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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=XMPP" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=XMPP" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Protocol characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protocol_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protocol characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protocol_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decentralization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Decentralization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addressing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addressing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Addressing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addressing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XMPP_via_HTTP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XMPP_via_HTTP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>XMPP via HTTP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XMPP_via_HTTP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Extensibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Current limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peer-to-peer_sessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer-to-peer_sessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Peer-to-peer sessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer-to-peer_sessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-user_chat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-user_chat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Multi-user chat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-user_chat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Security and encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Service discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecting_to_other_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecting_to_other_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Connecting to other protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecting_to_other_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deployment and distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deployment_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deployment and distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deployment_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-native_deployments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-native_deployments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Non-native deployments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-native_deployments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_of_Things" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_of_Things"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Internet of Things</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_of_Things-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specifications and standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications_and_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications and standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competing_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competing_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Competing standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competing_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">XMPP</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="بروتوكول الحضور والمراسلة القابل للتوسعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول الحضور والمراسلة القابل للتوسعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XMPP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XMPP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="اکس‌ام‌پی‌پی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکس‌ام‌پی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="XMPP" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="XMPP" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="XMPP" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XMPP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="XMPP" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Communications protocol for message-oriented middleware</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/XAMPP" title="XAMPP">XAMPP</a>, a web server software stack, or <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Memory_Profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Memory Profile">Extreme Memory Profile (XMP)</a>, a memory overclocking standard.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:26em;"><caption class="infobox-title summary">XMPP</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XMPP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/XMPP_logo.svg/175px-XMPP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/XMPP_logo.svg/263px-XMPP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/XMPP_logo.svg/350px-XMPP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Introduction</th><td class="infobox-data">1999<span class="noprint">; 25 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1999</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI layer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;"><a href="/wiki/Port_(computer_networking)" title="Port (computer networking)">Port(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">TCP 5222, 5269, 8010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;"><a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6120">RFC 6120</a> (Core), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6121">RFC 6121</a> (IM & Presence), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7622">RFC 7622</a> (Address Format), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3922">RFC 3922</a> (CPIM), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3923">RFC 3923</a> (Encryption)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xmpp.org/">xmpp<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol</b> (<a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> <b>XMPP</b>, originally named <b>Jabber</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</a> designed for <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> (IM), <a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">presence information</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contact_list" title="Contact list">contact list</a> maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> (Extensible Markup Language), it enables the <a href="/wiki/Near-real-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-real-time">near-real-time</a> exchange of structured data between two or more network entities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designed to be <a href="/wiki/Extensibility" title="Extensibility">extensible</a>, the protocol offers a multitude of applications beyond traditional IM in the broader realm of <a href="/wiki/Message-oriented_middleware" title="Message-oriented middleware">message-oriented middleware</a>, including signalling for <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a>, video, <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">gaming</a> and other uses. </p><p>Unlike most commercial instant messaging protocols, XMPP is defined in an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a>. The architecture of the XMPP network is similar to <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>; anyone can run their own XMPP server and there is no central master server. This <a href="/wiki/Federation_(information_technology)" title="Federation (information technology)">federated</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_system_(computing)" title="Open system (computing)">open system</a> approach allows users to interoperate with others on any server using a 'JID' user account, similar to an email address. XMPP implementations can be developed using any software license and many server, client, and library implementations are distributed as <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a> implementations also exist. </p><p>Originally developed by the <a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">open-source community</a>, the protocols were formalized as an approved instant messaging standard in 2004 and have been continuously developed with new extensions and features. Various XMPP client software are available on both desktop and mobile platforms and devices - by 2003 the protocol was used by over ten million people worldwide on the network, according to the <a href="/wiki/XMPP_Standards_Foundation" title="XMPP Standards Foundation">XMPP Standards Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> (<a href="/wiki/DHCPv6" title="DHCPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">PTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">v4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">v6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template talk:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol_characteristics">Protocol characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protocol characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralization">Decentralization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decentralization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JabberNetwork.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JabberNetwork.svg/220px-JabberNetwork.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JabberNetwork.svg/330px-JabberNetwork.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JabberNetwork.svg/440px-JabberNetwork.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>A simple XMPP network with the servers <i>jabber.org</i> and <i>draugr.de</i>. Green clients are online, yellow clients are writing each other and small green <i>subclients</i> are the resources of one user. The brown network is not connected to the internet. The server <i>draugr.de</i> is connected to other IM services (ICQ, AIM and other) via <i>XMPP transports</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The XMPP network architecture is reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP), a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a> model; clients do not talk directly to one another as it is decentralized - anyone can run a server. By design, there is no central authoritative server as there is with messaging services such as <a href="/wiki/AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Live Messenger">WLM</a>, <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>. Some confusion often arises on this point as there is a public XMPP server being run at <code>jabber.org</code>, to which many users subscribe. However, anyone may run their own XMPP server on their own domain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addressing">Addressing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Addressing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JID-Scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JID-Scheme.svg/220px-JID-Scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JID-Scheme.svg/330px-JID-Scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JID-Scheme.svg/440px-JID-Scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>A standard JID</figcaption></figure> <p>Every user on the network has a unique XMPP address, called <i>JID</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for historical reasons, XMPP addresses are often called <i>Jabber IDs</i>). The JID is structured like an <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a> with a username and a <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> (or <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for the server where that user resides, separated by an <a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a> (<code>@</code>) - for example, “<code>alice@example.com</code>“: here <code>alice</code> is the username and <code>example.com</code> the server with which the user is registered. </p><p>Since a user may wish to log in from multiple locations, they may specify a <b>resource</b>. A resource identifies a particular client belonging to the user (for example home, work, or mobile). This may be included in the JID by appending a slash followed by the name of the resource. For example, the full JID of a user's mobile account could be <code>username@example.com/mobile</code>. </p><p>Each resource may have specified a numerical value called <b>priority</b>. Messages simply sent to <code>username@example.com</code> will go to the client with highest priority, but those sent to <code>username@example.com/mobile</code> will go <i>only</i> to the mobile client. The highest priority is the one with largest numerical value. </p><p>JIDs without a username part are also valid, and may be used for system messages and control of special features on the server. A resource remains optional for these JIDs as well. </p><p>The means to route messages based on a logical endpoint identifier - the JID, instead of by an explicit IP Address present opportunities to use XMPP as an <a href="/wiki/Overlay_network" title="Overlay network">Overlay network</a> implementation on top of different underlay networks.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XMPP_via_HTTP">XMPP via HTTP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: XMPP via HTTP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original and "native" transport protocol for XMPP is <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP), using open-ended XML streams over long-lived TCP connections. As an alternative to the TCP transport, the XMPP community has also developed an <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> transport for web clients as well as users behind restricted <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewalls</a>. In the original specification, XMPP could use HTTP in two ways: <i>polling</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>binding</i>. The polling method, now deprecated, essentially implies messages stored on a server-side database are being fetched (and posted) regularly by an XMPP client by way of HTTP 'GET' and 'POST' requests. The binding method, implemented using <i>Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP</i> (<a href="/wiki/BOSH_(protocol)" title="BOSH (protocol)">BOSH</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-bosh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows servers to push messages to clients as soon as they are sent. This push model of notification is more efficient than polling, where many of the polls return no new data. </p><p>Because the client uses HTTP, most firewalls allow clients to fetch and post messages without any hindrances. Thus, in scenarios where the TCP port used by XMPP is blocked, a server can listen on the normal HTTP port and the traffic should pass without problems. Various websites let people sign into XMPP via a browser. Furthermore, there are open public servers that listen on standard http (port 80) and https (port 443) ports, and hence allow connections from behind most firewalls. However, the IANA-registered port for BOSH is actually 5280, not 80. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensibility">Extensibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extensibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/XMPP_Standards_Foundation" title="XMPP Standards Foundation">XMPP Standards Foundation</a> or XSF (formerly the Jabber Software Foundation) is active in developing open XMPP extensions, so called <i>XEP</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, extensions can also be defined by any individual, software project, or organization. To maintain interoperability, common extensions are managed by the XSF. XMPP applications beyond IM include: <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat rooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">network management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Content_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Content syndication">content syndication</a>, collaboration tools, <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, gaming, remote systems control and monitoring, <a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">geolocation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, VoIP, and identity services. </p><p>Building on its capability to support discovery across local <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">network domains</a>, XMPP is well-suited for <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> where virtual machines, networks, and firewalls would otherwise present obstacles to alternative service discovery and presence-based solutions. Cloud computing and storage systems rely on various forms of communication over multiple levels, including not only messaging between systems to relay state but also the migration or distribution of larger objects, such as storage or virtual machines. Along with authentication and in-transit data protection, XMPP can be applied at a variety of levels and may prove ideal as an extensible middleware or <a href="/wiki/Message-oriented_middleware" title="Message-oriented middleware">Message-oriented middleware</a> (MOM) protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_limitations">Current limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the moment, XMPP does not support Quality of Service (QoS); assured delivery of messages has to be built on top of the XMPP layer. There are two XEPs proposed to deal with this issue, XEP-0184 Message delivery receipts which is currently a draft standard, and XEP-0333 Chat Markers which is considered experimental. </p><p>Since XML is text based, normal XMPP has a higher network overhead compared to purely binary solutions. This issue was being addressed by the experimental XEP-0322: Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format, where XML is serialized in an efficient binary manner, especially in schema-informed mode. This XEP is currently deferred. </p><p>In-band binary data transfer is limited. <a href="/wiki/Binary_data" title="Binary data">Binary data</a> must be first <a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">base64</a> encoded before it can be transmitted in-band. Therefore, any significant amount of binary data (e.g., <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfers</a>) is best transmitted <a href="/wiki/Out-of-band_data" title="Out-of-band data">out-of-band</a>, using in-band messages to coordinate. The best example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a> XMPP Extension Protocol, XEP-0166. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_Conversations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Screenshot_Conversations.png/150px-Screenshot_Conversations.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Screenshot_Conversations.png/225px-Screenshot_Conversations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Screenshot_Conversations.png/300px-Screenshot_Conversations.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>File transfer options in a chat in <a href="/wiki/Conversations_(software)" title="Conversations (software)">Conversations</a>, an XMPP client for Android</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer-to-peer_sessions">Peer-to-peer sessions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peer-to-peer sessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using the extension called <a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a>, XMPP can provide an open means to support <a href="/wiki/Machine_to_machine" title="Machine to machine">machine-to-machine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> communications across a diverse set of networks. This feature is mainly used for <a href="/wiki/IP_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="IP telephony">IP telephony</a> (VoIP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-user_chat">Multi-user chat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multi-user chat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XMPP supports conferences with multiple users, using the specification Multi-User Chat (MUC) (XEP-0045). From the point of view of a normal user, it is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_and_encryption">Security and encryption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Security and encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XMPP servers can be isolated (e.g., on a company <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a>), and secure authentication (<a href="/wiki/Simple_Authentication_and_Security_Layer" title="Simple Authentication and Security Layer">SASL</a>) and point-to-point encryption (<a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>) have been built into the core XMPP specifications. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Off-the-Record_Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-the-Record Messaging">Off-the-Record Messaging</a> (OTR) is an extension of XMPP enabling encryption of messages and data. It has since been replaced by a better extension, multi-end-to-multi-end encryption (<a href="/wiki/OMEMO" title="OMEMO">OMEMO</a>, XEP-0384) end-to-end encryption between users. This gives a higher level of security, by encrypting all data from the source client and decrypting again at the target client; the server operator cannot decrypt the data they are forwarding. </p><p>Messages can also be encrypted with <a href="/wiki/OpenPGP" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenPGP">OpenPGP</a>, for example with the software <a href="/wiki/Gajim" title="Gajim">Gajim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_discovery">Service discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Service discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While several <a href="/wiki/Service_discovery" title="Service discovery">service discovery</a> protocols exist today (such as <a href="/wiki/Zero-configuration_networking" title="Zero-configuration networking">zeroconf</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Service_Location_Protocol" title="Service Location Protocol">Service Location Protocol</a>), XMPP provides a solid base for the discovery of services residing locally or across a network, and the availability of these services (via presence information), as specified by XEP-0030 DISCO.<sup id="cite_ref-XEP-0030_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XEP-0030-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecting_to_other_protocols">Connecting to other protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Connecting to other protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wie_ein_Jabber-Transport_funktioniert.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wie_ein_Jabber-Transport_funktioniert.svg/600px-Wie_ein_Jabber-Transport_funktioniert.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wie_ein_Jabber-Transport_funktioniert.svg/900px-Wie_ein_Jabber-Transport_funktioniert.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wie_ein_Jabber-Transport_funktioniert.svg/1200px-Wie_ein_Jabber-Transport_funktioniert.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Alice sends a message through the XMPP net to the ICQ transport. The message is next routed to Bob via the ICQ network.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the original design goals of the early Jabber open-source community was enabling users to connect to multiple instant messaging systems (especially non-XMPP systems) through a single client application. This was done through entities called <i>transports</i> or <i>gateways</i> to other instant messaging protocols like <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a>, AIM or <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Messenger" title="Yahoo Messenger">Yahoo Messenger</a>, but also to protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a> or <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">multi-protocol clients</a>, XMPP provides this access at the server level by communicating via special gateway services running alongside an XMPP server. Any user can "register" with one of these gateways by providing the information needed to log on to that network, and can then communicate with users of that network as though they were XMPP users. Thus, such gateways function as client proxies (the gateway authenticates on the user's behalf on the non-XMPP service). As a result, any client that fully supports XMPP can access any network with a gateway without extra code in the client, and without the need for the client to have direct access to the Internet. However, the client proxy model may violate <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a> on the protocol used (although such terms of service are not legally enforceable in several countries) and also requires the user to send their IM username and password to the third-party site that operates the transport (which may raise privacy and security concerns). </p><p>Another type of gateway is a server-to-server gateway, which enables a non-XMPP server deployment to connect to native XMPP servers using the built in interdomain federation features of XMPP. Such server-to-server gateways are offered by several enterprise IM software products, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Sametime" title="HCL Sametime">HCL Sametime Premium</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business_Server" title="Skype for Business Server">Skype for Business Server</a> (formerly named Microsoft Lync Server and Microsoft Office Communications Server – OCS)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XMPP is implemented by many clients, servers, and code libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These implementations are provided under a variety of software licenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Servers">Servers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous XMPP server software exist, some well known ones include <a href="/wiki/Ejabberd" title="Ejabberd">ejabberd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(software)" title="Prosody (software)">Prosody</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_clients">Modern clients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL07_Spark.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SL07_Spark.png/220px-SL07_Spark.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SL07_Spark.png/330px-SL07_Spark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SL07_Spark.png/440px-SL07_Spark.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Buddy list and a multi-user chat in <a href="/wiki/Spark_(XMPP_client)" title="Spark (XMPP client)">Spark</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A large number of XMPP client software exist on various modern and legacy platforms, including both graphical and command line based clients. According to the XMPP website, some of the most popular software include <a href="/wiki/Conversations_(software)" title="Conversations (software)">Conversations</a> and Quicksy (<a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>), Dino (<a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>), Converse.js (web browser, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gajim" title="Gajim">Gajim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monal (<a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>), and Swift.IM (macOS, Windows, Linux). Lately, Monal has been forked as a Quicksy release for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>. </p><p>Other clients include: Bombus, <a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coccinella_(software)" title="Coccinella (software)">Coccinella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_NG" title="Miranda NG">Miranda NG</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Psi (instant messaging client)">Psi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tkabber" title="Tkabber">Tkabber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xabber" title="Xabber">Xabber</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment_and_distribution">Deployment and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deployment and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thousands of XMPP servers worldwide, many public ones as well as private individuals or organizations running their own servers without commercial intent. Numerous websites show a list of public XMPP servers where users may register at (for example on the XMPP.net website). </p><p>Several large public IM services natively use or used XMPP, including <a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a>'s "LJ Talk",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nimbuzz" title="Nimbuzz">Nimbuzz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HipChat" title="HipChat">HipChat</a>. Various hosting services, such as <a href="/wiki/DreamHost" title="DreamHost">DreamHost</a>, enable hosting customers to choose XMPP services alongside more traditional web and email services. Specialized XMPP hosting services also exist in form of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a> so that domain owners need not directly run their own XMPP servers, including <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a> <a href="/wiki/Webex" class="mw-redirect" title="Webex">Webex</a> Connect, Chrome.pl, Flosoft.biz, i-pobox.net, and hosted.im. </p><p>XMPP is also used in deployments of non-IM services, including smart grid systems such as <a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">demand response</a> applications, message-oriented middleware, and as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a> to provide text messaging on many <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> clients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-native_deployments">Non-native deployments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-native deployments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the largest messaging providers use, or have been using, various forms of XMPP based protocols in their backend systems without necessarily exposing this fact to their end users.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, which in August 2005 introduced <a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Google Talk</a>, a combination VoIP and IM system that uses XMPP for instant messaging and as a base for a voice and file transfer signaling protocol called <a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a>. The initial launch did not include <a href="/wiki/Inter-server" title="Inter-server">server-to-server</a> communications; Google enabled that feature on January 17, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google later added video functionality to Google Talk, also using the Jingle protocol for signaling. In May 2013, Google announced XMPP compatibility would be dropped from Google Talk for server-to-server federation, although it would retain client-to-server support.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google Talk has since been dropped from Google's line of products. </p><p>In January 2008, AOL introduced experimental XMPP support for its <a href="/wiki/AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AOL Instant Messenger</a> (AIM) service,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing AIM users to communicate using XMPP. However, in March 2008, this service was discontinued.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of May 2011, AOL offers limited XMPP support.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2010, the social-networking site <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> opened up its <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Chat">chat feature</a> to third-party applications via XMPP.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some functionality was unavailable through XMPP, and support was dropped in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in December 2011, Microsoft released an XMPP interface to its <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messenger_service" title="Microsoft Messenger service">Microsoft Messenger service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, its de facto successor, also provided limited XMPP support.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Wave">Apache Wave</a> is another example.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>XMPP is the <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standard</a> for private chat in gaming related platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Origin_(service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin (service)">Origin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a>, as well as the now discontinued <a href="/wiki/Xfire" title="Xfire">Xfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raptr" title="Raptr">Raptr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two notable exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_LIVE" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox LIVE">Xbox LIVE</a>; both use their own <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> messaging protocols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabber_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jabber_logo.svg/220px-Jabber_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jabber_logo.svg/330px-Jabber_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jabber_logo.svg/440px-Jabber_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="75" /></a><figcaption>Jabber logo</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeremie_Miller" title="Jeremie Miller">Jeremie Miller</a> began working on the Jabber technology in 1998 and released the first version of the <code>jabberd</code> server on January 4, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Jabber community focused on open-source software, mainly the jabberd server, but its major outcome proved to be the development of the XMPP protocol. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) formed an XMPP <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> in 2002 to formalize the core protocols as an IETF instant messaging and presence technology. The early Jabber <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocol</a>, as developed in 1999 and 2000, formed the basis for XMPP as published in RFC 3920 and RFC 3921 in October 2004 (the primary changes during formalization by the IETF's XMPP Working Group were the addition of <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a> for channel encryption and <a href="/wiki/Simple_Authentication_and_Security_Layer" title="Simple Authentication and Security Layer">SASL</a> for authentication). The XMPP Working group also produced specifications RFC 3922 and RFC 3923. In 2011, RFC 3920 and RFC 3921 were superseded by RFC 6120 and RFC 6121 respectively, with RFC 6122 specifying the XMPP address format. In 2015, RFC 6122 was superseded by RFC 7622. In addition to these core protocols standardized at the IETF, the <a href="/wiki/XMPP_Standards_Foundation" title="XMPP Standards Foundation">XMPP Standards Foundation</a> (formerly the Jabber Software Foundation) is active in developing open XMPP extensions. </p><p>The first IM service based on XMPP was Jabber.org,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has operated continuously and offered free accounts since 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1999 until February 2006, the service used jabberd as its server software, at which time it migrated to <a href="/wiki/Ejabberd" title="Ejabberd">ejabberd</a> (both of which are <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> application servers). In January 2010, the service migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> M-Link server software produced by Isode Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> acquired Jabber, Inc., the creators of the commercial product Jabber XCP.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/XMPP_Standards_Foundation" title="XMPP Standards Foundation">XMPP Standards Foundation</a> (XSF) develops and publishes extensions to XMPP through a standards process centered on <i>XMPP Extension Protocols</i> (XEPs, previously known as Jabber Enhancement Proposals - JEPs). The following extensions are in especially wide use: </p> <ul><li>Data Forms<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Service Discovery<sup id="cite_ref-XEP-0030_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XEP-0030-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multi-User Chat<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Publish-Subscribe<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Personal Eventing Protocol<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>XHTML-IM<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>File Transfer<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Entity Capabilities<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HTTP Binding<sup id="cite_ref-bosh_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a> for voice and video</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_of_Things">Internet of Things</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internet of Things"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XMPP features such as federation across domains, publish/subscribe, authentication and its security even for mobile endpoints are being used to implement the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a>. Several XMPP extensions are part of the experimental implementation: Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensor Data;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provisioning;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrators;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These efforts are documented on a page in the XMPP wiki dedicated to Internet of Things<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the XMPP IoT mailing list.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_and_standards">Specifications and standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Specifications and standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> XMPP working group has produced a series of <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFC) documents: </p> <ul><li>RFC 3920 (superseded by RFC 6120)</li> <li>RFC 3921 (superseded by RFC 6121)</li> <li>RFC 3922</li> <li>RFC 3923</li> <li>RFC 4622 (superseded by RFC 5122)</li> <li>RFC 4854</li> <li>RFC 4979</li> <li>RFC 6122 (superseded by RFC 7622)</li></ul> <p>The most important and most widely implemented of these specifications are: </p> <ul><li>RFC 6120, <i>Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core</i>, which describes <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a> messaging using two open-ended <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> streams. XML streams consist of <presence/>, <message/> and <iq/> (info/query). A connection is authenticated with <a href="/wiki/Simple_Authentication_and_Security_Layer" title="Simple Authentication and Security Layer">Simple Authentication and Security Layer</a> (SASL) and <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> with <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a> (TLS).</li> <li>RFC 6121<i>, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Instant Messaging and Presence</i> describes <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> (IM), the most common application of XMPP.</li> <li>RFC 7622, <i>Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Address Format</i> describes the rules for XMPP addresses, also called JabberIDs or JIDs. Currently JIDs use PRECIS (as defined in RFC 7564) for handling of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters outside the ASCII range.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competing_standards">Competing standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Competing standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XMPP has often been regarded as a competitor to <a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIMPLE</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">Session Initiation Protocol</a> (SIP), as the standard protocol for instant messaging and presence notification.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The XMPP extension for multi-user chat<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be seen as a competitor to <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a>, although IRC is far simpler, has far fewer features, and is far more widely used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The XMPP extensions for publish–subscribe<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide many of the same features as the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol" title="Advanced Message Queuing Protocol">Advanced Message Queuing Protocol</a> (AMQP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of instant messaging clients">Comparison of instant messaging clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols" title="Comparison of instant messaging protocols">Comparison of instant messaging protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix (protocol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">Secure communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:XMPP_clients" title="Category:XMPP clients">XMPP clients</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac49/ac0/ac1/ac258/JabberInc.html">"Jabber Inc"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extensible+Messaging+and+Presence+Protocol+%28XMPP%29%3A+Core&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6120&rft.aulast=Saint-Andre&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103080257/http://www.xmpp.org/xsf/press/2003-09-22.shtml">"Jabber Instant Messaging User Base Surpasses ICQ"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/XMPP_Standards_Foundation" title="XMPP Standards Foundation">XMPP Standards Foundation</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2008/corp_091908.html">the original</a> on December 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cisco+Announces+Definitive+Agreement+to+Acquire+Jabber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.cisco.com%2Fdlls%2F2008%2Fcorp_091908.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0004.html">"XEP-0004: Data Forms"</a>. <i>xmpp.org</i>. 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March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xmpp.org&rft.atitle=XEP-0163%3A+Personal+Eventing+Protocol&rft.date=2018-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxmpp.org%2Fextensions%2Fxep-0163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0071.html">"XEP-0071: XHTML-IM"</a>. <i>xmpp.org</i>. 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November 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xmpp.org&rft.atitle=XEP-0096%3A+SI+File+Transfer&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxmpp.org%2Fextensions%2Fxep-0096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0115.html">"XEP-0115: Entity Capabilities"</a>. <i>xmpp.org</i>. May 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xmpp.org&rft.atitle=XEP-0115%3A+Entity+Capabilities&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxmpp.org%2Fextensions%2Fxep-0115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0322.html">"XEP-0322: Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format"</a>. <i>xmpp.org</i>. 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November 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xmpp.org&rft.atitle=XEP-0347%3A+Internet+of+Things+-+Discovery&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxmpp.org%2Fextensions%2Fxep-0347.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.xmpp.org/web/Tech_pages/IoT_systems">"Tech pages/IoT systems"</a>. <i>xmpp.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xmpp.org&rft.atitle=Tech+pages%2FIoT+systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.xmpp.org%2Fweb%2FTech_pages%2FIoT_systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail.jabber.org/mailman/listinfo/iot">"IOT Info Page"</a>. <i>jabber.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jabber.org&rft.atitle=IOT+Info+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.jabber.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fiot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXMPP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"XMPP rises to face SIMPLE standard", Infoworld magazine, April 17, 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/d/developer-world/xmpp-rises-face-simple-standard-018">XMPP rises to face SIMPLE standard</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"XMPP vs SIMPLE: The race for messaging standards", Infoworld magazine, May 23, 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/xmpp-vs-simple-race-messaging-standards-295">Infoworld.com</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:URI_schemes" title="Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:URI_schemes" title="Template talk:URI schemes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:URI_schemes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/About_URI_scheme" title="About URI scheme">about</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acct_URI_scheme" title="Acct URI scheme">acct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_reference_identifier" title="Content reference identifier">crid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_URI_scheme" title="Data URI scheme">data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">ftp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Technical_overview" title="HTTP">http</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">https</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Info_URI_scheme" title="Info URI scheme">info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">nfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">nntp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIP_URI_scheme" title="SIP URI scheme">sip / sips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_URI_scheme" title="Tag URI scheme">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-source_URI_scheme" title="View-source URI scheme">view-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket#Overview" title="WebSocket">ws / wss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">xmpp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol#Commands_and_replies" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed2k_URI_scheme" title="Ed2k URI scheme">ed2k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_(protocol)" title="Finger (protocol)">finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">irc / irc6 / ircs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rsync" title="Rsync">rsync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Messenger">ymsgr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)" title="List of network protocols (OSI model)">Protocol list</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Instant_messaging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Instant_messaging" title="Template:Instant messaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instant_messaging" title="Template talk:Instant messaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Instant_messaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Instant messaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Instant_messaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols<br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols" title="Comparison of instant messaging protocols">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Data_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Data Protocol">DDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol">IMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTProto" class="mw-redirect" title="MTProto">MTProto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Session_Relay_Protocol" title="Message Session Relay Protocol">MSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIMPLE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XMPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">WFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">OSCAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOC_protocol" title="TOC protocol">TOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_protocol" title="Skype protocol">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(software)" title="Band (software)">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiP_(software)" title="BiP (software)">BiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DingTalk" title="DingTalk">DingTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Google Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Google Meet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Google Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilded" title="Guilded">Guilded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HipChat" title="HipChat">HipChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGap" title="IGap">iGap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo.im" title="Imo.im">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC#Networks" title="IRC">IRC Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KakaoTalk" title="KakaoTalk">KakaoTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kik_Messenger" title="Kik Messenger">Kik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lark_(software)" title="Lark (software)">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libon_(service)" title="Libon (service)">Libon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattermost" title="Mattermost">Mattermost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Palace_(computer_program)" title="The Palace (computer program)">The Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_Live" title="Tango Live">Tango Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textfree" title="Textfree">Textfree/Pinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threema" title="Threema">Threema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger_service" title="Windows Messenger service">Windows Messenger service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications" title="Zoom Video Communications">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulip" title="Zulip">Zulip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clients<br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_cross-platform_instant_messaging_clients" title="Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu Hi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadu-Gadu" title="Gadu-Gadu">Gadu-Gadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Sametime" title="HCL Sametime">HCL Sametime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMVU" title="IMVU">IMVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_(software)" title="Wire (software)">Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayttm" title="Ayttm">Ayttm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBuddy" title="EBuddy">eBuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_NG" title="Miranda NG">Miranda NG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbuzz" title="Nimbuzz">Nimbuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finch_(software)" title="Finch (software)">Finch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Internet_Pager" title="Quiet Internet Pager">QIP 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Skype for Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Telepathy" title="KDE Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XMPP (Jabber)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversations_(software)" title="Conversations (software)">Conversations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajim" title="Gajim">Gajim</a></li> <li>Monal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Psi (instant messaging client)">Psi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(XMPP_client)" title="Spark (XMPP client)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkabber" title="Tkabber">Tkabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xabber" title="Xabber">Xabber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_instant_messaging_platforms" title="List of defunct instant messaging platforms">List of defunct instant messaging platforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backchannel" title="Backchannel">Backchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_log" title="Chat log">Chat log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit (software)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_messaging_platforms" title="Comparison of user features of messaging platforms">Comparison of user features of messaging platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_list" title="Contact list">Contact list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FirstClass" title="FirstClass">FirstClass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(messaging_service)" title="Flock (messaging service)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuze_(company)" title="Fuze (company)">Fuze Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall.com">Hall.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">Presence information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glip" class="mw-redirect" title="Glip">RingCentral Glip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_message_(instant_messaging)" title="Status message (instant messaging)">Status message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Report" title="U-Report">U-Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Engage" title="Viva Engage">Viva Engage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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