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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utmärkelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utmärkelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre de Maupertuis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 46 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="بيير لوي موبرتوي – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير لوي موبرتوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyer_Lui_Mopert%C3%BCi" title="Pyer Lui Mopertüi – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyer Lui Mopertüi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پیئر لوئی موپئرتوئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیئر لوئی موپئرتوئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پیر لوئی موپرتوئی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر لوئی موپرتوئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%AA%A8%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%80%EC%9D%B4" title="피에르 루이 모페르튀이 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 루이 모페르튀이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB" title="Պիեռ Լուի դը Մոպերտյուի – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Լուի դը Մոպերտյուի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="פייר לואי מופרטואי – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר לואי מופרטואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Ludovicus_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Petrus Ludovicus Moreau de Maupertuis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Ludovicus Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بيير لويس موبرتيوس – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير لويس موبرتيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis de Maupertuis – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre Louis de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A4" title="ピエール・ルイ・モーペルテュイ – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・ルイ・モーペルテュイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau Maupertuis – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Мопертюи, Пьер Луи де – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мопертюи, Пьер Луи де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre-Louis Maupertuis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pierre-Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пјер Луј де Моперти – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјер Луј де Моперти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பியேர் உலூயிசு மவுபெர்திசு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியேர் உலூயிசு மவுபெர்திசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn">Pierre de Maupertuis</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis_(Levrac-Tourni%C3%A8res).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis_%28Levrac-Tourni%C3%A8res%29.jpg/250px-Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis_%28Levrac-Tourni%C3%A8res%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis_%28Levrac-Tourni%C3%A8res%29.jpg/375px-Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis_%28Levrac-Tourni%C3%A8res%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis_%28Levrac-Tourni%C3%A8res%29.jpg/500px-Pierre-Louis_Moreau_de_Maupertuis_%28Levrac-Tourni%C3%A8res%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span> <div style=""></div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/17_juli" title="17 juli">17 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1698" title="1698">1698</a><sup id="cite_ref-10d8869d6fe310c1dbfdb446572aba261d1f103e_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10d8869d6fe310c1dbfdb446572aba261d1f103e-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller <a href="/wiki/28_september" title="28 september">28 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1698" title="1698">1698</a><sup id="cite_ref-49fdb5fe81b8355b0a67fc010bab1d0476734c67_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49fdb5fe81b8355b0a67fc010bab1d0476734c67-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2c919ba70257d3176c7225ba4e8e59a88f12c668_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2c919ba70257d3176c7225ba4e8e59a88f12c668-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/27_juli" title="27 juli">27 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a><sup id="cite_ref-49fdb5fe81b8355b0a67fc010bab1d0476734c67_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49fdb5fe81b8355b0a67fc010bab1d0476734c67-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10d8869d6fe310c1dbfdb446572aba261d1f103e_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10d8869d6fe310c1dbfdb446572aba261d1f103e-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-314d60f8550f5bc51217afbc641a441ac1d6bdb4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314d60f8550f5bc51217afbc641a441ac1d6bdb4-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a><sup id="cite_ref-b32ee754782ddf063fbaac27a37c8027a7e82751_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b32ee754782ddf063fbaac27a37c8027a7e82751-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz">Schweiz</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a><sup id="cite_ref-df92177b0f55087f088be475034aeb9f4f7bad12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-df92177b0f55087f088be475034aeb9f4f7bad12-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Naturvetare" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturvetare">naturvetare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematiker" title="Matematiker">matematiker</a><sup id="cite_ref-df92177b0f55087f088be475034aeb9f4f7bad12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-df92177b0f55087f088be475034aeb9f4f7bad12-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof">filosof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rer" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärer">militär</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Befattning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Stol_8_i_Franska_akademien" class="mw-redirect" title="Stol 8 i Franska akademien">Stol nummer 8 i Franska akademien</a><small> (1743–1759)</small><sup id="cite_ref-31140460b55aa490ea4e665670a28955d0e8de11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31140460b55aa490ea4e665670a28955d0e8de11-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordf%C3%B6rande_(Q1255921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordförande (Q1255921) [inte skriven än]">Ordförande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preussiska_vetenskapsakademien" title="Preussiska vetenskapsakademien">Preussiska vetenskapsakademien</a><small> (1746–1753)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Föräldrar</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Moreau_de_Maupertuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Moreau de Maupertuis [inte skriven än]">René Moreau de Maupertuis</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:left">Utmärkelser</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><small> (1728)</small><sup id="cite_ref-39aa5e884efceae526f06813559d7d69ed32db0f_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39aa5e884efceae526f06813559d7d69ed32db0f-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Pierre_de_Maupertuis" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Pierre de Maupertuis">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis</b>, född <a href="/wiki/17_juli" title="17 juli">17 juli</a> (<a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6pt" class="mw-redirect" title="Döpt">döpt</a> den <a href="/wiki/28_september" title="28 september">28 september</a>) <a href="/wiki/1698" title="1698">1698</a> i <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, död <a href="/wiki/27_juli" title="27 juli">27 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a> i <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, var en <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">fransk</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronom</a> och <a href="/wiki/Geodesi" title="Geodesi">geodet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Maupertuis_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi,_1760_-_1319774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maupertuis_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1760_-_1319774.jpg/250px-Maupertuis_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1760_-_1319774.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maupertuis_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1760_-_1319774.jpg/375px-Maupertuis_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1760_-_1319774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maupertuis_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1760_-_1319774.jpg/500px-Maupertuis_-_Opere._Lettere_e_carteggi%2C_1760_-_1319774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><i>Lettres</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Maupertuis tillhörde en förnäm familj, blev militär och avancerade till <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(soldat)" title="Dragon (soldat)">dragon</a><a href="/wiki/Kapten" title="Kapten">kapten</a>, men tog avsked och ägnade sig åt vetenskapliga arbeten. I egenskap av ledamot i <a href="/wiki/Franska_vetenskapsakademin" title="Franska vetenskapsakademin">franska vetenskapsakademin</a> sedan 1731 blev han av denna institution 1736 utsedd att leda den stora franska <a href="/wiki/Gradm%C3%A4tning" title="Gradmätning">gradmätningsexpeditionen</a> till <a href="/wiki/Lappland,_Sverige" title="Lappland, Sverige">Lappland</a>. Mätresultaten av expeditionen finns i arbetet <i>Sur la figure de la terre déterminée par les observations de Messieurs Maupertuis, Clairault, Camus, Le Monnier et Outhier</i> (1738). Medarbetaren <a href="/wiki/Regnaud_Outhier" title="Regnaud Outhier">Réginald Outhier</a> publicerade 1744 en berättelse om expeditionen <i>Journal d'un voyage au nord en 1736 & 1737</i>, översatt till svenska 1982 av G. och A. Nordberg, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_fr%C3%A5n_en_resa_i_Norden_1736%E2%80%931737" title="Journal från en resa i Norden 1736–1737">Journal från en resa i Norden 1736–1737</a></i>. Den svenske astronomiprofessorn <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> medverkade vid både ankomsten och genomförandet av expeditionen. Också han skrev, 1736, en beskrivning om varför och hur sådana mätningar görs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Denna gradmätning och den samtidigt av <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bouguer" title="Pierre Bouguer">Bouguer</a> och <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_de_la_Condamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Marie de la Condamine">Condamine</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> utförda var de första med tillräckligt noggranna instrument och på tillräckligt skilda <a href="/wiki/Breddgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Breddgrad">breddgrader</a>, för att man därur skulle kunna dra slutsatser om jordens avvikelse från klotformen. Ur dessa gradmätningar fick man i själva verket den första bestämningen av jordens avplattning. Visserligen var deras värde på avplattningen åtskilligt större än senare noggrannare mätningar, men den vid den här tiden omdebatterade frågan om blotta existensen av en avplattning fördes i alla fall till ett bestämt avgörande. År 1740 kallades Maupertuis av <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_den_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredrik den store">Fredrik den store</a> till <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, där han 1746 blev president i <a href="/wiki/Preussiska_vetenskapsakademien" title="Preussiska vetenskapsakademien">Vetenskapsakademien</a>. Han återvände 1753 till Paris. Maupertuis publicerade ett stort antal matematiska, fysikaliska och astronomiska avhandlingar. Hans samlade <i>Oeuvres</i> utkom 1752. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utmärkelser"><span id="Utm.C3.A4rkelser"></span>Utmärkelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utmärkelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utmärkelser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroiden</a> <a href="/wiki/3281_Maupertuis" title="3281 Maupertuis">3281 Maupertuis</a> är uppkallad efter honom.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_fr%C3%A5n_en_resa_i_Norden_1736%E2%80%931737" title="Journal från en resa i Norden 1736–1737">Journal från en resa i Norden 1736–1737</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmo_Pekonen" title="Osmo Pekonen">Osmo Pekonen</a> & Anoucka Vasak: <i>Maupertuis en Laponie</i>. Paris: Hermann (2014). <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-2-7056-8867-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-2-7056-8867-7">ISBN 978-2-7056-8867-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10d8869d6fe310c1dbfdb446572aba261d1f103e-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-10d8869d6fe310c1dbfdb446572aba261d1f103e_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10d8869d6fe310c1dbfdb446572aba261d1f103e_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i>SNAC</i>, SNAC Ark-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69p35hf">w69p35hf</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49fdb5fe81b8355b0a67fc010bab1d0476734c67-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-49fdb5fe81b8355b0a67fc010bab1d0476734c67_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-49fdb5fe81b8355b0a67fc010bab1d0476734c67_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i>, läst: 22 augusti 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2c919ba70257d3176c7225ba4e8e59a88f12c668-3"><a href="#cite_ref-2c919ba70257d3176c7225ba4e8e59a88f12c668_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bruno Delmas (red.), <i><span title="franska">Annuaire prosopographique : la France savante</span></i>, CTHS person-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=117290">117290</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314d60f8550f5bc51217afbc641a441ac1d6bdb4-4"><a href="#cite_ref-314d60f8550f5bc51217afbc641a441ac1d6bdb4_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find A Grave-ID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6238924">6238924</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagraveforums.com/">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b32ee754782ddf063fbaac27a37c8027a7e82751-5"><a href="#cite_ref-b32ee754782ddf063fbaac27a37c8027a7e82751_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Deutsche Nationalbibliotheks katalog-id-nummer</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118731998">118731998</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7749153-1">7749153-1</a>, läst: 12 augusti 2015.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-df92177b0f55087f088be475034aeb9f4f7bad12-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-df92177b0f55087f088be475034aeb9f4f7bad12_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-df92177b0f55087f088be475034aeb9f4f7bad12_6-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></i>, läst: 26 juni 2015.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31140460b55aa490ea4e665670a28955d0e8de11-7"><a href="#cite_ref-31140460b55aa490ea4e665670a28955d0e8de11_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="franska">Académie française</span></i>, Franska akademiens medlems-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/pierre-louis-moreau-de-maupertuis">pierre-louis-moreau-de-maupertuis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/pierre-louis-moreau-de-maupertuis?fauteuil=8&election=08-06-1743">läs online</a>, läst: 7 juli 2020.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39aa5e884efceae526f06813559d7d69ed32db0f-8"><a href="#cite_ref-39aa5e884efceae526f06813559d7d69ed32db0f_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i>, MacTutor biografi-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maupertuis/">Maupertuis</a>, läst: 12 januari 2020.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/jordensfig"><i>Ett Bref Till N.N. om Jordens Figur</i></a> i <a href="/wiki/Projekt_Runeberg" title="Projekt Runeberg">Projekt Runeberg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3281">”Minor Planet Center 3281 Maupertuis”</a> (på engelska). Minor Planet Center<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3281">https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3281</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 november 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Minor+Planet+Center+3281+Maupertuis&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D3281&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_de_Maupertuis"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_de_Maupertuis&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=2665">”Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau”</a>. <i><span><a href="/wiki/Biografiskt_lexikon_f%C3%B6r_Finland" title="Biografiskt lexikon för Finland">Biografiskt lexikon för Finland</a></span></i>. Helsingfors: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. 2008–2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4564-1416928957170">URN:NBN:fi:sls-4564-1416928957170</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Maupertuis%2C+Pierre-Louis+Moreau&rft.atitle=%5B%5BBiografiskt+lexikon+f%C3%B6r+Finland%5D%5D&rft.date=2008%E2%80%932011&rft.place=Helsingfors&rft.pub=%5B%5BSvenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pierre_de_Maupertuis"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output 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