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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1895–1904:_Opera_singer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1895–1904:_Opera_singer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1895–1904: Opera singer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1895–1904:_Opera_singer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1904–1911:_Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1904–1911:_Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1904–1911: Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1904–1911:_Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1911–1925:_The_Indo-Tibetan_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1911–1925:_The_Indo-Tibetan_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1911–1925: The Indo-Tibetan expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1911–1925:_The_Indo-Tibetan_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_in_Sikkim_(1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_in_Sikkim_(1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Arrival in Sikkim (1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_in_Sikkim_(1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_with_the_13th_Dalai_Lama_in_Kalimpong_(1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_with_the_13th_Dalai_Lama_in_Kalimpong_(1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Meeting with the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong (1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_with_the_13th_Dalai_Lama_in_Kalimpong_(1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stay_at_Lachen_(1912–1916)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stay_at_Lachen_(1912–1916)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Stay at Lachen (1912–1916)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stay_at_Lachen_(1912–1916)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_trip_to_Tibet_and_meeting_with_the_Panchen_Lama_(1916)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_trip_to_Tibet_and_meeting_with_the_Panchen_Lama_(1916)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>First trip to Tibet and meeting with the Panchen Lama (1916)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_trip_to_Tibet_and_meeting_with_the_Panchen_Lama_(1916)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trip_to_Japan,_Korea,_China,_Mongolia,_and_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trip_to_Japan,_Korea,_China,_Mongolia,_and_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Trip to Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, and Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trip_to_Japan,_Korea,_China,_Mongolia,_and_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incognito_stay_in_Lhasa_(1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incognito_stay_in_Lhasa_(1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Incognito stay in Lhasa (1924)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incognito_stay_in_Lhasa_(1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1925–1937:_The_European_interlude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1925–1937:_The_European_interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1925–1937: The European interlude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1925–1937:_The_European_interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1937–1946:_Chinese_journey_and_Tibetan_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937–1946:_Chinese_journey_and_Tibetan_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1937–1946: Chinese journey and Tibetan retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937–1946:_Chinese_journey_and_Tibetan_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946–1969:_the_Lady_of_Digne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946–1969:_the_Lady_of_Digne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1946–1969: the Lady of Digne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946–1969:_the_Lady_of_Digne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexandra David-Néel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ألكسندرا ديفيد نيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندرا ديفيد نيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Александра Давид-Неел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александра Давид-Неел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9elov%C3%A1" title="Alexandra David-Néelová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandra David-Néelová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%84" title="الکساندرا داوید-نئل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندرا داوید-نئل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4-%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ալեքսանդրա Դավիդ-Նեել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդրա Դավիդ-Նեել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C" title="אלכסנדרה דויד ניל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדרה דויד ניל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93-%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრა დევიდ-ნელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრა დევიდ-ნელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="अलेक्झांड्रा डेव्हिड-नील – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांड्रा डेव्हिड-नील" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الكسندرا ديفيد نيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندرا ديفيد نيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexandra David-Néel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French explorer, spiritualist and writer (1868–1969)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexandra David-Néel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandra_David-Neels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alexandra_David-Neels.jpg/220px-Alexandra_David-Neels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alexandra_David-Neels.jpg/330px-Alexandra_David-Neels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Alexandra_David-Neels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="652" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Alexandra David-Néel in Tibet, 1933</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1868-10-24</span>)</span>24 October 1868<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Saint-Mandé, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-09-08)</span> (aged 100)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Digne-les-Bains" title="Digne-les-Bains">Digne</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Writing on Tibet</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexandra David-Néel</b> (born <b>Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David</b>; 24 October 1868 – 8 September 1969) was a Belgian–French <a href="/wiki/List_of_explorers" title="List of explorers">explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>, opera singer, and writer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is most known for her 1924 visit to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, when it was forbidden to foreigners. David-Néel wrote over 30 books about Eastern religion, philosophy, and her travels, including <i>Magic and Mystery in Tibet</i>, which was published in 1929. Her teachings influenced the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">beat</a> writers <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, the popularisers of Eastern philosophy <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Esotericist" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericist">esotericist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Eugenie_Alexandrine_Marie_David_19th_century.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Louise_Eugenie_Alexandrine_Marie_David_19th_century.gif/220px-Louise_Eugenie_Alexandrine_Marie_David_19th_century.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Louise_Eugenie_Alexandrine_Marie_David_19th_century.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Alexandra David-Néel as a teenager, 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1871, when David-Néel was two years old, her father Louis David, appalled by the execution of the last <a href="/wiki/Communard" class="mw-redirect" title="Communard">Communards</a>, took her to see the <a href="/wiki/Communards%27_Wall" title="Communards' Wall">Communards' Wall</a> at the <i>Père-Lachaise</i> cemetery in Paris; she never forgot this early encounter with the face of death, from which she first learned of the ferocity of humans. Two years later, the Davids emigrated to Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_chronology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since before the age of 15, she had been exercising austerities such as fasting and corporal torments drawn from biographies of ascetic saints found in the library of one of her female relatives, to which she refers to in <i>Sous des nuées d'orage</i>, published in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodeur_181-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 15, spending her holidays with her parents at <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, she ran away and reached the port of <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a> in the Netherlands to try and embark for England. Lack of money forced her to give up.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 18, David-Néel had already visited England, Switzerland and Spain on her own, and she was studying in <a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>. "She joined various secret societies – she would reach the thirtieth degree in the mixed Scottish Rite of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> – while <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> and anarchist groups greeted her with enthusiasm... Throughout her childhood and adolescence, she was associated with the French geographer and anarchist <a href="/wiki/Elis%C3%A9e_Reclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisée Reclus">Elisée Reclus</a> (1820–1905). This led her to become interested in the anarchistic ideas of the time and in feminism, that inspired her to publish <i>Pour la vie</i> (<i>For Life</i>) in 1898. In 1899, she composed an anarchist treatise with a preface by Reclus. Publishers did not dare to publish the book, though her friend Jean Haustont printed copies himself and it was eventually translated into five languages." In 1891, she visited India for the first time, and met her spiritual preceptor, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Bhaskarananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Bhaskarananda Saraswati">Swami Bhaskarananda Saraswati</a> of <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Raymond Brodeur, she converted to Buddhism in 1889, which she noted in her diary that was published under the title <i>La Lampe de sagesse</i> (The Lamp of Wisdom) in 1896. She was 21 years old. That same year, to refine her English, an indispensable language for an orientalist's career, she went to London where she frequented the library of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, and met several members of the Theosophical Society. The following year, back in Paris, she introduced herself to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> and followed different instructions at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a> and at the Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes (practical school of advanced studies) without ever passing an exam there.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chalon" title="Jean Chalon">Jean Chalon</a>, her vocation to be an orientalist and Buddhist originated at the <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1895–1904:_Opera_singer"><span id="1895.E2.80.931904:_Opera_singer"></span>1895–1904: Opera singer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1895–1904: Opera singer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the suggestion of her father, David-Néel attended the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Conservatoire royal de Bruxelles</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_Brussels" title="Royal Conservatory of Brussels">Royal Conservatory of Brussels</a>), where she studied piano and singing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help her parents who were experiencing setbacks, David-Néel, who had obtained a first prize for singing, took the position of first singer at the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Hanoi Opera House</a> (Indochina) during the seasons 1895–1896 and 1896–1897 under the name Alexandra Myrial.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She interpreted the role of the Violetta in <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>), then she sang in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_noces_de_Jeannette" title="Les noces de Jeannette">Les Noces de Jeannette</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mass%C3%A9" title="Victor Massé">Victor Massé</a>), in <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a></i> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Mireille_(opera)" title="Mireille (opera)">Mireille</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Lakm%C3%A9" title="Lakmé">Lakmé</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Léo Delibes</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)" title="Thaïs (opera)">Thaïs</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>). She maintained a pen friendship with <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> and Massenet at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1897 to 1900, she was living together with the guitarist Jean Haustont in Paris, writing <i>Lidia</i> with him, a lyric tragedy in one act, for which Haustont composed the music and David-Néel the libretto. She left to sing at the opera of Athens from November 1899 to January 1900. Then, in July of the same year, she went to the opera of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. Soon after her arrival in the city, she met a distant cousin, Philippe Néel, chief engineer of the Tunisian railways and her future husband. During a stay of Jean Haustont in Tunis in the Summer of 1902, she gave up her singing career and assumed artistic direction of the casino of Tunis for a few months, while continuing her intellectual work.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalon_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1904–1911:_Marriage"><span id="1904.E2.80.931911:_Marriage"></span>1904–1911: Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1904–1911: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 August 1904, at age 36, she married Philippe Néel de Saint-Sauveur,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose lover she had been since 15 September 1900. Their life together was sometimes turbulent but characterized by mutual respect. It was interrupted by her departure, alone, for her third trip to India (1911–1925) (the second one was carried out for a singing tour) on 9 August 1911. She did not want children, aware that motherhood was incompatible with her need of independence and her inclination to education.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodeur_181-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She promised to return to Philippe in nineteen months, but it was fourteen years later, in May 1925, when they met again, separating after some days. David-Néel had come back with her exploration partner, the young Lama Aphur Yongden, whom she would make her adopted son in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodeur_181-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legend has it that her husband was also her patron. The truth is probably quite different. She had, at her marriage, her own personal fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During that time, she wrote for journals and lectured about controversial subjects in the cities of Europe. She advocated in favour of Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical feminism</a>. Her marriage started to unravel, as her travels kept her apart from her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1911–1925:_The_Indo-Tibetan_expedition"><span id="1911.E2.80.931925:_The_Indo-Tibetan_expedition"></span>1911–1925: The Indo-Tibetan expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1911–1925: The Indo-Tibetan expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_in_Sikkim_(1912)"><span id="Arrival_in_Sikkim_.281912.29"></span>Arrival in Sikkim (1912)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrival in Sikkim (1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexandra David-Néel traveled for the second time to India to further her study of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. In 1912, she arrived at the royal monastery of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, where she befriended Maharaj Kumar (crown prince) <a href="/wiki/Sidkeong_Tulku_Namgyal" title="Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal">Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal</a>, the eldest son of the sovereign (Chogyal) of this kingdom (which would become a state of India), and traveled in many Buddhist monasteries to improve her knowledge of Buddhism. In 1914, she met young Aphur Yongden in one of these monasteries, 15 years old, whom she would later adopt as her son. Both decided to retire in a hermitage cavern at more than 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) above sea level in northern Sikkim. </p><p>Sidkeong, then the spiritual leader of Sikkim, was sent to the meeting with Alexandra David-Néel by his father, the Maharaja of Sikkim, having been told about her arrival in April 1912 by the British resident at <a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a>. On the occasion of this first encounter, their mutual understanding was immediate: Sidkeong, eager for reformation, was listening to Alexandra David-Néel's advice, and before returning to his occupations, he left behind the Lama <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Dawa_Samdup" title="Kazi Dawa Samdup">Kazi Dawa Samdup</a> as a guide, interpreter and professor of Tibetan. After that, Sidkeong confided in Alexandra David-Néel that his father wished for him to renounce the throne in favor of his half-brother.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meeting_with_the_13th_Dalai_Lama_in_Kalimpong_(1912)"><span id="Meeting_with_the_13th_Dalai_Lama_in_Kalimpong_.281912.29"></span>Meeting with the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong (1912)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meeting with the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong (1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup accompanied Alexandra David-Néel to <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a>, where she met with the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a> in exile. She received an audience on 15 April 1912, and met <a href="/wiki/Ekai_Kawaguchi" title="Ekai Kawaguchi">Ekai Kawaguchi</a> in his waiting room, whom she would meet again in Japan. The Dalai Lama welcomed her, accompanied by the inevitable interpreter, and he strongly advised her to learn Tibetan, an advice she followed. She received his blessing, then the Dalai Lama engaged the dialogue, asking her how she had become a Buddhist. David-Néel amused him by claiming to be the only Buddhist in Paris, and surprised him by telling him that the <a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Gyatcher Rolpa</a>, a sacred Tibetan book, had been translated by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_%C3%89douard_Foucaux" title="Philippe Édouard Foucaux">Phillippe-Édouard Foucaux</a>, a professor at the Collège de France. She asked for many additional explanations that the Dalai Lama tried to provide, promising to answer all her questions in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stay_at_Lachen_(1912–1916)"><span id="Stay_at_Lachen_.281912.E2.80.931916.29"></span>Stay at Lachen (1912–1916)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stay at Lachen (1912–1916)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late May, she went to <a href="/wiki/Lachen,_Sikkim" title="Lachen, Sikkim">Lachen</a>, where she met <i>Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche</i>, the superior (<a href="/wiki/Gomchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomchen">gomchen</a>) of the town's monastery, with the improvised interpreter M. Owen (E. H. Owen), a reverend who replaced the absent Kazi Dawa Samdup.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lachen, she lived for several years close to one of the greatest gomchens of whom she had the privilege to be taught, and above all, she was very close to the Tibetan border, which she crossed twice against all odds. </p><p>In her <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorite</a> cave, she practiced Tibetan yoga. She was sometimes in <i>tsam</i>, that is to retreat for several days without seeing anyone, and she learned the technique of <a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">tummo</a>, which mobilized her internal energy to produce heat. As a result of this apprenticeship, her master, the Gomchen of Lachen, gave her the religious name of Yeshe Tome, "Lamp of Wisdom", which proved valuable to her because she was then known by Buddhist authorities everywhere she went in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While she was in company of Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche, Alexandra David-Néel encountered Sidkeong again on an inspection tour in Lachen on 29 May 1912. These three personalities of Buddhism, thus reunited, reflected and worked together to reform and expand Buddhism, as the Gomchen would declare.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For David-Néel, Sidkeong organized a one-week expedition into the high areas of Sikkim, at 5,000 meters (16,000 ft) of altitude, which started on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was correspondence between Sidkeong and Alexandra David-Néel. In a letter by Sidkeong written at Gangtok on 8 October 1912, he thanked her for the meditation method she had sent him. On 9 October, he accompanied her to <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>, where they visited a monastery together, while she prepared to return to <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another letter, Sidkeong informed David-Néel that, in March 1913, he was able to enter <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> at Calcutta, where he had been admitted as a member, provided with a letter of introduction by the governor of Bengal, a further link between them. He told her of his pleasure of having been allowed to become a member of this society.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When his father was about to die, Sidkeong called Alexandra David-Néel for help, and asked her for advice in bringing about the reform of Buddhism that he wished to implement at Sikkim once he came to power.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Gangtok via Darjeeling and <a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a>, David-Néel was received like an official figure, with guard of honor, by Sidkeong on 3 December 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 January 1914, he gave her, as a gift for the new year, a lamani's (female lama) dress sanctified according to the Buddhist rites. David-Néel had her picture taken with a yellow hat completing the ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 February 1914, the Maharaja died, and Sidkeong succeeded him. The campaign of religious reform could begin, Kali Koumar, a monk of southern Buddhism was called to participate in it, as well as <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABl%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="Sīlācāra">Sīlācāra</a> (an Englishman) who was then living in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. Ma Lat (<a href="/wiki/Hteiktin_Ma_Lat" title="Hteiktin Ma Lat">Hteiktin Ma Lat</a>) came from that same country, David-Néel was in correspondence with her, and Sidkeong married Ma Lat, with Alexandra David-Néel becoming the Maharaja's marriage counselor.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While she was at the monastery of Phodong, the <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> of which was Sidkeong, David-Néel declared she heard a voice announcing to her that the reforms would fail.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November 1914, leaving the cavern of Sikkim where she had gone to meet the <i>gomchen</i>, David-Néel was received at <a href="/wiki/Lachen_Monastery" title="Lachen Monastery">Lachen Monastery</a> by Sidkeong.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One month later, she learned about Sidkeong's sudden death, news that affected her and made her think of poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_trip_to_Tibet_and_meeting_with_the_Panchen_Lama_(1916)"><span id="First_trip_to_Tibet_and_meeting_with_the_Panchen_Lama_.281916.29"></span>First trip to Tibet and meeting with the Panchen Lama (1916)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First trip to Tibet and meeting with the Panchen Lama (1916)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 July 1916, without asking for permission, Alexandra David-Néel left for Tibet, accompanied by Yongden and a monk. She planned to visit two great religious centers close to her Sikkim retreat: the monastery of Chorten Nyima and <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, one of the biggest cities of southern Tibet. At the monastery of Tashilhunpo, where she arrived on 16 July, she was allowed to consult the Buddhist scriptures and visit various temples. On the 19th, she met with the <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Choekyi_Nyima,_9th_Panchen_Lama" title="Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>, by whom she received blessings and a charming welcome: he introduced her to his entourage's persons of rank, to his professors, and to his mother (with whom David-Néel tied bonds of friendship and who suggested to her to reside in a convent). The Panchen Lama bade and proposed her to stay at Shigatse as his guest, what she declined, leaving the town on 26 July, not without having received the honorary titles of a Lama and a doctor in Tibetan Buddhism and having experienced hours of great bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon her return to Sikkim, the British colonial authorities, pushed by missionaries exasperated by the welcome afforded David-Néel by the Panchen Lama and annoyed by her having ignored their ban of entering Tibet, informed her that she was to be deported for violating the no-entry edict.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trip_to_Japan,_Korea,_China,_Mongolia,_and_Tibet"><span id="Trip_to_Japan.2C_Korea.2C_China.2C_Mongolia.2C_and_Tibet"></span>Trip to Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, and Tibet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trip to Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, and Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As it was impossible to return to Europe during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Alexandra David-Néel and Yongden left Sikkim for <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. There she met the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ekai_Kawaguchi" title="Ekai Kawaguchi">Ekai Kawaguchi</a> who had managed to stay for eighteen months in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> as a Chinese monk in disguise a few years earlier. David-Néel and Yongden subsequently left for <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. From there, they chose to cross China from east to west, accompanied by a colourful Tibetan Lama. Their journey took several years through the Gobi, Mongolia, before a break of three years (1918–1921) at <a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum Monastery</a> in Tibet, where David-Néel, helped by Yongden, translated the famous <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodeur_181-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David-Néel preferred to eat <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> food throughout her life but whilst traveling in Tibet would often eat meat dishes as a guest at monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incognito_stay_in_Lhasa_(1924)"><span id="Incognito_stay_in_Lhasa_.281924.29"></span>Incognito stay in Lhasa (1924)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Incognito stay in Lhasa (1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_David-NeelinLhasa.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alexandria_David-NeelinLhasa.gif/170px-Alexandria_David-NeelinLhasa.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Alexandria_David-NeelinLhasa.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>In Lhasa in 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>Disguised as a beggar and a monk, respectively, and carrying a backpack as discreet as possible, Alexandra David-Néel and Yongden then left for the Forbidden City. In order not to betray her status as a foreigner, David-Néel did not dare to take a camera and survey equipment, she hid, however, under her rags a compass, a pistol, and a purse with money for a possible ransom. Finally, they reached Lhasa in 1924, merged with a crowd of pilgrims coming to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam Prayer Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duccini_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duccini-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stayed in Lhasa for two months visiting the holy city and the large surrounding monasteries: <a href="/wiki/Drepung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung">Drepung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden">Ganden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye</a>, and met <i>Swami Asuri Kapila</i> (<i>Cesar Della Rosa Bendio</i>). <a href="/wiki/Foster_Stockwell" title="Foster Stockwell">Foster Stockwell</a> pointed out that neither the Dalai Lama nor his assistants welcomed David-Néel, that she was neither shown the treasures of lamasery nor awarded a diploma.<sup id="cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockwell_121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Brosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Brosse (page does not exist)">Jacques Brosse</a> states more precisely that she knew the Dalai Lama well, but he didn't know that she was in Lhasa and she could not reveal her identity. She found "nothing very special" in Potala, of which she remarked that the interior design was "entirely Chinese-style".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brosse_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite her face smeared with soot, her yak wool mats, and her traditional fur hat,<sup id="cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockwell_121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was finally unmasked (due to too much cleanliness – she went to wash herself every morning at the river) and denounced to <a href="/wiki/Tsarong" title="Tsarong">Tsarong</a> Shape, the Governor of Lhasa. By the time the latter took action, David-Néel and Yongden had already left Lhasa for <a href="/wiki/Gyantse" title="Gyantse">Gyantse</a>. They were told about the story only later, by letters of Ludlow and David Macdonald (the British sales representative in Gyantse).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1924, the explorer, exhausted, "without money and in rags", was accommodated together with her companion at the Macdonald home for a fortnight. She managed to reach Northern India through Sikkim thanks partly to the 500 rupees she borrowed from Macdonald and to the necessary papers that he and his son-in-law, captain Perry, obtained for her.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchand_445_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchand_445-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sixieme_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixieme-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Calcutta, dressed in the new Tibetan outfit Macdonald had bought for her, she got herself photographed in a studio.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After her return, starting at her arrival at Havre on May 10, 1925, she was able to assess the remarkable fame her audacity had earned her. She hit the headlines of the newspapers and her portrait spread in the magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-Duccini_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duccini-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The account of her adventure would become the subject of a book, <i>My Journey to Lhasa</i>, which was published in Paris, London and New York in 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but met with disbelief of critics who had a hard time accepting the stories about such practices as levitation and tummo (the increase of body temperature to withstand cold).<sup id="cite_ref-Mills_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Jeanne Denys, who was at one time working as a librarian for David-Néel, would publish <i>Alexandra David-Néel au Tibet: une supercherie dévoilée</i> (approximately: Alexandra David-Neel in Tibet: trickery uncovered), a book which caused rather little sensation by claiming to demonstrate that David-Néel had not entered Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeanne Denys maintained that the photograph of David-Néel and Aphur sitting in the area before the Potala, taken by Tibetan friends, was a montage.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She pretended that David-Néel's parents were modest Jewish storekeepers who spoke <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> at home. She went as far as to accuse David-Néel of having invented the accounts of her voyages and of her studies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1925–1937:_The_European_interlude"><span id="1925.E2.80.931937:_The_European_interlude"></span>1925–1937: The European interlude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1925–1937: The European interlude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in France, Alexandra David-Néel rented a small house in the hills of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> and was looking for a home in the sun and without too many neighbors. An agency from <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> suggested a small house in <a href="/wiki/Digne-les-Bains" title="Digne-les-Bains">Digne-les-Bains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>) to her in 1928. She, who was looking for the sun, visited the house during a rainstorm, but she liked the place and she bought it. Four years later, she began to enlarge the house, called <i>Samten-Dzong</i> or "fortress of meditation", the first hermitage and Lamaist shrine in France according to Raymond Brodeur.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodeur_181-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There she wrote several books describing her various trips. In 1929, she published her most famous and beloved work, <i>Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet</i> (<i>Magicians and Mystics in Tibet</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937–1946:_Chinese_journey_and_Tibetan_retreat"><span id="1937.E2.80.931946:_Chinese_journey_and_Tibetan_retreat"></span>1937–1946: Chinese journey and Tibetan retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1937–1946: Chinese journey and Tibetan retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1937, aged sixty-nine, Alexandra David-Néel decided to leave for <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with Yongden via <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>. Her aim was to study ancient <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. She found herself in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and attended the horrors of war, famine and epidemics. Fleeing the combat, she wandered through <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> on a shoestring budget. The Chinese journey took course during one and a half years between <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>. On 4 June 1938, she went back to the Tibetan town of <a href="/wiki/Tachienlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachienlu">Tachienlu</a> for a retreat of five years. She was deeply touched by the announcement of the death of her husband in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One minor mystery relating to Alexandra David-Néel has a solution. In <i>Forbidden Journey</i>, p. 284, the authors wonder how Mme. David-Néel's secretary, Violet Sydney, made her way back to the West in 1939 after <i>Sous des nuées d'orage</i> (Storm Clouds) was completed in <a href="/wiki/Tachienlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachienlu">Tachienlu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goullart" title="Peter Goullart">Peter Goullart</a>'s <i>Land of the Lamas</i> (not in <i>Forbidden Journey'</i>s bibliography), on pp. 110–113 gives an account of his accompanying Ms. Sydney partway back, then putting her under the care of <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Lolo</a> bandits to continue the journey to <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>. While in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Eastern Tibet</a> David-Néel and Yongden completed <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulation</a> of the holy mountain <a href="/wiki/Amne_Machin" title="Amne Machin">Amnye Machen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Alexandra David-Néel went back to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> thanks to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Fouchet" title="Christian Fouchet">Christian Fouchet</a>, French Consul at <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, who became a friend; they stayed in touch until David-Néel's death. She finally left Asia with Aphur Yongden by airplane, departing from Calcutta in June 1946. On 1 July, they arrived at Paris, where they stayed until October, when they went back to Digne-les-Bains.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946–1969:_the_Lady_of_Digne"><span id="1946.E2.80.931969:_the_Lady_of_Digne"></span>1946–1969: the Lady of Digne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1946–1969: the Lady of Digne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 78, Alexandra David-Néel returned to France to arrange the estate of her husband, then she started writing from her home in Digne. </p><p>Between 1947 and 1950, Alexandra David-Néel came across Paul Adam – Venerable Aryadeva, she commended him because he took her place on short notice, at a conference held at the Theosophical Society in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, she published the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Textes tibétains inédits</i></span> ("unpublished Tibetan writings"), an anthology of Tibetan literature including, among other things, the erotic poems attributed to the 6th Dalai Lama. In 1953, a newspiece followed, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle</i></span>, in which she gave "a certain and documented opinion" on the tense situation in the regions once visited by her.<sup id="cite_ref-Brosse_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yongden died suddenly on 7 October 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_chronology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jacques Brosse, Yongden, seized by a strong fever and sickness, which David-Néel attributed to a simple indigestion, fell into a coma during the night<sup id="cite_ref-Brosse_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died carried off by kidney failure according to the doctor's diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just having turned 87, David-Néel found herself alone. Yongden's ashes were kept safe in the Tibetan oratory of Samten Dzong, awaiting to be thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, together with those of David-Néel after her death.<sup id="cite_ref-Brosse_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Madeleine_Peyronnet_et_Alexandra_Davi-Neel_20_novembre_1961_Digne-les-Bains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Marie-Madeleine_Peyronnet_et_Alexandra_Davi-Neel_20_novembre_1961_Digne-les-Bains.jpg/220px-Marie-Madeleine_Peyronnet_et_Alexandra_Davi-Neel_20_novembre_1961_Digne-les-Bains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Marie-Madeleine_Peyronnet_et_Alexandra_Davi-Neel_20_novembre_1961_Digne-les-Bains.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet and Alexandra David-Neel, November 20, 1961, in Digne-les-Bains.</figcaption></figure> <p>With age, David-Néel suffered more and more from articular rheumatism that forced her to walk with crutches. "I walk on my arms", she used to say.<sup id="cite_ref-Brosse_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her work rhythm slowed down: she did not publish anything in 1955 and 1956, and, in 1957, only the third edition of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Initiations lamaïques</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_chronology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1957, she left Samten Dzong in order to live at <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> with a friend who had typed her manuscripts. She decided to live alone in a hotel, going from one establishment to the next, until June 1959, when she was introduced to a young woman, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Madeleine_Peyronnet" title="Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet">Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet</a>, who she took as her personal secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-Brosse_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She would stay with the old lady until the end,<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_chronology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "watching over her like a daughter over her mother – and sometimes like a mother over her unbearable child – but also like a disciple at the service of her guru", according to the words of Jacques Brosse.<sup id="cite_ref-Brosse_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massy_rue_Alexandra_David_Neel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Massy_rue_Alexandra_David_Neel_01.jpg/240px-Massy_rue_Alexandra_David_Neel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Massy_rue_Alexandra_David_Neel_01.jpg/360px-Massy_rue_Alexandra_David_Neel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Massy_rue_Alexandra_David_Neel_01.jpg/480px-Massy_rue_Alexandra_David_Neel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Road named Alexandra David-Néel in <a href="/wiki/Massy,_Essonne" title="Massy, Essonne">Massy, Essonne</a>, suburb of Paris.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925, she won the Award <i>Monique Berlioux</i> of the Académie des sports. Although she was not a sportswoman in a strict sense, she is part of the list of the 287 Gloires du sport français (English: Glories of French sport).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Tramway_Ligne_3a_Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el_Paris_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Station_Tramway_Ligne_3a_Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el_Paris_5.jpg/262px-Station_Tramway_Ligne_3a_Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el_Paris_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Station_Tramway_Ligne_3a_Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el_Paris_5.jpg/393px-Station_Tramway_Ligne_3a_Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el_Paris_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Station_Tramway_Ligne_3a_Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el_Paris_5.jpg/524px-Station_Tramway_Ligne_3a_Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el_Paris_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Alexandra David-Néel tram station on line 3a of the Île-de-France tramway</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, Priscilla Telmon paid tribute to Alexandra David-Néel through an expedition on foot and alone across the Himalaya. She recounted her predecessor's journey from Vietnam to Calcutta via Lhasa. A movie, <i>Au Tibet Interdit</i> (English: Into Forbidden Tibet), was shot on that expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1898 <i>Pour la vie</i></li> <li>1911 <i>Le modernisme bouddhiste et le bouddhisme du Bouddha</i></li> <li>1927 <i>Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa</i> (1927, <i>My Journey to Lhasa</i>)</li> <li>1929 <i><a href="/wiki/With_Mystics_and_Magicians_in_Tibet" title="With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet">Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet</a></i> (1929, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaC4YSlO6q0C">Magic and Mystery in Tibet</a></i>; 1936, <i>With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet</i>)</li> <li>1930 <i>Initiations Lamaïques</i> (<i>Initiations and Initiates in Tibet</i>)</li> <li>1931 <i>La vie Surhumaine de Guésar de Ling le Héros Thibétain</i> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6A5vI6m-CH4C">The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling</a></i>)</li> <li>1933 <i>Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes</i></li> <li>1935 <i>Le lama au cinq sagesses</i></li> <li>1938 <i>Magie d'amour et magic noire; Scènes du Tibet inconnu</i> (<i>Tibetan Tale of Love and Magic</i>)</li> <li>1939 <i>Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Its Methods</i></li> <li>1940 <i>Sous des nuées d'orage; Récit de voyage</i></li> <li>1949 <i>Au coeur des Himalayas; Le Népal</i></li> <li>1951 <i><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra_Gita" title="Ashtavakra Gita">Astagakra Gîtâ</a>, Discours sur l'<a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></i>, translation from Sanskrit into French</li> <li>1951 <i>Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibétains</i> (<i>The Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects</i>)</li> <li>1951 <i>L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain</i></li> <li>1952 <i>Textes tibétains inédits</i></li> <li>1953 <i>Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle</i></li> <li>1954 <i>La puissance de néant</i>, by Lama Yongden (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofnothingne00davi/">The Power of Nothingness</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Grammaire de la langue tibétaine parlée</i></li> <li>1958 <i><a href="/wiki/Avadhuta_Gita" title="Avadhuta Gita">Avadhuta Gîtâ</a></i>, poetic text based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a><i>, translation from Sanskrit into French</i></li> <li>1958 <i>La connaissance transcendente</i></li> <li>1961 <i>Immortalité et réincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, au Tibet, dans l'Inde</i></li> <li><i>L'Inde où j'ai vecu; Avant et après l'indépendence</i></li> <li>1964 <i>Quarante siècles d'expansion chinoise</i></li> <li>1970 <i>En Chine: L'amour universel et l'individualisme intégral: les maîtres Mo Tsé et Yang Tchou</i></li> <li>1972 <i>Le sortilège du mystère; Faits étranges et gens bizarres rencontrés au long de mes routes d'orient et d'occident</i></li> <li>1975 <i>Vivre au Tibet; Cuisine, traditions et images</i></li> <li>1975 <i>Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 11 août 1904 – 27 décembre 1917</i>. Vol. 1. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet</li> <li>1976 <i>Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 – 31 décembre 1940</i>. Vol. 2. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet</li> <li>1979 <i>Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Néel</i></li> <li>1981 <i>Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects</i></li> <li>1986 <i>La lampe de sagesse</i></li></ul> <p>Many of Alexandra David-Neel's books were published more or less simultaneously both in French and English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(opera)" title="Atlas (opera)">Atlas</a></i>, a 1991 opera loosely based on David-Néel's life and writings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Wortley" title="Elise Wortley">Elise Wortley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._The_Explorers" title="Once Upon a Time... The Explorers">Once Upon a Time... The Explorers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">Buddhism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulpa" title="Tulpa">Tulpa</a> - creations of mental powers, David-Néel claimed to have witnessed this in Tibet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At the same time, she joined various secret societies – she would reach the thirtieth degree in the mixed Scottish Rite of Freemasonry – while feminist and anarchist groups greeted her with enthusiasm...In 1899, she wrote an anarchist treatise prefaced by the anarchist geographer Elisée Reclus. Frightened publishers refused, however, to publish this book written by a woman so proud she could not accept any abuses by the State, army, Church or high finance."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mystic, anarchist, occultist and traveller, Louise Eugenie Alexandrine Marie David was born in Paris on the 24th of October 1868...In 1899, Alexandra composed an anarchist treatise with a preface by the French geographer and anarchist Elisée Reclus (1820–1905). Publishers were, however, too terrified to publish the book, though her friend Jean Haustont printed copies himself and it was eventually translated into five languages."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"ALEXANDRA DAVID-NEEL, Daily Bleed Saint 2001–2008 First woman explorer of Tibet and its mysteries. Successively & simultaneously anarchist, singer, feminist, explorer, writer, lecturer, photographer, buddhist, architect, mail artist, sanskrit grammarian & Centenarian."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At last, in the autumn of 1895, Alexandra landed a ... 31 She spent the next two years touring French Indochina, now Vietnam, appearing in Hanoi, Haiphong, and elsewhere, while performing lead roles in such operas as <i>La traviata</i> and <i>Carmen</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1916 she again went into Tibet, this time at the invitation of the Panchen Lama [...]. He gave her access to Tashilhunpo's immense libraries of Buddhists scriptures and made every corner of the various temples accessible to her. She was lavishly entertained by both the Panchen Lama and his mother, with whom she remained a longtime friend. 'The special psychic atmosphere of the place enchanted me,' she later wrote. 'I have seldom enjoyed such blissful hours.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockwell_121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Alexandra David-Neel then returned to Sikkim with honorary lama's robes and the equivalent of a Doctor of Philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism. There she found herself slapped with a deportation notice by the British colonial authorities. They objected to her having ignored their no-entry edict in going across the border into Tibet."<sup id="cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockwell_121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Le palais du dalaï-lama dont la décoration intérieure, très riche en certains endroits, est entièrement de style chinois, n'a rien de très particulier."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cependant, Alexandra commet à Lhasa même une imprudence qui faillit lui coûter cher, celle de se rendre chaque matin à la rivière pour faire un brin de toilette en cette période hivernale. Ce fait inhabituel intrigue une de ses voisines à un point tel qu'elle le signale au Tsarong Shapé (le gouverneur de Lhasa). Celui-ci, absorbé par des préoccupations plus importantes, allait, quelque temps plus tard, envoyer un de ses hommes pour procéder à une enquête lorsque la rumeur lui apprend qu'Alexandra et Yongden viennent d'arriver à Gyantsé. Le gouverneur en a aussitôt déduit que la dame se lavant tous les matins ne pouvait être qu'Alexandra. Cette histoire, Alexandra et Yongden ne l'ont connue que quelques mois après, par des lettres de messieurs Ludlow et David Macdonald, l'agent commercial britannique qui, à Gyantsé, a stoppé leur avance."<sup id="cite_ref-sixieme_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixieme-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"La famille Macdonald prête des vêtements et achète une nouvelle tenue tibétaine à Alexandra. C'est dans cette robe neuve qu'elle se fera photographier en studio, quelques mois plus tard à Calcutta."<sup id="cite_ref-Marchand_445_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchand_445-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The motives of this ill-tempered, anti-Semitic tract were made obvious by the author's insistence that Alexandra's parents had been modest shopkeepers and that they were Jewish and spoke yiddish at home" ... "Denys called her subject an actress and alleged that she was an impostor who invented the stories of her travel and studies."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Alexandra ne part plus à la découverte d'une philosophie ou d'un monde inconnus. Voulant conserver et affermir la place qu'elle a durement acquise, elle se rend à Pékin pour élargir le champ de ses connaissances sur l'ancien "taoïsme". le séjour est envisagé pour plusieurs années, mais elle ignore encore combien. Les événements vont bouleverser le programme qu'elle avait établi et la précipiter sur les routes chinoises... / Le périple lui-même s'est déroulé sur une durée d'un an et demi, entrecoupé par des séjours prolongés à Pékin, au Wutai Shan, à Hankéou, et à Chengtu, avant de s'achever par cinq années de retraite forcée dans les marches tibétaines à Tatsienlou."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexandra-david-neel.com/9200Biography1.92.html">Biography of Alexandra David-Néel at alexandra-david-neel.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305054702/http://alexandra-david-neel.com/9200Biography1.92.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/Alex_David-Neel.htm">"A Mystic in Tibet – Alexandra David-Neel" by Brian Haughton.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/1024.htm">"1868 – France: Alexandra David-Neel lives, Paris."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718023730/http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/1024.htm">Archived</a> 18 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster_chronology-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_chronology_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFosterFoster1998">Foster & Foster (1998)</a>, pp. vii–ix ('Chronology')</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodeur_181-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodeur_181_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodeur2001">Brodeur (2001)</a>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReverzy2001">Reverzy (2001)</a>, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Haughton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/Alex_David-Neel.htm">"A Mystic in Tibet – Alexandra David-Neel"</a>, mysteriouspeople.com; accessed 19 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodeur2001">Brodeur (2001)</a>, pp. 180–182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhlman2002">Kuhlman (2002)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice2004">Rice (2004)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chalon_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chalon_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDésiré-Marchand2009">Désiré-Marchand (2009)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(fr) Biographie officielle d'Alexandra David-Néel (5e partie), on the site alexandra-david-neel.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(fr) Nico P., Alexandra David-Néel, exploratrice, féministe, anarchiste, Alternative libertaire, no 187, septembre 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice2004">Rice (2004)</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408231115/http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Lama_Kazi_Dawa_Samdup">Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 196–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 195–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodeur2001">Brodeur (2001)</a>, pp. 184, 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 224–225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDésiré-Marchand2009">Désiré-Marchand (2009)</a>, pp. 198–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 230–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stockwell_121-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stockwell_121_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStockwell2003">Stockwell (2003)</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster, Barbara M (1987). <i>Forbidden Journey: The Life of Alexandra David-Neel</i>. p. 42, p. 305. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062503459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062503459">978-0062503459</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice2004">Rice (2004)</a>, pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duccini-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duccini_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duccini_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hélène Duccini, "La 'gloire médiatique' d'Alexandra David-Néel", Le Temps des médias, 1/2007 (no 8), pp. 130–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra David-Néel, Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhasa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brosse-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brosse_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brosse_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brosse_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brosse_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brosse_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brosse_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brosse_48-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Brosse, Alexandra David-Neel, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixieme-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sixieme_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixieme_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biographie officielle d'Alexandra David-Néel (6e partie), sur le site alexandra-david-neel.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marchand_445-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marchand_445_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marchand_445_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDésiré-Marchand2009">Désiré-Marchand (2009)</a>, p. 445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodeur2001">Brodeur (2001)</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Mills_(linguist)" title="Sara Mills (linguist)">Sara Mills</a>, Discourses of Difference: An Analysis of Women's Travel Writing and Colonialism, Routledge, 2003, 240 p., en part. pp. 123–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brigitte Marrec, MCF Civilisation américaine, Université de Paris-X, Nanterre, Groupe F.A.A.A.M., 4 mai 2007, Présentation de l'ouvrage de Sara Mills: Discourses of Difference: an Analysis of Women's Travel Writing and Colonialism, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hopkirk, <i>Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Secret Exploration of Tibet</i>, Kodansha Globe, 1995, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFosterFoster1998">Foster & Foster (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDésiré-Marchand2009">Désiré-Marchand (2009)</a>, quatrième partie, "Des monastères chinois du Wutai Shan aux marches tibétaines : le voyage de 1937 à 1946"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highasia.com/tibet-anye-machen.html">The Anye Machin peaks are considered to be the abode of the protector god Machin Pomri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808204454/http://www.highasia.com/tibet-anye-machen.html">Archived</a> 8 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 418–419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archives : Société théosophique de France – 4, square Rapp à Paris, 7e Arrondissement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon (1985)</a>, pp. 435–436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626223946/http://www.academie-sports.com/prix/prix-monique-berlioux">"Prix Monique Berlioux"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sports.com/prix/prix-monique-berlioux">the original</a> on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prix+Monique+Berlioux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-sports.com%2Fprix%2Fprix-monique-berlioux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet-info.net/www/Voyage-au-Tibet-interdit-un.html?lang=fr">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Voyage au Tibet interdit", un documentaire de Priscilla Telmon et Thierry Robert"</a>. 18 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Voyage+au+Tibet+interdit%22%2C+un+documentaire+de+Priscilla+Telmon+et+Thierry+Robert&rft.date=2007-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet-info.net%2Fwww%2FVoyage-au-Tibet-interdit-un.html%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodeur2001" class="citation book cs1">Brodeur, Raymond (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femmemystiqueetm0000unse"><i>Femme, mystique et missionnaire : Marie Guyart de l'Incarnation : Tours, 1599-Québec, 1672 : actes du colloque organisé par le Centre d'études Marie-de-l'Incarnation sous les auspices du Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises qui s'est tenu à Loretteville, Québec, du 22 au 25 septembre 1999</i></a>. Presses Université Laval. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7813-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7813-6"><bdi>978-2-7637-7813-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Femme%2C+mystique+et+missionnaire+%3A+Marie+Guyart+de+l%27Incarnation+%3A+Tours%2C+1599-Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+1672+%3A+actes+du+colloque+organis%C3%A9+par+le+Centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+Marie-de-l%27Incarnation+sous+les+auspices+du+Centre+interuniversitaire+d%27%C3%A9tudes+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coises+qui+s%27est+tenu+%C3%A0+Loretteville%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+du+22+au+25+septembre+1999&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7813-6&rft.aulast=Brodeur&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffemmemystiqueetm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalon1985" class="citation book cs1">Chalon, Jean (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lelumineuxdestin0000chal"><i>Le Lumineux Destin d'Alexandra David-Néel</i></a></span>. Librairie académique Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-00353-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-00353-X"><bdi>2-262-00353-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Lumineux+Destin+d%27Alexandra+David-N%C3%A9el&rft.pub=Librairie+acad%C3%A9mique+Perrin&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=2-262-00353-X&rft.aulast=Chalon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flelumineuxdestin0000chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDésiré-Marchand2009" class="citation book cs1">Désiré-Marchand, Joëlle (2009). <i>Alexandra David-Néel, Vie et voyages: Itinéraires géographiques et spirituels</i>. Arthaud. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782081273870" title="Special:BookSources/9782081273870"><bdi>9782081273870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandra+David-N%C3%A9el%2C+Vie+et+voyages%3A+Itin%C3%A9raires+g%C3%A9ographiques+et+spirituels&rft.pub=Arthaud&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9782081273870&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Marchand&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABlle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterFoster1998" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Barbara; Foster, Michael (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretlivesofale00fost"><i>The Secret Lives of Alexandra David-Neel: A Biography of the Explorer of Tibet and Its Forbidden Practices</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-329-3"><bdi>1-58567-329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Alexandra+David-Neel%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Explorer+of+Tibet+and+Its+Forbidden+Practices&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-58567-329-3&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Foster%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretlivesofale00fost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span> This book is based on extensive interviews with David Neel's secretary at Digne and reading her letters to her husband, now published as "Journal de voyage: lettres a son mari."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kuhlman, Erika A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tozofwomeninworl00kuhl"><i>A to Z of Women in World History</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816043347" title="Special:BookSources/9780816043347"><bdi>9780816043347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+Women+in+World+History&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780816043347&rft.aulast=Kuhlman&rft.aufirst=Erika+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftozofwomeninworl00kuhl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReverzy2001" class="citation book cs1">Reverzy, Catherine (2001). <i>Femmes d'aventure : du rêve à la réalisation de soi</i>. Odile Jacob. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782738112163" title="Special:BookSources/9782738112163"><bdi>9782738112163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Femmes+d%27aventure+%3A+du+r%C3%AAve+%C3%A0+la+r%C3%A9alisation+de+soi&rft.pub=Odile+Jacob&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782738112163&rft.aulast=Reverzy&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2004" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Earle (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHo1fFHartsC"><i>Alexandra David-Neel: Explorer at the Roof of the World</i></a>. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438123967" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438123967"><bdi>978-1438123967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandra+David-Neel%3A+Explorer+at+the+Roof+of+the+World&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1438123967&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHo1fFHartsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockwell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Foster_Stockwell" title="Foster Stockwell">Stockwell, Foster</a> (2003). <i>Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times Through the Present</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786414048" title="Special:BookSources/9780786414048"><bdi>9780786414048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westerners+in+China%3A+A+History+of+Exploration+and+Trade%2C+Ancient+Times+Through+the+Present&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780786414048&rft.aulast=Stockwell&rft.aufirst=Foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexandra+David-N%C3%A9el" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Middleton, Ruth (1989). <i>Alexandra David-Neel</i>. Boston: Shambhala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-600-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-600-6">1-57062-600-6</a>.</li> <li>Norwick, Braham (Autumn 1976). "Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures in Tibet: Fact or Fiction?". <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4., pp. 70–74. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299825">43299825</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexandra David-Néel">Alexandra David-Néel</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandra-david-neel.com/">Official web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/Alex_David-Neel.htm">A Mystic in Tibet – Alexandra David-Neel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_Buddhist_writers_(19th_century_to_date)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Buddhist_writers" title="Template:Modern Buddhist writers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_Buddhist_writers" title="Template talk:Modern Buddhist writers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_Buddhist_writers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern Buddhist writers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Buddhist_writers_(19th_century_to_date)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern Buddhist writers <span class="nobold">(19th century to date)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Amaro" title="Ajahn Amaro">Ajahn Amaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Buddharakkhita" title="Acharya Buddharakkhita">Acharya Buddharakkhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Analayo" title="Bhikkhu Analayo">Bhikkhu Analayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangoda_Ananda_Maitreya_Thero" title="Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero">Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Charles Henry Allan Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81nissaro_Bhikkhu" title="Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu">Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Boorstein" title="Sylvia Boorstein">Sylvia Boorstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyamala_Burch" title="Vidyamala Burch">Vidyamala Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._D._Premasiri" title="P. D. Premasiri">P. D. Premasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Fronsdal" title="Gil Fronsdal">Gil Fronsdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henepola_Gunaratana" title="Henepola Gunaratana">Henepola Gunaratana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kornfield" title="Jack Kornfield">Jack Kornfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Levine_(author)" title="Stephen Levine (author)">Stephen Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Levine" title="Noah Levine">Noah Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula_Thero" title="Walpola Rahula Thero">Walpola Rahula Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sucitto" title="Ajahn Sucitto">Ajahn Sucitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Ajahn Sumedho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhante_Sujato" title="Bhante Sujato">Bhante Sujato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91%C4%81%E1%B9%87av%C4%ABra_Thera" title="Ñāṇavīra Thera">Ñāṇavīra Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukurunde_Nyanananda_Thera" title="Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera">Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>David Brazier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Kung" title="Chin Kung">Chin Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Chigaku" title="Tanaka Chigaku">Tanaka Chigaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisaku_Ikeda" title="Daisaku Ikeda">Daisaku Ikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_K._Tanaka" title="Kenneth K. Tanaka">Kenneth K. Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyomay_Kubose" title="Gyomay Kubose">Gyomay Kubose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bloom_(Buddhist)" title="Alfred Bloom (Buddhist)"> Alfred Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenryu_Takashi_Tsuji" title="Kenryu Takashi Tsuji">Kenryu Takashi Tsuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harada" title="Marvin Harada">Marvin Harada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Ch%C3%B6dr%C3%B6n" title="Pema Chödrön">Pema Chödrön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Das" title="Surya Das">Surya Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Govinda" title="Anagarika Govinda">Anagarika Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinley_Norbu" title="Thinley Norbu">Thinley Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Nydahl" title="Ole Nydahl">Ole Nydahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongey_Mingyur_Rinpoche" title="Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche">Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reb_Anderson" title="Reb Anderson">Reb Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Fronsdal" title="Gil Fronsdal">Gil Fronsdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hagen" title="Steve Hagen">Steve Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Houn Jiyu-Kennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainin_Katagiri" title="Dainin Katagiri">Dainin Katagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Loy" title="David Loy">David Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Kitaro Nishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhaku_Okumura" title="Shōhaku Okumura">Shōhaku Okumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reps" title="Paul Reps">Paul Reps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yong-un" title="Han Yong-un">Han Yong-un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Robert Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)" title="Alexander Berzin (scholar)">Alexander Berzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chalmers,_1st_Baron_Chalmers" title="Robert Chalmers, 1st Baron Chalmers">Robert Chalmers, 1st Baron Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokesh_Chandra" title="Lokesh Chandra">Lokesh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Conze" title="Edward Conze">Edward Conze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Heinrich Dumoulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalinaksha_Dutt" title="Nalinaksha Dutt">Nalinaksha Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz" title="Walter Evans-Wentz">Walter Evans-Wentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_V._G%C3%BCnther" title="Herbert V. Günther">Herbert V. Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pine_(author)" title="Red Pine (author)">Red Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Roerich" title="George de Roerich">George de Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Rhys_Davids" title="Caroline Rhys Davids">Caroline Rhys Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rhys Davids">Thomas Rhys Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Shcherbatskoy" title="Fyodor Shcherbatskoy">Fyodor Shcherbatskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Stryk" title="Lucien Stryk">Lucien Stryk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Alan_Wallace" title="B. Alan Wallace">B. Alan Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">K. N. Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bloom_(Buddhist)" title="Alfred Bloom (Buddhist)"> Alfred Bloom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Westerners influenced<br /> by Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arnold" title="Edwin Arnold">Edwin Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandra David-Néel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer" title="Heinrich Harrer">Heinrich Harrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Reinhold_Rost" title="Ernest Reinhold Rost">Ernest Reinhold Rost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy and Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_writers_on_Eastern_religions" title="List of modern writers on Eastern religions">List of modern writers on Eastern religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_Buddhism" title="List of writers on Buddhism">List of writers on Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/48px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/64px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230456#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368638927">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121244010">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24600282">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12112/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCyRPdmKmQDfdyY6GJXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118523996">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50035644">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118988042">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118988042">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00654882">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="David-Néel, Alexandra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV015736">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35033620">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001641&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX901887">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39452">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p152122354">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90220712">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000026738&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000085902">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=157184">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64163">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200403896">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp36cgj94tpvk24">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810691644505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/97391">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260370705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611460906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14669704">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0134588X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/412639">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/51358">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/806187">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118523996.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118523996">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026813785">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dw2c0t">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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