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id="toc-Whitespace_and_digital_typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitespace_and_digital_typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Whitespace and digital typography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Whitespace_and_digital_typography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Whitespace and digital typography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Whitespace_and_digital_typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On-screen_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-screen_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>On-screen display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-screen_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable-width_general-purpose_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable-width_general-purpose_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Variable-width general-purpose space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable-width_general-purpose_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hair_spaces_around_dashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair_spaces_around_dashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hair spaces around dashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair_spaces_around_dashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Computing applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computing_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computing applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computing_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Programming languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command-line_parsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command-line_parsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Command-line parsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command-line_parsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markup_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markup_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Markup languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markup_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>File names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whitespace character</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%BD_znak" title="Bílý znak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílý znak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leerraum" title="Leerraum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leerraum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نویسه فاصله خالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسه فاصله خالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_space" title="White space – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="White space" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitespace_(karakter)" title="Whitespace (karakter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Whitespace (karakter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%99%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="空白文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空白文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znaki_niedrukowalne" title="Znaki niedrukowalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Znaki niedrukowalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)" title="Whitespace (computer science) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Whitespace (computer science)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulostumaton_merkki" title="Tulostumaton merkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulostumaton merkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaz_bo%C5%9Fluk_karakteri" title="Beyaz boşluk karakteri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyaz boşluk karakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="空格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="空格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%99%BD%E5%AD%97%E5%85%83" title="空白字元 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空白字元" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q591615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q591615" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_character&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Space character">Space character</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A computer text file character representing blank space</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dot space" redirects here. For the animated film, see <a href="/wiki/Dot_in_Space" title="Dot in Space">Dot in Space</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"␣" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/%E2%8D%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⍽">⍽</a> or <a href="/wiki/%E2%8C%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⌴">⌴</a>.</div> <p>A <b>whitespace character</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_element" title="Data element">data element</a> that represents <a href="/wiki/White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">white space</a> when <a href="/wiki/Text_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Text string">text</a> is <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendered</a> for display by a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. </p><p>For example, a <i><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></i> character (<span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0020</span> </span><span class="Unicode" style="background:lightblue;line-height:1em"> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SPACE</span>, <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> 32) represents blank space such as a <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word divider</a> in a Western <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">script</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Printable_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Printable character">printable character</a> results in output when rendered, but a whitespace character does not. Instead, whitespace characters define the layout of text to a limited degree – interrupting the normal sequence of rendering characters next to each other. The output of subsequent characters is typically shifted to the right (or to the left for <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left script</a>) or to the start of the next line. The effect of multiple sequential whitespace characters is cumulative such that the next printable character is rendered in a location based on the accumulated effect of preceding whitespace characters. </p><p>The term <i>whitespace</i> is rooting in the common practice of rendering text on white <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. Normally, a whitespace character is <i>not</i> rendered as white. It affects rendering, but it is not itself rendered. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punctuation-Spaces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punctuation-Spaces.svg/170px-Punctuation-Spaces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punctuation-Spaces.svg/255px-Punctuation-Spaces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punctuation-Spaces.svg/340px-Punctuation-Spaces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Width of various <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> space characters</figcaption></figure> <p>A space character typically inserts horizontal space that is about as wide as a letter. For a <a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced font</a> the width is the width of a letter, and for a <a href="/wiki/Variable-width_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable-width font">variable-width font</a> the width is font-specific. Some fonts support multiple space characters that have different widths. </p><p>A tab character typically inserts horizontal space that is based on <a href="/wiki/Tab_stop" title="Tab stop">tab stops</a> which vary by <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a> character sequence typically moves the render output location to the beginning of the next line. If one follows text, it does not actually result in whitespace. But, two sequential newline sequences between text blocks results in a blank line between the blocks. The height of the blank line varies by application. </p><p>Using whitespace characters to layout text is a convention. Applications sometimes render whitespace characters as visible markup so that a user can see what is normally not visible. </p><p>Typically, a <a href="/wiki/Computer_user" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer user">user</a> types a space character by pressing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">spacebar</kbd>, a tab character by pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Tab ↹</kbd> and newline by pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below lists the twenty-five characters defined as whitespace ("WSpace=Y", "WS") characters in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Character Database.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventeen use a definition of whitespace consistent with the algorithm for <a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property#Bidirectional_writing" title="Unicode character property">bidirectional writing</a> ("Bidirectional Character Type=WS") and are known as "Bidi-WS" characters. The remaining characters may also be used, but are not of this "Bidi" type. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><i>Note: Depending on the browser and fonts used to view the following table, not all spaces may be displayed properly.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whitespace_(Unicode)" title="Template:Whitespace (Unicode)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whitespace_(Unicode)" title="Template talk:Whitespace (Unicode)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whitespace_(Unicode)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whitespace (Unicode)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Unicode characters with property <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">White_Space=yes</span><sup id="cite_ref-wsdef_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsdef-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ws_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ws-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 10%;">Name </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">Code point</a> </th> <th>Width box </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">May break</a>? </th> <th>In <br /><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">IDN</a>? </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Script</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> </th> <th style="width: 8%;">General <br />category </th> <th style="width: 34%;">Notes </th></tr> <tr id="HT"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">character tabulation</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000009" style="display:none;"></span>U+0009</td> <td>9 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;">	</span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Basic Latin</a></td> <td>Other, <br />control </td> <td style="text-align:left;">HT, <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_Tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal Tab">Horizontal Tab</a>. HTML/XML <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references#Character_entity_references_in_HTML" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named entity</a>: <code>&Tab;</code>, <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>: <code>\tab</code>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> escape: <code>\t</code> </td></tr> <tr id="LF"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">line feed</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000010" style="display:none;"></span>U+000A</td> <td>10 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break </td> <td>Common</td> <td>Basic Latin</td> <td>Other, <br />control </td> <td style="text-align:left;">LF, <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">Line feed</a>. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&NewLine;</code>, C escape: <code>\n</code> </td></tr> <tr id="VT"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">line tabulation</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000011" style="display:none;"></span>U+000B</td> <td>11 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break </td> <td>Common</td> <td>Basic Latin</td> <td>Other, <br />control </td> <td style="text-align:left;">VT, <a href="/wiki/Vertical_Tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical Tab">Vertical Tab</a>. C escape: <code>\v</code> </td></tr> <tr id="FF"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">form feed</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000012" style="display:none;"></span>U+000C</td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break </td> <td>Common</td> <td>Basic Latin</td> <td>Other, <br />control </td> <td style="text-align:left;">FF, <a href="/wiki/Form_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Form feed">Form feed</a>. C escape: <code>\f</code> </td></tr> <tr id="CR"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">carriage return</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000013" style="display:none;"></span>U+000D</td> <td>13 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break </td> <td>Common</td> <td>Basic Latin</td> <td>Other, <br />control </td> <td style="text-align:left;">CR, <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">Carriage return</a>. C escape: <code>\r</code> </td></tr> <tr id="SP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000032" style="display:none;"></span>U+0020</td> <td>32 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>Basic Latin</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Most common (normal ASCII space). LaTeX: <code>\ </code> </td></tr> <tr id="NEL"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">next line</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000133" style="display:none;"></span>U+0085</td> <td>133 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break </td> <td>Common</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement" title="Latin-1 Supplement">Latin-1 <br />Supplement</a></td> <td>Other, <br />control </td> <td style="text-align:left;">NEL, <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">Next line</a>. LaTeX: <code>\\</code> </td></tr> <tr id="NBSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">no-break space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000160" style="display:none;"></span>U+00A0</td> <td>160 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>Latin-1 <br />Supplement</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">Non-breaking space</a>: identical to U+0020, but not a point at which a line may be broken. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&nbsp;</code>, <code>&NonBreakingSpace;</code>, LaTeX: <code>~</code> </td></tr> <tr id="OGSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ogham space mark</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="005760" style="display:none;"></span>U+1680</td> <td>5760 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif; color:white;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Ogham</td> <td>Ogham</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Used for <a href="/wiki/Interword_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Interword separation">interword separation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> text. Normally a vertical line in vertical text or a horizontal line in horizontal text, but may also be a blank space in "stemless" fonts. Requires an Ogham font. </td></tr> <tr id="NQSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">en quad</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008192" style="display:none;"></span>U+2000</td> <td>8192 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Punctuation" title="General Punctuation">General <br />Punctuation</a></td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Width of one <a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">en</a>. U+2002 is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2002 is preferred. </td></tr> <tr id="MQSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">em quad</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008193" style="display:none;"></span>U+2001</td> <td>8193 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "mutton quad". Width of one <a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a>. U+2003 is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2003 is preferred. </td></tr> <tr id="ENSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">en space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008194" style="display:none;"></span>U+2002</td> <td>8194 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "nut". Width of one <a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">en</a>. U+2000 En Quad is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2002 is preferred. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&ensp;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\enspace</code> (the LaTeX en space is a no-break space) </td></tr> <tr id="EMSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">em space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008195" style="display:none;"></span>U+2003</td> <td>8195 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "mutton". Width of one <a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a>. U+2001 Em Quad is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2003 is preferred. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&emsp;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\quad</code> </td></tr> <tr id="THPMSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">three-per-em space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008196" style="display:none;"></span>U+2004</td> <td>8196 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "thick space". One third of an em wide. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&emsp13;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\;</code> (the LaTeX thick space is a no-break space) </td></tr> <tr id="FPMSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">four-per-em space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008197" style="display:none;"></span>U+2005</td> <td>8197 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "mid space". One fourth of an em wide. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&emsp14;</code> </td></tr> <tr id="SPMSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">six-per-em space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008198" style="display:none;"></span>U+2006</td> <td>8198 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">One sixth of an em wide. In computer typography, sometimes equated to U+2009. </td></tr> <tr id="FSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">figure space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008199" style="display:none;"></span>U+2007</td> <td>8199 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a>. In fonts with monospaced digits, equal to the width of one digit. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&numsp;</code> </td></tr> <tr id="PSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">punctuation space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008200" style="display:none;"></span>U+2008</td> <td>8200 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">As wide as the narrow punctuation in a font, i.e. the advance width of the period or comma.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&puncsp;</code> </td></tr> <tr id="THSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">thin space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008201" style="display:none;"></span>U+2009</td> <td>8201 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a>; one-fifth (sometimes one-sixth) of an em wide. Recommended for use as a <a href="/wiki/Thousands_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousands separator">thousands separator</a> for measures made with <a href="/wiki/SI_units#SI_writing_style" class="mw-redirect" title="SI units">SI units</a>. Unlike U+2002 to U+2008, its width may get adjusted in typesetting.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&thinsp;</code>, <code>&ThinSpace;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\,</code> (the LaTeX thin space is a no-break space) </td></tr> <tr id="HSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">hair space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008202" style="display:none;"></span>U+200A</td> <td>8202 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Thinner than a thin space. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&hairsp;</code>, <code>&VeryThinSpace;</code> </td></tr> <tr id="LSEP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">line separator</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008232" style="display:none;"></span>U+2028</td> <td>8232 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />line </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr id="PSEP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">paragraph separator</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008233" style="display:none;"></span>U+2029</td> <td>8233 </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />paragraph </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr id="NNBSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">narrow no-break space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008239" style="display:none;"></span>U+202F</td> <td>8239 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow_no-break_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow no-break space">Narrow no-break space</a>. Similar in function to U+00A0 No-Break Space. When used with Mongolian, its width is usually one third of the normal space; in other context, its width sometimes resembles that of the <a href="/wiki/Thin_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin Space">Thin Space</a> (U+2009). LaTeX: <code>\,</code> </td></tr> <tr id="MMSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">medium mathematical space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008287" style="display:none;"></span>U+205F</td> <td>8287 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"> </span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">MMSP. Used in mathematical formulae. Four-eighteenths of an em.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mathematical typography, the widths of spaces are usually given in integral multiples of an eighteenth of an em, and 4/18 em may be used in several situations, for example between the <b>a</b> and the <b>+</b> and between the <b>+</b> and the <b>b</b> in the expression <b>a + b</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&MediumSpace;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\:</code> (the LaTeX medium space is a no-break space) </td></tr> <tr id="IDSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ideographic space</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="012288" style="display:none;"></span>U+3000</td> <td>12288 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;">　</span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Common</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation" title="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">CJK Symbols <br />and <br />Punctuation</a></td> <td>Separator, <br />space </td> <td style="text-align:left;">As wide as a <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK character</a> cell (<a href="/wiki/Fullwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullwidth">fullwidth</a>). Used, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Tai_tou" title="Tai tou">tai tou</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whitespace_(Unicode)" title="Template:Whitespace (Unicode)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whitespace_(Unicode)" title="Template talk:Whitespace (Unicode)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whitespace_(Unicode)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whitespace (Unicode)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Related Unicode characters with property <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">White_Space=no</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:10%;"> Name  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">Code point</a> </th> <th>Width box </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">May break</a>? </th> <th>In <br /><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">IDN</a>? </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Script</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> </th> <th style="width:9%;">General <br />category </th> <th style="width:35%;">Notes </th></tr> <tr id="MVS"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">mongolian vowel separator</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="006158" style="display:none;"></span>U+180E</td> <td>6158 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;">᠎</span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Mongolian</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_(Unicode_block)" title="Mongolian (Unicode block)">Mongolian</a></td> <td>Other, <br />Format </td> <td style="text-align:left;">MVS. A narrow space character, used in Mongolian to cause the final two characters of a word to take on different shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillam_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillam-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is no longer classified as space character (i.e. in Zs category) in Unicode 6.3.0, even though it was in previous versions of the standard. </td></tr> <tr id="ZWSP"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Zero_width_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero width space">zero width space</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008203" style="display:none;"></span>U+200B</td> <td>8203 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"></span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>?</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Other, <br />Format </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ZWSP, <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">zero-width space</a>. Used to indicate word boundaries to text processing systems when using scripts that do not use explicit spacing. It is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">soft hyphen</a>, with the difference that the latter is used to indicate syllable boundaries, and should display a visible hyphen when the line breaks at it. <br />HTML/XML <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references#Character_entity_references_in_HTML" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named entity</a>: <code>&ZeroWidthSpace;</code><sup id="cite_ref-html5entity_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5entity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="ZWNJ"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Zero_width_non-joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero width non-joiner">zero width non-joiner</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008204" style="display:none;"></span>U+200C</td> <td>8204 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;">‌</span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Context-dependent<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>?</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Other, <br />Format </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ZWNJ, <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">zero-width non-joiner</a>. When placed between two characters that would otherwise be connected, a ZWNJ causes them to be printed in their final and initial forms, respectively. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&zwnj;</code> </td></tr> <tr id="ZWJ"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Zero_width_joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero width joiner">zero width joiner</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008205" style="display:none;"></span>U+200D</td> <td>8205 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;">‍</span></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Context-dependent<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>?</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Other, <br />Format </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ZWJ, <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">zero-width joiner</a>. When placed between two characters that would otherwise not be connected, a ZWJ causes them to be printed in their connected forms. Can also be used to display joining forms in isolation. Depending on whether a ligature or conjunct is expected by default, can either induce (as <a href="/wiki/Emoji#Joining" title="Emoji">in emoji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script#Consonant_conjuncts" title="Sinhala script">in Sinhala</a>) or suppress (as in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>) substitution with a single glyph, whilst still permitting use of individual joining forms (unlike ZWNJ). <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&zwj;</code> </td></tr> <tr id="WJ"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">word joiner</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="008288" style="display:none;"></span>U+2060</td> <td>8288 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;">⁠</span></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>?</td> <td>General <br />Punctuation</td> <td>Other, <br />Format </td> <td style="text-align:left;">WJ, <a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">word joiner</a>. Similar to U+200B, but not a point at which a line may be broken. <br />HTML/XML named entity: <code>&NoBreak;</code> </td></tr> <tr id="BOM"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">zero width non-breaking space</a></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="065279" style="display:none;"></span>U+FEFF</td> <td>65279 </td> <td><span style="white-space: pre; padding: 0; background-color: teal; font-family: serif;"></span></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-B" title="Arabic Presentation Forms-B">Arabic <br /> Presentation <br /> Forms-B</a></td> <td>Other, <br />Format </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-breaking_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-width non-breaking space">Zero-width non-breaking space</a>. Used primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Byte_Order_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte Order Mark">Byte Order Mark</a>. Use as an indication of non-breaking is deprecated as of Unicode 3.2; see U+2060 instead. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-top:2.5em; width:100%; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wsdef-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsdef_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> White_Space is a binary Unicode property.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ws_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt">"PropList-16.0.0.txt"</a>. <i>Unicode</i>. 2024-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode&rft.atitle=PropList-16.0.0.txt&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FUCD%2Flatest%2Fucd%2FPropList.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although <code>&ZeroWidthSpace;</code> is one HTML5 named entity for U+200B, the additional names <code>NegativeMediumSpace</code>, <code>NegativeThickSpace</code>, <code>NegativeThinSpace</code> and <code>NegativeVeryThinSpace</code> (which are names used in the <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a> for negative-advance spaces, which it maps to the <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Use Area">Private Use Area</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also defined by <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> as aliases for U+200B (e.g. <code>&NegativeMediumSpace;</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-html5entity_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5entity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Visible_space"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substitute_images">Substitute images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Substitute images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unicode also provides some visible characters that can be used to represent various whitespace characters, in contexts where a visible symbol must be displayed: </p> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="font-size:95%;text-align:center;"> <caption style="font-size:125%;padding-bottom:0.4em;">Unicode space-illustrating characters (visible) </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th>Code</th> <th title="decimal">Decimal</th> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> </th> <th>Display </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr id="U+00B7"> <td>U+00B7</td> <td>183</td> <td>Middle dot</td> <td>Latin-1 Supplement </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> · </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a><br />Named entity: <code>&middot;</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+21A1</td> <td>8609</td> <td>Downwards two headed arrow</td> <td>Arrows </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ↡ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">ECMA-17 / <a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">ISO 2047</a> symbol for form feed (page break)<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+2261</td> <td>8810</td> <td>Identical to</td> <td>Mathematical <br />Operators </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ≡ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for line feed<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+237D</td> <td>9085</td> <td>Shouldered open box</td> <td>Miscellaneous Technical </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ⍽ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Non-breakable_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-breakable space">NBSP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+23CE</td> <td>9166</td> <td>Return symbol</td> <td>Miscellaneous Technical </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ⏎ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Symbol for a <a href="/wiki/Return_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Return key">return key</a>, which enters a line break </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+2409</td> <td>9225</td> <td>Symbol for horizontal tabulation</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␉ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a tab character </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+240A</td> <td>9226</td> <td>Symbol for line feed</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␊ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a line feed </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+240B</td> <td>9227</td> <td>Symbol for vertical tabulation</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␋ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a vertical tab (line tab) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+240C</td> <td>9228</td> <td>Symbol for form feed</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␌ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a form feed (page break) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+240D</td> <td>9229</td> <td>Symbol for carriage return</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␍ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a carriage return </td></tr> <tr id="U+2420"> <td>U+2420</td> <td>9248</td> <td>Symbol for space</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␠ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for an ASCII space </td></tr> <tr id="U+2422"> <td>U+2422</td> <td>9250</td> <td>Blank symbol</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␢ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">aka "substitute blank",<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used in <a href="/wiki/BCDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="BCDIC">BCDIC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ASCII-1963" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII-1963">ASCII-1963</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASCII-1963_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1963-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. as a symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Word_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Word separator">word separator</a> </td></tr> <tr id="U+2423"> <td>U+2423</td> <td>9251</td> <td>Open box</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␣ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Used in <a href="/wiki/Block_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Block letter">block letter</a> handwriting at least since the 1980s when it is necessary to explicitly indicate the number of space characters (e.g. when programming with pen and paper). Used in a textbook (published 1982, 1984, 1985, 1988 by Springer-Verlag) on <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a programming language where space codes require explicit indication. Also used in the keypad<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Texas_Instruments_graphing_calculators" title="Comparison of Texas Instruments graphing calculators">Texas Instruments' TI-8<i>x</i> series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">graphing calculators</a>.<br />Named entity: <code>&blank;</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+2424</td> <td>9252</td> <td>Symbol for newline</td> <td>Control Pictures </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ␤ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a line break </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+25B3</td> <td>9651</td> <td>White up-pointing triangle</td> <td>Geometric Shapes </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> △ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for the ASCII space<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+2A5B</td> <td>10843</td> <td>Logical Or with middle stem</td> <td>Supplemental <br />Mathematical <br />Operators </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ⩛ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for vertical tab (line tab)<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+2AAA</td> <td>10922</td> <td>Smaller than</td> <td>Supplemental <br />Mathematical <br />Operators </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ⪪ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for carriage return<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+2AAB</td> <td>10923</td> <td>Larger than</td> <td>Supplemental <br />Mathematical <br />Operators </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> ⪫ </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for the tab character<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+3037</td> <td>12343</td> <td>Ideographic Telegraph Line Feed <br />Separator Symbol</td> <td>CJK Symbols <br />and Punctuation </td> <td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:150%;"> 〷 </span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Graphic used for code 9999 in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a>, representing a line feed </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Above the zero "0" or negative "(‒)" key.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt><span class="anchor" id="Exact_space"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dot_space"></span>Exact space</dt></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Z88" title="Cambridge Z88">Cambridge Z88</a> provided a special "exact space" (code point 160 aka 0xA0) (invokable by key shortcut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌑</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">SPACE</kbd><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_Keyboard_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_Keyboard-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), displayed as "…" by the operating system's display driver.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was therefore also known as "dot space" in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/BBC_BASIC" title="BBC BASIC">BBC BASIC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Under code point 224 (0xE0) the computer also provided a special three-character-cells-wide SPACE symbol <code>"SPC"</code> (analogous to Unicode's single-cell-wide U+2420).<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-space_blanks">Non-space blanks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-space blanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Braille Patterns</a> Unicode block contains <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2800</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⠀</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BRAILLE PATTERN BLANK</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> pattern with no dots raised. Some fonts display the character as a fixed-width blank, however the Unicode standard explicitly states that it does not act as a space.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_chart_U2800_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode_chart_U2800-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unicode's coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean alphabet">Korean alphabet</a> includes several code points which represent the absence of a written letter, and thus do not display a glyph: <ul><li>Unicode includes a <a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001#Hangul_Filler" title="KS X 1001">Hangul Filler</a> character in the <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo" title="Hangul Compatibility Jamo">Hangul Compatibility Jamo</a> block (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+3164</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ㅤ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HANGUL FILLER</span>). This is classified as a letter, but displayed as an empty space, like a Hangul block containing no jamo. It is used in <a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a> Hangul combining sequences to introduce them or denote the absence of a letter in a position, but not in Unicode's combining jamo system.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unicode's combining jamo system uses similar Hangul Choseong Filler and Hangul Jungseong Filler characters to denote the absence of a letter in initial or medial position within a syllable block, which are included in the <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo_(Unicode_block)" title="Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)">Hangul Jamo block</a> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+115F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᅟ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HANGUL CHOSEONG FILLER</span>, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1160</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᅠ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HANGUL JUNGSEONG FILLER</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Additionally, a <a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001#Hangul_Filler" title="KS X 1001">Halfwidth Hangul Filler</a> is included in the <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms</a> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FFA0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ﾠ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HALFWIDTH HANGUL FILLER</span>), which is used when mapping from encodings which include characters from both <a href="/wiki/Johab" class="mw-redirect" title="Johab">Johab</a> (or <a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001#Wansung_code_charts" title="KS X 1001">Wansung</a>) and <a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001#1974" title="KS X 1001">N-byte Hangul</a> (or its <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> counterpart), such as IBM-933, which includes both Johab and EBCDIC fillers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whitespace_and_digital_typography">Whitespace and digital typography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Whitespace and digital typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_spacing_examples_from_the_1911_Chicago_Manual_of_Style.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Traditional_spacing_examples_from_the_1911_Chicago_Manual_of_Style.png/170px-Traditional_spacing_examples_from_the_1911_Chicago_Manual_of_Style.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Traditional_spacing_examples_from_the_1911_Chicago_Manual_of_Style.png/255px-Traditional_spacing_examples_from_the_1911_Chicago_Manual_of_Style.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Traditional_spacing_examples_from_the_1911_Chicago_Manual_of_Style.png/340px-Traditional_spacing_examples_from_the_1911_Chicago_Manual_of_Style.png 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a> has rules for using the different sized whitespaces.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-screen_display">On-screen display</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: On-screen display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">Text editors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop publishing software">desktop publishing software</a> differ in how they represent whitespace on the screen, and how they represent spaces at the ends of lines longer than the screen or column width. In some cases, spaces are shown simply as blank space; in other cases they may be represented by an <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> or other symbols. Many different characters (described below) could be used to produce spaces, and non-character functions (such as margins and tab settings) can also affect whitespace. </p><p>Many of the Unicode space characters were created for compatibility with classic print typography.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even if digital typography has algorithmic kerning and justification, those space characters can be used to supplement the electronic formatting when needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable-width_general-purpose_space">Variable-width general-purpose space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variable-width general-purpose space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In computer <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a>, there is a normal <b>general-purpose space</b> (Unicode character U+0020) whose width will vary according to the design of the typeface. Typical values range from 1/5 em to 1/3 em (in digital typography an <a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a> is equal to the nominal size of the font, so for a 10-point font the space will probably be between 2 and 3.3 points). Sophisticated fonts may have differently sized spaces for bold, italic, and small-caps faces, and often compositors will manually adjust the width of the space depending on the size and prominence of the text. </p><p>In addition to this general-purpose space, it is possible to encode a space of a specific width. See the table below for a complete list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_spaces_around_dashes">Hair spaces around dashes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hair spaces around dashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">Em dashes</a> used as parenthetical dividers, and <a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dashes</a> when used as word joiners, are usually set continuous with the text.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such a dash can optionally be surrounded with a <b>hair space</b>, U+200A, or <b><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin space</a></b>, U+2009. The hair space can be written in HTML by using the <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character references</a> <code>&#x200A;</code> or <code>&#8202;</code>, or the named entity <code>&hairsp;</code>, although that is not universally supported in browsers as of 2016.<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (November 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin space</a> is named entity <code>&thinsp;</code> and numeric references <code>&#x2009;</code> or <code>&#8201;</code>. These spaces are much thinner than a normal space (except in a <a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced (non-proportional) font</a>), with the hair space in particular being the thinnest of horizontal whitespace characters. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Normal space versus hair and thin spaces (as rendered by your browser) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Normal space with em dash </th> <td>left — right </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thin space with em dash </th> <td>left<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>—<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>right </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hair space with em dash </th> <td>left — right </td></tr> <tr> <th>No space with em dash </th> <td>left—right </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing_applications">Computing applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computing applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_languages">Programming languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, whitespace characters can be used to separate <a href="/wiki/Token_(parser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Token (parser)">tokens</a>. For a <a href="/wiki/Free-form_language" title="Free-form language">free-form language</a>, whitespace characters are ignored by code processors (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>). Even when language syntax requires white space, often multiple whitespace characters are treated the same as a single. In an <a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a> language, <a href="/wiki/Indentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentation">indentation</a> white space is syntactically significant. In the <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> and contrarian language called <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(programming_language)" title="Whitespace (programming language)">Whitespace</a>, whitespace characters are the only significant characters and normal text is ignored. </p><p>Good use of white space in <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> can group related logic and make the code easier to understand. Excessive use of whitespace, including at the end of a line where it provides no rendering behavior, is considered a nuisance. </p><p>Most languages only recognize whitespace characters that have an ASCII code. They disallow most or all of the Unicode codes listed above. The <a href="/wiki/C_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C language">C language</a> defines whitespace characters to be "space, horizontal tab, new-line, vertical tab, and form-feed".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> network protocol requires different types of whitespace to be used in different parts of the protocol, such as: only the space character in the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_status" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP status">status</a> line, CRLF at the end of a line, and "linear whitespace" in header values.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command-line_parsing">Command-line parsing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Command-line parsing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical <a href="/wiki/Command_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Command processor">command-line parsers</a> use the space character to <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimit</a> <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">arguments</a>. A value with an embedded space character is problematic since it causes the value to parse as multiple arguments. Typically, a parser allows for escaping the normal argument parsing by enclosing the text in quotes. </p><p>Consider that one wants to list the files in directory named "foo bar". This command instead lists the files matching either "foo" or "bar": </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>ls<span class="w"> </span>foo<span class="w"> </span>bar </pre></div> <p>This command correctly specifies a single argument: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>ls<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"foo bar"</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markup_languages">Markup languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Markup languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>, preserve whitespace as written. </p><p>Web markup languages such as <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> treat whitespace characters specially, including space characters, for programmers' convenience. One or more space characters read by conforming display-time processors of those markup languages are collapsed to 0 or 1 space, depending on their semantic context. For example, double (or more) spaces within text are collapsed to a single space, and spaces which appear on either side of the "<code>=</code>" that separates an attribute name from its value have no effect on the interpretation of the document. Element end tags can contain trailing spaces, and empty-element tags in XML can contain spaces before the "<code>/></code>". In these languages, unnecessary whitespace increases the file size, and so may slow network transfers. On the other hand, unnecessary whitespace can also inconspicuously mark code, similar to, but less obvious than comments in code. This can be desirable to prove an <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">infringement</a> of license or copyright that was committed by <a href="/wiki/Copying_and_pasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Copying and pasting">copying and pasting</a>. </p><p>In XML attribute values, sequences of whitespace characters are treated as a single space when the document is read by a parser.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitespace in XML element content is not changed in this way by the parser, but an application receiving information from the parser may choose to apply similar rules to element content. An XML document author can use the <code>xml:space="preserve"</code> attribute on an element to instruct the parser to discourage the downstream application from altering whitespace in that element's content. </p><p>In most <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a>, a sequence of whitespace characters is treated as a single <i>inter-word separator</i>, which may manifest as a single space character when rendering text in a language that normally inserts such space between words.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conforming HTML renderers are required to apply a more literal treatment of whitespace within a few prescribed elements, such as the <code>pre</code> tag and any element for which <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> has been used to apply <code>pre</code>-like whitespace processing. In such elements, space characters will not be "collapsed" into inter-word separators. </p><p>In both XML and HTML, the <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a> character, along with other non-"standard" spaces, is not treated as collapsible "whitespace", so it is not subject to the rules above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_names">File names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: File names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Such usage is similar to multiword file names written for operating systems and applications that are confused by embedded space codes—such file names instead use an <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a> (_) as a word separator, as_in_this_phrase. </p><p>Another such symbol was <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2422</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">␢</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BLANK SYMBOL</span>. This was used in the early years of computer programming when writing on coding forms. <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Keypunch</a> operators immediately recognized the symbol as an "explicit space".<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in <a href="/wiki/BCDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="BCDIC">BCDIC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ASCII-1963" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII-1963">ASCII-1963</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">Carriage return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em (typography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En (typography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Form feed">Form feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indent_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Indent style">Indent style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">Line feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">Newline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_style" title="Programming style">Programming style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_expression#Character_classes" title="Regular expression">Regular expression § Character classes</a> for the white-space character class.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_bar" title="Space bar">Space bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space (punctuation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">Tab key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimming_(computer_programming)" title="Trimming (computer programming)">Trimming (computer programming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(programming_language)" title="Whitespace (programming language)">Whitespace (programming language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/versions/latest/">"The Unicode Standard"</a>. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fversions%2Flatest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314135826/https://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/fdsspec/spaces.htm">"Character design standards – space characters"</a>. <i>Character design standards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 1998–1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/fdsspec/spaces.htm">the original</a> on March 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Character+design+standards&rft.atitle=Character+design+standards+%E2%80%93+space+characters&rft.date=1998%2F1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Ftypography%2Fdevelopers%2Ffdsspec%2Fspaces.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Unicode Standard 5.0, printed edition, p. 205; also available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch06.pdf">"Chapter 6 — Writing Systems and Punctuation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/"><i>The Unicode Standard 5.0, electronic edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2006-07-14. p. 11 (205)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+%E2%80%94+Writing+Systems+and+Punctuation&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard+5.0%2C+electronic+edition&rft.pages=11+%28205%29&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode5.0.0%2Fch06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf">"General Punctuation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Standard 5.1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Inc</a>. 1991–2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard+5.1&rft.atitle=General+Punctuation&rft.date=1991%2F2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2006" class="citation web cs1">Sargent, Murray III (2006-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn28/tn28-2.html">"Unicode Nearly Plain Text Encoding of Mathematics (Version 2)"</a>. <i>Unicode Technical Note #28</i>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Inc</a>. pp. 19–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Technical+Note+%2328&rft.atitle=Unicode+Nearly+Plain+Text+Encoding+of+Mathematics+%28Version+2%29&rft.pages=19-20&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Murray+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fnotes%2Ftn28%2Ftn28-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillam-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillam_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillam2002" class="citation book cs1">Gillam, Richard (2002). <i>Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70052-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70052-2"><bdi>0-201-70052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unicode+Demystified%3A+A+Practical+Programmer%27s+Guide+to+the+Encoding+Standard&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-201-70052-2&rft.aulast=Gillam&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-html5entity-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-html5entity_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-html5entity_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickson" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hickson" title="Ian Hickson">Hickson, Ian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/named-characters.html">"12.5 Named character references"</a>. <i>HTML Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HTML+Standard&rft.atitle=12.5+Named+character+references&rft.aulast=Hickson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtml.spec.whatwg.org%2Fmultipage%2Fnamed-characters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeThickSpace.html">"\[NegativeThickSpace]"</a>. <i>Wolfram Language Documentation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+Language+Documentation&rft.atitle=%5C%5BNegativeThickSpace%5D&rft.au=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freference.wolfram.com%2Flanguage%2Fref%2Fcharacter%2FNegativeThickSpace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeMediumSpace.html">"\[NegativeMediumSpace]"</a>. <i>Wolfram Language Documentation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+Language+Documentation&rft.atitle=%5C%5BNegativeMediumSpace%5D&rft.au=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freference.wolfram.com%2Flanguage%2Fref%2Fcharacter%2FNegativeMediumSpace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeThinSpace.html">"\[NegativeThinSpace]"</a>. <i>Wolfram Language Documentation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+Language+Documentation&rft.atitle=%5C%5BNegativeThinSpace%5D&rft.au=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freference.wolfram.com%2Flanguage%2Fref%2Fcharacter%2FNegativeThinSpace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeVeryThinSpace.html">"\[NegativeVeryThinSpace]"</a>. <i>Wolfram Language Documentation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+Language+Documentation&rft.atitle=%5C%5BNegativeVeryThinSpace%5D&rft.au=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freference.wolfram.com%2Flanguage%2Fref%2Fcharacter%2FNegativeVeryThinSpace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaltstrom2010" class="citation cs1">Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892#appendix-A.1">"Zero Width Non-Joiner"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892"><i>The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. A.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5892">10.17487/RFC5892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892">5892</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zero+Width+Non-Joiner&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Code+Points+and+Internationalized+Domain+Names+for+Applications+%28IDNA%29&rft.pages=sec.-A.1&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5892%26%23035%3Bappendix-A.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaltstrom2010" class="citation cs1">Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892#appendix-A.2">"Zero Width Joiner"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892"><i>The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. A.2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5892">10.17487/RFC5892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892">5892</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zero+Width+Joiner&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Code+Points+and+Internationalized+Domain+Names+for+Applications+%28IDNA%29&rft.pages=sec.-A.2&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5892%26%23035%3Bappendix-A.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/#White_Space">"Unicode Standard Annex #44, Unicode Character Database"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Standard+Annex+%2344%2C+Unicode+Character+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr44%2F%23White_Space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECMA-17-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Computer_Manufacturers_Association1968" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">European Computer Manufacturers Association</a> (1968-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-17,%201st%20Edition,%20November%201968.pdf"><i>Graphic Representation of the Control Characters of the ECMA 7-Bit Coded Character Set for Information Interchange</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ECMA-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Representation+of+the+Control+Characters+of+the+ECMA+7-Bit+Coded+Character+Set+for+Information+Interchange&rft.date=1968-11-28&rft.au=European+Computer+Manufacturers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN%2FECMA-17%2C%25201st%2520Edition%2C%2520November%25201968.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1980" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf"><i>Coded Character Sets, History and Development</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Publishing_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.">Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.</a> pp. 41, 47, 52, 102–103, 117, 119, 130, 132, 141, 148, 150–151, 212, 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-14460-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-14460-4"><bdi>978-0-201-14460-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77-90165">77-90165</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coded+Character+Sets%2C+History+and+Development&rft.series=The+Systems+Programming+Series&rft.pages=41%2C+47%2C+52%2C+102-103%2C+117%2C+119%2C+130%2C+132%2C+141%2C+148%2C+150-151%2C+212%2C+424&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77-90165&rft.isbn=978-0-201-14460-4&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftextfiles.meulie.net%2Fbitsaved%2FBooks%2FMackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASCII-1963-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1963_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sr-ix.com/Archive/CharCodeHist/X3.4-1963/index.html">"American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASA X3.4-1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">American Standards Association</a> (ASA). 1963-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange%2C+ASA+X3.4-1963&rft.pub=American+Standards+Association+%28ASA%29&rft.date=1963-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sr-ix.com%2FArchive%2FCharCodeHist%2FX3.4-1963%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirth1988" class="citation book cs1">Wirth, Niklaus (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-3-642-83565-0/1.pdf"><i>Programming in Modula-2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-83565-0">10.1007/978-3-642-83565-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-83567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-83567-4"><bdi>978-3-642-83567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Modula-2&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-83565-0&rft.isbn=978-3-642-83567-4&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Niklaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Fbfm%3A978-3-642-83565-0%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_UG_Keyboard-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_Keyboard_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG/The+keyboard">"Cambridge Z88 User Guide"</a>. 4.7 (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Computer_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Computer Limited">Cambridge Computer Limited</a>. 2016 [1987]. Basic concepts - The keyboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212173159/https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG/The+keyboard">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Z88+User+Guide&rft.series=4.7&rft.pages=Basic+concepts+-+The+keyboard&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+Computer+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgez88.jira.com%2Fwiki%2Fdisplay%2FUG%2FThe%2Bkeyboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG40/Appendix+D+-+Character+set">"Cambridge Z88 User Guide"</a>. 4.0 (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Computer_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Computer Limited">Cambridge Computer Limited</a>. 1987. Appendix D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212173345/https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG40/Appendix+D+-+Character+set">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Z88+User+Guide&rft.series=4.0&rft.pages=Appendix+D&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+Computer+Limited&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgez88.jira.com%2Fwiki%2Fdisplay%2FUG40%2FAppendix%2BD%2B-%2BCharacter%2Bset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG/Appendix+D+-+Character+set">"Cambridge Z88 User Guide"</a>. 4.7 (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Computer_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Computer Limited">Cambridge Computer Limited</a>. 2015 [1987]. Appendix D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212173256/https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG/Appendix+D+-+Character+set">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Z88+User+Guide&rft.series=4.7&rft.pages=Appendix+D&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+Computer+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgez88.jira.com%2Fwiki%2Fdisplay%2FUG%2FAppendix%2BD%2B-%2BCharacter%2Bset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode_chart_U2800-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_chart_U2800_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf">Unicode chart U+2800</a>, braille patterns</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2017" class="citation cs1">Chung, Jaemin (2017-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2017/17081-hangul-filler.pdf"><i>Proposal to add an informative note to U+3164 HANGUL FILLER</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. UTC L2/17-081.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+add+an+informative+note+to+U%2B3164+HANGUL+FILLER&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Jaemin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FL2%2FL2017%2F17081-hangul-filler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1100.pdf"><i>Hangul Jamo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2020-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hangul+Jamo&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2020-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icu-project.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-933">"ibm-933_P110-1995"</a>. <i>ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICU+Demonstration+-+Converter+Explorer&rft.atitle=ibm-933_P110-1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficu-project.org%2Ficu-bin%2Fconvexp%3Fconv%3Dibm-933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icu-project.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-933&b=0E84&s=ALL">"ibm-933_P110-1995 (lead bytes 0E84)"</a>. <i>ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICU+Demonstration+-+Converter+Explorer&rft.atitle=ibm-933_P110-1995+%28lead+bytes+0E84%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficu-project.org%2Ficu-bin%2Fconvexp%3Fconv%3Dibm-933%26b%3D0E84%26s%3DALL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch06.pdf">"Chapter 6 — Writing Systems and Punctuation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/"><i>The Unicode Standard 15.0, electronic edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2022-09-13. pp. 12–13 (267–268)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-23</span></span>. <q>The fixed-width space characters (U+2000..U+200A) are derived from conventional (hot lead) typography. Algorithmic kerning and justification in computerized typography do not use these characters. However, where they are used (for example, in typesetting mathematical formulae), their width is generally font-specified, and they typically do not expand during justification. The exception is U+2009 thin space, which sometimes gets adjusted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+%E2%80%94+Writing+Systems+and+Punctuation&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard+15.0%2C+electronic+edition&rft.pages=12-13+%28267-268%29&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode15.0.0%2Fch06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usage of the different dash types is illustrated, e.g., in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>, §§ 6.80, 6.83–6.86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1548.pdf">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1548.pdf</a> Section 6.4, paragraph 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding1999" class="citation cs2">Fielding, R.; et al. (June 1999), "2.2 Basic Rules", <i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.1</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2616">10.17487/RFC2616</a>, <a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">2616</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.2+Basic+Rules&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol%E2%80%94HTTP%2F1.1&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc2616%23id-name%3DRFC&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#AVNormalize">"3.3.3 Attribute-Value Normalization"</a>. <i>Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)</i>. World Wide Web Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extensible+Markup+Language+%28XML%29+1.0+%28Fifth+Edition%29&rft.atitle=3.3.3+Attribute-Value+Normalization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-xml%2F%23AVNormalize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/text.html#h-9.1">"9.1 Whitespace"</a>. <i>W3CHTML 4.01 Specification</i>. World Wide Web Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3CHTML+4.01+Specification&rft.atitle=9.1+Whitespace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml4%2Fstruct%2Ftext.html%23h-9.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhitespace+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/PropList.txt">Property List of Unicode Character Database</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&oldid=1255929622">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitespace_character&oldid=1255929622</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Character_encoding" title="Category:Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_code" title="Category:Source code">Source code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Whitespace" title="Category:Whitespace">Whitespace</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2023">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 09:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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