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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 03:27, 14 September 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Tule-hog" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Tule-hog" data-mw-revid="1245626270"><bdi>Tule-hog</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Tule-hog" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Tule-hog">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Tule-hog" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Tule-hog">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(add volume to infobox)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945&diff=prev&oldid=1245626270" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945&direction=prev&oldid=1245626270" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American seven-part encyclopedia series</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2009+%28Volume+I%29%3Cbr%3E2012+%28Volume+II%29%3Cbr%3E2018+%28Volume+III%29%3Cbr%3E2022+%28Volume+IV%29&rft.pub=%5B%5BIndiana+University+Press%5D%5D%3Cbr%3E%5B%5BUnited+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945,_Volume_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Cover_of_Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos%2C_1933%E2%80%931945%2C_Volume_II.jpg/220px-Cover_of_Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos%2C_1933%E2%80%931945%2C_Volume_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Cover_of_Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos%2C_1933%E2%80%931945%2C_Volume_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="298" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover art of Volume II of the <i>Encyclopedia</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Geoffrey P. Megargee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Holocaust studies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2009 (Volume I)<br />2012 (Volume II)<br />2018 (Volume III)<br />2022 (Volume IV)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print, <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">2009 <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Jewish Book Award">National Jewish Book Award</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos">www<wbr />.ushmm<wbr />.org<wbr />/research<wbr />/publications<wbr />/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6946780#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</b></i> is a seven-part encyclopedia series that explores the history of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor in Nazi Germany">forced-labor camps</a>, and other sites of detention, persecution, or state-sponsored murder run by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in Europe and Africa. The series is produced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> (USHMM) and published by <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. Research began in 2000; the first volume was published in 2009; and the final volume is slated for publication in 2025. Along with entries on individual sites, the encyclopedias also contain scholarly overviews for historical context. </p><p>The project attracted media attention when its editors announced in 2013 that the series would cover more than 42,500 sites, eight times more than expected. The first two volumes in the series, covering the Nazi concentration camps and Nazi ghettos, received a positive response from both scholars and survivors. Multiple scholars have described the encyclopedias as the most comprehensive reference on their given subjects. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2></div> <p>The work on the series began in 2000 by the researchers at the USHMM's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum#Center_for_Advanced_Holocaust_Studies" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies</a>. Its general editor and project director is the American historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Geoffrey P. Megargee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJTA_Staff2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJTA_Staff2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project has received financial support from the <a href="/wiki/Helen_Bader_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Bader Foundation">Helen Bader Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Claims Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entries are written by experts on each individual site;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributors include professional historians as well as a wide variety of amateurs, including survivors and relatives of perpetrators. The co-editor of the second volume, <a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Dean" title="Martin C. Dean">Martin Dean</a>, had previously worked as an investigator of Nazi war criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELederman2017a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall aim of the series is to become the standard reference work for the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and other Nazi persecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012431_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012431-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the editors planned to include about 5,000 sites of Nazi persecution, murder, and imprisonment. However, their estimate doubled by the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017b_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELederman2017b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtblau2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtblau2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an academic conference in 2013, Megargee and Dean said that they had uncovered more than 42,500 sites which will be covered in the encyclopedia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 30,000 forced-labor camps, 1,150 ghettos, 980 concentration camps and subcamps, 1,000 prisoner-of-war camps, and 800 <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2014441_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2014441-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the figure of 42,500 is a considerable underestimate, because the researchers require multiple witness testimonies and documentary evidence to publish an entry on a site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELederman2017a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites also must have housed at least 20 people and existed for more than a month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilver2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The figure of 42,500 was soon picked up as a news story in the German- and English-language media because "new, more, larger—and, of course, Nazis" are "all the elements of a sensational headline", according to Dutch historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jan_Van_Pelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Jan Van Pelt">Robert Jan Van Pelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megargee remarked, "You could not turn a corner in Germany [during the war]... without finding someone there against their will."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017a_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELederman2017a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean commented, "To document this on a map and see how the Holocaust affected every single community throughout Europe makes quite clear the scope of the Nazi regime's murder campaign."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilver2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first volume in the series, <i>Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)</i> was published in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012431_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012431-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second volume, <i>Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe</i>, was published in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2014441_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2014441-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volume 3, <i>Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany</i>, was published in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the first two volumes of the series were released online for free download.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJTA_Staff2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJTA_Staff2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editors plan to complete the series of seven volumes in 2025, which will contain about 12,000 pages in thirteen separate books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017a_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELederman2017a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div> <p>The entries are organized by region, following German administrative districts, and then alphabetically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014153_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014153-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following each entry is a bibliography and a guide to archival sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entries are illustrated by historical photographs when available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_I">Volume I</h3></div> <p>Volume I covers the early camps that the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA) and <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS) set up in the first year of the Nazi regime, and the camps later run by the <a href="/wiki/SS_Economic_Administration_Main_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Economic Administration Main Office">SS Economic Administration Main Office</a> (WHVA) and their numerous sub-camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesse2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For historical context, the American historian Joseph Robert White provided an overview of the early camps, while German historian <a href="/wiki/Karin_Orth" title="Karin Orth">Karin Orth</a> contributed a section on the history of the WHVA camps. She documents the rapid expansion of the concentration camp system, from 20,000 prisoners in August 1939 to more than 100,000 by the end of 1942, and 715,000 in January 1945, as many as half of whom died before liberation. Mass murder became an essential part of the camp system in late 1941, and forced labor and genocide intertwined. Despite Nazi orders aimed at improving the productivity of concentration camp labor, conditions remained deadly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassow2011470–472_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassow2011470–472-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012432–433_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012432–433-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These essays are the only analysis presented in the volume; most of the content catalogues the camps, including locations, duration of operation, purpose, perpetrators and victims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012433_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012433-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume contains 1,100 entries written by 150 contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesse2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesse2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume covers both well-known camps such as <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a> and lesser-known camps such as a labor camp at a Polish Catholic cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, where Jewish prisoners were forced to smash headstones and dig up graves in search of gold and other valuables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilver2013_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_II">Volume II</h3></div> <p>Volume II, which profiles 1,150 ghettos in German-occupied Eastern Europe, was published in 2012. It is introduced by an essay by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a>, detailing the history and historiography of the ghetto system. Browning criticizes "the temptation to see Nazi ghettoization as a uniform, centralized and calculated preparatory step for the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>", arguing that local conditions played a major role in the establishment of ghettos and that the ghettoization began before the Nazis planned to exterminate the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348–349_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348–349-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book does not include extensive survivor testimony, instead covering each ghetto from a variety of available sources and perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014157_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014157-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with entries on the ghettos, the encyclopedia also contains extensive maps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond the implementation of ghettoization, the entries also cover massacres, other atrocities, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_to_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance to the Holocaust">Jewish resistance</a>, and rescue attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014350_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014350-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_III">Volume III</h3></div> <p>Volume III covers camps, ghettos, and other detention centers run by other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and allied and <a href="/wiki/Cobelligerent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobelligerent">cobelligerent</a> states, including the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak State">Slovak State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. The encyclopedia also covers camps run by these allied countries in occupied territory, such as the Italian occupation zones of Greece, France, Albania, and Yugoslavia, and camps run by Vichy France and Italy in North and East Africa. Each country is introduced by an overview.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018ix–xvi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018ix–xvi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume is noted for the diversity of perpetrators, victims, and the type of persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018xxiii_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018xxiii-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_IV">Volume IV</h3></div> <p>The fourth volume, published in March 2022, covers thousands of camps operated by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German armed forces</a> including the <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a>. Many of these sites were little-known prior to the publication of the book, which the authors suggest will help dismantle the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabachnick_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabachnick-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upcoming_volumes">Upcoming volumes</h3></div> <p>Future volumes will cover sites where non-Jews were persecuted, sites where Jews were persecuted, and sites where the Nazis exploited the forced labor of unwilling prisoners. This last category consists of an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabachnick_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabachnick-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall">Overall</h3></div> <p>A review by British historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simone_Gigliotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simone Gigliotti (page does not exist)">Simone Gigliotti</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/German_Studies_Review" title="German Studies Review">German Studies Review</a></i> found that the encyclopedia is "a highly significant and overdue synthesis of existing documentary studies and specialized knowledge", although she notes it is not the first effort at a comprehensive reference on a Holocaust topic: previous multivolume encyclopedias had been published by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012433_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012433-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kassow" title="Samuel Kassow">Samuel Kassow</a> praised the bibliographical information in the book, writing that the encyclopedia is "a terrific resource for researchers" that "will stimulate further study".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Pelt wrote that the encyclopedia's strengths included bringing together information from sources that were otherwise scattered, which is reflected in the "extensive annotation" and bibliographical information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014156_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014156-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Gigliotti and Van Pelt questioned the utility of a paper encyclopedia, writing that this format would be underutilized in the Internet age, especially when online encyclopedias such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> provide generally accurate, freely accessible content.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012433_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliotti2012433-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Van Pelt wrote that print was a better medium for difficult-to-understand topics like the Holocaust. He reported that some survivors and their descendants had paid full price ($295.00) for the first volume of the encyclopedia because it "stands as a bulwark between their own memory and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denials</a>" and controversies surrounding Holocaust history, by containing basic facts about locations of persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149,_157–158_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149,_157–158-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noah Lederman, a grandson of a survivor, wrote in a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a> op-ed that his grandfather's testimony about a little-known forced-labor camp had been included in the encyclopedia: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To read these words reminded me that Poppy mattered, and that Karczew mattered. Every single one of these encyclopedia entries — chronicling the tens of thousands of places like Karczew — all matter. They will paint a picture of what was lost — and encourage remembering by all of us.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017b_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELederman2017b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_I_2">Volume I</h3></div> <p>According to Kassow, "one cannot ask for a better guide" to the Nazi concentration camps than this volume of the encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassow2011469-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He highlights the "wealth of detail" to be found in the book, including information on prisoners' daily lives, relations between prisoner categories, the <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">death marches</a>, and specifics about the <a href="/wiki/Companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies involved in the Holocaust">companies involved in the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassow2011472_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassow2011472-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A story in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> noted that the encyclopedia also serves a practical purpose, in helping victims receive compensation for their imprisonment in previously unknown sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELichtblau2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtblau2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview in <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Wolfgang Benz</a>, the editor of a nine-volume German-language scholarly encyclopedia of the WHVA camps, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ort_des_Terrors" title="Der Ort des Terrors">Der Ort des Terrors</a></i>, criticized the USHMM encyclopedia project. He said that it was "arrogant" to label the project an encyclopedia. Benz also accused the USHMM editors of copying his work and claimed that the encyclopedia was not based on <a href="/wiki/Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Original research">original research</a>, unfounded allegations according to Van Pelt. His criticism was interpreted by Van Pelt and German historian <a href="/wiki/Marc_Buggeln" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Buggeln">Marc Buggeln</a> as being related to concern that the USHMM encyclopedia, which is more ambitious in scope, would overshadow Benz' work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150–151,_154_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150–151,_154-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Van Pelt, the two encyclopedias serve complementary goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_II_2">Volume II</h3></div> <p>Van Pelt and German historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Peter_Friedrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus-Peter Friedrich (page does not exist)">Klaus-Peter Friedrich</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2014441_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2014441-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compare Volume II to <i>The Yad Yashem Encyclopedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which covers similar territory. The Yad Vashem book has less detail on what took place during the war, instead emphasizing Jewish life before the war and continuity between the prewar community and the wartime ghetto. It also covers fewer locations, due to restricting its definition of a ghetto to places where a Jewish community existed before the war. Unlike the USHMM encyclopedia, the Yad Vashem encyclopedia did not cite sources, because it was based mostly on survivor testimony and <a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a>. Van Pelt characterized the lack of continuity in the USHMM encyclopedia as its greatest omission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154–156_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154–156-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Waitman_Wade_Beorn" title="Waitman Wade Beorn">Waitman Wade Beorn</a> praised the volume for its detailed coverage of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe, previously an under-studied topic. The "encyclopedia surpasses any other reference currently available" and the entries are "fantastically rich with information". He also commented that the encyclopedia charts the particulars of each victim's death or survival story, something that Beorn characterized as being more of an emphasis in recent scholarship. According to Beorn, the entries document not only "the complexity and variability" of ghettoization, but also the attention to detail of contributors and editors. Commenting on the large numbers of maps in the volume, he wrote that "the entries can be viewed as extensive collections of <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> for discrete geographical locations", providing the basis for thinking spatially about the Holocaust. Despite the high price of the encyclopedia, Beorn wrote, it was an essential purchase for academic libraries and scholars of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348–350_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348–350-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div> <ul><li>2009 <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Jewish Book Award">National Jewish Book Award</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> category.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIU2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIU2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volumes">Volumes</h2></div> <ul><li>Volume I: <i>Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)</i>, 2009, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3">978-0-253-35328-3</a></li> <li>Volume II: <i>Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe</i>, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00202-0">978-0-253-00202-0</a></li> <li>Volume III: <i>Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany</i>, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02386-5">978-0-253-02386-5</a></li> <li>Volume IV: <i>Camps and Other Detention Facilities Under the German Armed Forces</i>, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1">978-0-253-06089-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJTA_Staff2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJTA_Staff2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJTA_Staff2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJTA_Staff2017">JTA Staff 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegargeeWhiteHecker2018_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMegargeeWhiteHecker2018">Megargee, White & Hecker 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014349_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeorn2014">Beorn 2014</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELederman2017a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELederman2017a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> 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<span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabachnick2020" class="citation news cs1">Tabachnick, Toby (13 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/tens-of-thousands-of-nazi-camps-catalogued-in-holocaust-museum-encyclopedia/">"Tens of thousands of Nazi camps catalogued in Holocaust Museum encyclopedia"</a>. <i>jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Tens+of+thousands+of+Nazi+camps+catalogued+in+Holocaust+Museum+encyclopedia&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft.aulast=Tabachnick&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com%2Ftens-of-thousands-of-nazi-camps-catalogued-in-holocaust-museum-encyclopedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupress.org/9780253060891/the-united-states-holocaust-memorial-museum-encyclopedia-of-camps-and-ghettos-19331945-volume-iv/">"The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume IV"</a>. <i>Indiana University Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%2C+Volume+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupress.org%2F9780253060891%2Fthe-united-states-holocaust-memorial-museum-encyclopedia-of-camps-and-ghettos-19331945-volume-iv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014156-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014156_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Pelt2014">Van Pelt 2014</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149,_157–158-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014149,_157–158_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Pelt2014">Van Pelt 2014</a>, pp. 149, 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassow2011472-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassow2011472_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassow2011">Kassow 2011</a>, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150–151,_154-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014150–151,_154_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Pelt2014">Van Pelt 2014</a>, pp. 150–151, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Pelt2014">Van Pelt 2014</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMironShulhani2009" class="citation book cs1">Miron, Gai; Shulhani, Shlomit (2009). <i>The Yad Vashem Encyclopedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-308-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-308-345-5"><bdi>978-965-308-345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yad+Vashem+Encyclopedia+of+the+Ghettos+During+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-965-308-345-5&rft.aulast=Miron&rft.aufirst=Gai&rft.au=Shulhani%2C+Shlomit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154–156-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pelt2014154–156_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Pelt2014">Van Pelt 2014</a>, pp. 154–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348–350-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2014348–350_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeorn2014">Beorn 2014</a>, pp. 348–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIU2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIU2009_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIU2009">IU 2009</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_reviews">Scholarly reviews</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volume_1">Volume 1</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigliotti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gigliotti, Simone (May 2012). "Review: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945 Volume I". <i><a href="/wiki/German_Studies_Review" title="German Studies Review">German Studies Review</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2): 431–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fgsr.2012.a478075">10.1353/gsr.2012.a478075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162072137">162072137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945+Volume+I&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=431-433&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fgsr.2012.a478075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162072137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gigliotti&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassow2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kassow" title="Samuel Kassow">Kassow, Samuel D.</a> (2 December 2011). "The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933-1945, vol. I (parts A and B), Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA), Geoffrey P. Megargee, ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with United States Memorial Holocaust Museum, 2009), xxxx + 1,659 pp., hardcover $295.00 * The Yad Vashem Encyclopedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust, Guy Miron and Shlomit Shulhani, eds. (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009), 2 vols., lxxvi + 1,067 pp. + DVD, cloth $198.00". <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 468–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcr047">10.1093/hgs/dcr047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933-1945%2C+vol.+I+%28parts+A+and+B%29%2C+Early+Camps%2C+Youth+Camps%2C+and+Concentration+Camps+and+Subcamps+under+the+SS-Business+Administration+Main+Office+%28WVHA%29%2C+Geoffrey+P.+Megargee%2C+ed.+%28Bloomington%3A+Indiana+University+Press+in+association+with+United+States+Memorial+Holocaust+Museum%2C+2009%29%2C+xxxx+%2B+1%2C659+pp.%2C+hardcover+%24295.00+%2A+The+Yad+Vashem+Encyclopedia+of+the+Ghettos+During+the+Holocaust%2C+Guy+Miron+and+Shlomit+Shulhani%2C+eds.+%28Jerusalem%3A+Yad+Vashem%2C+2009%29%2C+2+vols.%2C+lxxvi+%2B+1%2C067+pp.+%2B+DVD%2C+cloth+%24198.00&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=468-473&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcr047&rft.aulast=Kassow&rft.aufirst=Samuel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volume_2">Volume 2</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeorn2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waitman_Wade_Beorn" title="Waitman Wade Beorn">Beorn, Waitman Wade</a> (11 September 2014). "The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, vol. 2, Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe edited by Geoffrey P. Megargee (review)". <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 348–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcu022">10.1093/hgs/dcu022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-7937">1476-7937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%2C+vol.+2%2C+Ghettos+in+German-Occupied+Eastern+Europe+edited+by+Geoffrey+P.+Megargee+%28review%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=348-350&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcu022&rft.issn=1476-7937&rft.aulast=Beorn&rft.aufirst=Waitman+Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich2014" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2014). "Review of The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945. Vol. 1: Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA); The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945. Vol. 2: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe, Geoffrey P. Megargee; The Yad Vashem Encyclopedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust. Vol. 1 (A-M): LXXVI. Abb.; Vol. 2 (N-Z); Angst vor den "Ostjuden". Die Entstehung der Ghettos während des Holocaust". <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas</i>. <b>62</b> (3): 441–445. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43819674">43819674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933-1945.+Vol.+1%3A+Early+Camps%2C+Youth+Camps%2C+and+Concentration+Camps+and+Subcamps+under+the+SS-Business+Administration+Main+Office+%28WVHA%29%3B+The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933-1945.+Vol.+2%3A+Ghettos+in+German-Occupied+Eastern+Europe%2C+Geoffrey+P.+Megargee%3B+The+Yad+Vashem+Encyclopedia+of+the+Ghettos+During+the+Holocaust.+Vol.+1+%28A-M%29%3A+LXXVI.+Abb.%3B+Vol.+2+%28N-Z%29%3B+Angst+vor+den+%22Ostjuden%22.+Die+Entstehung+der+Ghettos+w%C3%A4hrend+des+Holocaust&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-445&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43819674%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Klaus-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Pelt2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jan_Van_Pelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Jan Van Pelt">Van Pelt, Robert Jan</a> (2014). "Nazi Ghettos and Concentration Camps: The Benefits and Pitfalls of an Encyclopedic Approach". <i>German Studies Review</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 149–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fgsr.2014.0034">10.1353/gsr.2014.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201750296">201750296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Nazi+Ghettos+and+Concentration+Camps%3A+The+Benefits+and+Pitfalls+of+an+Encyclopedic+Approach&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-159&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fgsr.2014.0034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201750296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Van+Pelt&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_stories">News stories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJTA_Staff2017" class="citation web cs1">JTA Staff (5 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/First-two-volumes-of-Encyclopedia-of-Camps-and-Ghettos-released-494877">"First Two Volumes of 'Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos' Released"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=First+Two+Volumes+of+%27Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%27+Released&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft.au=JTA+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FDiaspora%2FFirst-two-volumes-of-Encyclopedia-of-Camps-and-Ghettos-released-494877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse2009" class="citation news cs1">Hesse, Monica (4 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/03/AR2009060303690.html">"U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum's Encyclopedia on Concentration Camps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum%27s+Encyclopedia+on+Concentration+Camps&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F06%2F03%2FAR2009060303690.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederman2017a" class="citation news cs1">Lederman, Noah (25 January 2017a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/researchers-uncover-vast-numbers-of-unknown-nazi-killing-fields/">"Researchers Uncover Vast Numbers of Unknown Nazi Killing Fields"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Researchers+Uncover+Vast+Numbers+of+Unknown+Nazi+Killing+Fields&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft.aulast=Lederman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fresearchers-uncover-vast-numbers-of-unknown-nazi-killing-fields%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederman2017b" class="citation news cs1">Lederman, Noah (27 January 2017b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2017/01/27/life-religion/uncovering-my-familys-hidden-holocaust-stories">"Uncovering My Family's Hidden Holocaust Stories"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Uncovering+My+Family%27s+Hidden+Holocaust+Stories&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft.aulast=Lederman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2017%2F01%2F27%2Flife-religion%2Funcovering-my-familys-hidden-holocaust-stories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtblau2013" class="citation news cs1">Lichtblau, Eric (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/sunday-review/the-holocaust-just-got-more-shocking.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"The Holocaust Just Got More Shocking"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+Just+Got+More+Shocking&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Lichtblau&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F03%2Fsunday-review%2Fthe-holocaust-just-got-more-shocking.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2013" class="citation web cs1">Silver, Marc (10 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408193111/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/04/130408-encyclopedia-labor-camps-nazi-holocaust-memorial-museum-holocaust-remembrance-week/">"Creating a New Map of the Holocaust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/04/130408-encyclopedia-labor-camps-nazi-holocaust-memorial-museum-holocaust-remembrance-week/">the original</a> on April 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Creating+a+New+Map+of+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F130408-encyclopedia-labor-camps-nazi-holocaust-memorial-museum-holocaust-remembrance-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIU2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/13128.html">"U Press Encyclopedia Wins a 2009 National Jewish Book Award"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U+Press+Encyclopedia+Wins+a+2009+National+Jewish+Book+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.iu.edu%2Fnews-archive%2F13128.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos/about-the-encyclopedia">"About the Encyclopedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopedia-camps-ghettos%2Fabout-the-encyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargeeWhiteHecker2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Megargee, Geoffrey P.</a>; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel, eds. (2018). <i>Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a>. Vol. 3. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02373-5"><bdi>978-0-253-02373-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camps+and+Ghettos+under+European+Regimes+Aligned+with+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02373-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos">Official project page</a> at the <a href="/wiki/USHMM" class="mw-redirect" title="USHMM">USHMM</a> web site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos/volumes-i-and-ii-available-online">Free download, Volumes I, II, and III</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/USHMM" class="mw-redirect" title="USHMM">USHMM</a> web site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?288723-1/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos-1933-1945">Interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Geoffrey P. Megargee</a> about the project, 2009</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template talk:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdorf_concentration_camp" title="Arbeitsdorf concentration camp">Arbeitsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Bergen-Belsen" title="List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Flossenb%C3%BCrg" title="List of subcamps of Flossenbürg">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Gross-Rosen" title="List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a> <ul><li>subcamps</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Hinzert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Hinzert (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Kaiserwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Kaiserwald (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Kauen" title="List of subcamps of Kauen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w" title="List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Majdanek" title="List of subcamps of Majdanek">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mittelbau" title="List of subcamps of Mittelbau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Neuengamme" title="List of subcamps of Neuengamme">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederhagen_concentration_camp" title="Niederhagen concentration camp">Niederhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Ravensbr%C3%BCck" title="List of subcamps of Ravensbrück">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Stutthof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of subcamps of Stutthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Vaivara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Vaivara (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i> (Camp SS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appellplatz" title="Appellplatz">Appellplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcamp" title="Subcamp">Subcamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_construction_brigade" title="SS construction brigade">SS construction brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)" title="Revier (Nazi concentration camps)">Revier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafkompanie" title="Strafkompanie">Strafkompanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_14f14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action 14f14 (page does not exist)">Action 14f14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">Early camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_German_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification of inmates in German concentration camps">Identification of inmates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Badges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Language of Nazi concentration camps">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_and_Penal_Code" title="Disciplinary and Penal Code">Disciplinary and Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postenpflicht" title="Postenpflicht">Postenpflicht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(Holocaust)" title="Selection (Holocaust)">Selection</a></li> <li>Slogans <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jedem_das_Seine" title="Jedem das Seine">Jedem das Seine</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">Commandant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Lagerführer">Lagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzhaftlagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Schutzhaftlagerführer">Schutzhaftlagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">Female guards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht_guards_at_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wehrmacht guards at Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisoners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionaries" title="Prisoner functionaries">Prisoner functionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">Kapo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocial_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asocial prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">"Asocials"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany#Concentration_camps" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Political prisoners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nacht und Nebel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonder-_und_Ehrenhaft" title="Sonder- und Ehrenhaft">Sonder- und Ehrenhaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">"Race defilers"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma and Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ort_des_Terrors" title="Der Ort des Terrors">Der Ort des Terrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KL_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="KL (book)">KL</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wehrmacht_Army_Group_Rear_Areas_during_the_German–Soviet_War,_1941–45" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template talk:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wehrmacht_Army_Group_Rear_Areas_during_the_German–Soviet_War,_1941–45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Rear Area">Army Group Rear Areas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet War">German–Soviet War</a>, 1941–45</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Rear Area Command (Wehrmacht)">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North_Rear_Area" title="Army Group North Rear Area">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre_Rear_Area" title="Army Group Centre Rear Area">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Rear_Area" title="Army Group South Rear Area">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanding organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OKH" class="mw-redirect" title="OKH">Army High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Friderici" title="Erich Friderici">Erich Friderici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_K%C3%BCbler" title="Ludwig Kübler">Ludwig Kübler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno-Hans_von_Both" title="Kuno-Hans von Both">Kuno-Hans von Both</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Roques" title="Franz von Roques">Franz von Roques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Roques" title="Karl von Roques">Karl von Roques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Graf_von_Rothkirch_und_Trach" title="Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach">Edwin von Rothkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Schenckendorff" title="Max von Schenckendorff">Max von Schenckendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Witth%C3%B6ft" title="Joachim Witthöft">Joachim Witthöft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="Security Division (Wehrmacht)">Security Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/201st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="201st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">201st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/203rd_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="203rd Security Division (Wehrmacht)">203rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/207th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="207th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">207th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/213th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="213th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">213th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/221st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="221st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">221st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_309" title="Police Battalion 309">Police Battalion (PB) 309</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/281st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="281st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">281st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/285th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="285th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">285th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_286th_Security_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="German 286th Security Division">286th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/403rd_Security_Division" title="403rd Security Division">403rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/444th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="444th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">444th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/454th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="454th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">454th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/707th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="707th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">707th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher SS and Police Leader">HSS-PF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> Detachments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 9 (page does not exist)">PB 9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_North" title="Police Regiment North">Police Regiment North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiment Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_307" title="Police Battalion 307">PB 307</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_316" title="Police Battalion 316">PB 316</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_322" title="Police Battalion 322">PB 322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_South" title="Police Regiment South">Police Regiment South</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_45" title="Police Battalion 45">PB 45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_303" title="Police Battalion 303">PB 303</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_314" title="Police Battalion 314">PB 314</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Regiment_Special_Purpose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Regiment Special Purpose (page does not exist)">Police Regiment Special Purpose</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 304 (page does not exist)">PB 304</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_315&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 315 (page does not exist)">PB 315</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_320" title="Police Battalion 320">PB 320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cavalry_Brigade" title="SS Cavalry Brigade">SS Cavalry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Infantry_Brigade" title="1st SS Infantry Brigade">1st SS Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Infantry_Brigade" title="2nd SS Infantry Brigade">2nd SS Infantry Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitler%27s_speech_of_30_March_1941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 (page does not exist)">Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_orders_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Criminal orders (Nazi Germany)">Criminal orders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa Decree">Barbarossa Decree</a> * <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a> * <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Conduct_of_the_Troops_in_Russia" title="Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia">Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev conference">Mogilev conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Nazi security warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Major crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukase_43" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukase 43">Ukase 43</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">War of annihilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%E2%80%99s_Bandit_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler’s Bandit Hunters">Hitler’s Bandit Hunters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Generals_on_Trial" title="Hitler's Generals on Trial">Hitler's Generals on Trial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_War_in_the_East_1941%E2%88%921945" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945">Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marching_into_Darkness" title="Marching into Darkness">Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wehrmacht:_History,_Myth,_Reality" title="The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality">The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933–1945&oldid=1245626270">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933–1945&oldid=1245626270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2009_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2009 non-fiction books">2009 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2012 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