CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="tr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ernst Ruska - Vikipedi</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )trwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Ocak","Şubat","Mart","Nisan","Mayıs","Haziran","Temmuz","Ağustos","Eylül","Ekim","Kasım","Aralık"],"wgRequestId":"6a5405c5-69a8-4bfd-8b65-75f642c787ca","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ernst_Ruska","wgTitle":"Ernst Ruska","wgCurRevisionId":34002695,"wgRevisionId":34002695,"wgArticleId":328630,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Türkçe Vikipedi ve Vikiveride resmi olmayan maddeler","Tüm taslak maddeler","BIBSYS tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","CINII tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","ISNI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","LCCN tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","NLI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","NSK tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","NTA tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri", "SNAC-ID tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","VIAF tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","WorldCat-LCCN tanımlayıcısı içeren Vikipedi maddeleri","Alman fizikçi taslakları","1906 doğumlular","Heidelberg doğumlular","1988 yılında ölenler","Alman fizikçiler","Münih Teknik Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler","Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri","Berlin'de ölenler","Alman Nobel Ödülü sahipleri"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"tr","wgPageContentLanguage":"tr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ernst_Ruska","wgRelevantArticleId":328630,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgStableRevisionId":34002695,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"tr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"tr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":3000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q71022","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":true,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.HizliBilgi","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMap","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=tr&modules=ext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=tr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=tr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ernst Ruska - Vikipedi"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//tr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Değiştir" href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Vikipedi (tr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//tr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.tr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Vikipedi Atom beslemesi" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:SonDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ernst_Ruska rootpage-Ernst_Ruska skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">İçeriğe atla</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ana menü" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ana menü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ana menü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gezinti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anasayfa" title="Anasayfayı ziyaret et [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Anasayfa</span></a></li><li id="n-Hakkımızda" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Hakk%C4%B1nda"><span>Hakkımızda</span></a></li><li id="n-İçindekiler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:G%C3%B6z_at"><span>İçindekiler</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Rastgele" title="Rastgele bir sayfaya gidin [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rastgele madde</span></a></li><li id="n-Seçkin-içerik" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Se%C3%A7kin_i%C3%A7erik"><span>Seçkin içerik</span></a></li><li id="n-Yakınımdakiler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Yak%C4%B1n%C4%B1mdakiler"><span>Yakınımdakiler</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Katılım" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Katılım" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Katılım </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-sandbox" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Deneme_tahtas%C4%B1"><span>Deneme tahtası</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:K%C3%B6y_%C3%A7e%C5%9Fmesi" title="Güncel olaylarla ilgili son bilgiler"><span>Köy çeşmesi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SonDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler" title="Vikide yapılmış son değişikliklerin listesi [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Son değişiklikler</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Y%C3%BCkle"><span>Dosya yükle</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Topluluk_portali" title="Proje hakkında, neler yapabilirsiniz, ne nerededir"><span>Topluluk portali</span></a></li><li id="n-shop-text" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//shop.wikimedia.org"><span>Wikimedia dükkânı</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:%C4%B0%C3%A7indekiler" title="Yardım almak için"><span>Yardım</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Anasayfa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-tr.svg" style="width: 6.6875em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Özgür Ansiklopedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tr.svg" width="104" height="13" style="width: 6.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Ara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Ara</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" aria-label="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Özel:Ara"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ara</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Kişisel araçlar"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Sayfanın yazı tipi boyutunun, genişliğinin ve renginin görünümünü değiştirin" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Görünüm" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Görünüm</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&uselang=tr" class=""><span>Bağış yapın</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&returnto=Ernst+Ruska" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir" class=""><span>Hesap oluştur</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&returnto=Ernst+Ruska" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Oturum aç</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Kişisel araçlar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kişisel araçlar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Kullanıcı menüsü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&uselang=tr"><span>Bağış yapın</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&returnto=Ernst+Ruska" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hesap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&returnto=Ernst+Ruska" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Oturum aç</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Çıkış yapmış editörler için sayfalar <a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:Giri%C5%9F" aria-label="Değişiklik yapma hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinin"><span>daha fazla bilgi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Katk%C4%B1lar%C4%B1m" title="Bu IP adresinden yapılmış değişiklikler listesi [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Katkılar</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:MesajSayfam" title="Bu IP adresindeki düzenlemeler hakkında tartışma [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Mesaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernst Ruska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 71 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Afrikaanca" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="إرنست روسكا - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرنست روسكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسكا - Mısır Arapçası" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست روسكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Mısır Arapçası" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Аўгуст Руска - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнст Аўгуст Руска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্নস্ট রুস্কা - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্নস্ট রুস্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%95%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئێرنست ڕوسکا - Orta Kürtçe" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرنست ڕوسکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Orta Kürtçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Danca" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ερνστ Ρούσκα - Yunanca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερνστ Ρούσκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - İrlandaca" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="İrlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Galiçyaca" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiçyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Goa Konkanicesi" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa Konkanicesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Hakka Çincesi" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94" title="ארנסט רוסקה - İbranice" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט רוסקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="İbranice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Hırvatça" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hırvatça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_August_Friedrich_Ruska" title="Ernst August Friedrich Ruska - Haiti Kreyolu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ernst August Friedrich Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haiti Kreyolu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էռնստ Ռուսկա - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնստ Ռուսկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB" title="エルンスト・ルスカ - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・ルスカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Август Руска - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрнст Август Руска" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4" title="에른스트 루스카 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 루스카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Kürtçe" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kürtçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_Ruska" title="Ernestus Ruska - Latince" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Ruska" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernsts_Ruska" title="Ernsts Ruska - Letonca" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernsts Ruska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का - Marathi dili" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا - Mazenderanca" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazenderanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का - Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Norveççe Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Oksitan dili" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنسٹ رسکا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارنسٹ رسکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Руска, Эрнст Август - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руска, Эрнст Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - İskoçça" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="İskoçça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Sırp-Hırvat Dili" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Sırp-Hırvat Dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Slovakça" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Slovence" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Svahili dili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="ஏர்ணஸ்ட் ருஸ்கா - Tamilce" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர்ணஸ்ட் ருஸ்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="แอ็นสท์ รุสคา - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอ็นสท์ รุสคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Руска - Tatarca" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эрнст Руска" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنسٹ رسکا - Urduca" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارنسٹ رسکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urduca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Vietnamca" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡 - Wu Çincesi" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska - Yorubaca" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yorubaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillerarası bağlantıları değiştir" class="wbc-editpage">Bağlantıları değiştir</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ad alanları"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="İçerik sayfasını göster [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Madde</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:Ernst_Ruska" rel="discussion" title="İçerik ile ilgili tartışma [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Tartışma</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dil varyantını değiştir" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Türkçe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=history" title="Bu sayfanın geçmiş sürümleri [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Araçlar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Araçlar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Araçlar</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Eylemler </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=history"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Genel </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SayfayaBa%C4%9Flant%C4%B1lar/Ernst_Ruska" title="Bu sayfaya bağlantı vermiş tüm viki sayfalarının listesi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sayfaya bağlantılar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C4%B0lgiliDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler/Ernst_Ruska" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sayfadan bağlantı verilen sayfalardaki son değişiklikler [k]" accesskey="k"><span>İlgili değişiklikler</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C3%96zelSayfalar" title="Tüm özel sayfaların listesi [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Özel sayfalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&oldid=34002695" title="Bu sayfanın bu revizyonuna kalıcı bağlantı"><span>Kalıcı bağlantı</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=info" title="Bu sayfa hakkında daha fazla bilgi"><span>Sayfa bilgisi</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:KaynakG%C3%B6ster&page=Ernst_Ruska&id=34002695&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Bu sayfadan nasıl kaynak göstereceği hakkında bilgi"><span>Bu sayfayı kaynak göster</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_Ruska"><span>Kısaltılmış URL'yi al</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_Ruska"><span>Karekodu indir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Yazdır/dışa aktar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kitap&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ernst+Ruska"><span>Bir kitap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ernst_Ruska&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF olarak indir</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&printable=yes" title="Bu sayfanın basılmaya uygun sürümü [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Basılmaya uygun görünüm</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Diğer projelerde </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ernst_Ruska" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71022" title="Veri havuzundaki ilgili ögeye bağlantı [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikiveri ögesi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Görünüm</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gizle</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28603389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn" style="display:inline"><b>Ernst August Friedrich Ruska</b></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doğum</th><td class="infobox-data">25 Aralık 1906<br /><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alman_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Alman İmparatorluğu">Alman İmparatorluğu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ölüm</th><td class="infobox-data">27 Mayıs 1988 (81 yaşında)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Berlin" title="Batı Berlin">Batı Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya">Almanya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Milliyet</th><td class="infobox-data kategori">Alman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mezun olduğu okul(lar)</th><td class="infobox-data">Berlin Technical University Technical University of Munich</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ödüller</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Lasker_Temel_T%C4%B1p_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Lasker Temel Tıp Araştırmaları Ödülü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Albert Lasker Temel Tıp Araştırmaları Ödülü</a> <small>(1960)</small><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duddell_Madalyas%C4%B1_ve_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duddell Madalyası ve Ödülü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Duddell Madalyası ve Ödülü</a> <small>(1975)</small><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Koch Ödülü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Robert Koch Ödülü</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Altın, 1986)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü">Nobel Fizik Ödülü</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div align="center"></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst August Friedrich Ruska</b> (d. 25 Aralık 1906 - ö. 27 Mayıs 1988), Alman <a href="/wiki/Fizik%C3%A7i" title="Fizikçi">fizikçi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>'de doğmuştur. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnih_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Münih Teknik Üniversitesi">Münih Teknik Üniversitesi</a>'ndeki eğitimi sonrası <i>Technical University of Berlin</i> 'de çalışmalarına devam etmiştir. Elektronların kullanımı ile <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a> birlikteliği sayesinde gelişmiş görüntülerin elde edilmesini sağlamıştır. 1931 yılında <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> lensini imal etmiş ve bu ilk elektron mikroskobunun 1933'te yapımını sağlamıştır. </p><p>Ruska 1937-1955 yılları arasında <i>Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG</i> 'de çalışmıştır. 1955-1972 arasında ise <i>Fritz Haber Institute</i> 'de Elektron Mikroskobi bölümünün başkanlığını yürütmüştür. Ayrıca 1972'deki emekliliğine değin <i>Technical University of Berlin</i> 'de profesör olarak görev yapmıştır. 1986 yılında <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü">Nobel Fizik Ödülü</a>'ne elektron optiğine yaptığı katkılardan dolayı uzanmıştır. Aynı yıl, aynı ödül <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> arasında da paylaştırılmıştır. </p><p>Berlin'de 1988 yılında ölmüştür. </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Fizik_Ödülü_sahipleri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25548259">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Şablon:Nobel Fizik Ödülü"><abbr title="Bu şablonu görüntüle" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">g</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon_tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Şablon tartışma:Nobel Fizik Ödülü"><abbr title="Bu şablonu tartış" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eablon:Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC&action=edit"><abbr title="Bu şablonu değiştir" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Fizik_Ödülü_sahipleri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü">Nobel Fizik Ödülü</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sahipleri_listesi" title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri listesi">sahipleri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901-1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Albert Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun">Ferdinand Braun</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Bragg" title="William Bragg">William Bragg</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkla" title="Charles Barkla">Charles Barkla</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Charles Édouard Guillaume</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" title="Robert A. Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hertz" title="Gustav Hertz">Gustav Hertz</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926-1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="Charles Wilson (fizikçi)">Charles Wilson</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Richardson" title="Owen Richardson">Owen Richardson</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hess" title="Victor Hess">Victor Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="Carl Anderson (fizikçi)">Carl Anderson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Thomson_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="George Thomson (fizikçi)">George Thomson</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bridgman" title="Percy Bridgman">Percy Bridgman</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Appleton</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukava" title="Hideki Yukava">Hideki Yukava</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951-1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Purcell" title="Edward Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Willis Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain">Walter Brattain</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_%C3%87erenkov" title="Pavel Çerenkov">Pavel Çerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lya_Frank" title="İlya Frank">İlya Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0gor_Tamm" title="İgor Tamm">İgor Tamm</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" title="Hans Jensen">Hans Jensen</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prohorov" title="Aleksandr Prohorov">Aleksandr Prohorov</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Shin'ichirō Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Leon Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Robert Schrieffer</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Brian Josephson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Niels Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_R._Mottelson" title="Ben R. Mottelson">Ben R. Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976-2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Anderson" title="Philip Anderson">Philip Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Nevill Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Vleck" title="John Van Vleck">John Van Vleck</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Arno Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson" title="Robert Wilson">Robert Wilson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Abd%C3%BCsselam" title="Muhammed Abdüsselam">Muhammed Abdüsselam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Val Fitch</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">William Fowler</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (1985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Georg Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="Alex Müller">Alex Müller</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Leon Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Norman Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Friedman" title="Jerome Friedman">Jerome Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="Henry Kendall (fizikçi)">Henry Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="Richard Taylor (fizikçi)">Richard Taylor</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Russell Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">Joseph Taylor</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Perl" title="Martin Perl">Martin Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="David Lee (fizikçi)">David Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Douglas Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="Robert Richardson (fizikçi)">Robert Richardson</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips" title="William Phillips">William Phillips</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" title="Robert Laughlin">Robert Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer">Horst Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tsui" title="Daniel Tsui">Daniel Tsui</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" title="Martinus Veltman">Martinus Veltman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jores_Alfyorov" title="Jores Alfyorov">Jores Alfyorov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001-günümüz</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Eric Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis" title="Raymond Davis">Raymond Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Abrikosov" title="Aleksey Abrikosov">Aleksey Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Ginzburg" title="Vitali Ginzburg">Vitali Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">David Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="John Hall (fizikçi)">John Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">John Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">George Smoot</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Makoto Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Charles Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="George Smith (fizikçi)">George Smith</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">David Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">David Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kosterlitz" title="Michael Kosterlitz">Michael Kosterlitz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Jim Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Syukuro Manabe</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Pierre Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taslak simgesi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/22px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/34px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/45px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="4333" /></a></span></td><td><i>Bir <a href="/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya">Alman</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizik%C3%A7i" title="Fizikçi">fizikçi</a> ile ilgili bu madde <a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Taslak_madde" title="Vikipedi:Taslak madde">taslak</a> seviyesindedir. Madde içeriğini <a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit">genişleterek</a> Vikipedi'ye katkı sağlayabilirsiniz.</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71022&#124;class=noprint&#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71022&#124;class=noprint&#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otorite_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Otorite kontrolü">Otorite kontrolü</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71022" title="Bunu Vikiveri'de düzenleyin"><img alt="Bunu Vikiveri'de düzenleyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99030106">99030106</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02934740?l=en">DA02934740</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmle%C5%9Fik_Otorite_Dosyas%C4%B1" title="Tümleşik Otorite Dosyası">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118750437">118750437</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Ad_Tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Ad Tanımlayıcısı">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000116262118">0000 0001 1626 2118</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kongre_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi_Kontrol_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Kongre Kütüphanesi Kontrol Numarası">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81056954">n81056954</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0srail_Ulusal_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="İsrail Ulusal Kütüphanesi">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275687605171">987007275687605171</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_ve_%C3%9Cniversite_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi_(Zagreb)" title="Millî ve Üniversite Kütüphanesi (Zagreb)">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000101140&local_base=nsk10">000101140</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hollanda_Kraliyet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Hollanda Kraliyet Kütüphanesi">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068599315">068599315</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bw05g7">w6bw05g7</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Sanal_Otorite_Dosyas%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Sanal Otorite Dosyası">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40173810">40173810</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> (LCCN): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81-056954">n81-056954</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&oldid=34002695">https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&oldid=34002695</a>" sayfasından alınmıştır</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Kategoriler" title="Özel:Kategoriler">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alman_fizik%C3%A7i_taslaklar%C4%B1" title="Kategori:Alman fizikçi taslakları">Alman fizikçi taslakları</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:1906_do%C4%9Fumlular" title="Kategori:1906 doğumlular">1906 doğumlular</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Heidelberg_do%C4%9Fumlular" title="Kategori:Heidelberg doğumlular">Heidelberg doğumlular</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:1988_y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda_%C3%B6lenler" title="Kategori:1988 yılında ölenler">1988 yılında ölenler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alman_fizik%C3%A7iler" title="Kategori:Alman fizikçiler">Alman fizikçiler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:M%C3%BCnih_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesinde_%C3%B6%C4%9Frenim_g%C3%B6renler" title="Kategori:Münih Teknik Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler">Münih Teknik Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sahipleri" title="Kategori:Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri">Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Berlin%27de_%C3%B6lenler" title="Kategori:Berlin'de ölenler">Berlin'de ölenler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alman_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sahipleri" title="Kategori:Alman Nobel Ödülü sahipleri">Alman Nobel Ödülü sahipleri</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Gizli kategoriler: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e_Vikipedi_ve_Vikiveride_resmi_olmayan_maddeler" title="Kategori:Türkçe Vikipedi ve Vikiveride resmi olmayan maddeler">Türkçe Vikipedi ve Vikiveride resmi olmayan maddeler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:T%C3%BCm_taslak_maddeler" title="Kategori:Tüm taslak maddeler">Tüm taslak maddeler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:BIBSYS_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:BIBSYS tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">BIBSYS tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CINII_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:CINII tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">CINII tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:GND_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:ISNI_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:ISNI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">ISNI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:LCCN_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:LCCN tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">LCCN tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:NLI_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:NLI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">NLI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:NSK_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:NSK tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">NSK tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:NTA_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:NTA tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">NTA tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:SNAC-ID_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:SNAC-ID tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">SNAC-ID tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:VIAF_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:VIAF tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">VIAF tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:WorldCat-LCCN_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_i%C3%A7eren_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:WorldCat-LCCN tanımlayıcısı içeren Vikipedi maddeleri">WorldCat-LCCN tanımlayıcısı içeren Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sayfa en son 07.28, 16 Ekim 2024 tarihinde değiştirildi.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Metin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.tr">Creative Commons Atıf-AynıLisanslaPaylaş Lisansı</a> altındadır ve ek koşullar uygulanabilir. Bu siteyi kullanarak <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/tr">Kullanım Şartlarını</a> ve <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/tr">Gizlilik Politikasını</a> kabul etmiş olursunuz.<br />Vikipedi® (ve Wikipedia®) kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluş olan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a> tescilli markasıdır.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Gizlilik politikası</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Hakk%C4%B1nda">Vikipedi hakkında</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Genel_sorumluluk_reddi">Sorumluluk reddi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Davranış Kuralları</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Geliştiriciler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/tr.wikipedia.org">İstatistikler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Çerez politikası</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//tr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobil görünüm</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tfx7h","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.227","walltime":"0.331","ppvisitednodes":{"value":879,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":38807,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":701,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1770,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 268.180 1 -total"," 61.32% 164.447 1 Şablon:Kişi_bilgi_kutusu"," 57.95% 155.403 1 Şablon:Bilgi_kutusu"," 19.09% 51.184 1 Şablon:Nobel_Fizik_Ödülü"," 17.77% 47.669 1 Şablon:Dolaşım"," 13.59% 36.438 1 Şablon:Otorite_kontrolü"," 11.94% 32.008 5 Şablon:Br_ile_ayrılmış_maddeler"," 5.89% 15.784 1 Şablon:Alman-fizikçi-taslak"," 4.62% 12.395 1 Şablon:Mtkutusu"," 4.05% 10.868 1 Şablon:Ölüm_tarihi_ve_yaşı"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.127","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2943741,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7c479b968-snc8f","timestamp":"20241117074227","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ernst Ruska","url":"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Ruska","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71022","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71022","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia projelerine katk\u0131da bulunanlar"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-05-29T10:45:00Z"}</script> </body> </html>