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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macintosh—Option_key" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macintosh—Option_key"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Macintosh—Option key</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macintosh—Option_key-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux—Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux—Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Linux—Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux—Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-iOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#iOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>iOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-iOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>External application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macintosh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macintosh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Macintosh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macintosh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Linux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>HTML character reference (not recommended)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Problems_with_HTML_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_with_HTML_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Problems with HTML references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_with_HTML_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Editing notes for specific writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Editing notes for specific writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian_Hieroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_Hieroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Egyptian Hieroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_Hieroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esperanto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esperanto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Esperanto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esperanto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Browser issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Browser_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Browser issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Browser_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Google_Chrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google_Chrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Google Chrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google_Chrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console_browsers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console_browsers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Console browsers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Console_browsers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_workaround" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_workaround"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The workaround</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_workaround-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Please_take_into_consideration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Please_take_into_consideration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Please take into consideration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Please_take_into_consideration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Please take into consideration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Please_take_into_consideration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linking_text_with_special_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking_text_with_special_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Linking text with special characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking_text_with_special_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_characters_and_searches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_characters_and_searches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Special characters and searches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_characters_and_searches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Help</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Entering special characters</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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#a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:ESC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:ESC&redirect=no">H:ESC</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many <b>special characters</b> (those not on the standard computer keyboard) are useful—and sometimes necessary—in Wikipedia articles. Even articles that use only English words may use punctuation such as an <a href="/wiki/Dash#Em_dash" title="Dash">em dash</a> (—), and symbols such as a section sign (§) or registered mark (®). Articles about or that mention European persons or places may use many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters#Extensions" title="List of Latin-script letters">extended Latin characters</a>, and articles about other persons and places may require characters from entirely different alphabets. This article describes several methods for entering such characters. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Entry_methods" data-mw-thread-id="h-Entry_methods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Entry_methods"></span>Entry methods<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Entry_methods"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Entry methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways to enter a special character into wikitext. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_character_link" data-mw-thread-id="h-Special_character_link-Entry_methods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Special_character_link-Entry_methods"></span>Special character link<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Special_character_link-Entry_methods"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Special character link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use a special-character link to enter a <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>) character. Links are available under <i>Special characters</i> above the edit window, and below the buttons at the bottom of the edit window (for more information on the latter, see <a href="/wiki/Help:CharInsert" title="Help:CharInsert">Help:CharInsert</a>). Clicking a special-character link enters that character at the current position of the cursor in the edit window, so you need to position the cursor where you want it before clicking the link. </p><p>Clicking the arrow to the left of <i>Special characters</i> above the edit window opens a list of groups of images of special characters (see Figure 1 below); clicking again on the arrow (which now points down) closes the list. Click on a group name (e.g., <i>Symbols</i>) to display that group; click on the image of the appropriate character to enter that character at the current cursor position in the edit window. Some of the images of different characters are very similar in appearance, so it is important to use the correct image. For example, the images for the closing single quotation mark (’) and closing double quotation mark (”) are very similar to the images for the single prime (′) and double prime (″) characters. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:SpecialCharsAbove.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/SpecialCharsAbove.png" decoding="async" width="1200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="148"/></a><figcaption>Figure 1. Special-character links above edit window: <i>Symbol</i> group</figcaption></figure> <p><br style="clear:both"/> </p><p>Groups for the special-character links below the edit window are displayed one at a time; the default group is <i>Insert</i>, which includes punctuation and some other common symbols (see Figure 2 below), but another group may be shown if you have previously selected it. Click the down-pointing arrow at the right of this box to display other groups; click on the appropriate group to select it. When the cursor is passed over a special-character link, the link is underlined; clicking on the underlined link enters that character at the current cursor position in the edit window. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:SpecialCharsBelow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/SpecialCharsBelow.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="168"/></a><figcaption>Figure 2. Special-character links below edit window: default <i>Insert</i> group</figcaption></figure> <p><br style="clear:both"/> </p><p>Russian letters are in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a></i> group; most other European letters are in the <i><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></i> group. You may need to click several categories in both places to find your special character, especially if it’s non-alphabetic: mathematical symbols can be at <i>Symbols</i>, <i>Insert</i>, or <i>Math and logic</i> (the latter two are only at the bottom link), or at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols">Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols</a> and its linked articles. </p><p>Some character images and links include pairs of opening and closing quotation marks. By default, the character pair is entered at the current cursor position; if a passage of text is selected before the image or link is clicked, the quotation marks are entered at the beginning and end of the selection. </p><p>This functionality is provided by MediaWiki's <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CharInsert" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:CharInsert">CharInsert Extension</a>, which has been installed by Wikipedia administrators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_code" data-mw-thread-id="h-Keyboard_code-Entry_methods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Keyboard_code-Entry_methods"></span>Keyboard code<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Keyboard_code-Entry_methods"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keyboard code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enter a Unicode character using an <a href="/wiki/Alt_code" title="Alt code">Alt code</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> computer), or Unicode combination (Linux). </p><p>Some keyboards have a <a href="/wiki/Compose_key" title="Compose key">Compose key</a> that provides similar functionality with some other operating systems. </p><p>Lists of Alt codes and Option key combinations are given in sources linked under <a href="#External_links">External links</a>. </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> (<a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">IOS</a>), special characters are entered using the template <b>{{Unicode|&#x any-four-digit-<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex</a>-number ;}}</b>. (Space between {&#x00A0{ should be removed.) This will display more accurately in some browsers, compared with the just <b>&#x any-four-digit-hex-number ;</b> . In this operating system, the menus of characters at the bottom of WP Edit pages are more limited than with Windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windows—Alt_code" data-mw-thread-id="h-Windows—Alt_code-Keyboard_code"><span id="Windows.E2.80.94Alt_code"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Windows—Alt_code-Keyboard_code"></span>Windows—Alt code<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Windows—Alt_code-Keyboard_code"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Windows—Alt code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Windows, the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd> key is pressed and held down while a decimal <a href="/wiki/Character_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Character code">character code</a> is entered on the <i><a href="/wiki/Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">numeric keypad</a></i>; the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd> key is then released and the character appears. The numerical code corresponds to the character’s <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Windows_1252" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 1252">Windows 1252</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">code page</a>, with a leading zero; for example, an en dash (–) is entered using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<code>0150</code>. The leading zero is required; if it is omitted, a character corresponding to the code point in the default OEM code page is entered. For example, if the OEM default is <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">code page 437</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<code>150</code> gives û. </p><p>On a computer running the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating system, many special characters that have decimal equivalent codepoint numbers below 256 can be typed in by using the keyboard's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<i>decimal</i> equivalent code numbers keys. </p><p>For example, the character <b>é</b> (Small e with acute accent, HTML entity code <code>&eacute;</code>) can be obtained by pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">1</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">3</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">0</kbd>. First press the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd> key (and keep it depressed) with your left hand, then press the digit keys <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">1</kbd>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">3</kbd>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">0</kbd>, in sequence, one by one, in the right-side <a href="/wiki/Numeric_keypad" title="Numeric keypad">numeric keypad</a> part of the keyboard, then release the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd> key. </p><p>Many special characters, however, for example λ (small lambda), cannot be obtained from their decimal code 955 (or 0955), by using it with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd> key inside <a href="/wiki/Notepad_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Notepad (software)">Notepad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>). You'll get a wrong character, "╗" or "»". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a> editor accepts (decimal numeric entity codepoints) values above 255, so it can be used to obtain the special/Unicode characters, which can then be copied and pasted where those characters are needed. </p><p>To correctly obtain special characters which have decimal code points above 255, another option (not available in Internet Explorer) is to use or type a character's hex equivalent code point first, followed by pressing the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<code>X</code> keys. To produce a λ, for example, open or start WordPad, <a href="/wiki/Notepad" class="mw-redirect" title="Notepad">Notepad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Writer" title="LibreOffice Writer">LibreOffice Writer</a> etc. editing application software, then type in <code>3BB</code> (the hexadecimal equivalent numeric code point of the character <code>λ</code>), then press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<code>X</code>. Hex code <i>3BB</i> will convert/turn into the <i>λ</i> character, which can now be copied and pasted where you want to use it. (In <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">IE</a> use its HTML hexadecimal equivalent code <code>&#x3BB;</code> or its HTML decimal equivalent code <code>&#955;</code>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macintosh—Option_key" data-mw-thread-id="h-Macintosh—Option_key-Keyboard_code"><span id="Macintosh.E2.80.94Option_key"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Macintosh—Option_key-Keyboard_code"></span>Macintosh—Option key<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Macintosh—Option_key-Keyboard_code"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Macintosh—Option key"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a Macintosh computer, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Opt</kbd> key (and sometimes another key) is pressed and held down while another key is pressed; the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Opt</kbd> key (and when applicable, the other key) is then released, and the character appears. For example, an en dash is entered using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Opt</kbd>+<code>-</code>; an em dash (—) is entered using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Opt</kbd>+<code>-</code>. </p><p>Also on a Macintosh pressing and holding certain letters (the vowels and a few other letters) brings up a pop-up menu of related special characters, such as accented versions of vowels, which can be clicked on or selected numerically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux—Unicode" data-mw-thread-id="h-Linux—Unicode-Keyboard_code"><span id="Linux.E2.80.94Unicode"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Linux—Unicode-Keyboard_code"></span>Linux—Unicode<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Linux—Unicode-Keyboard_code"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linux—Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Linux, one of three methods should work: </p> <ul><li>Hold <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd> and type <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">U</kbd> followed by up to eight hex digits (on main keyboard or numpad). Then release <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>.</li> <li>Hold <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">U</kbd> and type up to eight hex digits, then release <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">U</kbd>.</li> <li>Type <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">U</kbd>, then release those and type up to eight hex digits, then type <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Space</kbd>.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, for example, only the second method works. In <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> only the third method works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="iOS" data-mw-thread-id="h-iOS-Keyboard_code"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-iOS-Keyboard_code"></span>iOS<span data-mw-comment-end="h-iOS-Keyboard_code"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: iOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the iOS operating system, used on the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, accented characters used in Western European languages are generated by holding the finger down on the character needing a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>, which opens a menu. Some of the most common special characters are also generated this way. Holding the finger on the $ key, for example, accesses ₽ (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a>, pre-Euro Spanish money), ¥ (<a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a>), € (<a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>), ¢, £, and ₩. The <a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">em dash</a>, and • are accessed by holding the <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> key down. The § is accessed by holding the & down. In addition, there are 308 alternate keyboards which are installed via Settings - General - Language and region - Add language. These include Arabic, Russian, Hebrew, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, and many obscure ones, like <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. </p><p>It is not possible to directly install a new operating system font in iOS. Third-party applications offer fonts, mostly sans-serif decorative fonts not suitable for text, in the form of alternative keyboards. These programs resemble a TSR <a href="/wiki/Terminate_and_Stay_Resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminate and Stay Resident">Terminate and Stay Resident</a> program under MS-DOS: one runs the program to install the font/keyboard, then exits the program. Keyboards installed are selected by the globe to the left of the spacebar. These programs, since third parties can under some conditions access the users' typing, can bring security risks. Other third-party occupations offer fonts that are only usable within the application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_application" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_application-Entry_methods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_application-Entry_methods"></span>External application<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_application-Entry_methods"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windows" data-mw-thread-id="h-Windows-External_application"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Windows-External_application"></span>Windows<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Windows-External_application"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Select, copy and paste the character from the <a href="/wiki/Character_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Character Map">Character Map</a> application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macintosh" data-mw-thread-id="h-Macintosh-External_application"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Macintosh-External_application"></span>Macintosh<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Macintosh-External_application"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Macintosh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two external options: </p> <ul><li>Enter the character by double-clicking on the character you want in the Special Characters tool, available at the bottom of any Edit menu. You can customize the character sets that are shown, e.g., to add more phonetic alphabet symbols, by following the directions <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.apple.com/kb/PH10758">given here</a>.</li> <li>Enable the Input menu (via the 'Input Sources' panel of the 'Keyboard' System Preferences). This gives access to: <ul><li>the Keyboard Viewer, which can be used to view and input characters accessed via the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Option</kbd> key</li> <li>the Character Viewer, which can be used to access any Unicode character. It is also available from the Special Characters tool</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux" data-mw-thread-id="h-Linux-External_application"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Linux-External_application"></span>Linux<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Linux-External_application"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Select, copy, and paste the character using the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gucharmap">GNOME Character Map</a>. If not already installed along with GNOME, it is usually available as "gucharmap" (which can be installed with "yum install gucharmap" as root on a Redhat-like Linux distribution, for example). </p><p>In KDE, a similar application is named "KCharSelect". In Debian Linux specifically, you can type "sudo apt install kcharselect" to install it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)" data-mw-thread-id="h-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)-Entry_methods"><span id="HTML_character_reference_.28not_recommended.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)-Entry_methods"></span>HTML character reference (not recommended)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)-Entry_methods"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: HTML character reference (not recommended)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use an <a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a> character reference. The reference can be either <i>named</i> or <i>numeric</i>; either type begins with an ampersand (<code>&</code>) ends with a semicolon (<code>;</code>). A <i><a href="/wiki/Character_entity_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Character entity reference">named reference</a></i> is of the form <code>&</code><i>name</i><code>;</code>; for example, <code>&agrave;</code> refers to a lower-case Latin <i>a</i> with grave accent (à). Because the names are reasonably mnemonic, they are usually easier to remember than numerical codes, and accordingly are easier for other editors to recognize. </p><p>Some Unicode characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Help:Turkish_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Turkish characters">Turkish</a> letters, do not have HTML names, so a numerical reference is sometimes the only option using HTML. An HTML <i>numeric character reference</i> is of the form <code>&#</code><i>D</i><code>;</code> or <code>&#x</code><i>H</i><code>;</code>; <i>D</i> and <i>H</i> are the character’s <a href="/wiki/Unicode#Architecture_and_terminology" title="Unicode">Unicode code point</a> in decimal and hexadecimal. For example, either <code>&#8212;</code> or <code>&#x2014;</code> can be entered to give U+2014, em dash (—). Because a character’s Unicode code point is usually given in hexadecimal with a prefixed "U+", the hexadecimal code is arguably more convenient. Of course, when a name exists, a named reference (e.g., <code>&mdash;</code> for an em dash) is usually more convenient (and more easily recognized) than either numerical code. </p><p>HTML character names (and the corresponding hexadecimal and decimal codes) are given in <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problems_with_HTML_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-Problems_with_HTML_references-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Problems_with_HTML_references-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)"></span>Problems with HTML references<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Problems_with_HTML_references-HTML_character_reference_(not_recommended)"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Problems with HTML references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because a character reference uses only <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters, it does not require that a Web browser support Unicode, and it is unambiguous when a Web page does not announce its character encoding, when the browser’s encoding is incorrectly manually set, and even when the character does not display properly with some browsers. Accordingly, it is usually the most "Web safe" approach. However, character references are distracting for many editors, and they may cause difficulties with searches in Wikipedia (see below). </p><p>Some old browsers incorrectly interpret codes in the range 128–159 as references to the native character set. Because the code points 128 through 159 are not used for displayable glyphs in either <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, character references in that range (such as <code>&#131;</code>) are illegal in HTML and ambiguous, though they are commonly used by many web sites. Almost all browsers treat ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, which does have printable characters in that space, and they often found their way into article titles on English projects, which really caused confusion when trying to create interwiki links to said pages. </p><p>Generally speaking, Western European languages, such as Spanish, French, and German pose few problems. For specific details about the language in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkey</a>, see: <a href="/wiki/Help:Turkish_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Turkish characters">Help:Turkish characters</a>. (More may be added to this list as contributors in other languages appear, although according to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Help:Romanian_characters" title="Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Help:Romanian characters">this deletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Help:Turkish_characters" title="Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Help:Turkish characters">this discussion</a>, there may be little need for such lists in the future.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"></span>Editing notes for specific writing systems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Editing notes for specific writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_Hieroglyphs" data-mw-thread-id="h-Egyptian_Hieroglyphs-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Egyptian_Hieroglyphs-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"></span>Egyptian Hieroglyphs<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Egyptian_Hieroglyphs-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Egyptian Hieroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> E.g., <code><hiero>P2</hiero></code> gives </p><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_P2.png?0f9b7" height="30" title="P2" alt="P2"/></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> See <a href="/wiki/Help:WikiHiero_syntax" title="Help:WikiHiero syntax">Help:WikiHiero syntax</a>. </p><p>This is not dependent on browser capabilities, because it uses images on the servers. </p><p>Hieroglyphs can also be represented in Unicode using the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.teilar.gr/~g1951d/">Aegyptus</a> font. </p><p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esperanto" data-mw-thread-id="h-Esperanto-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Esperanto-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"></span>Esperanto<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Esperanto-Editing_notes_for_specific_writing_systems"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Esperanto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: .5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>in edit box</th> <th>in database and output </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>S</code></td> <td>S </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>Sx</code></td> <td>Ŝ </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>Sxx</code></td> <td>Sx </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>Sxxx</code></td> <td>Ŝx </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>Sxxxx</code></td> <td>Sxx </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>Sxxxxx</code></td> <td>Ŝxx </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>MediaWiki installations configured for Esperanto use UTF-8 for storage and display. However, when editing the text is converted to a form that is designed to be easier to edit with a standard keyboard. </p><p>The characters for which this applies are: <code>Ĉĉ, Ĝĝ, Ĥĥ, Ĵĵ, Ŝŝ, Ŭŭ</code>. You may enter these directly in the edit box if you have the facilities to do so. However when you edit the page again you will see them encoded as Sx. This form is referred to as "x-sistemo" or "x-kodo". In order to preserve round-trip capability when one or more <i>x</i>s follow these characters or their non-accented forms (<code>Cc, Gg, Hh, Jj, Ss, Uu</code>), the number of <i>x</i>s in the edit box is double the number in the actual stored article text. </p><p>For example, the interlanguage link <code>[[en:Luxury car]]</code> to <a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">en:Luxury car</a> has to be entered in the edit box as <code>[[en:Luxxury car]]</code> on <a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="eo:">eo:</a>. This has caused problems with interwiki update bots in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Browser_issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Browser_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Browser_issues"></span>Browser issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Browser_issues"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Browser issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some browsers are known to do nasty things to text in the edit box. Most commonly they convert it to an encoding native to the platform (whilst the NT line of Windows is internally <a href="/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16/UCS-2">UCS-2LE</a>—2 Byte subset of UTF-16—it has a complete duplicate set of APIs in the Windows ANSI code page and many older apps tend to use these, especially for things like edit boxes). Then they let the user edit it using a standard edit control and convert it back. The result is that any characters that do not exist in the encoding used for editing get replaced with something that does (often a question mark though at least one browser has been reported to actually transliterate text!). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Google_Chrome" data-mw-thread-id="h-Google_Chrome-Browser_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Google_Chrome-Browser_issues"></span>Google Chrome<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Google_Chrome-Browser_issues"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Google Chrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> both have a cross-platform bug that prevents the use of <a href="/wiki/Font_substitution" title="Font substitution">font substitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chrome-font-substitution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrome-font-substitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that even if the user has the correct typeface for a given script installed, it may not display correctly or at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Console_browsers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Console_browsers-Browser_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Console_browsers-Browser_issues"></span>Console browsers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Console_browsers-Browser_issues"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Console browsers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a> (in text mode) and W3M convert to the console character set (Lynx and Links actually using a transliteration engine) for editing and convert back on save. If the console character set is UTF-8 then these browsers are Unicode safe but if not they are unsafe. With Lynx and Links a possible detection method would be to add another edit box to the login form but this won't work for W3M as it doesn't convert the text to the console character set until the user actually attempts to edit it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_workaround" data-mw-thread-id="h-The_workaround-Browser_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-The_workaround-Browser_issues"></span>The workaround<span data-mw-comment-end="h-The_workaround-Browser_issues"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The workaround"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: .5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>In database and edit<br/>box for normal browsers</th> <th>In editbox for<br/><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgBrowserBlackList" class="extiw" title="mw:Manual:$wgBrowserBlackList">trouble browsers</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>œ</code></td> <td><code>&#x153;</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>&#x153;</code></td> <td><code>&#x0153;</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>&#x0153;</code></td> <td><code>&#x00153;</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After English Wikipedia switched to UTF-8 and interwiki bots started replacing HTML entities in interwikis with literal Unicode text, edits that broke Unicode characters became so common they could no longer be ignored. A workaround was developed to allow the problematic browsers to edit safely provided that MediaWiki knew they have problems. </p><p>Browsers listed in the setting <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgBrowserBlackList" class="extiw" title="mw:Manual:$wgBrowserBlackList">$wgBrowserBlackList</a> (a list of regexps that match against user agent strings) are supplied text for editing in a special form. Existing hexadecimal HTML entities in the page have an extra leading zero added, non-ASCII characters that are stored in the wikitext are represented as hexadecimal HTML entities with no leading zeros. </p><p>Currently the default settings only have IE Mac and a specific version of Netscape 4.x for Linux in the blacklist. Nevertheless it seems to have stopped most of the problems. Hopefully the default list will be expanded in future but that relies on getting someone with CVS access to commit the changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Please_take_into_consideration" data-mw-thread-id="h-Please_take_into_consideration"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Please_take_into_consideration"></span>Please take into consideration<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Please_take_into_consideration"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Please take into consideration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking_text_with_special_characters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Linking_text_with_special_characters-Please_take_into_consideration"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Linking_text_with_special_characters-Please_take_into_consideration"></span>Linking text with special characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Linking_text_with_special_characters-Please_take_into_consideration"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Linking text with special characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many users have settings giving underlined links. When linking a special character, in some cases the result may be mistaken for another character with a different meaning: </p><p>Linking + − < > ⊂ ⊃ gives <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">+</a> <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">−</a> <a href="/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)" title="Inequality (mathematics)"><</a> <a href="/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)" title="Inequality (mathematics)">></a> <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">⊂</a> <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">⊃</a> which may look like ± = ≤ ≥ ⊆ ⊇. In such cases one can better use a separate link: </p> <ul><li>A ⊂ B (see <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subset</a>)</li></ul> <p>There is less risk of confusion if more than one character is linked, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)" title="Inequality (mathematics)"><i>x</i> > 3</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_characters_and_searches" data-mw-thread-id="h-Special_characters_and_searches-Please_take_into_consideration"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Special_characters_and_searches-Please_take_into_consideration"></span>Special characters and searches<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Special_characters_and_searches-Please_take_into_consideration"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Special characters and searches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wikipedia searches are easier if a special character is entered as Unicode. If an HTML entity is used, a word like Odiliënberg can only be found by searching for <code>Odili</code>, <code>euml</code>, <code>nberg</code> or combination thereof; this is actually a bug that should be fixed—the entities should be folded into their raw character equivalents so all searches on them are equivalent. See also <a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Help:Searching</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt_code" title="Alt code">Alt code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Help:Special characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Input_methods" title="Unicode">Unicode input methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_make_dashes" title="Wikipedia:How to make dashes">Guide on inputting dashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols">Quick reference for the "standard" mathematical symbols in HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_records#Articles_with_the_shortest_titles" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia records">Articles with single character titles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chrome-font-substitution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chrome-font-substitution_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=108591">"Font substitution fails on runic unicode characters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> project. Dec 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Font+substitution+fails+on+runic+unicode+characters&rft.pub=Chromium+project&rft.date=2011-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fchromium%2Fissues%2Fdetail%3Fid%3D108591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AEntering+special+characters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/">HTML 4.01 Specification</a>. Cambridge, MA: W3C, 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/">Unicode 6.0.0</a>, the Unicode standard. Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc., 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Entering_special_characters&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altcod.es/windows-alt-codes">Windows Alt key numeric codes</a> altcod.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alt-codes.org/">Windows Alt codes</a> alt-codes.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/windows/codealt/">ALT Codes for Windows</a> Penn State University</li> 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formatting">Advanced table formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Collapsing_tables_and_more" title="Help:Collapsing tables and more">Collapsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Conditional_tables" title="Help:Conditional tables">Conditional tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sortable_tables" title="Help:Sortable tables">Sortable tables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Using_colours" title="Help:Using colours">Using colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">diffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">Interlanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking" title="Help:Interwiki linking">Interwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">Permanent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diffs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplest_diff_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide">Simplest diff guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide">Simple diff and link guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Complete_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide">Complete diff and link guide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Colon_trick" title="Help:Colon trick">Colon trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">Link color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick" title="Help:Pipe trick">Pipe trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URLs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Media">Media</a> files: images,<br/>videos and sounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Media help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Creation and usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_files_to_Commons" title="Wikipedia:Moving files to Commons">Moving files to Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Images</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_images_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to images with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Preparing_images_for_upload" title="Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload">Preparing images for upload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">Uploading images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Options_to_hide_an_image" title="Help:Options to hide an image">Options to hide an image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax" title="Wikipedia:Extended image syntax">Extended image syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SVG_help" title="Wikipedia:SVG help">SVG help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Gallery_tag" title="Help:Gallery tag">Gallery tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_bitmap_image_editing" title="Wikipedia:Basic bitmap image editing">Basic bitmap image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_improve_image_quality" title="Wikipedia:How to improve image quality">How to improve image quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Graphics Lab/Resources">Graphics Lab resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sound file markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual file markup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Family_trees" title="Help:Family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphs_and_charts" title="Wikipedia:Graphs and charts">Graphs and charts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_charts_for_Wikipedia_articles" title="Wikipedia:How to create charts for Wikipedia articles">How to create</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:To_scale_charts" title="Wikipedia:To scale charts">To scale charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math formulas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Use_of_HTML_templates" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Score" title="Help:Score">Musical scores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Musical symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Timeline" title="Wikipedia:Timeline">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:EasyTimeline_syntax" title="Help:EasyTimeline syntax">EasyTimeline syntax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WikiHiero_syntax" title="Help:WikiHiero syntax">WikiHiero syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:A_quick_guide_to_templates" title="Help:A quick guide to templates">Templates</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_template_coding" title="Wikipedia:Advanced template coding">Advanced template coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">Template documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">Template index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template_limits" title="Help:Template limits">Template limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_sandbox_and_test_cases" title="Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases">Template sandbox and test cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Lua" title="Help:Lua">Lua help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Lua project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Lua/Resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/To_do" title="Wikipedia:Lua/To do">To do</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Substitution" title="Help:Substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Purge" title="Help:Purge">Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Job_queue" title="Help:Job queue">Job queue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">Transclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Labeled_section_transclusion" title="Help:Labeled section transclusion">Labeled section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion costs and benefits">Costs and benefits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_Scribbling" title="Wikipedia:Guide to Scribbling">Guide to Scribbling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration#Data_structure_and_development" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Data structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F" title="Wikipedia:What is an article?">Main/Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Drafts" title="Wikipedia:Drafts">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">File</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:File_description_page" title="Help:File description page">File description page</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Help namespace">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project/Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archiving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">Simple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_page_design_guide" title="Wikipedia:User page design guide">User page design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:MediaWiki_namespace" title="Help:MediaWiki namespace">MediaWiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bug_reports_and_feature_requests" title="Wikipedia:Bug reports and feature requests">Bug reports and feature requests</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:TimedMediaHandler">TimedMediaHandler extension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">Special</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Help:Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML in wikitext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Catalogue_of_CSS_classes" title="Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes">Catalogue of CSS classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common.js_and_common.css" title="Wikipedia:Common.js and common.css">Common.js and common.css</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mxt/User_CSS_for_a_monospaced_coding_font" title="Template:Mxt/User CSS for a monospaced coding font">User CSS for monospaced coding font</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Microformats/classes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats/classes">Classes in microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Markup_validation" title="Help:Markup validation">Markup validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Span_tags" title="Wikipedia:Span tags">Span tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Useful_styles" title="Help:Useful styles">Useful styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customisation" title="Wikipedia:Customisation">Customisation</a><br/>and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Preferences" title="Help:Preferences">Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gadget" title="Wikipedia:Gadget">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Skin" title="Wikipedia:Skin">Skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleaning_up_vandalism/Tools" title="Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism/Tools">Cleaning up vandalism tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customizing_watchlists" title="Wikipedia:Customizing watchlists">Customizing watchlists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Hide_Pages_in_Watchlist" title="Help:Hide Pages in Watchlist">Hide pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scripts" title="Wikipedia:Scripts">IRC Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts" title="Wikipedia:User scripts">User scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Guide" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Guide">Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/List" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Techniques" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">User style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative_browsing" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative browsing">Alternative browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Browser_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Browser tools">Browser tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Editing_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Editing tools">Editing tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_shortcuts" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation shortcuts">Navigation shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum_tool_set" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum tool set">Optimum tool set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Cloud_Services" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia Cloud Services">Wikimedia Cloud Services</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Beta_Features" class="extiw" title="mw:Beta Features">Beta Features at MediaWiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Automated editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Helper_script" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Helper script">AfC helper script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AntiVandal" title="Wikipedia:AntiVandal">AntiVandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser" title="Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser">AutoWikiBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creating_a_bot" title="Help:Creating a bot">Creating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia:History of Wikipedia bots">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HotCat" title="Wikipedia:HotCat">HotCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Huggle" title="Wikipedia:Huggle">Huggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation popups">Navigation popups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RedWarn" title="Wikipedia:RedWarn">RedWarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Twinkle" title="Wikipedia:Twinkle">Twinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ultraviolet" title="Wikipedia:Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WPCleaner" title="Wikipedia:WPCleaner">WPCleaner</a></li> <li>Inactive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Igloo" title="Wikipedia:Igloo">igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STiki" title="Wikipedia:STiki">STiki</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>See also: <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">Category:Wikipedia how-to</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">Category:Wikipedia information pages</a></b><br/>Further navigation at: <a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages">Help pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrators%27_guide" title="Template:Administrators' guide">Administrators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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