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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre_de_distributeur" title="Timbre de distributeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Timbre de distributeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francobollo_automatico" title="Francobollo automatico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francobollo automatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Марка печатающего автомата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марка печатающего автомата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மாறும் பெறுமான அஞ்சல் தலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாறும் பெறுமான அஞ்சல் தலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomat_pulu" title="Otomat pulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomat pulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Briefmarkenautomat-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Briefmarkenautomat-04.jpg/220px-Briefmarkenautomat-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Briefmarkenautomat-04.jpg/330px-Briefmarkenautomat-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Briefmarkenautomat-04.jpg/440px-Briefmarkenautomat-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The inside of a variable value stamp vending machine showing the stamps before the value is printed</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1987-05-04-automat-berlin-3-100.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1987-05-04-automat-berlin-3-100.JPG/220px-1987-05-04-automat-berlin-3-100.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1987-05-04-automat-berlin-3-100.JPG/330px-1987-05-04-automat-berlin-3-100.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1987-05-04-automat-berlin-3-100.JPG/440px-1987-05-04-automat-berlin-3-100.JPG 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>A selection of variable value stamps showing the range of values that may be selected</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>variable value stamp</b> is a gummed or self-adhesive <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> of a common design, issued by a machine similar to an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic teller machine">automatic teller machine</a> (ATM), with a value of the user's choice printed at the time the stamp is dispensed. The value may be variable or from a fixed selection of postal rates. The stamps and machines are typically for use in retail or post office environments. As only the postal value varies from stamp to stamp, these stamps have been described as <a href="/wiki/Key_type_stamp" title="Key type stamp">key type stamps</a>. They are also closely related to <a href="/wiki/Meter_stamp" title="Meter stamp">meter stamps</a> from <a href="/wiki/Postage_meter" title="Postage meter">postage meters</a>. </p><p>As the concept has developed, a variety of different names have been used, including <b>Automatenmarken</b><sup id="cite_ref-mack_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Germany), <b>Computer vended postage stamp</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>ATM stamps</b><sup id="cite_ref-yng_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yng-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (US), <b>Autopost stamps</b><sup id="cite_ref-yng_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yng-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (US), <b>Frama labels</b> (Europe) or <b>machine labels</b> (Stanley Gibbons catalogues). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_value_stamp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many experiments with similar systems over the years but none has been truly successful until the evolution of modern sophisticated computer printing technology. The development of the postage meter, which performs a similar function in businesses and organisations has also been instrumental in developing the technology. </p><p>The first patent for a machine to produce variable postage was taken out by Carl Bushe in 1884. In 1900 Christian Kahrs' machine was tested in Oslo. Similar machines were soon tried in Australia, New Zealand and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-mack_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frama_labels">Frama labels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_value_stamp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Frama labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Frama company of Switzerland produced a special type of patterned paper suitable for dispensing by machine and electronic printing that could be used to create an unlimited number of different stamp designs. The British Post Office used the paper experimentally in vending machines in 1984–85 but the experiment was not regarded as a success. Frama labels were also introduced in Switzerland in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frama labels were distinctive for the whole design being printed in one operation onto the special paper, including the value, rather than just the value being printed onto a pre-printed stamp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ATM_stamps_and_Autopost">ATM stamps and Autopost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_value_stamp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ATM stamps and Autopost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Postal Service experimented with similar stamps in 1989–90. Those experiments also were not considered a success.<sup id="cite_ref-yng_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yng-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Postal Service owns a patent for an <i>ATM dispensable self-adhesive postage stamp construction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting">Collecting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_value_stamp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>ATEEME</i>, the <i>Variable Value Stamps Study and Collecting Group</i>, specializes in collecting these items.</li> <li><i>InfoBrief: ATM. Ein Kulleraugen-Informationsdienst</i> (Schellerten), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0933-1409">0933-1409</a> (since October 1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_value_stamp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_label" title="Horizon label">Horizon label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_%26_Go_stamps" title="Post & Go stamps">Post & Go stamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_value_stamp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mack-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mack_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mack_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Mackay" title="James A. Mackay">Mackay, James</a>. <i>Stamp Collecting: Philatelic Terms Illustrated</i>. 4th edition. London: Stanley Gibbons, 2003, p.9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85259-557-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85259-557-3">0-85259-557-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott 2014. Specialized Catalogue of United States. Stamps & Covers. Computer vended postage stamp, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yng-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yng_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yng_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yng_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngblood, Wayne L. <i>All about Stamps</i>. Iola WI: Krause Publications, 2000, pp. 12-13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-963-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87341-963-4">0-87341-963-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackay, p.60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5503436.html">Freepatentsonline: <i>United States Patent 5503436</i></a> . Retrieved 10 June 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_value_stamp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tast, Hans-Jürgen; <i>Abenteuer schreiben - Briefe, Reisen, Automaten</i> (Schellerten 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88842-038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88842-038-2">978-3-88842-038-2</a></li> <li><i>InfoBrief: ATM. 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history of Europe">European countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Oceania" title="Template:Postal history of Oceania">Oceanian countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Postal history of the Americas">Pan-American countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal censorship</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Envelope for mailing"><img alt="Envelope for mailing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cartica.png/70px-Cartica.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cartica.png/105px-Cartica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Cartica.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Envelope for mailing</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_mail" title="Bulk mail">Bulk mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicia_(philately)" title="Indicia (philately)">Indicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information-Based_Indicia" title="Information-Based Indicia">Information-Based Indicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_box" title="Letter box">Letter box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_bag" title="Mail bag">Mail bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meter_stamp" title="Meter stamp">Meter stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcel_post" title="Parcel post">Parcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcel_locker" title="Parcel locker">Parcel locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_box" title="Post box">Post box / Mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_box" title="Relay box">Relay box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">Post office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_office_box" title="Post office box">Post office box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_meter" title="Postage meter">Postage meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_marking" title="Postal marking">Postal marking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Variable value stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">Airmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_mail" title="Express mail">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_mail" title="Registered mail">Registered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mail" title="Surface mail">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Air_Lifted" title="Surface Air Lifted">Surface Air Lifted (SAL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mail_carrier" title="Mail carrier">Mail carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">Postal worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Mail_barcode" title="Intelligent Mail barcode">Intelligent Mail barcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_Isolation_Control_and_Tracking" title="Mail Isolation Control and Tracking">Mail Isolation Control and Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiline_Optical_Character_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiline Optical Character Reader">Multiline Optical Character Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_cover" title="Mail cover">Mail cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_sorting" title="Mail sorting">Mail sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_forwarding" title="Package forwarding">Package forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Alpha_Numeric_Encoding_Technique" title="Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique">PLANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSTNET" title="POSTNET">POSTNET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Institutions and systems</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_entities" title="List of postal entities">Postal entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_museum" title="Postal museum">Postal museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_postal_services" title="List of national postal services">Postal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Postal systems by country">Postal systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_trade_unions" title="Category:Postal trade unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Philately</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_philatelic_items" title="List of most expensive philatelic items">most expensive philatelic items</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">Stamp collecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postage_stamps" title="List of postage stamps">notable stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_catalog" title="Stamp catalog">catalogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philatelic_terminology" title="Category:Philatelic terminology">Philatelic terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of entities that have <br />issued postage stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(A%E2%80%93E)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (A–E)">A–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(F%E2%80%93L)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (F–L)">F–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (M–Z)">M–Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/24px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" 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