88970-2&rft.aulast=Bassil&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosinyRichter2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rosiny, Stephan; Richter, Thomas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/the-arab-spring-misconceptions-and-prospects">"The Arab Spring: Misconceptions and Prospects"</a>. GIGA Institute for Middle East Studies. GIGA Focus Middle East. 4. Hamburg: <a href="/wiki/German_Institute_for_Global_and_Area_Studies" title="German Institute for Global and Area Studies">German Institute for Global and Area Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1862-3611">1862-3611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GIGA+Institute+for+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Spring%3A+Misconceptions+and+Prospects&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1862-3611&rft.aulast=Rosiny&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Richter%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fgiga-focus%2Fthe-arab-spring-misconceptions-and-prospects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruble2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Struble,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Struble, Jr.">Struble, Robert Jr.</a> (22 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiclane.com/libya-and-the-doctrine-of-justifiable-rebellion/">"Libya and the Doctrine of Justifiable Rebellion"</a>. Catholic Lane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417210536/http://catholiclane.com/libya-and-the-doctrine-of-justifiable-rebellion/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Lane&rft.atitle=Libya+and+the+Doctrine+of+Justifiable+Rebellion&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Struble&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiclane.com%2Flibya-and-the-doctrine-of-justifiable-rebellion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tausch, Arno (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/64511.html">"Globalization, the Environment and the Future 'Greening' of Arab Politics"</a>. MPRA Paper. Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/REPEC" class="mw-redirect" title="REPEC">REPEC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2608958">10.2139/ssrn.2608958</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPRA+Paper&rft.atitle=Globalization%2C+the+Environment+and+the+Future+%27Greening%27+of+Arab+Politics&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2608958&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fpra%2Fmprapa%2F64511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tausch, Arno (October 2013). "A Look at International Survey Data About Arab Opinion". <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a>. 17 (3): 57–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2388627">10.2139/ssrn.2388627</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2388627">2388627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+International+Survey+Data+About+Arab+Opinion&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-74&rft.date=2013-10&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2388627%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2388627&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tausch, Arno (Spring 2016). "The Civic Culture of the Arab World: A Comparative Analysis Based on World Values Survey Data". <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a>. 20 (1): 35–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2827232">10.2139/ssrn.2827232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157863317">157863317</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2827232">2827232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+Civic+Culture+of+the+Arab+World%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+Based+on+World+Values+Survey+Data&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-59&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157863317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2827232%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2827232&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015" class="citation book cs1">Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015). The political algebra of global value change: general models and implications for the Muslim world. Economic issues, problems and perspectives. New York: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Publishers">Nova Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8"><bdi>978-1-62948-899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change%3A+general+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Economic+issues%2C+problems+and+perspectives&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62948-899-8&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Heshmati%2C+Almas&rft.au=Karoui%2C+Hichem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg72399/pdf/CHRG-112shrg72399.pdf">Women and the Arab Spring: joint hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy, and Global Women's Issues and the Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, November 2, 2011</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Arab+Spring%3A+joint+hearing+before+the+Subcommittee+on+International+Operations+and+Organizations%2C+Human+Rights%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Global+Women%27s+Issues+and+the+Subcommittee+on+Near+Eastern+and+South+and+Central+Asian+Affairs+of+the+Committee+on+Foreign+Relations%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+One+Hundred+Twelfth+Congress%2C+first+session%2C+November+2%2C+2011&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-112shrg72399%2Fpdf%2FCHRG-112shrg72399.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2013). "Israel's Relations with Egypt and Turkey during the Arab Spring: Weathering the Storm". <a href="/wiki/Israel_Journal_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs">Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs</a>. 7 (2): 29–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2013.11446550">10.1080/23739770.2013.11446550</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-9770">2373-9770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148402328">148402328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Relations+with+Egypt+and+Turkey+during+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Weathering+the+Storm&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-42&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148402328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2373-9770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2013.11446550&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Tami+Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Arab Spring at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arab_Spring" class="extiw" title="wikt:Arab Spring">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2010%E2%80%932011_Arab_world_protests" class="extiw" title="c:Category:2010–2011 Arab world protests">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Arab Spring">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arab_Spring" class="extiw" title="q:Arab Spring">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209174836/http://www.teluguaspirant.com/arab-spring-background-causes-impact-present-situation-etc/1575/">Arab Spring</a> (archived 9 February 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righttononviolence.org/">Right to Nonviolence</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214093933/http://www.righttononviolence.org/">Archived</a> 14 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/">United States Institute of Peace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/facebook-and-twitter-key-to-arab-spring-uprisings-report">Civil Movements: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righttononviolence.org/mecf">Middle East Constitutional Forum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_blogs">Live blogs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Live blogs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/">Middle East</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12480844">Middle East protests</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog+world/middleeast">Arab and Middle East protests</a> live blog at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/">Middle East Protests</a> at The Lede blog at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://live.reuters.com/Event/Middle_East_Protests">Middle East protests live</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822083627/http://live.reuters.com/Event/Middle_East_Protests?Page=44">Archived</a> 22 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_coverage">Ongoing coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ongoing coverage">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DU8AOlkTV6F0ZyoGcbk_060iBZG5tWKwj_n97EJPe9M/edit">A (Working) Academic Arab Spring Reading List</a> collected <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> academic articles on the impact of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> on the Arab Spring</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righttononviolence.org/mecf/timeline-me">Constitutional Transitions Timeline</a> Collected legal and political changes and short analysis at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righttononviolence.org/mecf/">Middle East Constitutional Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegieendowment.org/topic/?fa=list&id=839">Unrest in the Arab World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122225731/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/topic/?fa=list&id=839">Archived</a> 22 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/egypt/issue-guide-arab-world-protests/p23929">Issue Guide: Arab World Protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/indepth/middle-east-protests">Middle East protests</a> collected news and commentary at the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2011/arab.unrest/">Unrest in the Arab World</a> collected map, news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/arab-and-middle-east-protests">Arab and Middle East unrest</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2011/mar/22/middle-east-protest-interactive-timeline">Arab and Middle East unrest – interactive timeline</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408135635/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/t.php?t=uprising">Rage on the Streets</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Hurriyet_Daily_News_and_Economic_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review">Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review</a> (archived 8 April 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/syria-president-appoints-new-government-orders-protesters-freed-from-jail">Middle East Unrest</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926175159/http://showdownmideast.com/">Middle East Uprisings</a> collected news and commentary at Showdown in the Middle East website (archived 26 September 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/topic/the_arab_revolution//">"The Arab Revolution collected news and commentary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Revolution+collected+news+and+commentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Ftopic%2Fthe_arab_revolution%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203073650/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2045328,00.html">The Middle East in Revolt</a> collected news and commentary at Time (archived 3 February 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Oz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2014.981161">"Undermining the transatlantic democracy agenda? The Arab Spring and Saudi Arabia's counteracting democracy strategy"</a>. Democratization. 22 (3): 479–495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2014.981161">10.1080/13510347.2014.981161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347">1351-0347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=Undermining+the+transatlantic+democracy+agenda%3F+The+Arab+Spring+and+Saudi+Arabia%27s+counteracting+democracy+strategy&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=479-495&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2014.981161&rft.issn=1351-0347&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Oz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13510347.2014.981161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/90470593/The-CenSEI-Report-Vol-2-No-6-February-13-19-2012#outer_page_23">The Arab Spring—One Year Later: The CenSEI Report analyzes how 2011's clamor for democratic reform met 2012's need to sustain its momentum.</a> The CenSEI Report, 13 February 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfacejournal.net/2012/05/interface-volume-4-issue-1-the-season-of-revolution-the-arab-spring-and-european-mobilizations/">Interface journal special issue on the Arab Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interface:_A_Journal_for_and_about_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements">Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements</a>, May 2012</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/daily_chart_arab_unrest_index">"The Shoe Thrower's index (An index of unrest in the Arab world)"</a>. The Economist. 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Shoe+Thrower%27s+index+%28An+index+of+unrest+in+the+Arab+world%29&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fdailychart%2F2011%2F02%2Fdaily_chart_arab_unrest_index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226115107/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html">"Interview with Tariq Ramadan: 'We Need to Get a Better Sense of the Trends within Islamism'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qantara.de" title="Qantara.de">Qantara.de</a>. 2 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Tariq+Ramadan%3A+%27We+Need+to+Get+a+Better+Sense+of+the+Trends+within+Islamism%27&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fwebcom%2Fshow_article.php%2F_c-478%2F_nr-1164%2Fi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/33/rp_33_18.pdf">Sadek J. Al Azm, "The Arab Spring: Why Exactly at this Time?" Reason Papers 33 (Fall 2011)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515004200/http://revolutiontrends.org/">Tracking the wave of protests with statistics</a>, RevolutionTrends.org (archived 15 May 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20626645">Arab uprisings: 10 key moments</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Middle East Editor Jeremy Bowden (10 December 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtostartarevolution.org/">How to Start a Revolution</a>, documentary directed by <a href="/wiki/Ruaridh_Arrow" title="Ruaridh Arrow">Ruaridh Arrow</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Spring" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Spring" title="Template talk:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Spring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Spring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Events by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United Arab Emirates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" title="Category:Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutionary_waves" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revwave" title="Template:Revwave"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revwave" title="Template talk:Revwave"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revwave" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revwave"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutionary_waves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Revolutionary waves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions of 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring_concurrent_incidents" title="Arab Spring concurrent incidents">Concurrent incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement" title="Anti-austerity movement">Anti-austerity movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932022_Arab_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2022 Arab protests">2018–2022 Arab protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_Belt" title="Coup Belt">Coup Belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1987–1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan unrest (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea (North and South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Maritime border incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambodia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict (1969–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war (2021–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Timor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis" title="2006 East Timorese crisis">2006 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li>Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan">Ethnic conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes" title="1990 Osh clashes">1990 Osh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2010 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">Fergana massacre (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre (2005)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahraini uprising (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_(2001%E2%80%932003)" title="Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)">Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">ISIL insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">Lebanon conflict (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li>Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Regional spillover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Civil war (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda (1998–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi (2004–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen (2009–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil War (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-continental conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency (2011–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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[\"CITEREFBakriGoodman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarakat1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassil2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayat2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayat2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeininVairel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelhimer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomfield2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownleeMasoudReynolds2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampanteChor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharbonneauEvans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChikhi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChulov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComunelloAnzera2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtney_Radsch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDabashi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDainotti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaragahi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwish2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwisheh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwisheh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeeter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemidov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerhally2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilkins2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGause2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGause_III2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhonim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstoneHazel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöran_Therborn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddadBsheerAbu-RishOwen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaseeb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashem_Rabi\u0026#039;2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassanDyer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatem2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellyer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimelfarb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofSimon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussainHoward2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Black2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslam_Hassan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacoby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabalan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaram2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarber2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasinof2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKausch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaye2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazamias\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeene2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhondker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoury2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley,_P.Chulov,_M.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrickSanger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrickStack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorotayev_AZinkina_J2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrause2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrügerStahl2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaila_Lalami2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLotanGraeffAnannyGaffney2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubin2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLutterbeck2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarc_Lynch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarc_Lynch2012\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFReverchonde_Tricornot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice-Oxley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWillisMcCarthyGarton_Ash2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosinyRichter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossBen_Scott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuachKostyshak2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuthven2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalemFadiMourtada2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchillinger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinjab2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStepanova2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStruble2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarek_Amara_p2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaidya2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWanWalker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellmanRainie2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWemple2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillsher2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZafar2011\"] 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