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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking" title="Animal migration tracking">Animal migration tracking</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_wildlife_tracking_technology" title="History of wildlife tracking technology">History of wildlife tracking technology</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigress_with_radiocollar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tigress_with_radiocollar.JPG/220px-Tigress_with_radiocollar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tigress_with_radiocollar.JPG/330px-Tigress_with_radiocollar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tigress_with_radiocollar.JPG/440px-Tigress_with_radiocollar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tigress with radio collar in Tadoba Andhari National Park, India</figcaption></figure> <p><b>GPS animal tracking</b> is a process whereby <a href="/wiki/Biologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologists">biologists</a>, scientific researchers, or conservation agencies can remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/migration" class="extiw" title="wikt:migration">migratory</a> patterns in a free-ranging wild animal using the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) and optional environmental sensors or automated data-retrieval technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Argos_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Argos system">Argos</a> satellite uplink, <a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">mobile data telephony</a> or <a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a> and a range of analytical software tools.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_device" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS tracking device">GPS tracking device</a> will generally record and store location data at a predetermined interval or on <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> by an environmental sensor. These data may be held pending recovery of the device or relayed to a central data store or internet-connected computer using an embedded <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> modem. The animal's location can then be plotted against a map or chart in near real-time or, when analysing the track later, using a <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> package or custom software. </p><p>GPS tracking devices may also be attached to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animals">domestic animals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Pets">pets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">pedigree</a> <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Working dogs">working dogs</a>. Some owners use these collars for <a href="/wiki/Geofence" title="Geofence">geofencing</a> of their pets.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>GPS wildlife tracking</b> can place additional constraints on size and weight and may not allow for post-deployment recharging or replacement of <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> or correction of attachment. As well as allowing in-depth study of animal behaviour and migration, the <a href="/wiki/High-resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="High-resolution">high-resolution</a> tracks available from a GPS-enabled system can potentially allow for tighter control of animal-borne <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">communicable diseases</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a> strain of <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attachment">Attachment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collar_attachment">Collar attachment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Collar attachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_(Panthera_onca_palustris)_male_Rio_Negro_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_male_Rio_Negro_2.JPG/220px-Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_male_Rio_Negro_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_male_Rio_Negro_2.JPG/330px-Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_male_Rio_Negro_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_male_Rio_Negro_2.JPG/440px-Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_male_Rio_Negro_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> wearing a tracking collar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lioness_Collar_Sitting_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_06324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lioness_Collar_Sitting_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_06324.jpg/220px-Lioness_Collar_Sitting_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_06324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lioness_Collar_Sitting_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_06324.jpg/330px-Lioness_Collar_Sitting_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_06324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lioness_Collar_Sitting_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_06324.jpg/440px-Lioness_Collar_Sitting_Luangwa_Jul23_A7C_06324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5145" data-file-height="3859" /></a><figcaption>Lioness with a tracking collar, <a href="/wiki/South_Luangwa_National_Park" title="South Luangwa National Park">South Luangwa National Park</a>, Zambia</figcaption></figure> <p>Collar attachment is the primary technique where the subject has a suitable body type and behaviour. <a href="/wiki/Tracking_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking collar">Tracking collars</a> are typically used on the animal's neck (assuming the head has a larger circumference than the neck)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also on a limb, perhaps around an ankle. Suitable animals for neck attachment include primates, large cats, some bears, etc. Limb attachment works well in animals such as <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>, where the foot is much larger than the ankle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harness_attachment">Harness attachment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harness attachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harness attachments may be used when collar attachment is unsuitable, such as for animals whose neck diameter may exceed that of the head. Examples of this type of animal may include pigs, <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_devils" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmanian devils">Tasmanian devils</a>, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Large, long-necked birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Greylag_goose" title="Greylag goose">greylag goose</a> may also need to be fitted with a harness to prevent the removal of the tag by the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_attachment">Direct attachment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Direct attachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct attachment is used on animals where a collar cannot be used, such as birds, reptiles, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">marine mammals</a>. </p><p>In the case of birds, the GPS unit must be very lightweight to avoid interfering with the bird's ability to fly or swim. The device is usually attached by gluing or, for short deployments, taping<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the bird. The unit will then naturally fall off when the bird subsequently moults. </p><p>In the case of reptiles such as <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, gluing the unit onto the animal's skin or <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> using <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> (or similar material) is the most common method and minimises discomfort.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In deployments on marine mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">phocids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">otariids</a>, the device would be glued to the fur and fall off during the annual <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moult</a>. Units used with turtles or marine animals have to resist the corrosive effects of seawater and be waterproof to pressures of up to 200bar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_attachment_methods">Other attachment methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other attachment methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other applications include <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> tracking, for which a hole may be drilled in the animal's horn and a device implanted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Compared to other methods, implanted transmitters may suffer from a reduced range as the large mass of the animal's body can absorb some transmitted power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are also GPS implants for large snakes, such as ones offered by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telemetrysolutions.com">Telemetry Solutions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded">Embedded</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Embedded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Duty_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty Cycle">Duty Cycle</a> Scheduling - GPS devices typically record data about the animal's exact location and store readings at pre-set intervals known as duty cycles. By setting the interval between readings, the researcher can determine the device's lifespan - persistent readings drain battery power more rapidly. In contrast, longer intervals between readings might provide lower resolution over a more extended deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Release Timers - Some devices can be programmed to drop off at a set time/date rather than requiring recapture and manual retrieval. Some may also be fitted with a low-power radio receiver allowing a remote signal to trigger the automatic release. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytical">Analytical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analytical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Locational data provided by GPS devices can be displayed using <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> (GIS) packages such as the <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/GRASS_GIS" title="GRASS GIS">GRASS</a> or plotted and prepared for display on the World Wide Web using packages such as <a href="/wiki/Generic_Mapping_Tools" title="Generic Mapping Tools">Generic Mapping Tools (GMT)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/PnEcrins/FollowDem">FollowDem</a> (developed by Ecrins National Park to track ibex) or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaturtle.org/maptool/">Maptool</a>. </p><p>Statistical software such as <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> can be used to display and examine data and may reveal behavioural patterns or trends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_retrieval">Data retrieval</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Data retrieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argos">Argos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Argos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Argos_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Argos System">Argos System</a></div> <p>GPS tracking devices have been linked to an Argos Platform Transmitter Terminal (PTT), enabling them to transmit data via the Argos System, a scientific satellite system that has been in use since 1978. Users can download their data directly from Argos via <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a> and process the raw data to extract their transmitted information.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where satellite uplink fails due to antenna damage, it may be possible to intercept the underpowered transmission locally using a satellite uplink receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GSM">GSM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: GSM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPS location data can be transmitted via the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> mobile/cell phone network, using <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> messages or <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet protocols">internet protocols</a> over a <a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a> session.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.EPASTO.eu">EPASTO</a> GPS is dedicated to following and locating cows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UHF/VHF"><span id="UHF.2FVHF"></span>UHF/VHF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: UHF/VHF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPS data may be transmitted via short-range radio signals and decoded using a custom receiver.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complications">Complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_animals">Effects on animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effects on animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was believed that GPS collars used on animals affected their behavior. This theory was tested on elephants that lived in a zoo in the United States. They studied how the elephants behaved with and without the collars simultaneously for both scenarios and saw no change in behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study was done with mantled howler monkeys to see if GPS Ball and Chain collars affected the monkeys behavior. The study involved observing a group of collared and uncollared female howler monkeys. There was no significant difference in the collared and uncollared behavior, but when the study was over, it was discovered that the monkeys had injuries. The collars had caused damage to the necks of the monkeys; one had minor scratches and some swelling, while four other monkeys had deep cuts from the collar. Two of the monkeys with the lacerations had their tissue healing over the collar.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_technology_and_battery_life">Tracking technology and battery life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tracking technology and battery life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a need for Internet-enabled tracking collars for animals to be designed with a multiple-year lifespan to avoid interference with the animals. Satellite tracking devices are deployed in ultra-remote areas. To preserve battery power, the device only powers on when required. GSM or cellular technology is widely deployed where connectivity is available - however, GSM is also highly intensive on battery power. Devices, like <a href="/wiki/AirTag" title="AirTag">Airtag</a> from Apple, either have a large battery or are only powered on when required, and may need to be constantly recharged.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sigfox or LoRa are new technologies powering the Internet of Things connectivity. These technologies are beginning to be deployed in remote areas due to their ease of deployment and incredibly long range. The advantages of these technologies for an animal tracking collar are that the device form size can be minimised, and the battery life is considerably extended. Sigfox has already covered large parts of the Kruger National Park in South Africa, allowing rangers to track smaller forms of wildlife better.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">Automatic Packet Reporting System</a> – Amateur radio telemetry forwarding protocol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging" title="Electronic tagging">Electronic tagging</a> – Form of surveillance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> – Monitoring something for the purposes of influencing, protecting, or suppressing it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematics" title="Telematics">Telematics</a> – Interdisciplinary field that encompasses telecommunications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">Telemetry</a> – Data and measurements transferred from a remote location to receiving equipment for monitoring</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_animal_tracking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield, Gail, et al., "Novel GPS tracking of sea turtles as a tool for conservation management", <i>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology</i> 347 (2007) 58–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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