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href="#Pontificate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pontificate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pontificate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pontificate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pontificate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_to_the_Papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_the_Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Election to the Papacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_the_Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peace efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Humanitarian efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diplomatic agenda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diplomatic_agenda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diplomatic agenda subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania_and_Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania_and_Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lithuania and Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania_and_Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Church affairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Church_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Church affairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Church_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canon_law_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canon_law_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canon law reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canon_law_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Catholic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mariology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humani_generis_redemptionem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humani_generis_redemptionem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Humani generis redemptionem</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humani_generis_redemptionem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quod_iam_diu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quod_iam_diu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><i>Quod iam diu</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quod_iam_diu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maximum_illud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximum_illud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span><i>Maximum illud</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximum_illud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Internal activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canonizations_and_beatifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonizations_and_beatifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Canonizations and beatifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonizations_and_beatifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctor_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctor_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Doctor of the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctor_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Consistories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personality and appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Benedict XV</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benediktus_XV" title="Paus Benediktus XV – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Benediktus XV" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Benedictus_XV" title="Pous Benedictus XV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بندكت الخامس عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بندكت الخامس عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedet_XV" title="Benedet XV – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Benedet XV" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binidiktu_XV" title="Binidiktu XV – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Binidiktu XV" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_Benedikt" title="XV Benedikt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XV Benedikt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Benedictus_15-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Benedictus 15-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Benedictus 15-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Бенедыкт XV – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенедыкт XV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Бэнэдыкт XV – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнэдыкт XV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Бенедикт XV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенедикт XV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benead_XV" title="Benead XV – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Benead XV" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benet_XV" title="Benet XV – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benet XV" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Bened_XV" title="Pab Bened XV – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Bened XV" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Benedikt_15." title="Pave Benedikt 15. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Benedikt 15." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XV" title="Benedictus XV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%95%CE%84" title="Πάπας Βενέδικτος ΙΕ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Βενέδικτος ΙΕ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedicto_XV" title="Benedicto XV – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benedicto XV" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikto_la_15-a" title="Benedikto la 15-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benedikto la 15-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikto_XV.a" title="Benedikto XV.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benedikto XV.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="پاپ بندیکت پانزدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ بندیکت پانزدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_XV" title="Benoît XV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benoît XV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Benedet_XV" title="Pape Benedet XV – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Benedet XV" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Beinidict_XV" title="Pápa Beinidict XV – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Beinidict XV" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Beinidict_XV" title="Pàpa Beinidict XV – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Beinidict XV" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieito_XV,_papa" title="Bieito XV, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bieito XV, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Benedictus_15-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Benedictus 15-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Benedictus 15-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EB%94%95%ED%86%A0_15%EC%84%B8" title="교황 베네딕토 15세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 베네딕토 15세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD_XV" title="Բենեդիկտոս XV – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենեդիկտոս XV" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Benedictus_la_15ma" title="Papo Benedictus la 15ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Benedictus la 15ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XV" title="Papa Benedicto XV – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Benedicto XV" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benediktus_XV" title="Paus Benediktus XV – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Benediktus XV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_15." title="Benedikt 15. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benedikt 15." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedetto_XV" title="Papa Benedetto XV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Benedetto XV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="בנדיקטוס החמישה עשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנדיקטוס החמישה עשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benediktus_XV" title="Paus Benediktus XV – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Benediktus XV" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Benediktu_XV" title="Pápa Benediktu XV – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pápa Benediktu XV" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_XV" title="ბენედიქტე XV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენედიქტე XV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedikto_XV" title="Papa Benedikto XV – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Benedikto XV" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Bened%C3%AEkt_XV" title="Papa Benedîkt XV – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Papa Benedîkt XV" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XV" title="Benedictus XV – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikts_XV" title="Benedikts XV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benedikts XV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktas_XV" title="Benediktas XV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benediktas XV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Benwa_XV" title="Pápa Benwa XV – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Benwa XV" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Bened%C3%A9tt_XV" title="Papa Benedétt XV – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papa Benedétt XV" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV._Benedek_p%C3%A1pa" title="XV. Benedek pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XV. Benedek pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Папа Бенедикт XV – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Бенедикт XV" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%A0_XV" title="Benoà XV – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benoà XV" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप बेनेडिक्ट पंधरावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप बेनेडिक्ट पंधरावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بندكت الخمستاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بندكت الخمستاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benedictus_XV" title="Paus Benedictus XV – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Benedictus_15-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Benedictus 15-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Benedictus 15-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Benedictus_XV" title="Paus Benedictus XV – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B915%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ベネディクトゥス15世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネディクトゥス15世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV" title="Benedikt XV – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benedikt XV" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Benedikt_XV" title="Pave Benedikt XV – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Benedikt XV" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneset_XV" title="Beneset XV – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beneset XV" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="پنځلسم پاپ بېنډېکت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنځلسم پاپ بېنډېکت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedet_XV" title="Benedet XV – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Benedet XV" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedykt_XV" title="Benedykt XV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benedykt XV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Bento_XV" title="Papa Bento XV – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Bento XV" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedict_al_XV-lea" title="Papa Benedict al XV-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Benedict al XV-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binidiktu_XV" title="Binidiktu XV – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Binidiktu XV" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Бенедикт XV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенедикт XV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Benedict_XV" title="Pape Benedict XV – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Benedict XV" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikti_XV" title="Benedikti XV – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benedikti XV" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binidittu_XV" title="Binidittu XV – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Binidittu XV" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Benedict XV" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Benedikt_XV." title="Papež Benedikt XV. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Папа Бенедикт XV – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Бенедикт XV" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_XV." title="Benedikt XV. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benedikt XV." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XV" title="Benedictus XV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XV" title="Benedictus XV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XV" title="Papa Benedicto XV – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Benedicto XV" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88)" title="பதினைந்தாம் பெனடிக்ட் (திருத்தந்தை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதினைந்தாம் பெனடிக்ட் (திருத்தந்தை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Бенедикт XV – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенедикт XV" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV._Benedictus" title="XV. Benedictus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XV. Benedictus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_XV" title="Бенедикт XV – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенедикт XV" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DA%A9%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="بینیڈکٹ پانزدہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینیڈکٹ پانزدہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Ben%C3%A9to_XV" title="Papa Benéto XV – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Benéto XV" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_XV" title="Giáo hoàng Biển Đức XV – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Biển Đức XV" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XV" title="Papa Benedicto XV – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Benedicto XV" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AC%83%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="本笃十五世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="本笃十五世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Benedict_15k" title="Pópù Benedict 15k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Benedict 15k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AF%A4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="本篤十五世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="本篤十五世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_XV" title="Benedictus XV – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Benedictus XV" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AF%A4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="本篤十五世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="本篤十五世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Catholic Church from 1914 to 1922</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Benedict XV</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedictus_XV,_by_Nicola_Perscheid,_1915_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Benedictus_XV%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid%2C_1915_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Benedictus_XV%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid%2C_1915_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Benedictus_XV%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid%2C_1915_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Benedictus_XV%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid%2C_1915_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Benedictus_XV%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid%2C_1915_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Benedictus_XV%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid%2C_1915_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Benedict XV in 1915</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 1914</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1922</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Undersecretary of State</a> <span class="nowrap">(1901–1907)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bologna" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna">Archbishop of Bologna</a> <span class="nowrap">(1907–1914)</span></li> <li>Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Santi Quattro Coronati</a> (1914)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1878<br />by <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Monaco_La_Valletta" title="Raffaele Monaco La Valletta">Raffaele Monaco La Valletta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1907<br />by Pope Pius X</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">25 May 1914<br />by Pope Pius X</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1854-11-21</span>)</span>21 November 1854<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pegli" title="Pegli">Pegli</a>, Genoa, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720-1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1922<span style="display:none">(1922-01-22)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, Rome, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">In Te Domine Speravi, Non Confundar In Aeternum</i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'In thee, o Lord, have I trusted: let me not be confounded for evermore')<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BenedictPPXVSignature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benedict XV's signature"><img alt="Benedict XV's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BenedictPPXVSignature.svg/130px-BenedictPPXVSignature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BenedictPPXVSignature.svg/195px-BenedictPPXVSignature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BenedictPPXVSignature.svg/260px-BenedictPPXVSignature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benedict XV's coat of arms"><img alt="Benedict XV's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg/50px-C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg/75px-C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg/100px-C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> <span style="font-size:100%">Ordination history</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">History</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ordained by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Raffaele Monaco La Valletta</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1878</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecrated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Pius X</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1907</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">Episcopal succession</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope Benedict XV as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Lega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Lega (page does not exist)">Antonio Lega</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1914</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Nicotra" title="Sebastiano Nicotra">Sebastiano Nicotra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1917</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Maria_Giuseppe_Giovanni_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli">Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 1917</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Marinus_van_Rossum" title="Willem Marinus van Rossum">Willem Marinus van Rossum</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersilio_Menzani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ersilio Menzani (page does not exist)">Ersilio Menzani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersilio_Menzani" class="extiw" title="it:Ersilio Menzani">it</a>]</span></th><td class="infobox-data">25 January 1921</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Tedeschini" title="Federico Tedeschini">Federico Tedeschini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1921</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cremonesi" title="Carlo Cremonesi">Carlo Cremonesi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 January 1922</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Benedict XV</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Latin</a>: <i>Benedictus XV</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Benedetto XV</i>), born <b>Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈdʒaːkomo<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpaːolo<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒoˈvanni<span class="wrap"> </span>batˈtista<span class="wrap"> </span>della<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkjɛːza]</a></span>; 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), was head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and its political, social, and humanitarian consequences in Europe. </p><p>Between 1846 and 1903, the Catholic Church had experienced two of its longest pontificates in history up to that point. Together <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> ruled for a total of 57 years. In 1914, the College of Cardinals chose della Chiesa at the relatively young age of 59 at the outbreak of World War I, which he labeled "<a href="/wiki/The_suicide_of_civilized_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="The suicide of civilized Europe">the suicide of civilized Europe</a>". The war and its consequences were the main focus of Benedict XV. He immediately declared the neutrality of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and attempted from that perspective to mediate peace in 1916 and 1917. Both sides rejected his initiatives. German Protestants rejected any "Papal Peace" as insulting. The French politician <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> regarded the Vatican initiative as being anti-French.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_380_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_380-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having failed with diplomatic initiatives, Benedict XV focused on humanitarian efforts to lessen the impacts of the war, such as attending prisoners of war, the exchange of wounded soldiers and food deliveries to needy populations in Europe. After the war, he repaired the difficult relations with <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, which re-established relations with the Vatican in 1921. During his pontificate, relations with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> improved as well, as Benedict XV now permitted Catholic politicians led by Don <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Luigi Sturzo</a> to participate in national Italian politics. </p><p>In 1917, Benedict XV promulgated the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a>, which was released on 27 May, the creation of which he had prepared with Eugenio Pacelli (the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a> during the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>. The new Code of Canon Law is considered to have stimulated religious life and activities throughout the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_382-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named Gasparri to be his <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> and personally consecrated <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a> Pacelli on 13 May 1917 as Archbishop. World War I caused great damage to Catholic missions throughout the world. Benedict XV revitalized these activities, asking in <i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_illud" title="Maximum illud">Maximum illud</a></i> for Catholics throughout the world to participate. For that, he has been referred to as the "Pope of Missions". His last concern was the emerging persecution of the Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">famine</a> there after the revolution. Benedict XV was devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> and authorized the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mediatrix_of_all_Graces" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, Mediatrix of all Graces">Mary, Mediatrix of all Graces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAS_1921,_345_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS_1921,_345-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After seven years in office, Pope Benedict XV died on 22 January 1922 after battling pneumonia since the start of that month. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">grottoes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>. With his diplomatic skills and his openness towards modern society, "he gained respect for himself and the papacy."<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_382-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedictxvfamilyresidence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benedictxvfamilyresidence.jpg/185px-Benedictxvfamilyresidence.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benedictxvfamilyresidence.jpg/277px-Benedictxvfamilyresidence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benedictxvfamilyresidence.jpg/369px-Benedictxvfamilyresidence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>The birthplace of Giacomo della Chiesa in Pegli</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedictxc1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Benedictxc1868.jpg/185px-Benedictxc1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Benedictxc1868.jpg/278px-Benedictxc1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Benedictxc1868.jpg/370px-Benedictxc1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Giacomo in 1866 at the age of twelve</figcaption></figure> <p>Giacomo della Chiesa was born prematurely at <a href="/wiki/Pegli" title="Pegli">Pegli</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy, the third son and sixth child of <a href="/wiki/Marchese" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchese">Marchese</a> Giuseppe della Chiesa (1821–1892) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Marchesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchesa">Marchesa</a> Giovanna Migliorati (1827–1904).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genealogy findings report that his father's side produced <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Pope Callixtus II</a> and also claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II of Italy</a> and that his maternal family produced <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Pope Innocent VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a descendant of Blessed <a href="/wiki/Antonio_della_Chiesa" title="Antonio della Chiesa">Antonio della Chiesa</a>. His brother, Giovanni Antonio Della Chiesa, married the niece of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Jacobini" title="Angelo Jacobini">Angelo Jacobini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his premature birth, Giacomo was left with a limp and completed much of his early education at home.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His wish to become a priest was rejected early on by his father, who insisted on a legal career for his son. At age 21 he acquired a doctorate in Law on 2 August 1875. He had attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Genoa" title="University of Genoa">University of Genoa</a>, which after the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> was largely dominated by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> and anti-clerical politics. With his doctorate in Law and at legal age, he again asked his father for permission to study for the priesthood, which was now reluctantly granted. He insisted, however, that his son conduct his theological studies in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, not in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, so that he would not end up as a village priest or provincial <a href="/wiki/Monsignore" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsignore">monsignore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Della Chiesa entered the <a href="/wiki/Almo_Collegio_Capranica" title="Almo Collegio Capranica">Almo Collegio Capranica</a> and was there in Rome when, in 1878, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> died and was followed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>. The new pope received the students of the Capranica in private audience only a few days after his coronation. Shortly thereafter, della Chiesa was ordained a priest by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Monaco_La_Valletta" title="Raffaele Monaco La Valletta">Raffaele Monaco La Valletta</a> on 21 December 1878 at the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Lateran basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1878 until 1883 he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Ecclesiastical_Academy" title="Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy">Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy</a> in Rome. It was there, on every Thursday, that students were required to defend a research paper, to which cardinals and high members of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> were invited. <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rampolla" title="Mariano Rampolla">Mariano Rampolla</a>, then Secretary for Oriental Affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith</a>, took note of him and furthered his entry in the diplomatic service of the Vatican in 1882, where he was employed by Rampolla as a secretary and in January 1883 accompanied nuncio Rampolla to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just after <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>'s death in 1903, Rampolla tried to make della Chiesa the secretary of the conclave, but the Sacred College elected <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a>, a conservative young prelate, the first sign that Rampolla would not be the next Pope. When Cardinal Rampolla had to leave his post with the election of his opponent <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, and was succeeded by Merry del Val, della Chiesa was retained in his post.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bologna">Bologna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bologna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusXbenedict_XV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PiusXbenedict_XV.jpg/230px-PiusXbenedict_XV.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PiusXbenedict_XV.jpg/345px-PiusXbenedict_XV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PiusXbenedict_XV.jpg/460px-PiusXbenedict_XV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> consecrates his future successor Pope Benedict XV as Archbishop Giacomo della Chiesa in the Vatican on 22 December 1907.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishop">Archbishop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archbishop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Della Chiesa's association with Rampolla, the architect of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s (1878–1903) foreign policy, made his position in the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of State">Secretariat of State</a> under the new pontificate somewhat uncomfortable. Italian papers announced that on 15 April 1907 the papal nuncio <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Rinaldini" title="Aristide Rinaldini">Aristide Rinaldini</a> in Madrid would be replaced by della Chiesa, who had worked there before. <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a>, chuckling over the journalist's knowledge, commented, "Unfortunately, the paper forgot to mention whom I nominated as the next <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Bologna" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Bologna">Archbishop of Bologna</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican had supposedly "gone so far as to make out the papers naming him the papal nuncio, but [della Chiesa] refused to accept them".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 December 1907, in the presence of his family, the diplomatic corps, numerous bishops and cardinals, and his friend Rampolla, he received the episcopal consecration from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> himself. The Pope donated his own <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal ring">episcopal ring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosier">crosier</a> to the new bishop and spent much time with the della Chiesa family on the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 February 1908, della Chiesa took possession of his new diocese, which included 700,000 persons, 750 priests, as well as 19 male and 78 female <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>. In the episcopal seminary, some 25 teachers educated 120 students preparing for the priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As bishop, he visited all parishes, making a special effort to see the smaller ones in the mountains which could only be accessed on horse-back. He always saw preaching as the main obligation of a bishop. He usually gave two or more sermons a day during his visitations. His emphasis was on cleanliness inside all churches and chapels and on saving money wherever possible, for he said, "Let us save to give to the poor."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A meeting of all priests in a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> had to be postponed at the wish of the Vatican considering ongoing changes in <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a>. Numerous churches were built or restored. He personally originated a major reform of the educational orientation of the seminary, adding more science courses and classic education to the <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He organized pilgrimages to Marian shrines in <a href="/wiki/Loreto_(AN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto (AN)">Loreto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a> at the 50th anniversary of the apparition.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Waal_121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Waal_121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unexpected death of his friend, supporter and mentor Rampolla on 16 December 1913<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major blow to della Chiesa, who was one of the beneficiaries of his will.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Waal_121_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Waal_121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinal">Cardinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cardinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedicthorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Benedicthorse.jpg/130px-Benedicthorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Benedicthorse.jpg/195px-Benedicthorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Benedicthorse.jpg/260px-Benedicthorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop della Chiesa on pastoral visit in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>It was a custom that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bologna" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna">Archbishop of Bologna</a> would be made a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a> in one of the coming <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">consistories</a>. In Bologna this was surely expected of della Chiesa as well, since, in previous years, either cardinals were named as archbishops, or archbishops as cardinals soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Waal_110_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Waal_110-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a> did not follow this tradition and left della Chiesa waiting for almost seven years. When a delegation from Bologna visited him to ask for della Chiesa's promotion to the College of Cardinals, he jokingly replied by making fun of his own family name, Sarto (meaning "tailor"), for he said, "Sorry, but a Sarto has not been found yet to make the cardinal's robe."<sup id="cite_ref-De_Waal_110_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Waal_110-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedikt_XV._als_KardinalJS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Benedikt_XV._als_KardinalJS.jpg/130px-Benedikt_XV._als_KardinalJS.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Benedikt_XV._als_KardinalJS.jpg/195px-Benedikt_XV._als_KardinalJS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Benedikt_XV._als_KardinalJS.jpg/260px-Benedikt_XV._als_KardinalJS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Della Chiesa in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Cardinal Rampolla died on 16 December 1913. On 25 May 1914, della Chiesa was created a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Priest">Cardinal-Priest</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titulus</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Santi Quattro Coronati</a>,</i> which before him was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Respighi" title="Pietro Respighi">Pietro Respighi</a>. When the new cardinal tried to return to Bologna after the consistory in Rome, an unrelated socialist, anti-monarchic and anti-Catholic uprising began to take place in Central Italy. This was accompanied by a general strike, the looting and destruction of churches, telephone connections and railway buildings, and a proclamation of a secular republic. In Bologna itself, citizens and the Catholic Church opposed such developments successfully. The Socialists overwhelmingly won the following regional elections with great majorities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As World War I approached, the question was hotly discussed in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> as to which side to be on. Officially, Italy was still in an <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. However, in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, an integral part of Austria which was mostly German-speaking, the southern part, the province of <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, was exclusively Italian-speaking. The clergy of Bologna was not totally free from nationalistic fervor either. Therefore, in his capacity as Archbishop, on the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, della Chiesa made a speech on the Church's position and duties, emphasizing the need for <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>, promoting peace and the easing of suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pontificate">Pontificate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pontificate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope Benedict XV</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg/60px-C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg/90px-C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg/120px-C_o_a_Benedictus_XV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_to_the_Papacy">Election to the Papacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election to the Papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1914">Papal conclave, 1914</a></div> <p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a>, the resulting conclave opened at the end of August 1914. The war would clearly be the dominant issue of the new pontificate, so the cardinals' priority was to choose a man with great diplomatic experience. Thus on 3 September 1914, della Chiesa, despite having been a cardinal only three months, was elected pope, taking the name of Benedict XV. He chose the name because of his devotion to <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">St. Benedict of Nursia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps also in honour of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>, who had been an archbishop from Bologna.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon being elected pope, he was also formally the Grand Master of the Equestrian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a> of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Bishops">prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation</a>. There was, however, a Cardinal-Secretary to run these bodies on a day-to-day basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to the enduring <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a>, after the announcement of his election to the papacy by the Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a>, Benedict XV, following in the footsteps of his two most recent predecessors, did not appear on the balcony of St. Peter's basilica overlooking St. Peter's Square to grant the <i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_orbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbi et orbi">urbi et orbi</a></i> blessing. Benedict XV was <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">crowned</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> on 6 September 1914, and, also as a form of protest due to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a>, there was no ceremony for the formal possession of the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bene15coronation1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bene15coronation1914.jpg/220px-Bene15coronation1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bene15coronation1914.jpg/330px-Bene15coronation1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bene15coronation1914.jpg/440px-Bene15coronation1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of Pope Benedict XV in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1914 conclave, the cardinals were divided into two factions: the "reactionaries" and the "conservatives". The decade-long campaign waged against Modernism cast a cloud over the conclave, and also ensured on the part of the deceased pontiff that there were fewer moderate and progressive cardinals in the Sacred College. However, the cardinals feared that one of the sides in World War I might potentially influence the conclave to elect a pope that would prove amenable to their side and their positions. While the cardinals expressed relief in the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">the veto</a> in 1904, there was still a palpable fear that there would be subtle attempts to exert control over the cardinals, hence, deep suspicion in many cardinals of their European colleagues. During the conclave, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Serafini" title="Domenico Serafini">Domenico Serafini</a> and his faction had enough votes to ensure that della Chiesa was not elected, particularly since the eighth ballot had della Chiesa with a majority, though below the two-thirds needed for election.<sup id="cite_ref-SV_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Serafini was considered "<i><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a></i>" due to his position at the Holy Office, and his alignment with the policies of Pius X, other cardinals such as <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari" title="Andrea Carlo Ferrari">Andrea Carlo Ferrari</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a> believed that the new pope needed to focus not on Modernism and doctrinal debates, but rather, a softer focus after the somewhat harsh reign of Pius X. To that end, those cardinals turned towards electing the liberal <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pisa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pisa">Archbishop of Pisa</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maffi" title="Pietro Maffi">Pietro Maffi</a>. Della Chiesa, on the other hand, was wedged between Maffi and Serafini as representing the best and worst of both factions, hence his contention in the balloting. While della Chiesa seemed to secure support from some conservative cardinals, Maffi lagged considerably and hence Serafini was positioned as della Chiesa's main rival. Since Maffi had lagged in the balloting, his supporters decided to counter Serafini and threw their support for della Chiesa, securing his election by only one vote in what was a protracted conclave.<sup id="cite_ref-SV_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SV-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RT_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his election, Benedict XV was unable to locate a suitable cassock to wear since the three that were available to him did not appropriately fit his frail form. From a diary that recorded the events of the conclave, "the papal habit that was chosen was the small one, but lacking in some part, and being a little long, it was adapted with clothespin pins, and raised and covered with a gold tassel sash".<sup id="cite_ref-RT_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_efforts">Peace efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peace efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_efforts_during_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace efforts during the First World War">Peace efforts during the First World War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PioXIIgernamia1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PioXIIgernamia1917.jpg/200px-PioXIIgernamia1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PioXIIgernamia1917.jpg/300px-PioXIIgernamia1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PioXIIgernamia1917.jpg/400px-PioXIIgernamia1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a> at the Imperial Headquarters with the peace proposal of Benedict XV to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Benedict XV's pontificate was dominated by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which he termed, along with its turbulent aftermath, "the suicide of Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict's first encyclical extended a heartfelt plea for an end to hostilities. His early call for a general <a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a> in 1914 was ignored, although informal truces were organized. Late in the war, in May–October 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">apparitions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Fatima,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima, Portugal">Fatima, Portugal</a>, apparitions that would be declared "worthy of belief" in 1930 during the papacy of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papa_Benedetto_XV.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Papa_Benedetto_XV.jpeg/220px-Papa_Benedetto_XV.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Papa_Benedetto_XV.jpeg/330px-Papa_Benedetto_XV.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Papa_Benedetto_XV.jpeg/440px-Papa_Benedetto_XV.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Pope Benedict XV during his reign</figcaption></figure> <p>The national antagonisms between the warring parties were accentuated by religious differences before the war, with France, Italy and Belgium being largely Catholic. Vatican relations with Great Britain were good, while neither <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> had any official relations with the Vatican. In Protestant circles of Germany, the notion was popular that the Catholic Pope was neutral on paper only, strongly favoring the allies instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad_Gröber_1937-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict was said to have prompted <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> to go to war in order to weaken the German war machine. Also, allegedly, the Papal Nuncio in Paris<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> explained in a meeting of the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Paris" title="Catholic University of Paris">Institut Catholique</a></i>, "to fight against France is to fight against God",<sup id="cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad_Gröber_1937-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Pope was said to have exclaimed that he was sorry not to be a Frenchman.<sup id="cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad_Gröber_1937-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgian Cardinal <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a>, known as a brave patriot during German occupation but also famous for his anti-German propaganda, was said to have been favored by Benedict XV for his enmity to the German cause. After the war, Benedict also allegedly praised the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, which humiliated the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad_Gröber_1937-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These allegations were rejected by the Vatican's <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a>, who wrote on 4 March 1916 that the Holy See is completely impartial and does not favor the allied side. This was even more important, so Gasparri noted, after the diplomatic representatives of Germany and Austria-Hungary to the Vatican were expelled from Rome by Italian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gröber_495-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, considering all this, German Protestants rejected any "Papal Peace", calling it insulting. French politician <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, a fierce anti-clerical, claimed to regard the Vatican initiative as anti-French. Benedict made many unsuccessful attempts to negotiate peace, but these pleas for a negotiated peace made him unpopular, even in Catholic countries like Italy, among many supporters of the war who were determined to accept nothing less than total victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard,_136_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard,_136-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 August 1917, Benedict issued a seven-point peace plan stating that: </p> <ol><li>"the moral force of right… be substituted for the material force of arms,"</li> <li>there must be "simultaneous and reciprocal diminution of armaments,"</li> <li>a mechanism for "international arbitration must be established,"</li> <li>"true liberty and common rights over the sea" should exist,</li> <li>there should be a "renunciation of war indemnities,"</li> <li>occupied territories should be evacuated, and</li> <li>there should be "an examination… of rival claims."</li></ol> <p>Great Britain reacted favorably though popular opinion was mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> rejected the plan. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and Austria-Hungary were also favorable, but Germany replied ambiguously.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict also called for outlawing conscription,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a call he repeated in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the proposals eventually were included in Woodrow Wilson's <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> call for peace in January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard,_136_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard,_136-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, each side saw him as biased in favor of the other and was unwilling to accept the terms he proposed. Still, although unsuccessful, his diplomatic efforts during the war are credited with an increase of papal prestige and served as a model in the 20th century for the peace efforts of <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the policies of <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and the position of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> before and during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard,_136_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard,_136-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his efforts in the field of international diplomacy Pope Benedict also tried to bring about peace through Christian faith, as he published a special prayer in 1915 to be spoken by Catholics throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_efforts">Humanitarian efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Humanitarian efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pio1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pio1917.jpg/230px-Pio1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pio1917.jpg/345px-Pio1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pio1917.jpg/460px-Pio1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption> Nuncio <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a> delivers packages from Benedict XV to Italian POWs in 1917.</figcaption></figure><p> Almost from the beginning of the war, November 1914, Benedict negotiated with the warring parties about an exchange of wounded and other prisoners of war who were unable to continue fighting. Tens of thousands of such prisoners were exchanged through his intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gröber_495-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January 1915, he proposed an exchange of civilians from the occupied zones, which resulted in 20,000 persons being sent to unoccupied Southern France in one month.<sup id="cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gröber_495-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, Benedict managed to hammer out an agreement between both sides by which 29,000 prisoners with lung disease from the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">gas attacks</a> could be sent into Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1918, he also negotiated an agreement whereby prisoners on both sides with at least 18 months of captivity and four children at home would also be sent to neutral Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gröber_495-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He succeeded in 1915 in reaching an agreement by which the warring parties promised not to let prisoners of war (POWs) work on Sundays and <a href="/wiki/Religious_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious holiday">holidays</a>. Several individuals on both sides were spared the death penalty after his intervention. <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostages</a> were exchanged and corpses repatriated.<sup id="cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gröber_495-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope founded the <i>Opera dei Prigionieri</i> to assist in distributing information on prisoners. By the end of the war, some 600,000 items of correspondence were processed by the Vatican. Almost a third of it concerned missing persons. Some 40,000 people had asked for help in the repatriation of sick POWs and 50,000 letters were sent from families to their loved ones who were POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both during and after the war, Benedict was primarily concerned about the fate of the children, on whose behalf he issued an encyclical. In 1916 he appealed to the people and clergy of the United States to help him feed the starving children in German-occupied Belgium. His aid to children was not limited to Belgium but extended to children in Lithuania, Poland, Lebanon, Montenegro, Syria and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict was particularly appalled at the new military invention of aerial warfare and protested several times against it to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_116_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard_116-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May and June 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> waged a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide against the Armenian Christian minorities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The Vatican attempted to get Germany and Austria-Hungary involved in protesting to its Turkish ally. The Pope himself sent a personal letter to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>, who was also <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of Islam. It had no success "as over a million Armenians died, either killed outright by the Turks or from maltreatment or starvation".<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_116_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard_116-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_war">After the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time, the anti-Vatican resentment, combined with Italian diplomatic moves to isolate the Vatican in light of the unresolved Roman Question,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributed to the exclusion of the Vatican from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference, 1919</a> (although it was also part of a historical pattern of political and diplomatic marginalization of the papacy after the loss of the Papal States). Despite this, he wrote an <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> pleading for international reconciliation, <i>Pacem, Dei Munus Pulcherrimum.</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Benedict focused the Vatican's activities on overcoming famine and misery in Europe and establishing contacts and relations with the many new states which were created because of the demise of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>, Austria-Hungary, and Germany. Large food shipments, and information about and contacts with POWs, were to be the first steps for a better understanding of the papacy in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_380_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_380-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Peace Conference">Versailles Peace Conference</a>, the Vatican believed that the economic conditions imposed on Germany were too harsh and threatened the European economic stability as a whole. Cardinal Gasparri believed that the peace conditions and the humiliation of the Germans would likely result in another war as soon as Germany would be militarily in a position to start one.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican also rejected the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, seeing in this step an inevitable and eventual strengthening of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican also had great reservations about the creation of small successor states which, in the view of Gasparri, were not viable economically and therefore condemned to economic misery.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict rejected the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> as a secular organization that was not built on Christian values.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_147_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard_147-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, he also condemned European nationalism that was rampant in the 1920s and asked for "European Unification" in his 1920 encyclical <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacem_Dei_Munus_Pulcherrimum" class="extiw" title="it:Pacem Dei Munus Pulcherrimum"><i>Pacem Dei Munus Pulcherrimum</i></a>, "peace, a beautiful gift of God".<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_147_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard_147-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Benedict XV extolled the virtues of peace, denouncing the fragility of a peace that is not wholly oriented towards reconciliation. Prophetically, the Pope wrote that "if almost everywhere the war somehow ended and some peace pacts were signed, the germs of ancient grudges still remain. No peace has value if hatred and enmities are not put down together by means of a reconciliation based on mutual charity".<sup id="cite_ref-RT_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pope was also disturbed by the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">communist revolution</a> in Russia. He reacted with horror to the strongly anti-religious policies adopted by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s government along with the bloodshed and widespread famine which occurred during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. He undertook the greatest efforts trying to help the victims of the Russian famine with millions in relief.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_147_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard_147-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_agenda">Diplomatic agenda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diplomatic agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenedictXVferrata1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/BenedictXVferrata1914.jpg/180px-BenedictXVferrata1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/BenedictXVferrata1914.jpg/270px-BenedictXVferrata1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/BenedictXVferrata1914.jpg/360px-BenedictXVferrata1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Under Pope Benedict XV, Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ferrata" title="Domenico Ferrata">Domenico Ferrata</a> (above) and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a> in 1914 switched positions in the Vatican.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the post-war period, Pope Benedict XV was involved in developing the Church administration to deal with the new international system that had emerged. The papacy was faced with the emergence of numerous new states such as <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Independence_(1918–1940)" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, Finland, and others. <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrwar_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intrwar France (page does not exist)">France</a>, Italy, and <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a> were impoverished from the war. In addition, the traditional social and cultural European order was threatened by right-wing nationalism and fascism as well as left-wing socialism and communism, all of which potentially threatened the existence and freedom of the Church. To deal with these and related issues, Benedict engaged in what he knew best, a large scale diplomatic offensive to secure the rights of the faithful in all countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> already had agreed to the participation of Catholics in local but not national politics. Relations with Italy improved as well under Benedict XV, who de facto reversed the stiff anti-Italian policy of his predecessors by allowing Catholics to participate in national elections as well. This led to a surgence of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Luigi Sturzo</a>. Anti-Catholic politicians were gradually replaced by persons who were neutral or even sympathetic to the Catholic Church. King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> himself gave signals of his desire for better relations, when, for example, he sent personal condolences to the Pontiff on the death of his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benedict XV, along with most traditional Catholics of his time, opposed voting rights for women in principle, on the grounds that it would take them out of their "natural sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was pragmatic and recognized female suffrage could be a "social necessity in some countries...in order to counter the generally subversive views of the socialists with the supposedly conservative votes of women", believing that women would help support traditional Catholic positions if granted suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scherrer_jeanne_enters_orlean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Scherrer_jeanne_enters_orlean.jpg/190px-Scherrer_jeanne_enters_orlean.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Scherrer_jeanne_enters_orlean.jpg/285px-Scherrer_jeanne_enters_orlean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Scherrer_jeanne_enters_orlean.jpg/380px-Scherrer_jeanne_enters_orlean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><i>Joan of Arc enters Orléans</i> (painting by J.J. Sherer, 1887). Joan was canonized by Pope Benedict XV in 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>Benedict XV also attempted to improve relations with the anti-clerical Republican government of France, and canonized the French national heroine Saint <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>. In the mission territories of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>, he emphasized the necessity of training native priests to quickly replace the European missionaries, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a> and the Coptic College in the Vatican. Pius XI would entrust the "Orientale" to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and make it a part of the Jesuit's <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Consortium" title="Gregorian Consortium">Gregorian Consortium</a> in Rome (along with the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian University">Gregorian University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblicum">Biblicum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, France re-established diplomatic relations with the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Holy See–Soviet Union relations</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Gasparri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pietro_Gasparri.jpg/180px-Pietro_Gasparri.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pietro_Gasparri.jpg/270px-Pietro_Gasparri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pietro_Gasparri.jpg/360px-Pietro_Gasparri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The end of the war caused the revolutionary development, which Benedict XV had foreseen in his first encyclical. With the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> was faced with a new, so far unknown, situation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania_and_Estonia">Lithuania and Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lithuania and Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rampolla_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Rampolla_1913.jpg/145px-Rampolla_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Rampolla_1913.jpg/218px-Rampolla_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Rampolla_1913.jpg/290px-Rampolla_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>His friend Cardinal Rampolla at the age of 70, shortly before his death</figcaption></figure> <p>The relations with Russia changed drastically for a second reason. The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and Poland gained their independence from Russia after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, thus enabling a relatively free Church life in those former Russia-controlled countries. Estonia was the first country to look for <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> ties. On 11 April 1919, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> Pietro Gasparri informed the Estonian authorities that the Vatican would agree to have diplomatic relations. A <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> was agreed upon in principle a year later in June 1920. It was signed on 30 May 1922. It guaranteed freedom for the Catholic Church, established archdioceses, liberated clergy from military service, allowed the creation of seminaries and Catholic schools, and enshrined church property rights and immunity. The Archbishop swore alliance to Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations with Catholic Lithuania were slightly more complicated because of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_occupation_of_Vilnius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish occupation of Vilnius (page does not exist)">Polish occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, a city and archiepiscopal seat, which Lithuania claimed as its own. Polish forces had occupied <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and committed acts of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">brutality</a> in its Catholic <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This generated several protests by Lithuania to the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before all other heads of state, Pope Benedict XV in October 1918 congratulated the Polish people on their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a public letter to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, he remembered their loyalty and the many efforts of the Holy See to assist them. He expressed his hopes that <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> would again take its place in the family of nations and continue its history as an educated Christian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1919, he nominated 10 new bishops and, soon after, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Ratti" class="mw-redirect" title="Achille Ratti">Achille Ratti</a>, who was already in Warsaw as his representative, as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Poland" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Poland">papal nuncio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He repeatedly cautioned Polish authorities against persecuting Lithuanian and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a> clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Bolshevik advance against Warsaw during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>, he asked for worldwide public prayers for Poland. <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a> Ratti was the only foreign diplomat to stay in the Polish capital. On 11 June 1921, he wrote to the Polish episcopate, warning against political misuses of spiritual power, urging again for peaceful coexistence with neighbouring peoples, stating that "love of country has its limits in justice and obligations".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent nuncio Ratti to Silesia to act against potential political agitations of the Catholic clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ratti, a scholar, intended to work for Poland and build bridges to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, hoping even to shed his blood for Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stehle_25_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stehle_25-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Benedict XV needed him as a diplomat and not as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> and forbade any trip into the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> even though he was the official papal delegate to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stehle_25_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stehle_25-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he continued his contacts with Russia. This did not generate much sympathy for him within Poland at the time. He was asked to go. While he tried honestly to show himself as a friend of Poland, Warsaw forced his departure after his neutrality in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> voting was questioned<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Germans and Poles. Nationalistic Germans objected to a Polish nuncio supervising elections, and Poles were upset because he curtailed agitating clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 November, when German Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Adolf Bertram</a> announced a papal ban on all political activities of clergymen, calls for Ratti's expulsion climaxed in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the preliminary diplomatic negotiations leading to the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, Pope Benedict gave his support to a Jewish homeland in Palestine to Zionist diplomat <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sokolow" title="Nahum Sokolow">Nahum Sokolow</a> on 4 May 1917, describing the return of the Jews to Palestine as "providential; God has willed it."<sup id="cite_ref-KramerInternationalLaw_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerInternationalLaw-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedict_xv_pontifex_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Benedict_xv_pontifex_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Benedict_xv_pontifex_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Benedict_xv_pontifex_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Benedict_xv_pontifex_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Benedict_xv_pontifex_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Benedict_xv_pontifex_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Benedict XV by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fabr%C3%A9s" title="Antonio Fabrés">Antonio Fabrés</a> (1916, <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbons" title="James Gibbons">James Gibbons</a> helped secure a <a href="/wiki/List_of_meetings_between_the_pope_and_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States">meeting between the pope and President Woodrow Wilson</a> which took place on 4 January 1919. The cardinal had sent a letter to the President imploring him to visit the pope after learning that Wilson was to go to Europe. Not long after, Wilson confirmed the visit and went to meet the pope accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a> rector Charles O'Hearn. Benedict XV took Wilson by the hand and led him into the study for their meeting, with the pope later presenting Wilson with a gift: a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>. The interpreter had to be present for the meeting, since the pope was speaking in French, and Wilson only spoke English. The presidential party was presented to the pope, and after presenting his personal physician Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cary_T._Grayson" title="Cary T. Grayson">Grayson</a> (telling the pope that he "is the man who keeps me well"), the pope said: "Apparently, he has done a splendid job", before offering words to Grayson. The pope blessed the entourage, despite Wilson's slight confusion, after the pope assured Wilson his blessing did not discriminate those of other faiths, since Wilson was a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mag_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mag-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></div> <p>Following the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> in 1919, Benedict XV was visited by <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly" title="Seán T. O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a> in May 1920, who explained Irish politics and presented a memorandum, hoping for support from the "Sovereign Pontiff".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">peace agreement</a> was formalized between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> that saw to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>. Negotiations were conducted in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, however, there was a rise in tension during the negotiations over separate telegrams sent to Benedict XV by both King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>. The telegram sent by de Valera took issue with the language that George V used in his message to the pope and responded to simply clarify the nature between both parties and the reasons that there had been tension between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letter to George V, the Pope praised the ongoing efforts for peace, saying that "We rejoice at the resumption of the Anglo-Irish negotiations" and that the negotiations would "end the age-long dissention" between both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict XV further declared himself "overjoyed with the agreement happily reached in regard to Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A source of contention, despite firm denials by the Holy See in 1933, is the allegation that Benedict XV, in a private interview with <a href="/wiki/Papal_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal count">Count</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Noble_Plunkett" title="George Noble Plunkett">George Noble Plunkett</a> in mid-April 1916, imparted an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">Apostolic blessing</a> to the Irish Republic just two weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>. The fact that the Pope is purported to have done so was widely accepted by <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicans</a>, though categorically denied later by <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> in 1933. Additionally, it was alleged that Plunkett pledged the Irish Republic to fidelity to the Holy See, with the Pope formally imparting his blessing on the endeavors of the Irish Republic, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Armagh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh">Archbishop of Armagh</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Logue" title="Michael Logue">Michael Logue</a> to send a telegram to the Pope on 30 April 1916 asking for a clarification as to what occurred during the meeting. When <i>L'Osservatore Romano</i> denied these claims in 1933, the paper said that "the news was entirely unfounded" and that the actions of Benedict XV were "in open contradiction to the well-known gentleness of the late Pontiff and to his most lively desire for peace and the prevention of any further effusion of blood". Plunkett himself affirmed the truth of the allegations, saying "The fact is that the that the Papal Blessing given the men of 1916 by Pope Benedict has only one witness remaining – myself. Those who profess to refute me have not evidence to support them".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_affairs">Church affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Church affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In internal Church affairs, Benedict XV reiterated Pius X's condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernist scholars</a> and the errors in modern philosophical systems in <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum" title="Ad beatissimi Apostolorum">Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</a></i>. He declined to readmit to communion scholars who had been excommunicated during the previous pontificate. However, he calmed what he saw as the excesses of the anti-Modernist campaign within the Church. On 25 July 1920, he wrote the <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Bonum_sane" title="Bonum sane">Bonum sane</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a> and against naturalism and socialism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canon_law_reform">Canon law reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canon law reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a></div> <p>In 1917 Benedict XV promulgated the Church's first comprehensive Code of Canon Law, the preparation of which had been commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, and which is thus known as the Pio-Benedictine Code. This Code, which entered into force in 1918, was the first consolidation of the Church's <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon Law</a> into a modern Code made up of simple articles. Previously, <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> was dispersed in a variety of sources and partial compilations. The new codification of canon law is credited with reviving religious life and providing judicial clarity throughout the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_382-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, continuing the concerns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>, he furthered Eastern Catholic culture, theology and liturgy by founding an Oriental Institute for them in Rome<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_382-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and creating the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Eastern_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Eastern Churches">Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church</a> in 1917. In 1919, he founded the Pontifical Ethiopian College within the Vatican walls with <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">St. Stephen's Church</a>, behind St. Peter's Basilica, as the College's designated church.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_missions">Catholic missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Catholic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 November 1919, Benedict XV appealed to all Catholics worldwide to sacrifice for Catholic missions, stating at the same time in <i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_illud" title="Maximum illud">Maximum illud</a></i> that these missions should foster local culture and not import European cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_382-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariology">Mariology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mariology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/170px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/255px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/340px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>"<i><a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a></i>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Pope Benedict personally addressed in numerous letters the pilgrims at Marian sanctuaries. He named Mary the Patron of Bavaria, and permitted, in Mexico, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception of Guadaloupe. He authorised the Feast of Mary Mediator of all Graces.<sup id="cite_ref-AAS_1921,_345_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS_1921,_345-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He condemned the misuse of Marian statues and pictures, dressed in priestly robes, which he outlawed 4 April 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Benedict placed the world under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> and added the invocation <i>Mary Queen of Peace</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>. He promoted <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Marian veneration</a> throughout the world by elevating 20 well-known Marian shrines such as <a href="/wiki/Ettal_Abbey" title="Ettal Abbey">Ettal Abbey</a> in Bavaria into <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilicas</a>. He also promoted Marian devotions in May.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dogmatic constitution on the Church issued by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> quotes the Marian theology of Benedict XV.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Benedict issued the motu proprio <i>Bonum sane</i> on 25 July 1920, encouraging devotion to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a> "since through St. Joseph we go directly to Mary, and through Mary to the source of every holiness, Jesus Christ, who consecrated the domestic virtues with his obedience to St. Joseph and Mary."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He issued an encyclical on <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim the Syrian">Ephraim the Syrian</a> depicting Ephraim as a model of Marian devotion, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic Letter</a> <i>Inter Soldalica</i> of 22 March 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-AAS,_1918,_181_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS,_1918,_181-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"As the blessed Virgin Mary does not seem to participate in the public life of Jesus Christ, and then, suddenly appears at the stations of his cross, she is not there without divine intention. She suffers with her suffering and dying son, almost as if she would have died herself. For the salvation of mankind, she gave up her rights as the mother of her son and sacrificed him for the reconciliation of divine justice, <i>as far as she was permitted to do</i>. Therefore, <i>one can say</i>, she redeemed with Christ the human race."<sup id="cite_ref-AAS,_1918,_181_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS,_1918,_181-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his seven-year pontificate, Benedict XV wrote a total of twelve <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a>. In addition to the encyclicals mentioned, he issued <i>In hac tanta</i> on St. Boniface (14 May 1919), <i>Paterno iam diu</i> on the Children of Central Europe (24 November 1919), <i>Spiritus Paraclitus</i> on St. Jerome (September 1920), <i>Principi Apostolorum Petro</i> on St. Ephram the Syrian (5 October 1920), <i>Annus iam plenus</i> also on Children in Central Europe (1 December 1920), <i>Sacra propediem</i> on the Third Order of St. Francis (6 January 1921), <i><a href="/wiki/In_praeclara_summorum" title="In praeclara summorum">In praeclara summorum</a></i> on Dante (30 April 1921), and <i>Fausto appetente die</i> on St. Dominic (29 June 1921).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Exhortation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Exhortation">Apostolic Exhortations</a> include <i>Ubi primum</i> (8 September 1914), <i>Allorché fummo chiamati</i> (28 July 1915) and <i>Dès le début</i> (1 August 1917). The <a href="/wiki/Papal_bulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal bulls">Papal bulls</a> of Benedict XV include <i>Incruentum Altaris</i> (10 August 1915), <i>Providentissima Mater</i> (27 May 1917), <i>Sedis huius</i> (14 May 1919), and <i>Divina disponente</i> (16 May 1920). Benedict issued nine <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">Briefs</a> during his pontificate: <i>Divinum praeceptum</i> (December 1915), <i>Romanorum Pontificum</i> (February 1916), <i>Cum Catholicae Ecclesiae</i> (April 1916), <i>Cum Biblia Sacra</i> (August 1916), <i>Cum Centesimus</i> (October 1916), <i>Centesimo Hodie</i> (October 1916), <i>Quod Ioannes</i> (April 1917), <i>In Africam quisnam</i> (June 1920), and <i>Quod nobis in condendo</i> (September 1920).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum"><i>Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ad beatissimi Apostolorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum" title="Ad beatissimi Apostolorum">Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> of Benedict XV given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of All Saints on 1 November 1914, in the first year of his pontificate. This first encyclical coincided with the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which he labeled "The Suicide of Civilized Europe." Benedict described the combatants as the greatest and wealthiest nations of the earth, stating that "they are well-provided with the most awful weapons modern military science has devised, and they strive to destroy one another with refinements of horror. There is no limit to the measure of ruin and of slaughter; day by day the earth is drenched with newly shed blood and is covered with the bodies of the wounded and of the slain."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of the senseless slaughter, the pope pleaded for "peace on earth to men of good will" (Luke 2:14), insisting that there are other ways and means whereby violated rights can be rectified.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the evil is a neglect of the precepts and practices of Christian wisdom, particularly a lack of love and compassion. Jesus Christ came down from Heaven for the very purpose of restoring among men the Kingdom of Peace, as He stated, "A new commandment I give unto you: That you love one another."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This message is repeated in John 15:12, in which Jesus says, "This is my commandment that you love one another."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a>, nationalism, racism, and <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class warfare</a> are the characteristics of the age instead, so Benedict XV described: </p> <ul><li>"Race hatred has reached its climax; peoples are more divided by jealousies than by frontiers; within one and the same nation, within the same city there rages the burning envy of class against class; and amongst individuals it is self-love which is the supreme law over-ruling everything."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humani_generis_redemptionem"><i>Humani generis redemptionem</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Humani generis redemptionem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis_redemptionem" title="Humani generis redemptionem">Humani generis redemptionem</a></i>, from 15 June 1917, deals with blatant ineffectiveness of Christian preaching. According to Benedict XV, there are more preachers of the Word than ever before, but "in the state of public and private morals as well as the constitutions and laws of nations, there is a general disregard and forgetfulness of the supernatural, a gradual falling away from the strict standard of Christian virtue, and that men are slipping back into the shameful practices of paganism."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope squarely put part of the blame on those ministers of the Gospel who do not handle it as they should. It is not the times but the incompetent Christian preachers who are to blame, for no one today can say for sure that the Apostles were living in better times than ours. Perhaps, the encyclical states, that the Apostles found minds more readily devoted to the Gospel, or they may have met others with less opposition to the law of God.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the encyclical tells, first are the Catholic bishops. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> taught that preaching "is the paramount duty of Bishops."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apostles, whose successors the bishops are, looked upon the Church as something theirs, for it was they who received the grace of the Holy Spirit to begin it. Saint Paul wrote to the Corinthians, "Christ sent us not to baptize, but to preach the Gospel."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Council of Trent Bishops are required to select for this priestly office those only who are "fit" for the position, i.e. those who "can exercise the ministry of preaching with profit to souls." Profiting souls does not mean doing such "eloquently or with popular applause, but rather with spiritual fruit."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope requested that all the priests who are incapable of preaching or of hearing confession be removed from the position.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quod_iam_diu"><i>Quod iam diu</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Quod iam diu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Quod_iam_diu" title="Quod iam diu">Quod iam diu</a></i> was an encyclical given at Rome at St. Peter's on 1 December 1918, in the fifth year of his Pontificate. It requested that, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, all Catholics of the world pray for a lasting peace and for those who are entrusted to make such during peace negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pope noted that true peace has not yet arrived, but the Armistice has suspended the slaughter and devastation by land, sea and air.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the obligation of all Catholics to "invoke Divine assistance for all who take part in the peace conference," as the encyclical states. The Pope concludes that prayer is essential for the delegates who are to meet to define peace, as they are in need of much support.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximum_illud"><i>Maximum illud</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Maximum illud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_illud" title="Maximum illud">Maximum illud</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> of Benedict XV issued on 30 November 1919, dealing with the Catholic missions. After reminding bishops of their responsibility to support the missions, he advised missionaries not to regard the mission as their own but to welcome others to the task and to collaborate with those around them. He underlined the necessity of proper preparation for the work in foreign cultures and the need to acquire language skills before doing such work, especially in the Orient. He tells missionaries that: "Especially among the infidels, who are guided more by instinct than by reason, preaching by example is much more profitable than that of words". He requested a continued striving for personal sanctity and praised the selfless work of women religious in the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Mission", however, "is not only for missionaries, but all Catholics must participate through their apostolate of prayer, by supporting vocations, and by helping financially."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter concludes with the naming of several organizations which organize and supervise mission activities within the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_activities">Internal activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Internal activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonizations_and_beatifications">Canonizations and beatifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Canonizations and beatifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Benedict_XV" title="List of people beatified by Pope Benedict XV">List of people beatified by Pope Benedict XV</a></div> <p>Benedict XV canonized three individuals, all in May 1920: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows">Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Alacoque" title="Margaret Mary Alacoque">Margaret Mary Alacoque</a>. He also beatified a total of forty-six people, including the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a> (1920), <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Plunkett" title="Oliver Plunkett">Oliver Plunkett</a> (1920) and <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Marillac" title="Louise de Marillac">Louise de Marillac</a> (1920).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctor_of_the_Church">Doctor of the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Doctor of the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He named <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> on 5 October 1920.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistories">Consistories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Consistories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XV" title="Cardinals created by Benedict XV">Cardinals created by Benedict XV</a></div> <p>The pope created 32 cardinals in five consistories, elevating men into the cardinalate such as <a href="/wiki/Pietro_La_Fontaine" title="Pietro La Fontaine">Pietro La Fontaine</a> (1916) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a> (1921); he reserved two <i><a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">in pectore</a></i> but later published one name (<a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Adolf Bertram</a>). The pope's death in 1922 therefore invalidated the second appointment (it has been alleged that the second <i>in pectore</i> cardinal was to be <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Huyn" title="Pavel Huyn">Pavel Huyn</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benedict XV elevated 31 Europeans into the College of Cardinals with <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Joseph_Dougherty" title="Dennis Joseph Dougherty">Dennis Joseph Dougherty</a> as the single non-European cardinal appointed. In the 1916 consistory, no German or Austro-Hungarian cardinals were able to attend due to the intensity of the war. In that consistory, by naming Adolf Bertram as a cardinal "<i>in pectore</i>", Benedict XV hoped not to provoke any negativity in his selection from the Allies, particularly the Italians. Bertram was not formally invested in the Sacred College until December 1919, after the war had concluded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1921 consistory, Benedict XV is reported to have said, that "We gave you the red robe of a Cardinal.... very soon, however, one of you will wear the white robe".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_appearance">Personality and appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Personality and appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_shoes_(91324).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_shoes_%2891324%29.jpg/220px-Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_shoes_%2891324%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_shoes_%2891324%29.jpg/330px-Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_shoes_%2891324%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_shoes_%2891324%29.jpg/440px-Bata_Shoe_Museum_-_Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_shoes_%2891324%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption>Pope Benedict XV's <a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">papal shoes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum" title="Bata Shoe Museum">Bata Shoe Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pope Benedict XV was a slight man. He wore the smallest of three cassocks that were prepared for the election of a new pope in 1914, and became known as "Il Piccoletto" or "The Little Man". The cassock he wore upon his election had to be quickly stitched up so it could properly fit him. The new pope jokingly said to the tailors: "My dear, had you forgotten me?" He was dignified in bearing and courtly in terms of manners, but his appearance was not that of a pope. He had a sallow complexion, a mat of black hair, and prominent teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He himself had referred to his appearance as an "ugly gargoyle upon the buildings of Rome". It was even said that his father looked upon his newborn son with incredulity and turned away in dismay at the sight of the infant della Chiesa, due to the small, bluish pallor and frail appearance of the infant.<sup id="cite_ref-Mag_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mag-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was renowned for his generosity, answering all pleas for help from poor Roman families with large cash gifts from his private revenues. When he was short on money, those who would be admitted to an audience would often be instructed by prelates not to mention their financial woes, as Benedict would inevitably feel guilty that he could not help the needy at the time. He also depleted the Vatican's official revenues with large-scale charitable expenditure during World War I. Upon his death, the Vatican Treasury had been depleted to the equivalent in <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> of U.S. $19,000 ($345,900 in 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benedict XV was a careful innovator by Vatican standards. He was known to carefully consider all novelties before he ordered their implementation, then insisting on them to the fullest. He rejected clinging to the past for the past's sake with the words "Let us live in the present and not in history."<sup id="cite_ref-De_Waal_122_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Waal_122-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His relation to secular Italian powers was reserved yet positive, avoiding conflict and tacitly supporting the Royal Family of Italy. Yet, like <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>, he also protested against interventions of State authorities in internal Church affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Waal_122_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Waal_122-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Benedict was not considered a man of letters. He did not publish educational or devotional books. His encyclicals are pragmatic and down-to-earth, intelligent and at times far-sighted. He remained neutral during the battles of the "Great War," when almost everybody else was claiming "sides." Like that of <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> during World War II, his neutrality was questioned by all sides then and even to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedetto_XV_catafalco_Sala-del-Trono.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Benedetto_XV_catafalco_Sala-del-Trono.jpg/187px-Benedetto_XV_catafalco_Sala-del-Trono.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Benedetto_XV_catafalco_Sala-del-Trono.jpg/281px-Benedetto_XV_catafalco_Sala-del-Trono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Benedetto_XV_catafalco_Sala-del-Trono.jpg/374px-Benedetto_XV_catafalco_Sala-del-Trono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Benedict XV lying in state in 1922</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_2020_P07_Grotte_vaticane_Tomb_of_Benedictus_XV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_2020_P07_Grotte_vaticane_Tomb_of_Benedictus_XV.jpg/197px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_2020_P07_Grotte_vaticane_Tomb_of_Benedictus_XV.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_2020_P07_Grotte_vaticane_Tomb_of_Benedictus_XV.jpg/296px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_2020_P07_Grotte_vaticane_Tomb_of_Benedictus_XV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_2020_P07_Grotte_vaticane_Tomb_of_Benedictus_XV.jpg/394px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_2020_P07_Grotte_vaticane_Tomb_of_Benedictus_XV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tomb of Benedict XV in the grottoes of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XV_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XV_statue.jpg/185px-Pope_Benedict_XV_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XV_statue.jpg/278px-Pope_Benedict_XV_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XV_statue.jpg/370px-Pope_Benedict_XV_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Benedict XV in the courtyard of <a href="/wiki/St._Esprit_Cathedral,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Esprit Cathedral, Istanbul">St. Esprit Cathedral</a>, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <p>Benedict XV celebrated Mass with the nuns at the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> in early January 1922 and while he waited for his driver out in the rain he fell ill with the flu which turned into <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. The pope gave evidence on 5 January that he was suffering from a cold, but it was later noted on 12 January that he was suffering from a heavy cough and was feverish. On 18 January, the pope was unable to get out of bed.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope's condition grew grave on 19 January around 11:00pm after his heart grew weak due to the spreading of pneumonia, with the Holy See notifying the Italian government that the pope's condition was grave. Oxygen was administered to the pope after respiration became increasingly difficult, and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Giorgi" title="Oreste Giorgi">Oreste Giorgi</a> was summoned to the pontiff's bedside to recite prayers for the dying. His condition improved slightly at midnight on 20 January, and he insisted his medical attendants withdraw for the night when it seemed he might recover.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At 2:00 am on 21 January, he was given the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Unction">Extreme Unction</a> and the pope took some liquid refreshment following an hour's sleep. It was at some stage around this time that he met privately with Cardinal Gasparri for around 20 minutes to communicate his last wishes to the cardinal, while entrusting his last will to him. A bulletin at 4:30 am indicated that the pope's speech was occasionally incoherent while another at 9:55 am indicated that the pope's agony was profound to the point he could not recognize his attendants due to his state of delirium. Another bulletin at 10:05 am said that the pope's pulse was becoming intermittent.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At noon, he grew delirious and insisted on rising to resume his work, but an hour later fell into a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>. By 12:30 pm, <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Chigi_Albani_della_Rovere" title="Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere">Prince Chigi-Albani</a> visited the pope's room to prepare to take possession of the apartment in the event of the pope's death and to act as a marshal for the next conclave.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>False reports from Parisian and London evening papers on 21 January announced the pope's death occurring at 5:00 am that day, warranting corrections by Italian correspondents, prior to an official dispatch at 8:00 am to inform that the pope was alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Trove_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trove-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bourne" title="Francis Bourne">Bourne</a>'s secretary was also forced to announce on 21 January that the pope had not died after a member of the cardinal's staff mistakenly confirmed the pope had died.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death throes began at 5:20 am on 22 January, with Cardinal Giorgi granting <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a> to the dying pope. Cardinal Gasparri arrived at Benedict XV's bedside at 5:30 am since the pope had fallen into a coma yet again (at 5:18 am he said that "the catastrophe is imminent"), with Doctor Cherubini pronouncing the pontiff's death at 6:00 am.<sup id="cite_ref-Trove_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trove-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benedict XV made valiant efforts to end World War I. In 2005, Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> recognized the significance of his long-ago predecessor's commitment to peace by taking the same name upon his own rise to the pontificate. Benedict XV's humane approach to the world in 1914–1918 starkly contrasted with most of the monarchs and leaders of the time, with few notable exceptions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> showed high regard for Benedict XV, who had consecrated him a bishop on 13 May 1917, the very day of the first reported <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">apparitions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a>. While Pius XII considered another Benedict, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a>, in terms of his sanctity and scholarly contributions to be worthy as <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he thought that Benedict XV during his short pontificate was truly a man of God, who worked for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped prisoners of war and many others who needed help in dire times, and was extremely generous to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He praised him as a Marian Pope who promoted the devotion to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his encyclicals <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_beatissimi_Apostolorum" title="Ad beatissimi Apostolorum">Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis_redemptionem" title="Humani generis redemptionem">Humani generis redemptionem</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quod_iam_diu" title="Quod iam diu">Quod iam diu</a></i>, and <i>Spiritus Paraclitus</i>, and for the codification of <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Benedict XVI showed his own admiration for Benedict XV following his election to the papacy on 19 April 2005. The election of a new Pope is often accompanied by conjecture over his choice of papal name; it is widely believed that a Pope chooses the name of a predecessor whose teachings and legacy he wishes to continue. Cardinal Ratzinger's choice of "Benedict" was seen as a signal that Benedict XV's views on humanitarian diplomacy and his stance against <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">modernism</a> would be emulated during the reign of the new Pope. During his first <a href="/wiki/Audience_(meeting)" title="Audience (meeting)">General Audience</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> on 27 April 2005, Pope Benedict XVI paid tribute to Benedict XV when explaining his choice:<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Filled with sentiments of awe and thanksgiving, I wish to speak of why I chose the name Benedict. Firstly, I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Benedict_XV" title="Cardinals created by Benedict XV">Cardinals created by Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Benedict_XV" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Benedict XV">List of encyclicals of Pope Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meetings_between_the_pope_and_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States">List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Psalm 71:1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>James Paul John Baptist of the Church.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Miranda-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miranda_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miranda_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miranda_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628161227/https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1914.htm">"Miranda, Salvador. "Della Chiesa, Giacomo", <i>The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</i>, Florida International University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1914.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miranda%2C+Salvador.+%22Della+Chiesa%2C+Giacomo%22%2C+The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church%2C+Florida+International+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebdept.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1914.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.araldicavaticana.com/chiesa%201922%20GENNAIO.htm">"CHIESA 1922 GENNAIO"</a>. Araldicavaticana.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHIESA+1922+GENNAIO&rft.pub=Araldicavaticana.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.araldicavaticana.com%2Fchiesa%25201922%2520GENNAIO.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_380-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_380_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_380_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_382-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_382_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAS_1921,_345-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_1921,_345_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_1921,_345_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS 1921, 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/2ZS6-9VV">"Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, aka Pope Benedict XV"</a>. <i>www.familysearch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=Giacomo+Paolo+Giovanni+Battista+della+Chiesa%2C+aka+Pope+Benedict+XV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Ftree%2Fperson%2F2ZS6-9VV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George L. Williams, <i>Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes</i> (2004:133)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_Miranda" class="citation web cs1">Salvador Miranda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1882.htm">"Consistory of March 27, 1882 (IV)"</a>. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consistory+of+March+27%2C+1882+%28IV%29&rft.pub=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.au=Salvador+Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fbios1882.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2000" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, John F. (2000). <i>The Unknown Pope: Benedict XV, 1914–1922 and the Pursuit of Peace</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Pope%3A+Benedict+XV%2C+1914%E2%80%931922+and+the+Pursuit+of+Peace&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The New Pope", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, 4 September 1914, p. 3. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/32556436/">Newspapers.com</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Waal_121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal_121_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal_121_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1913</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Waal_110-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal_110_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal_110_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Holy Father blesses Benedictine Order". <i>The Grail</i>. <b>2</b> (9): 232. January 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Grail&rft.atitle=Holy+Father+blesses+Benedictine+Order&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=232&rft.date=1921-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note on numbering: <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Benedict_X" title="Antipope Benedict X">Pope Benedict X</a> is now considered an <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipope</a>. At the time, however, this status was not recognized, and so the man the Catholic Church officially considers the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">tenth true Pope Benedict</a> took the official number XI, rather than X. This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Benedict by one. Popes Benedict XI–XVI are, from an official point of view, the tenth through fifteenth popes by that name. In other words, there is no legitimate Pope Benedict X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SV-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SV_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SV_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_Adams2007" class="citation web cs1">John Paul Adams (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1914.html">"Sede Vacante 1914"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sede+Vacante+1914&rft.date=2007&rft.au=John+Paul+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~hcfll004%2FSV1914.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RT-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RT_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RT_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RT_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruetir.com/2022/01/20/benedict-xv-100-years-after-his-death-the-pacifist-pope/">"Benedict XV 100 years after his death: the pacifist pope"</a>. Ruetir. 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benedict+XV+100+years+after+his+death%3A+the+pacifist+pope&rft.pub=Ruetir&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruetir.com%2F2022%2F01%2F20%2Fbenedict-xv-100-years-after-his-death-the-pacifist-pope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Philpot2014" class="citation web cs1">Terry Philpot (19 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/justice/world-war-pope-benedict-xv-and-pursuit-peace">"World War I's Pope Benedict XV and the pursuit of peace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+I%27s+Pope+Benedict+XV+and+the+pursuit+of+peace&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft.au=Terry+Philpot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fjustice%2Fworld-war-pope-benedict-xv-and-pursuit-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conrad_Gröber_1937-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conrad_Gröber_1937_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad Gröber, <i>Handbuch der Religiösen Gegenwartsfragen</i>, Herder Freiburg, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a> 1937, 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gröber_495-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gröber_495_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gröber 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard,_136-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard,_136_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard,_136_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard,_136_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard, 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youssef Taouk, 'The Pope's Peace Note of 1917: the British response', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/pdfs/2017/achs%20journal%202016%2037-2%20for%20internet.pdf"><i>Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society</i> 37 (2) (2016)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226064106/http://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/pdfs/2017/achs%20journal%202016%2037-2%20for%20internet.pdf">Archived</a> 26 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 193–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Smestad Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1994-5/1994-5.htm">'Europe 1914–1945: Attempts at Peace'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708105049/http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1994-5/1994-5.htm">Archived</a> 8 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans" title="Loyola University New Orleans">Loyola University New Orleans</a> <i>The Student Historical Journal 1994–1995</i> Vol XXVI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_Peace_Proposal"><i>Five of seven points of Benedict XV's peace plan</i></a>, Brigham Young university</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+of+seven+points+of+Benedict+XV%27s+peace+plan&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+university&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FPope_Benedict_XV%2527s_Peace_Proposal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/09/23/102366187.pdf">"Pope in New Note to Ban Conscription"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 23 September 1917, A1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/16/103568068.pdf">"Pope would clinch peace. Urges abolition of conscription as way to disarmament</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 16 November 1921, from <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> report.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcbstv.com/national/Pope.s.Name.2.251671.html">Pope's Name Pays Homage To Benedict XV, Took Inspiration From An Anti-War Pontiff</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcbstv.com/">WCBSTV</a>, 20 April 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1915/03/14/page/3/article/prayer-for-peace-from-pope-benedict">"Prayer for Peace from Pope Benedict"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. 14 March 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Prayer+for+Peace+from+Pope+Benedict&rft.date=1915-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1915%2F03%2F14%2Fpage%2F3%2Farticle%2Fprayer-for-peace-from-pope-benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard_116-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_116_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_116_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 141 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xv_enc_23051920_pacem-dei-munus-pulcherrimum_en.htmlPACEM">DEI MUNUS PULCHERRIMUM ENCYCLICAL OF POPE BENEDICT XV ON PEACE AND CHRISTIAN RECONCILIATION TO THE PATRIARCHS, PRIMATES, ARCHBISHOPS, BISHOPS, AND ORDINARIES IN PEACE AND COMMUNION WITH THE HOLY SEE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard, 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard_147-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_147_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_147_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_147_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050804/https://unipio.org/it/storia/">"Storia del P.I.O."</a> <i>Orientale</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unipio.org/it/storia/">the original</a> on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientale&rft.atitle=Storia+del+P.I.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funipio.org%2Fit%2Fstoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 381,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin III, 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin III, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin III, 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin III, 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS 1921, 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stehle_25-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stehle_25_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stehle_25_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stehle 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stehle 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin IV, 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KramerInternationalLaw-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KramerInternationalLaw_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2017" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Martin (12 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2017/06/how-the-balfour-declaration-became-part-of-international-law/">"How the Balfour Declaration Became Part of International Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(magazine)" title="Mosaic (magazine)">Mosaic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic&rft.atitle=How+the+Balfour+Declaration+Became+Part+of+International+Law&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosaicmagazine.com%2Fresponse%2F2017%2F06%2Fhow-the-balfour-declaration-became-part-of-international-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mag-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mag_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mag_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_McAuley2015" class="citation web cs1">Joseph McAuley (4 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-benedict-xv-and-woodrow-wilson-are-there-any-catholics-here">"When presidents and popes meet: Woodrow Wilson and Benedict XV"</a>. <i>America Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=When+presidents+and+popes+meet%3A+Woodrow+Wilson+and+Benedict+XV&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft.au=Joseph+McAuley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fcontent%2Fall-things%2Fpope-and-president-benedict-xv-and-woodrow-wilson-are-there-any-catholics-here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.difp.ie/volume-1/1920/memorandum-by-sean-t-oceallaigh-to-pope-benedict-xv/35/#section-documentpage">"Documents on Irish Foreign Policy – Volume 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+on+Irish+Foreign+Policy+%E2%80%93+Volume+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.difp.ie%2Fvolume-1%2F1920%2Fmemorandum-by-sean-t-oceallaigh-to-pope-benedict-xv%2F35%2F%23section-documentpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/peace-conference-continues-despite-furore-over-de-valera-telegram">"Peace conference continues despite furore over de Valera telegram to Vatican"</a>. Century Ireland. 25 October 1921<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+conference+continues+despite+furore+over+de+Valera+telegram+to+Vatican&rft.pub=Century+Ireland&rft.date=1921-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fcenturyireland%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fpeace-conference-continues-despite-furore-over-de-valera-telegram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativecentenaries.org/on-this-day/pope-benedict-xv-prays-for-the-peace-settlement">"Pope Benedict XV prays for the peace settlement"</a>. The Scotsman. 20 October 1921<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Benedict+XV+prays+for+the+peace+settlement&rft.pub=The+Scotsman&rft.date=1921-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativecentenaries.org%2Fon-this-day%2Fpope-benedict-xv-prays-for-the-peace-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/catholic-world-in-mourning-over-death-of-pope-benedict-xv">"Catholic world in mourning over death of Pope Benedict XV"</a>. Century Ireland. 24 January 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+world+in+mourning+over+death+of+Pope+Benedict+XV&rft.pub=Century+Ireland&rft.date=1922-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fcenturyireland%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fcatholic-world-in-mourning-over-death-of-pope-benedict-xv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcatholic.com/did-benedict-xv-the-pope-of-peace-bless-the-easter-rising/">"Did Benedict XV, 'the Pope of Peace', Bless the Easter Rising?"</a>. The Irish Catholic. 3 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+Benedict+XV%2C+%27the+Pope+of+Peace%27%2C+Bless+the+Easter+Rising%3F&rft.pub=The+Irish+Catholic&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcatholic.com%2Fdid-benedict-xv-the-pope-of-peace-bless-the-easter-rising%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See main article, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian Catholic Church</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS 1916 146 Baumann in Marienkunde; 673</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin 179–339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C VII, § 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Benedict XV, <i>Bonum Sane</i>, § 4, Vatican, 25 July 1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAS,_1918,_181-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAS,_1918,_181_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS,_1918,_181_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS, 1918, 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</i>, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</i>, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(John 14:34);</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(John 15:12);</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ad beatissimi Apostolorum</i>, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humani generis redemptionem 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humani generis redemptionem 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Sess., xxiv, De. Ref., c.iv]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[I Cor. i:17]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humani generis redemptionem 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humani generis redemptionem 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xv_enc_01121918_quod-iam-diu.html">"Quod Iam Diu (December 1, 1918) | BENEDICT XV"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Quod+Iam+Diu+%28December+1%2C+1918%29+%7C+BENEDICT+XV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xv%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xv_enc_01121918_quod-iam-diu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quod iam diu</i>, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quod iam diu</i>, 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Maximum illud</i>, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maximum Illud 30–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Maximum illud</i>, 37–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/it/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xv_apl_19191130_maximum-illud.html">"Maximum illud (30 novembre 1919) | BENEDETTO XV"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Maximum+illud+%2830+novembre+1919%29+%7C+BENEDETTO+XV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xv%2Fit%2Fapost_letters%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xv_apl_19191130_maximum-illud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda" class="citation web cs1">Miranda, Salvador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1916.htm">"Consistory of December 4, 1916 (II)"</a>. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consistory+of+December+4%2C+1916+%28II%29&rft.pub=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Salvador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebdept.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1916.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAradi2017" class="citation book cs1">Aradi, Zsolt (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgQqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT139"><i>Pius XI: The Pope and the Man</i></a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787205000" title="Special:BookSources/9781787205000"><bdi>9781787205000</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pius+XI%3A+The+Pope+and+the+Man&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+February+2022%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28February+2022%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781787205000&rft.aulast=Aradi&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgQqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kertzer-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">Kertzer, David I.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871616-7"><bdi>978-0-19-871616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope+and+Mussolini%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Pius+XI+and+the+Rise+of+Fascism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871616-7&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc3QAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Michael Burleigh</a>, <i>Sacred Causes: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the Great War to the War on Terror</i>, HarperCollins, 2007, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Waal_122-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal_122_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Waal_122_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Waal 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard 86 ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1922.html">"SEDE VACANTE 1922"</a>. <i>www.csun.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csun.edu&rft.atitle=SEDE+VACANTE+1922&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~hcfll004%2FSV1922.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63943413">"POPE BENEDICT DYING"</a>. <i>Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912–1954)</i>. 21 January 1922. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+%28Adelaide%2C+SA+%3A+1912%E2%80%931954%29&rft.atitle=POPE+BENEDICT+DYING&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1922-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article63943413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trove-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trove_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trove_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4712117">"POPE BENEDICT"</a>. <i>Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957)</i>. 23 January 1922. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus+%28Melbourne%2C+Vic.+%3A+1848%E2%80%931957%29&rft.atitle=POPE+BENEDICT.&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1922-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article4712117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth610511/m1/2/zoom/">"The Houston Post. (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 37, No. 293, Ed. 1 Sunday, January 22, 1922"</a>. <i>The Portal to Texas History</i>. 22 January 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Portal+to+Texas+History&rft.atitle=The+Houston+Post.+%28Houston%2C+Tex.%29%2C+Vol.+37%2C+No.+293%2C+Ed.+1+Sunday%2C+January+22%2C+1922&rft.date=1922-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth610511%2Fm1%2F2%2Fzoom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pio XII, Discorsi, Roma 1939–1958, Vol. VIII, 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discorsi, I 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discorsi, II 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discorsi XIX, 877</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discorsi XIII, 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> (27 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6444">"To Reflect on the Name I Have Chosen"</a>. Catholic Culture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Reflect+on+the+Name+I+Have+Chosen&rft.pub=Catholic+Culture&rft.date=2005-04-27&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D6444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Benedict+XV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Peters, Walter H. <i>The Life of Benedict XV</i>. 1959. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company.</li> <li>Daughters of St. Paul. <i>Popes of the Twentieth Century</i>. 1983. Pauline Books and Media</li> <li>Pollard, John F. <i>The Unknown Pope</i>. 1999. London: Geoffrey Chapman</li> <li>Cavagnini, Giovanni and Giulia Grossi (eds.), <i>Benedict XV: A Pope in the World of the 'Useless Slaughter' (1914–1918)</i>. 2020. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Benedict_XV" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/index.htm">Vatican website:</a> Benedict XV; texts of encyclicals etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maidofheaven.com/joanofarc_canonization.asp"><i>Canonization of Joan of Arc</i>:</a> by Benedict XV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/popebenedict.htm">FirstWorldWar.com:</a> Who's Who</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-d.htm#DellaChiesa">The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church:</a> Giacomo Della Chiesa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/QFNE44IY">Pathe News archive film of Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11369">Works by Pope Benedict XV</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/001440">Newspaper clippings about Pope Benedict XV</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Svampa" title="Domenico Svampa">Domenico Svampa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Bologna" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Bologna">Archbishop of Bologna</a> </b><br />18 December 1907 – 3 September 1914 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Gusmini" title="Giorgio Gusmini">Giorgio Gusmini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Respighi" title="Pietro Respighi">Pietro Respighi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati</a> </b><br />25 May 1914 – 3 September 1914 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Guisasola_y_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Victoriano Guisasola y Menéndez">Victoriano Guisasola Menéndez</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> </b><br />3 September 1914 – 22 January 1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4448#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121407844">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78769797">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/246407/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmWydkqwqjtwqfRMbWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118655442">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88167935">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12148662k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12148662k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benedictus XV <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV076817">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35918519">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20001005038&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5348700">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069280681">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13044356">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000335531&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000124141">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxxl124ltbz64">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810651537405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/1350">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276444505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516430006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14496428">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11922844?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1145412">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="BENEDETTO XV, papa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-benedetto-xv_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118655442.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118655442">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029974518">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68w5hxg">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&oldid=1253420341">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Benedict_XV&oldid=1253420341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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