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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copenhagen_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copenhagen_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Copenhagen interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copenhagen_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Many_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Many_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Many worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Many_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_information_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_information_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Quantum information theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_information_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relational_quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relational_quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Relational quantum mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-QBism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QBism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>QBism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QBism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistent_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistent_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Consistent histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistent_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ensemble_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ensemble_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Ensemble interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ensemble_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Broglie–Bohm_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Broglie–Bohm_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>De Broglie–Bohm theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Broglie–Bohm_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transactional_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transactional_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Transactional interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transactional_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Von_Neumann–Wigner_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Von_Neumann–Wigner_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Von_Neumann–Wigner_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Quantum logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modal_interpretations_of_quantum_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal_interpretations_of_quantum_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Modal interpretations of quantum theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal_interpretations_of_quantum_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time-symmetric_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-symmetric_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Time-symmetric theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-symmetric_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Other interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quantum_Darwinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_Darwinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Quantum Darwinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_Darwinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objective-collapse_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objective-collapse_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Objective-collapse theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objective-collapse_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_silent_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_silent_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The silent approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_silent_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretacions_de_la_mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Interpretacions de la mecànica quàntica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Interpretacions de la mecànica quàntica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretace_kvantov%C3%A9_mechaniky" title="Interpretace kvantové mechaniky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Interpretace kvantové mechaniky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretationen_der_Quantenmechanik" title="Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretaciones_de_la_mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Interpretaciones de la mecánica cuántica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interpretaciones de la mecánica cuántica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تفسیرهای مکانیک کوانتومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تفسیرهای مکانیک کوانتومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpr%C3%A9tation_de_la_m%C3%A9canique_quantique" title="Interprétation de la mécanique quantique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interprétation de la mécanique quantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9D" title="양자역학의 해석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양자역학의 해석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretasi_atas_mekanika_kuantum" title="Interpretasi atas mekanika kuantum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Interpretasi atas mekanika kuantum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretazione_della_meccanica_quantistica" title="Interpretazione della meccanica quantistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interpretazione della meccanica quantistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Квант механикийн тайлбар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Квант механикийн тайлбар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatie_van_de_kwantummechanica" title="Interpretatie van de kwantummechanica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Interpretatie van de kwantummechanica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਆਖਿਆਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਆਖਿਆਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreta%C3%A7%C3%B5es_da_mec%C3%A2nica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Interpretações da mecânica quântica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interpretações da mecânica quântica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpret%C4%83rile_mecanicii_cuantice" title="Interpretările mecanicii cuantice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Interpretările mecanicii cuantice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Интерпретация квантовой механики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интерпретация квантовой механики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkningar_av_kvantmekaniken" title="Tolkningar av kvantmekaniken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tolkningar av kvantmekaniken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantum_mekani%C4%9Finin_yorumlar%C4%B1" title="Kuantum mekaniğinin yorumları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuantum mekaniğinin yorumları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="量子力學詮釋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="量子力學詮釋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q899137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist nowraplinks" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1799e4a910c7d26396922a20ef5ceec25ca1871c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.882ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist nowrap" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Old quantum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">Bra–ket notation</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">Interference</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">Complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Decoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Entanglement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">Energy level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">Nonlocality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">Quantum number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">Superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">Tunnelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">Wave function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">Collapse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Experiments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_test" title="Bell test">Bell's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHSH_inequality" title="CHSH inequality">CHSH inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">Davisson–Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">Double-slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester" title="Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester">Elitzur–Vaidman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Hertz_experiment" title="Franck–Hertz experiment">Franck–Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggett_inequality" title="Leggett inequality">Leggett inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggett%E2%80%93Garg_inequality" title="Leggett–Garg inequality">Leggett–Garg inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder_interferometer" title="Mach–Zehnder interferometer">Mach–Zehnder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment" title="Popper's experiment">Popper</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_eraser_experiment" title="Quantum eraser experiment">Quantum eraser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">Delayed-choice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment" title="Stern–Gerlach experiment">Stern–Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment" title="Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment">Wheeler's delayed-choice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">Overview</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_picture" title="Heisenberg picture">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_picture" title="Interaction picture">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-space_formulation" title="Phase-space formulation">Phase-space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_picture" title="Schrödinger picture">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Sum-over-histories (path integral)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_equation" title="Pauli equation">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_formula" title="Rydberg formula">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interpretations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">Bayesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">Hidden-variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Local hidden-variable theory">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdeterminism" title="Superdeterminism">Superdeterminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective-collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Advanced topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">Relativistic quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen_paradox" title="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">Density matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">Scattering theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" title="Quantum statistical mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Aharonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Ehrenfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Everett_III" title="Hugh Everett III">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fock" title="Vladimir Fock">Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gutzwiller" title="Martin Gutzwiller">Gutzwiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kramers" title="Hans Kramers">Kramers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Simmons" title="Michelle Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>interpretation of quantum mechanics</b> is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> might correspond to experienced <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>. Quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments. However, there exist a number of contending schools of thought over their interpretation. These views on interpretation differ on such fundamental questions as whether quantum mechanics is <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">deterministic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_locality" title="Principle of locality">local</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">non-local</a>, which elements of quantum mechanics can be considered real, and what the nature of <a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">measurement</a> is, among other matters. </p><p>While some variation of the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a> is commonly presented in textbooks, many other interpretations have been developed. Despite nearly a century of debate and experiment, no consensus has been reached among physicists and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">philosophers of physics</a> concerning which interpretation best "represents" reality.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:444px;max-width:444px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCCCFF">Influential figures in the interpretation of quantum mechanics</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg/150px-Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg/225px-Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Born.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Max_Born.jpg/147px-Max_Born.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Max_Born.jpg/221px-Max_Born.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Max_Born.jpg/294px-Max_Born.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1303" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/135px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/203px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/270px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wave function</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">matrix mechanics</a></i>, progressed through many stages. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's <a href="/wiki/Probability_density_function" title="Probability density function">probability density</a> distributed across space;<sup id="cite_ref-jammer1974_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jammer1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–33">: 24–33 </span></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Born_rule" title="Born rule">Born rule</a>, as it is now called, matched experiment, whereas Schrödinger's charge density view did not. </p><p>The views of several early pioneers of quantum mechanics, such as <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, are often grouped together as the "<a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a>", though physicists and historians of physics have argued that this terminology obscures differences between the views so designated.<sup id="cite_ref-jammer1974_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jammer1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copenhagen-type ideas were never universally embraced, and challenges to a perceived Copenhagen orthodoxy gained increasing attention in the 1950s with the <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">pilot-wave interpretation</a> of <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">many-worlds interpretation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Everett_III" title="Hugh Everett III">Hugh Everett III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jammer1974_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jammer1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tipler1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipler1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physicist <a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">N. David Mermin</a> once quipped, "New interpretations appear every year. None ever disappear."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a rough guide to development of the mainstream view during the 1990s and 2000s, a "snapshot" of opinions was collected in a poll by Schlosshauer et al. at the "Quantum Physics and the Nature of Reality" conference of July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors reference a similarly informal poll carried out by <a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a> at the "Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory" conference in August 1997. The main conclusion of the authors is that "the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a> still reigns supreme", receiving the most votes in their poll (42%), besides the rise to mainstream notability of the many-worlds interpretations: "The Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme here, especially if we lump it together with intellectual offsprings such as <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">information-based interpretations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Bayesian">quantum Bayesian</a> interpretation. In Tegmark's poll, the Everett interpretation received 17% of the vote, which is similar to the number of votes (18%) in our poll." </p><p>Some concepts originating from studies of interpretations have found more practical application in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">quantum information science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature">Nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Interpretations of quantum mechanics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22">"Interpretations of quantum mechanics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>More or less, all interpretations of quantum mechanics share two qualities: </p> <ol><li>They interpret a <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">formalism</a></i>—a set of equations and principles to generate predictions via input of initial conditions</li> <li>They interpret a <i><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a></i>—a set of observations, including those obtained by empirical research and those obtained informally, such as humans' experience of an unequivocal world</li></ol> <p>Two qualities vary among interpretations: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a>—claims about the possibility, scope, and means toward relevant <i>knowledge</i> of the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a>—claims about what things, such as categories and entities, <i>exist</i> in the world</li></ol> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, the distinction between knowledge and reality is termed <i><a href="/wiki/Epistemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemic">epistemic</a></i> versus <i><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">ontic</a></i>. A general law can be seen as a generalisation of the <i>regularity</i> of outcomes (epistemic), whereas a causal mechanism may be thought of as determining or <i>regulating</i> outcomes (ontic). A <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a> can be interpreted either as ontic or as epistemic. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> may be attributed to limitations of human observation and perception (epistemic), or may be explained as intrinsic physical randomness (ontic). Confusing the epistemic with the ontic—if for example one were to presume that a general law actually "governs" outcomes, and that the statement of a regularity has the role of a causal mechanism—is a <a href="/wiki/Category_mistake" title="Category mistake">category mistake</a>. </p><p>In a broad sense, scientific theory can be viewed as offering an approximately true description or explanation of the natural world (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">scientific realism</a>) or as providing nothing more than an account of our knowledge of the natural world (<a href="/wiki/Antirealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antirealism">antirealism</a>). A realist stance sees the epistemic as giving us a window onto the ontic, whereas an antirealist stance sees the epistemic as providing only a logically consistent picture of the ontic. In the first half of the 20th Century, a key antirealist philosophy was <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, which sought to exclude unobservable aspects of reality from scientific theory. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="shutup"></span>Since the 1950s antirealism has adopted a more modest approach, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instrumentalism</a>, permitting talk of unobservables but ultimately discarding the very question of realism and positing scientific theory as a tool to help us make predictions, not to attain a deep <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> understanding of the world. The instrumentalist view is typified by <a href="/wiki/David_Mermin" class="mw-redirect" title="David Mermin">David Mermin</a>'s famous slogan: "Shut up and calculate" (which is often misattributed to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretive_challenges">Interpretive challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interpretive challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Interpretations of quantum mechanics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22">"Interpretations of quantum mechanics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Abstract, mathematical nature of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum field theories">quantum field theories</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">mathematical structure of quantum mechanics</a> is abstract and does not result in a single, clear interpretation of its quantities.</li> <li>Apparent <a href="/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy" title="Quantum indeterminacy">indeterministic</a> and irreversible processes: in <a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">classical field theory</a>, a physical property at a given location in the field is readily derived. In most mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics, measurement (understood as an interaction with a given state) has a special role in the theory, as it is the sole process that can cause a nonunitary, irreversible evolution of the state.</li> <li>Role of the <a href="/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics)" title="Observer (quantum physics)">observer</a> in determining outcomes. Copenhagen-type interpretations imply that the wavefunction is a calculational tool, and represents reality only immediately after a measurement performed by an observer. <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Everettian interpretations</a> grant that all possible outcomes are real, and that measurement-type interactions cause a branching process in which each possibility is realised.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Classically unexpected correlations</a> between remote objects: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entangled quantum systems</a>, as illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a>, obey statistics that seem to violate <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_locality" title="Principle of locality">principles of local causality</a> by <a href="/wiki/Action_at_a_distance" title="Action at a distance">action at a distance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Complementarity of proffered descriptions: <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">complementarity</a> holds that no set of classical physical concepts can simultaneously refer to all properties of a quantum system. For instance, wave description <i>A</i> and particulate description <i>B</i> can each describe quantum system <i>S</i>, but not simultaneously. This implies the composition of physical properties of <i>S</i> does not obey the rules of classical <a href="/wiki/Propositional_calculus" title="Propositional calculus">propositional logic</a> when using <a href="/wiki/Logical_connective" title="Logical connective">propositional connectives</a> (see "<a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a>"). Like contextuality, the "origin of complementarity lies in the <a href="/wiki/Non-commutativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commutativity">non-commutativity</a> of operators" that describe quantum objects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rapidly rising intricacy, far exceeding humans' present calculational capacity, as a system's size increases: since the state space of a quantum system is exponential in the number of subsystems, it is difficult to derive classical approximations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_contextuality" title="Quantum contextuality">Contextual</a> behaviour of systems locally: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_contextuality" title="Quantum contextuality">Quantum contextuality</a> demonstrates that classical intuitions, in which properties of a system hold definite values independent of the manner of their measurement, fail even for local systems. Also, physical principles such as <a href="/wiki/Identity_of_indiscernibles" title="Identity of indiscernibles">Leibniz's Principle of the identity of indiscernibles</a> no longer apply in the quantum domain, signaling that most classical intuitions may be incorrect about the quantum world.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influential_interpretations">Influential interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influential interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copenhagen_interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copenhagen interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a> is a collection of views about the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> principally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>. It is one of the oldest attitudes towards quantum mechanics, as features of it date to the development of quantum mechanics during 1925–1927, and it remains one of the most commonly taught.<sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqui2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqui2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no definitive historical statement of what is <i>the</i> Copenhagen interpretation, and there were in particular fundamental disagreements between the views of Bohr and Heisenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-Faye-Stanford_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faye-Stanford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-camilleri2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camilleri2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Heisenberg emphasized a sharp "cut" between the observer (or the instrument) and the system being observed,<sup id="cite_ref-PauliEinstein_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PauliEinstein-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> while Bohr offered an interpretation that is independent of a subjective observer or measurement or collapse, which relies on an "irreversible" or effectively irreversible process that imparts the classical behavior of "observation" or "measurement".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Features common to Copenhagen-type interpretations include the idea that quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic, with probabilities calculated using the <a href="/wiki/Born_rule" title="Born rule">Born rule</a>, and the principle of <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">complementarity</a>, which states certain pairs of complementary properties cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. Moreover, properties only result from the act of "observing" or "measuring"; the theory avoids assuming <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_definiteness" title="Counterfactual definiteness"> definite values from unperformed experiments</a>. Copenhagen-type interpretations hold that quantum descriptions are objective, in that they are independent of physicists' mental arbitrariness.<sup id="cite_ref-omnes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omnes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–90">: 85–90 </span></sup> The statistical interpretation of wavefunctions due to Max Born differs sharply from Schrödinger's original intent, which was to have a theory with continuous time evolution and in which wavefunctions directly described physical reality.<sup id="cite_ref-jammer1974_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jammer1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–33">: 24–33 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Many_worlds">Many worlds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Many worlds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">many-worlds interpretation</a> is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which a <a href="/wiki/Universal_wavefunction" title="Universal wavefunction">universal wavefunction</a> obeys the same deterministic, <a href="/wiki/CPT_symmetry" title="CPT symmetry">reversible</a> laws at all times; in particular there is no (indeterministic and <a href="/wiki/Irreversibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreversibility">irreversible</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction collapse">wavefunction collapse</a> associated with measurement. The phenomena associated with measurement are claimed to be explained by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">decoherence</a>, which occurs when states interact with the environment. More precisely, the parts of the wavefunction describing observers become increasingly <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entangled</a> with the parts of the wavefunction describing their experiments. Although all possible outcomes of experiments continue to lie in the wavefunction's support, the times at which they become correlated with observers effectively "split" the universe into mutually unobservable <a href="/wiki/Alternate_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate histories">alternate histories</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_information_theories">Quantum information theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quantum information theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum informational</a> approaches<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have attracted growing support.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They subdivide into two kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-Timpson_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timpson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Information ontologies, such as J. A. Wheeler's "<a href="/wiki/It_from_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="It from bit">it from bit</a>". These approaches have been described as a revival of <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">immaterialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timpson_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timpson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Interpretations where quantum mechanics is said to describe an observer's knowledge of the world, rather than the world itself. This approach has some similarity with Bohr's thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collapse (also known as reduction) is often interpreted as an observer acquiring information from a measurement, rather than as an objective event. These approaches have been appraised as similar to <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instrumentalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Hartle" title="James Hartle">James Hartle</a> writes,</li></ul> <blockquote> <p>The state is not an objective property of an individual system but is that information, obtained from a knowledge of how a system was prepared, which can be used for making predictions about future measurements. ... A quantum mechanical state being a summary of the observer's information about an individual physical system changes both by dynamical laws, and whenever the observer acquires new information about the system through the process of measurement. The existence of two laws for the evolution of the state vector ... becomes problematical only if it is believed that the state vector is an objective property of the system ... The "reduction of the wavepacket" does take place in the consciousness of the observer, not because of any unique physical process which takes place there, but only because the state is a construct of the observer and not an objective property of the physical system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relational_quantum_mechanics">Relational quantum mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relational quantum mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational quantum mechanics</a></div> <p>The essential idea behind <a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">relational quantum mechanics</a>, following the precedent of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, is that different observers may give different accounts of the same series of events: for example, to one observer at a given point in time, a system may be in a single, "collapsed" <a href="/wiki/Eigenstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenstate">eigenstate</a>, while to another observer at the same time, it may be in a superposition of two or more states. Consequently, if quantum mechanics is to be a complete theory, relational quantum mechanics argues that the notion of "state" describes not the observed system itself, but the relationship, or correlation, between the system and its observer(s). The <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum state vector">state vector</a> of conventional quantum mechanics becomes a description of the correlation of some <i>degrees of freedom</i> in the observer, with respect to the observed system. However, it is held by relational quantum mechanics that this applies to all physical objects, whether or not they are conscious or macroscopic. Any "measurement event" is seen simply as an ordinary physical interaction, an establishment of the sort of correlation discussed above. Thus the physical content of the theory has to do not with objects themselves, but the relations between them.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QBism">QBism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: QBism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">Quantum Bayesianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/QBism" class="mw-redirect" title="QBism">QBism</a>, which originally stood for "quantum Bayesianism", is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central concerns of the theory. This interpretation is distinguished by its use of a <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability#Dutch_book_approach" title="Bayesian probability">subjective Bayesian</a> account of probabilities to understand the quantum mechanical <a href="/wiki/Born_rule" title="Born rule">Born rule</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> addition to good decision-making. QBism draws from the fields of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">quantum information</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian probability</a> and aims to eliminate the interpretational conundrums that have beset quantum theory. </p><p>QBism deals with common questions in the interpretation of quantum theory about the nature of <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">superposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measurement_problem" title="Measurement problem">quantum measurement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entanglement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to QBism, many, but not all, aspects of the quantum formalism are subjective in nature. For example, in this interpretation, a quantum state is not an element of reality—instead it represents the <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree of belief">degrees of belief</a> an agent has about the possible outcomes of measurements. For this reason, some <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophers of science</a> have deemed QBism a form of <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">anti-realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The originators of the interpretation disagree with this characterization, proposing instead that the theory more properly aligns with a kind of realism they call "participatory realism", wherein reality consists of <i>more</i> than can be captured by any putative third-person account of it.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistent_histories">Consistent histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consistent histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">consistent histories</a> interpretation generalizes the conventional Copenhagen interpretation and attempts to provide a natural interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">quantum cosmology</a>. The theory is based on a consistency criterion that allows the history of a system to be described so that the probabilities for each history obey the additive rules of classical probability. It is claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Consistent" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistent">consistent</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a>. </p><p>According to this interpretation, the purpose of a quantum-mechanical theory is to predict the relative probabilities of various alternative histories (for example, of a particle). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ensemble_interpretation">Ensemble interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ensemble interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble interpretation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">ensemble interpretation</a>, also called the statistical interpretation, can be viewed as a minimalist interpretation. That is, it claims to make the fewest assumptions associated with the standard mathematics. It takes the statistical interpretation of Born to the fullest extent. The interpretation states that the wave function does not apply to an individual system – for example, a single particle – but is an abstract statistical quantity that only applies to an ensemble (a vast multitude) of similarly prepared systems or particles. In the words of Einstein: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The attempt to conceive the quantum-theoretical description as the complete description of the individual systems leads to unnatural theoretical interpretations, which become immediately unnecessary if one accepts the interpretation that the description refers to ensembles of systems and not to individual systems.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Einstein in <i>Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist</i>, ed. P.A. Schilpp (Harper & Row, New York)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The most prominent current advocate of the ensemble interpretation is Leslie E. Ballentine, professor at <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a>, author of the text book <i>Quantum Mechanics, A Modern Development</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_Broglie–Bohm_theory"><span id="De_Broglie.E2.80.93Bohm_theory"></span>De Broglie–Bohm theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: De Broglie–Bohm theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">De Broglie–Bohm theory</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm theory</a> of quantum mechanics (also known as the pilot wave theory) is a theory by <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> and extended later by <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a> to include measurements. Particles, which always have positions, are guided by the wavefunction. The wavefunction evolves according to the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_wave_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Schrödinger wave equation">Schrödinger wave equation</a>, and the wavefunction never collapses. The theory takes place in a single spacetime, is <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_locality" title="Principle of locality">non-local</a>, and is deterministic. The simultaneous determination of a particle's position and velocity is subject to the usual <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a> constraint. The theory is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">hidden-variable theory</a>, and by embracing non-locality it satisfies <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell's inequality">Bell's inequality</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Measurement_problem" title="Measurement problem">measurement problem</a> is resolved, since the particles have definite positions at all times.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collapse is explained as <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(physics)" title="Phenomenology (physics)">phenomenological</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CushingFine2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CushingFine2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transactional_interpretation">Transactional interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transactional interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional interpretation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">transactional interpretation</a> of quantum mechanics (TIQM) by <a href="/wiki/John_G._Cramer" title="John G. Cramer">John G. Cramer</a> is an interpretation of quantum mechanics inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Feynman_absorber_theory" title="Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory">Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes the collapse of the wave function as resulting from a time-symmetric transaction between a possibility wave from the source to the receiver (the wave function) and a possibility wave from the receiver to source (the complex conjugate of the wave function). This interpretation of quantum mechanics is unique in that it not only views the wave function as a real entity, but the complex conjugate of the wave function, which appears in the Born rule for calculating the expected value for an observable, as also real. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Von_Neumann–Wigner_interpretation"><span id="Von_Neumann.E2.80.93Wigner_interpretation"></span>Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation</a></div> <p>In his treatise <i>The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> deeply analyzed the so-called <a href="/wiki/Measurement_problem" title="Measurement problem">measurement problem</a>. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the Schrödinger equation (the universal wave function). He also described how measurement could cause a collapse of the wave function.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This point of view was prominently expanded on by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a>, who argued that human experimenter consciousness (or maybe even dog consciousness) was critical for the collapse, but he later abandoned this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schreiber_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreiber-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, consciousness remains a mystery. The origin and place in nature of consciousness are not well understood. Some specific proposals for consciousness caused wave-function collapse have been shown to be unfalsifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_logic">Quantum logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quantum logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a> can be regarded as a kind of propositional logic suitable for understanding the apparent anomalies regarding quantum measurement, most notably those concerning composition of measurement operations of complementary variables. This research area and its name originated in the 1936 paper by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Birkhoff" title="Garrett Birkhoff">Garrett Birkhoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, who attempted to reconcile some of the apparent inconsistencies of classical Boolean logic with the facts related to measurement and observation in quantum mechanics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modal_interpretations_of_quantum_theory">Modal interpretations of quantum theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modal interpretations of quantum theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modal interpretations of quantum mechanics were first conceived of in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a>, in his paper "A formal approach to the philosophy of science". Van Fraassen introduced a distinction between a <i>dynamical</i> state, which describes what might be true about a system and which always evolves according to the Schrödinger equation, and a <i>value</i> state, which indicates what is actually true about a system at a given time. The term "modal interpretation" now is used to describe a larger set of models that grew out of this approach. The <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> describes several versions, including proposals by <a href="/wiki/Simon_B._Kochen" title="Simon B. Kochen">Kochen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Dieks" title="Dennis Dieks">Dieks</a>, Clifton, Dickson, and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bub" title="Jeffrey Bub">Bub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Bitbol" title="Michel Bitbol">Michel Bitbol</a>, Schrödinger's views on how to interpret quantum mechanics progressed through as many as four stages, ending with a non-collapse view that in respects resembles the interpretations of Everett and van Fraassen. Because Schrödinger subscribed to a kind of post-<a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Machian</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">neutral monism</a>, in which "matter" and "mind" are only different aspects or arrangements of the same common elements, treating the wavefunction as ontic and treating it as epistemic became interchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time-symmetric_theories">Time-symmetric theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Time-symmetric theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Time-symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics were first suggested by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schottky" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Schottky">Walter Schottky</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several theories have been proposed that modify the equations of quantum mechanics to be symmetric with respect to time reversal.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Feynman_absorber_theory" title="Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory">Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory</a>.) This creates <a href="/wiki/Retrocausality" title="Retrocausality">retrocausality</a>: events in the future can affect ones in the past, exactly as events in the past can affect ones in the future. In these theories, a single measurement cannot fully determine the state of a system (making them a type of <a href="/wiki/Hidden-variables_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden-variables theory">hidden-variables theory</a>), but given two measurements performed at different times, it is possible to calculate the exact state of the system at all intermediate times. The collapse of the wavefunction is therefore not a physical change to the system, just a change in our knowledge of it due to the second measurement. Similarly, they explain entanglement as not being a true physical state but just an illusion created by ignoring retrocausality. The point where two particles appear to "become entangled" is simply a point where each particle is being influenced by events that occur to the other particle in the future. </p><p>Not all advocates of time-symmetric causality favour modifying the unitary dynamics of standard quantum mechanics. Thus a leading exponent of the two-state vector formalism, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Vaidman" title="Lev Vaidman">Lev Vaidman</a>, states that the two-state vector formalism dovetails well with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Everett" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Everett">Hugh Everett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">many-worlds interpretation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interpretations">Other interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minority_interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Minority interpretations of quantum mechanics">Minority interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></div> <p>As well as the mainstream interpretations discussed above, a number of other interpretations have been proposed that have not made a significant scientific impact for whatever reason. These range from proposals by mainstream physicists to the more <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">quantum mysticism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some ideas are discussed in the context of interpreting quantum mechanics but are not necessarily regarded as interpretations themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_Darwinism">Quantum Darwinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Quantum Darwinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Darwinism" title="Quantum Darwinism">Quantum Darwinism</a></div> <p>Quantum Darwinism is a theory meant to explain the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">classical world</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum world</a> as due to a process of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> induced by the environment interacting with the quantum system; where the many possible <a href="/wiki/Quantum_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum states">quantum states</a> are selected against in favor of a stable <a href="/wiki/Pointer_state" title="Pointer state">pointer state</a>. It was proposed in 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Zurek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wojciech Zurek">Wojciech Zurek</a> and a group of collaborators including Ollivier, Poulin, Paz and Blume-Kohout. The development of the theory is due to the integration of a number of Zurek's research topics pursued over the course of twenty-five years including <a href="/wiki/Pointer_state" title="Pointer state">pointer states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einselection" title="Einselection">einselection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decoherence" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoherence">decoherence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective-collapse_theories">Objective-collapse theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Objective-collapse theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective-collapse theory</a></div> <p>Objective-collapse theories differ from the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a> by regarding both the wave function and the process of collapse as ontologically objective (meaning these exist and occur independent of the observer). In objective theories, collapse occurs either randomly ("spontaneous localization") or when some physical threshold is reached, with observers having no special role. Thus, objective-collapse theories are realistic, indeterministic, no-hidden-variables theories. Standard quantum mechanics does not specify any mechanism of collapse; quantum mechanics would need to be extended if objective collapse is correct. The requirement for an extension means that objective-collapse theories are alternatives to quantum mechanics rather than interpretations of it. Examples include </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Ghirardi%E2%80%93Rimini%E2%80%93Weber_theory" title="Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory">Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_spontaneous_localization_model" title="Continuous spontaneous localization model">continuous spontaneous localization model</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Penrose_interpretation" title="Penrose interpretation">Penrose interpretation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common interpretations are summarized in the table below. The values shown in the cells of the table are not without controversy, for the precise meanings of some of the concepts involved are unclear and, in fact, are themselves at the center of the controversy surrounding the given interpretation. For another table comparing interpretations of quantum theory, see reference.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No experimental evidence exists that distinguishes among these interpretations. To that extent, the physical theory stands, and is consistent with itself and with reality; difficulties arise only when one attempts to "interpret" the theory. Nevertheless, designing experiments that would test the various interpretations is the subject of active research. </p><p>Most of these interpretations have variants. For example, it is difficult to get a precise definition of the Copenhagen interpretation as it was developed and argued by many people. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Interpretation </th> <th>Year published </th> <th>Author(s) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Deterministic</a>? </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wave_function#Ontology" title="Wave function">Ontic wavefunction</a>? </th> <th>Unique <br />history? </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">Hidden <br />variables</a>? </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wavefunction_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction collapse">Collapsing <br />wavefunctions</a>? </th> <th>Observer <br />role? </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_locality" title="Principle of locality">Local <br />dynamics</a>? </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_definiteness" title="Counterfactual definiteness">Counterfactually <br />definite</a>? </th> <th>Extant <br /><a href="/wiki/Universal_wavefunction" title="Universal wavefunction">universal <br />wavefunction</a>? </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble interpretation</a> </td> <td>1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Agnostic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Agnostic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a> </td> <td>1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-Heisenberg-observer-reality_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heisenberg-observer-reality-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">De Broglie–Bohm theory</a> </td> <td>1927–<br />1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Phenomenological </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a> </td> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Birkhoff" title="Garrett Birkhoff">Garrett Birkhoff</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Agnostic </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Agnostic </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Interpretational<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Agnostic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Time-<br />symmetric theories </td> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satosi_Watanabe" title="Satosi Watanabe">Satosi Watanabe</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Everett" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Everett">Hugh Everett</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Ill-posed </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Consciousness causes collapse</a> </td> <td>1961–<br />1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stapp" title="Henry Stapp">Henry Stapp</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Causal </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Many-minds_interpretation" title="Many-minds interpretation">Many-minds interpretation</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H._Dieter_Zeh" title="H. Dieter Zeh">H. Dieter Zeh</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Interpretational<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Ill-posed </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Griffiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Griffiths">Robert B. Griffiths</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional interpretation</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_G._Cramer" title="John G. Cramer">John G. Cramer</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective-collapse theories</a> </td> <td>1986–<br />1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Ghirardi" title="Giancarlo Ghirardi">Giancarlo Ghirardi</a>, Alberto Rimini, Tullio Weber, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational interpretation</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rovelli" title="Carlo Rovelli">Carlo Rovelli</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Agnostic<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Intrinsic<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Possibly<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">QBism</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Christopher Fuchs, Rüdiger Schack </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Agnostic<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Intrinsic<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both particle <small>AND</small> guiding wavefunction are real.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unique particle history, but multiple wave histories.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But quantum logic is more limited in applicability than Coherent Histories.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quantum mechanics is regarded as a way of predicting observations, or a theory of measurement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Observers separate the universal wavefunction into orthogonal sets of experiences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the consistent histories interpretation the collapse is a legitimate calculational procedure when describing the preparation of a quantum system, but it amounts to nothing more than a convenient way of calculating conditional probabilities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the consistent histories interpretation, observers are necessary to select a specific family of consistent histories (i.e., a framework), thus enabling the calculation of probabilities of physical events. Observers, however, play a purely passive role, similar to a photographer choosing a particular framing when taking a picture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the TI the collapse of the state vector is interpreted as the completion of the transaction between emitter and absorber.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The transactional interpretation is explicitly non-local.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparing histories between systems in this interpretation has no well-defined meaning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Any physical interaction is treated as a collapse event relative to the systems involved, not just macroscopic or conscious observers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The state of the system is observer-dependent, i.e., the state is specific to the reference frame of the observer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The interpretation was originally presented as local,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but whether locality is well-posed in RQM has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A wavefunction merely encodes an agent’s expectations for future experiences. It is no more real than a probability distribution is in <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability#Dutch_book_approach" title="Bayesian probability">subjective Bayesianism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quantum theory is a tool any agent may use to help manage their expectations. The past comes into play only insofar as an agent’s individual experiences and temperament influence their priors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although QBism would eschew this terminology. A change in the wavefunction that an agent ascribes to a system as a result of having an experience represents a change in his or her beliefs about further experiences they may have. See <a href="/wiki/Doxastic_logic" title="Doxastic logic">Doxastic logic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Observers, or more properly, participants, are as essential to the formalism as the systems they interact with.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_silent_approach">The silent approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The silent approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although interpretational opinions are openly and widely discussed today, that was not always the case. A notable exponent of a tendency of silence was <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> who once wrote: "The interpretation of quantum mechanics has been dealt with by many authors, and I do not want to discuss it here. I want to deal with more fundamental things."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position is not uncommon among practitioners of quantum mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-QOE_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QOE-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> wrote many popularizations of quantum mechanics without ever publishing about interpretation issues like quantum measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like <a href="/wiki/Nico_van_Kampen" title="Nico van Kampen">Nico van Kampen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Willis Lamb</a>, have openly criticized non-orthodox interpretations of quantum mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_thought_experiments" title="Einstein's thought experiments">Einstein's thought experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_quantum_philosophy" title="Glossary of quantum philosophy">Glossary of quantum philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Local hidden-variable theory">Local hidden-variable theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_interpretation_of_classical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical interpretation of classical physics">Philosophical interpretation of classical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment" title="Popper's experiment">Popper's experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdeterminism" title="Superdeterminism">Superdeterminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_foundations" title="Quantum foundations">Quantum foundations</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Murray Gell-Mann – Quantum Mechanics Interpretations – Feynman Sum over Histories – EPR Bertlemann's <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-OFP5tNtMY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-OFP5tNtMY</a> Richard P Feynman: Quantum Mechanical View of Reality 1 (Part 1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72us6pnbEvE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72us6pnbEvE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchlosshauerKoflerZeilinger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; Zeilinger, Anton (2013-08-01). "A snapshot of foundational attitudes toward quantum mechanics". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 222–230. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1069">1301.1069</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SHPMP..44..222S">2013SHPMP..44..222S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004">10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-2198">1355-2198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55537196">55537196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=A+snapshot+of+foundational+attitudes+toward+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-230&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55537196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SHPMP..44..222S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.1069&rft.issn=1355-2198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004&rft.aulast=Schlosshauer&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Kofler%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Zeilinger%2C+Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jammer1974-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jammer1974_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jammer1974_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jammer1974_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jammer1974_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJammer1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jammer" title="Max Jammer">Jammer, Max</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofquan0000jamm"><i>Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The interpretations of quantum mechanics in historical perspective</i></a></span>. 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"A Snapshot of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 222–230. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1069">1301.1069</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SHPMP..44..222S">2013SHPMP..44..222S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004">10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55537196">55537196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Snapshot+of+Foundational+Attitudes+Toward+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-230&rft.date=2013-01-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.1069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55537196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SHPMP..44..222S&rft.aulast=Schlosshauer&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Kofler%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Zeilinger%2C+Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnumWehnerWilce2018" class="citation journal cs1">Barnum, Howard; Wehner, Stephanie; Wilce, Alexander (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-018-0188-6">"Introduction: Quantum Information Theory and Quantum Foundations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Physics" title="Foundations of Physics">Foundations of Physics</a></i>. <b>48</b> (8): 853–856. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FoPh...48..853B">2018FoPh...48..853B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-018-0188-6">10.1007/s10701-018-0188-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018">0015-9018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126293060">126293060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Quantum+Information+Theory+and+Quantum+Foundations&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=853-856&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-018-0188-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126293060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018FoPh...48..853B&rft.aulast=Barnum&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Wehner%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Wilce%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10701-018-0188-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiVincenzoFuchs2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_DiVincenzo" title="David DiVincenzo">DiVincenzo, David P.</a>; Fuchs, Christopher A. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030859381">"Understanding Quantum Raffles"</a>. <i>SpringerLink</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpringerLink&rft.atitle=Understanding+Quantum+Raffles&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Janas&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Cuffaro%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Janssen%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9783030859381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKate_Becker2013" class="citation news cs1">Kate Becker (2013-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailycamera.com/science-columnists/ci_22444536/kate-becker-quantum-physics-has-been-rankling-scientists">"Quantum physics has been rankling scientists for decades"</a>. <i>Boulder Daily Camera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boulder+Daily+Camera&rft.atitle=Quantum+physics+has+been+rankling+scientists+for+decades&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.au=Kate+Becker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycamera.com%2Fscience-columnists%2Fci_22444536%2Fkate-becker-quantum-physics-has-been-rankling-scientists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timpson-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timpson_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timpson_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Let us call the thought that information might be the basic category from which all else flows informational immaterialism." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~bras2317/iii_2.pdf">Information, Immaterialism, Instrumentalism: Old and New in Quantum Information.</a> Christopher G. Timpson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Physics concerns what we can say about nature". (Niels Bohr, quoted in Petersen, A. (1963). The philosophy of Niels Bohr. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>, 19(7):8–14.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartle1968" class="citation journal cs1">Hartle, J. B. (1968). "Quantum mechanics of individual systems". <i>Am. J. Phys</i>. <b>36</b> (8): 704–712. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02953">1907.02953</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968AmJPh..36..704H">1968AmJPh..36..704H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1975096">10.1119/1.1975096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123454773">123454773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Quantum+mechanics+of+individual+systems&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=704-712&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1907.02953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123454773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1975096&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968AmJPh..36..704H&rft.aulast=Hartle&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/">"Relational Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>. Plato.stanford.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relational+Quantum+Mechanics+%28Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%29&rft.pub=Plato.stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fqm-relational%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Rovelli1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rovelli" title="Carlo Rovelli">Carlo Rovelli</a> (1996). "Relational Quantum Mechanics". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Journal of Theoretical Physics">International Journal of Theoretical Physics</a></i>. <b>35</b> (8): 1637–1678. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9609002">quant-ph/9609002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IJTP...35.1637R">1996IJTP...35.1637R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02302261">10.1007/BF02302261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16325959">16325959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=Relational+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1637-1678&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9609002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16325959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02302261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996IJTP...35.1637R&rft.au=Carlo+Rovelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:21_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimpson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Timpson, Christopher Gordon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~bras2317/qb_s.ps">"Quantum Bayesianism: A study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(postscript)</span>. <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 579–609. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.2047">0804.2047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SHPMP..39..579T">2008SHPMP..39..579T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2008.03.006">10.1016/j.shpsb.2008.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16775153">16775153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Quantum+Bayesianism%3A+A+study&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=579-609&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0804.2047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16775153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2008.03.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SHPMP..39..579T&rft.aulast=Timpson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~bras2317%2Fqb_s.ps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMermin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mermin, N. David (2012-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1618">"Commentary: Quantum mechanics: Fixing the shifty split"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>65</b> (7): 8–10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhT....65g...8M">2012PhT....65g...8M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1618">10.1063/PT.3.1618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Quantum+mechanics%3A+Fixing+the+shifty+split&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=8-10&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.1618&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhT....65g...8M&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252FPT.3.1618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBub2016" class="citation book cs1">Bub, Jeffrey (2016). <i>Bananaworld: Quantum Mechanics for Primates</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198718536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198718536"><bdi>978-0198718536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bananaworld%3A+Quantum+Mechanics+for+Primates&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0198718536&rft.aulast=Bub&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadymanRossSpurrettCollier2007" class="citation book cs1">Ladyman, James; Ross, Don; Spurrett, David; Collier, John (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythingmustgo00lady"><i>Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythingmustgo00lady/page/n196">184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199573097" title="Special:BookSources/9780199573097"><bdi>9780199573097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Thing+Must+Go%3A+Metaphysics+Naturalized&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199573097&rft.aulast=Ladyman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ross%2C+Don&rft.au=Spurrett%2C+David&rft.au=Collier%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverythingmustgo00lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For "participatory realism," see, e.g.,<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2017" class="citation book cs1">Fuchs, Christopher A. (2017). "On Participatory Realism". In Durham, Ian T.; Rickles, Dean (eds.). <i>Information and Interaction: Eddington, Wheeler, and the Limits of Knowledge</i>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.04360">1601.04360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160104360F">2016arXiv160104360F</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319437606" title="Special:BookSources/9783319437606"><bdi>9783319437606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967844832">967844832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Participatory+Realism&rft.btitle=Information+and+Interaction%3A+Eddington%2C+Wheeler%2C+and+the+Limits+of+Knowledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1601.04360&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967844832&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016arXiv160104360F&rft.isbn=9783319437606&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchsTimpson" class="citation web cs1">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Timpson, Christopher G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fqxi.org/grants/large/awardees/view/__details/2016/fuchs">"Does Participatory Realism Make Sense? The Role of Observership in Quantum Theory"</a>. <i>FQXi: Foundational Questions Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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B. (2010). "A Novel Interpretation of the Klein–Gordon Equation". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 313–332. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.4075">0706.4075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010FoPh...40..313W">2010FoPh...40..313W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9398-2">10.1007/s10701-009-9398-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121170138">121170138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Novel+Interpretation+of+the+Klein%E2%80%93Gordon+Equation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-332&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0706.4075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121170138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9398-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010FoPh...40..313W&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=K.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaney2013" class="citation journal cs1">Heaney, M. B. (2013). "A Symmetrical Interpretation of the Klein–Gordon Equation". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>43</b> (6): 733–746. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.4645">1211.4645</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013FoPh...43..733H">2013FoPh...43..733H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-013-9713-9">10.1007/s10701-013-9713-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118770571">118770571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Symmetrical+Interpretation+of+the+Klein%E2%80%93Gordon+Equation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=733-746&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.4645&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118770571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-013-9713-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013FoPh...43..733H&rft.aulast=Heaney&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yakir Aharonov, Lev Vaidman: <i>The Two-State Vector Formalism of Quantum Mechanics: an Updated Review</i>. In: Juan Gonzalo Muga, Rafael Sala Mayato, Íñigo Egusquiza (eds.): <i>Time in Quantum Mechanics</i>, Volume 1, Lecture Notes in Physics 734, pp. 399–447, 2nd ed., Springer, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73472-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73472-7">978-3-540-73472-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73473-4_13">10.1007/978-3-540-73473-4_13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0105101">quant-ph/0105101</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InKru6zHQWgC&pg=PA443">p. 443</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrigg2009" class="citation book cs1">Frigg, Roman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052814/http://www.romanfrigg.org/writings/GRW%20Theory.pdf">"GRW Theory (Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Model of Quantum Mechanics)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus; Weinert, Friedel (eds.). <i>Compendium of Quantum Physics</i>. Springer. pp. 266–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70626-7_81">10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-70622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-70622-9"><bdi>978-3-540-70622-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanfrigg.org/writings/GRW%20Theory.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GRW+Theory+%28Ghirardi%2C+Rimini%2C+Weber+Model+of+Quantum+Mechanics%29&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Quantum+Physics&rft.pages=266-270&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-70626-7_81&rft.isbn=978-3-540-70622-9&rft.aulast=Frigg&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanfrigg.org%2Fwritings%2FGRW%2520Theory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlimpiaFortin,_SebastianFedericoCristian2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Lombardi" title="Olimpia Lombardi">Olimpia, Lombardi</a>; Fortin, Sebastian; Federico, Holik; Cristian, López (2017). "Interpretations of Quantum Theory: A Map of Madness". <i>What is quantum information?</i>. pp. 138–144. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.04711">1509.04711</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316494233.009">10.1017/9781316494233.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107142114" title="Special:BookSources/9781107142114"><bdi>9781107142114</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965759965">965759965</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118419619">118419619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interpretations+of+Quantum+Theory%3A+A+Map+of+Madness&rft.btitle=What+is+quantum+information%3F&rft.pages=138-144&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118419619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316494233.009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965759965&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.04711&rft.isbn=9781107142114&rft.aulast=Olimpia&rft.aufirst=Lombardi&rft.au=Fortin%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Federico%2C+Holik&rft.au=Cristian%2C+L%C3%B3pez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Heilbron1988" class="citation cs2">John L. Heilbron (1988), "The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit", in E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.), <i>Science in Reflection</i>, pp. 201–233, <q>This resolution of EPR, which Rosen later characterized as a stipulation that '[physical] reality is whatever quantum mechanics is capable of describing', was applauded for its clarity by Bohr's close associates. Heisenberg, Klein, and Kramers particularly liked the reduction of the EPR thought experiment to the familiar problem of the diaphragm with holes. Perhaps the most interesting responses came from Bohr's old friend, the physicist C. W. Oseen, and from his new ally, the physicist-philosopher Philipp Frank. Oseen had understood at last what he now recognized that Bohr had been saying all along: before a measurement an atom's state with respect to the quantity measured is undefined. Frank saw that Bohr had indeed transfixed EPR on an essential ambiguity. What Frank liked most was the implication that physicists should avoid the term and concept of 'physical reality'. He understood Bohr to mean that complementarity characterized measuring procedures, not the things measured. Bohr acknowledged that that was indeed what he had had in mind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Missionaries+of+the+Copenhagen+Spirit&rft.btitle=Science+in+Reflection&rft.pages=201-233&rft.date=1988&rft.au=John+L.+Heilbron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrik_Zinkernagel2016" class="citation cs2">Henrik Zinkernagel (2016), "Niels Bohr on the wave function and the classical/quantum divide", <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>, <b>53</b>: 9–19, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.00353">1603.00353</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SHPMP..53....9Z">2016SHPMP..53....9Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2015.11.001">10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.11.001</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18890207">18890207</a>, <q>For a start, discussions of the Copenhagen interpretation in the literature are ambiguous between two different views of the wave function, both of which of course accept the Born interpretation. Sometimes the Copenhagen (and Bohr's) interpretation is associated with the epistemic view of the quantum state, according to which the quantum state is but a representation of our knowledge of the physical system, and thus not a real existing entity in itself. On this view the 'collapse' of the wave function is not a physical process, and it just reflects an update of our information about the system; see e.g. Zeilinger (1999). By contrast, the Copenhagen interpretation has also been associated with an ontological view of the quantum state, in which the wave function somehow describes a real wave, and the collapse is a real physical process – presumably induced by the observer. This ontological view is usually attributed to von Neumann in his 1932 textbook exposition of quantum mechanics; see e.g. Henderson (2010). [...] Thus, for Bohr, the wave function is a representation of a quantum system in a particular, classically described, experimental context. Three important points need to be made regarding this contextuality: 1) When a measurement is performed (that is, when an irreversible recording has been made; see below), then the context changes, and hence the wave function changes. This can formally be seen as a 'collapse' of the wave function, with the square quotes indicating that we are not talking about a physical process in which a real wave collapses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+on+the+wave+function+and+the+classical%2Fquantum+divide&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1603.00353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18890207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2015.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016SHPMP..53....9Z&rft.au=Henrik+Zinkernagel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heisenberg-observer-reality-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heisenberg-observer-reality_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Heisenberg1955" class="citation cs2">W. Heisenberg (1955), "The Development of the Interpretation of the Quantum Theory", in W. Pauli (ed.), <i>Essays dedicated to Niels Bohr on the occasion of his seventieth birthday</i>, Pergamon Press, <q>Of course it is entirely justified to imagine this transition, from the possible to the actual, moved to an earlier point of time, for the observer himself does not produce the transition; but it cannot be moved back to a time when the compound system was still separate from the external world, because such an assumption would not be compatible with the validity of quantum mechanics for the closed system. We see from this that a system cut off from the external world is potential but not actual in character, or, as BOHR has often expressed it, that the system cannot be described in terms of the classical concepts. We may say that the state of the closed system represented by a Hilbert vector is indeed objective, but not real, and that the classical idea of 'objectively real things' must here, to this extent, be abandoned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Interpretation+of+the+Quantum+Theory&rft.btitle=Essays+dedicated+to+Niels+Bohr+on+the+occasion+of+his+seventieth+birthday&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.au=W.+Heisenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiels_Bohr1958" class="citation cs2">Niels Bohr (1958), "Quantum Physics and Philosophy—Causality and Complementarity", <i>Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge</i>, p. 3, <q>The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantum+Physics+and+Philosophy%E2%80%94Causality+and+Complementarity&rft.btitle=Essays+1958%E2%80%931962+on+Atomic+Physics+and+Human+Knowledge&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Niels+Bohr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElitzurCohenOkamotoTakeuchi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Elitzur, Avshalom C.; Cohen, Eliahu; Okamoto, Ryo; Takeuchi, Shigeki (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5955892">"Nonlocal Position Changes of a Photon Revealed by Quantum Routers"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 7730. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.09483">1707.09483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.7730E">2018NatSR...8.7730E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-26018-y">10.1038/s41598-018-26018-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5955892">5955892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29769645">29769645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Nonlocal+Position+Changes+of+a+Photon+Revealed+by+Quantum+Routers&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7730&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5955892%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.7730E&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.09483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29769645&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-26018-y&rft.aulast=Elitzur&rft.aufirst=Avshalom+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Eliahu&rft.au=Okamoto%2C+Ryo&rft.au=Takeuchi%2C+Shigeki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5955892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-DussaudRovelliZalamea2019" class="citation journal cs1">Martin-Dussaud, P.; Rovelli, C.; Zalamea, F. (2019). "The Notion of Locality in Relational Quantum Mechanics". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 96–106. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08150">1806.08150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FoPh...49...96M">2019FoPh...49...96M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-019-00234-6">10.1007/s10701-019-00234-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:50796079">50796079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Notion+of+Locality+in+Relational+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-106&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1806.08150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A50796079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-019-00234-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019FoPh...49...96M&rft.aulast=Martin-Dussaud&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Rovelli%2C+C.&rft.au=Zalamea%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmerlakRovelli2007" class="citation journal cs1">Smerlak, Matteo; Rovelli, Carlo (2007-03-01). "Relational EPR". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 427–445. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0604064">quant-ph/0604064</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FoPh...37..427S">2007FoPh...37..427S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9105-0">10.1007/s10701-007-9105-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018">0015-9018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11816650">11816650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Relational+EPR&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-445&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11816650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FoPh...37..427S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0604064&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9105-0&rft.aulast=Smerlak&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Rovelli%2C+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPienaar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pienaar, Jacques (2019). "Comment on 'The Notion of Locality in Relational Quantum Mechanics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>49</b> (12): 1404–1414. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06457">1807.06457</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FoPh...49.1404P">2019FoPh...49.1404P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-019-00303-w">10.1007/s10701-019-00303-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119473777">119473777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%27The+Notion+of+Locality+in+Relational+Quantum+Mechanics%27&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1404-1414&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1807.06457&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119473777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-019-00303-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019FoPh...49.1404P&rft.aulast=Pienaar&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 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New York: CRC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439888537" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439888537"><bdi>978-1439888537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Optics+for+Engineers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CRC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1439888537&rft.aulast=Duarte&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zeh, H. D. (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10035-2">"Feynman's interpretation of quantum theory"</a>. <i>The European Physical Journal H</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 63–74. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.3348">0804.3348</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10035-2">10.1140/epjh/e2011-10035-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2102-6459">2102-6459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+H&rft.atitle=Feynman%27s+interpretation+of+quantum+theory&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-74&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0804.3348&rft.issn=2102-6459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10035-2&rft.aulast=Zeh&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10035-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Kampen, N. G. (2008). "The scandal of quantum mechanics". American Journal of Physics 76: 989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, W. E. (2001). "Super classical quantum mechanics: the best interpretation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics". American Journal of Physics. 69: 413–421.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBubClifton1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bub, J.; Clifton, R. (1996). "A uniqueness theorem for interpretations of quantum mechanics". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>27B</b>: 181–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1355-2198%2895%2900019-4">10.1016/1355-2198(95)00019-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=A+uniqueness+theorem+for+interpretations+of+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=27B&rft.pages=181-219&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F1355-2198%2895%2900019-4&rft.aulast=Bub&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Clifton%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a>, 1939, "The interpretation of physics", in <i>Foundations of Logic and Mathematics</i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science" title="International Encyclopedia of Unified Science">International Encyclopedia of Unified Science</a></i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Dickson, M., 1994, "Wavefunction tails in the modal interpretation" in Hull, D., Forbes, M., and Burian, R., eds., <i>Proceedings of the PSA</i> 1" 366–376. East Lansing, Michigan: Philosophy of Science Association.</li> <li>--------, and Clifton, R., 1998, "Lorentz-invariance in modal interpretations" in Dieks, D. and Vermaas, P., eds., <i>The Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 9–48.</li> <li>Fuchs, Christopher, 2002, "Quantum Mechanics as Quantum Information (and only a little more)". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0205039">quant-ph/0205039</a></li> <li>--------, and A. Peres, 2000, "Quantum theory needs no 'interpretation<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", <i>Physics Today</i>.</li> <li>Herbert, N., 1985. <i>Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics</i>. New York: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-23569-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-23569-0">0-385-23569-0</a>.</li> <li>Hey, Anthony, and Walters, P., 2003. <i>The New Quantum Universe</i>, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56457-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56457-3">0-521-56457-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackiwKleppner2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jackiw" title="Roman Jackiw">Jackiw, Roman</a>; Kleppner, D. (2000). "One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>289</b> (5481): 893–898. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0008092">quant-ph/0008092</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000quant.ph..8092K">2000quant.ph..8092K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.893">10.1126/science.289.5481.893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17839156">17839156</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6604344">6604344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Quantum+Physics&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=5481&rft.pages=893-898&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6604344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000quant.ph..8092K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0008092&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17839156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.893&rft.aulast=Jackiw&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Kleppner%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jammer" title="Max Jammer">Max Jammer</a>, 1966. <i>The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics</i>. McGraw-Hill.</li> <li>--------, 1974. <i>The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics</i>. Wiley & Sons.</li> <li>Al-Khalili, 2003. <i>Quantum: A Guide for the Perplexed</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</li> <li>de Muynck, W. M., 2002. <i>Foundations of quantum mechanics, an empiricist approach</i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0932-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0932-1">1-4020-0932-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s" title="Roland Omnès">Roland Omnès</a>, 1999. <i>Understanding Quantum Mechanics</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, 1963. <i>Conjectures and Refutations</i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. The chapter "Three views Concerning Human Knowledge" addresses, among other things, instrumentalism in the physical sciences.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a>, 1944. <i>Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics</i>. University of California Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegmarkWheeler2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Tegmark, Max</a>; Wheeler, J. A. (2001). "100 Years of Quantum Mysteries". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>284</b> (2): 68–75. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SciAm.284b..68T">2001SciAm.284b..68T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0201-68">10.1038/scientificamerican0201-68</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119375538">119375538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+Quantum+Mysteries&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=68-75&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119375538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0201-68&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SciAm.284b..68T&rft.aulast=Tegmark&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a>, 1972, "A formal approach to the philosophy of science", in R. Colodny, ed., <i>Paradigms and Paradoxes: The Philosophical Challenge of the Quantum Domain</i>. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press: 303–366.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Hubert_Zurek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wojciech Hubert Zurek">Wojciech Hubert Zurek</a> (eds), <i>Quantum Theory and Measurement</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08316-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08316-9">0-691-08316-9</a>, LoC QC174.125.Q38 1983.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all authors below are professional physicists. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Z_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="David Z Albert">David Z Albert</a>, 1992. <i>Quantum Mechanics and Experience</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-74112-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-74112-9">0-674-74112-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Bell">John S. Bell</a>, 1987. <i>Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics</i>. Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36869-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36869-3">0-521-36869-3</a>. The 2004 edition (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52338-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52338-9">0-521-52338-9</a>) includes two additional papers and an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a>.</li> <li>Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev, 1968. <i>The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics</i>. D. Reidel Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-0105-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-0105-9">90-277-0105-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a>, 1980. <i>Wholeness and the Implicate Order</i>. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0971-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0971-2">0-7100-0971-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdan_Cabello2004" class="citation arxiv cs1">Adan Cabello (15 November 2004). "Bibliographic guide to the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0012089">quant-ph/0012089</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Bibliographic+guide+to+the+foundations+of+quantum+mechanics+and+quantum+information&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0012089&rft.au=Adan+Cabello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a>, 1997. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fabric_of_Reality" title="The Fabric of Reality">The Fabric of Reality</a></i>. London: Allen Lane. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027541-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027541-X">0-14-027541-X</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9061-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9061-9">0-7139-9061-9</a>. Argues forcefully <i>against</i> instrumentalism. For general readers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._J._Duarte2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Duarte" title="F. J. Duarte">F. J. Duarte</a> (2014). <i>Quantum Optics for Engineers</i>. New York: CRC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439888537" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439888537"><bdi>978-1439888537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Optics+for+Engineers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CRC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1439888537&rft.au=F.+J.+Duarte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span> Provides a <i>pragmatic</i> perspective on interpretations. For general readers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a>, 1976. <i>Conceptual Foundation of Quantum Mechanics</i>, 2nd ed. Addison Wesley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4087-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4087-X">0-8133-4087-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a>, 1983. <i>In Search of Reality</i>. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-11399-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-11399-1">0-387-11399-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a>, 2003. <i>Veiled Reality: An Analysis of Quantum Mechanical Concepts</i>. Westview Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a>, 2006. <i>On Physics and Philosophy</i>. Princetone, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fine" title="Arthur Fine">Arthur Fine</a>, 1986. <i>The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory. Science and its Conceptual Foundations</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-24948-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-24948-4">0-226-24948-4</a>.</li> <li>Ghirardi, Giancarlo, 2004. <i>Sneaking a Look at God's Cards</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregg_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregg Jaeger (page does not exist)">Gregg Jaeger</a> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/physics/quantum+physics/book/978-3-540-92127-1"><i>Entanglement, Information, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</i>.</a> Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-92127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-92127-1">978-3-540-92127-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">N. David Mermin</a> (1990) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521388805">Boojums all the way through.</a></i> Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38880-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38880-5">0-521-38880-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s" title="Roland Omnès">Roland Omnès</a>, 1994. <i>The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03669-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03669-1">0-691-03669-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s" title="Roland Omnès">Roland Omnès</a>, 1999. <i>Understanding Quantum Mechanics</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s" title="Roland Omnès">Roland Omnès</a>, 1999. <i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Philosophy" title="Quantum Philosophy">Quantum Philosophy</a>: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, 1989. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-851973-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-851973-7">0-19-851973-7</a>. Especially chapter 6.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, 1994. <i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Mind" title="Shadows of the Mind">Shadows of the Mind</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-853978-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-853978-9">0-19-853978-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, 2004. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Reality" title="The Road to Reality">The Road to Reality</a></i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Argues that quantum theory is incomplete.</li> <li>Lee Phillips, 2017. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/07/a-brief-history-of-quantum-alternatives/3/">A brief history of quantum alternatives</a></i>. Ars Technica.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStyerBalkinBeckerBurns2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_F._Styer" title="Daniel F. Styer">Styer, Daniel F.</a>; Balkin, Miranda S.; Becker, Kathryn M.; Burns, Matthew R.; Dudley, Christopher E.; Forth, Scott T.; Gaumer, Jeremy S.; Kramer, Mark A.; et al. (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/utheory03/styer/pdf/Styer.pdf">"Nine formulations of quantum mechanics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>70</b> (3): 288–297. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AmJPh..70..288S">2002AmJPh..70..288S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1445404">10.1119/1.1445404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Nine+formulations+of+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-297&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1445404&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002AmJPh..70..288S&rft.aulast=Styer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+F.&rft.au=Balkin%2C+Miranda+S.&rft.au=Becker%2C+Kathryn+M.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Matthew+R.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+Christopher+E.&rft.au=Forth%2C+Scott+T.&rft.au=Gaumer%2C+Jeremy+S.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Oertel%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Park%2C+Leonard+H.&rft.au=Rinkoski%2C+Marie+T.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Clait+T.&rft.au=Wotherspoon%2C+Timothy+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.itp.ucsb.edu%2Fonline%2Futheory03%2Fstyer%2Fpdf%2FStyer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpretations+of+quantum+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggott2024" class="citation journal cs1">Baggott, Jim (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-01216-z">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Shut up and calculate': how Einstein lost the battle to explain quantum reality"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>629</b> (8010): 29–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-01216-z">10.1038/d41586-024-01216-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38664517">38664517</a>.</cite><span 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href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/">Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Faye" title="Jan Faye">Jan Faye</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/">Everett's Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics</a>" by Jeffrey Barrett.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/">Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Vaidman" title="Lev Vaidman">Lev Vaidman</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-modal/">Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a>" by Michael Dickson and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Dieks" title="Dennis Dieks">Dennis Dieks</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-issues/">Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory</a>" by Wayne Myrvold.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-bayesian/">Quantum-Bayesian and Pragmatist Views of Quantum Theory</a>" by Richard Healey.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-entangle/">Quantum Entanglement and Information</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bub" title="Jeffrey Bub">Jeffrey Bub</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/">Quantum mechanics</a>" by Jenann Ismael.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantlog/">Quantum Logic and Probability Theory</a>" by Alexander Wilce.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/">Relational Quantum Mechanics</a>" by Federico Laudisa and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rovelli" title="Carlo Rovelli">Carlo Rovelli</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-decoherence/">The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics</a>" by Guido Bacciagaluppi.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>: <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/int-qm/">Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics</a>" by Peter J. Lewis.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/everett/">Everettian Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics</a>" by Christina Conroy.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quantum_mechanics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum mechanics topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quantum_mechanics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Timeline of quantum mechanics">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Old quantum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Born_rule" title="Born rule">Born rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">Bra–ket notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)"> Complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">Density matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">Energy level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">Ground state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">Excited state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_energy_levels" title="Degenerate energy levels">Degenerate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-point_energy" title="Zero-point energy">Zero-point energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Entanglement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Decoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">Nonlocality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">Quantum state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">Superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">Tunnelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">Scattering theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">Wave function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">Collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">Formulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_picture" title="Heisenberg picture">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_picture" title="Interaction picture">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_picture" title="Schrödinger picture">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Path integral formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-space_formulation" title="Phase-space formulation">Phase space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl_equation" title="Weyl equation">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_equation" title="Majorana equation">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarita%E2%80%93Schwinger_equation" title="Rarita–Schwinger equation">Rarita–Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_equation" title="Pauli equation">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_formula" title="Rydberg formula">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interpretations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">Bayesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">Hidden-variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Local hidden-variable theory">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdeterminism" title="Superdeterminism">Superdeterminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_test" title="Bell test">Bell test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">Davisson–Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">Delayed-choice quantum eraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">Double-slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Hertz_experiment" title="Franck–Hertz experiment">Franck–Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder_interferometer" title="Mach–Zehnder interferometer">Mach–Zehnder interferometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester" title="Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester">Elitzur–Vaidman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment" title="Popper's experiment">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_eraser_experiment" title="Quantum eraser experiment">Quantum eraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment" title="Stern–Gerlach experiment">Stern–Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment" title="Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment">Wheeler's delayed choice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nanoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum nanoscience">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_differential_calculus" title="Quantum differential calculus">Quantum differential calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dynamics" title="Quantum dynamics">Quantum dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_geometry" title="Quantum geometry">Quantum geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_problem" title="Measurement problem">Quantum measurement problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_stochastic_calculus" title="Quantum stochastic calculus">Quantum stochastic calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spacetime" title="Quantum spacetime">Quantum spacetime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">Quantum algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_amplifier" title="Quantum amplifier">Quantum amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_bus" title="Quantum bus">Quantum bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_finite_automaton" title="Quantum finite automaton">Quantum finite automata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_channel" title="Quantum channel">Quantum channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory" title="Quantum complexity theory">Quantum complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication" title="Timeline of quantum computing and communication">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">Quantum error correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_imaging" title="Quantum imaging">Quantum imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_image_processing" title="Quantum image processing">Quantum image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum logic gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">Quantum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_metamaterial" title="Quantum metamaterial">Quantum metamaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_metrology" title="Quantum metrology">Quantum metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">Quantum network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">Quantum neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">Quantum optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_sensor" title="Quantum sensor">Quantum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">Quantum simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">Quantum teleportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">Quantum fluctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" title="Quantum statistical mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" title="History of quantum field theory">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">Relativistic quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat_in_popular_culture" title="Schrödinger's cat in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigner%27s_friend" title="Wigner's friend">Wigner's friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen_paradox" title="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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