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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Goods, usually food, given to military personnel</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SC_396844_-_Replacements_pick_up_their_K_rations_before_being_assigned_to_a_combat_unit_from_a_replacement_pool._France._20_July,_1944._(52596605309).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SC_396844_-_Replacements_pick_up_their_K_rations_before_being_assigned_to_a_combat_unit_from_a_replacement_pool._France._20_July%2C_1944._%2852596605309%29.jpg/220px-SC_396844_-_Replacements_pick_up_their_K_rations_before_being_assigned_to_a_combat_unit_from_a_replacement_pool._France._20_July%2C_1944._%2852596605309%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SC_396844_-_Replacements_pick_up_their_K_rations_before_being_assigned_to_a_combat_unit_from_a_replacement_pool._France._20_July%2C_1944._%2852596605309%29.jpg/330px-SC_396844_-_Replacements_pick_up_their_K_rations_before_being_assigned_to_a_combat_unit_from_a_replacement_pool._France._20_July%2C_1944._%2852596605309%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SC_396844_-_Replacements_pick_up_their_K_rations_before_being_assigned_to_a_combat_unit_from_a_replacement_pool._France._20_July%2C_1944._%2852596605309%29.jpg/440px-SC_396844_-_Replacements_pick_up_their_K_rations_before_being_assigned_to_a_combat_unit_from_a_replacement_pool._France._20_July%2C_1944._%2852596605309%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="4176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> soldiers receiving their issued rations in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Military rations</b>, <b>operational rations</b>, or <b>military provisions</b> are goods issued to sustain the needs of <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">personnel</a>. As their name suggests, military rations have historically been, and often still are, subject to <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a>, with each individual receiving specific amounts from available supplies. Military-issued goods and the rationing of such goods have existed since the beginnings of organized <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though commonly referring to <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">drink</a> rations, "military ration" may also refer to other types of items that are rationed for military personnel, such as <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a>, expensive items, or consumer goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ration acquisition may be managed using <a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)" title="Allowance (money)">allowances</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Ration_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration card">ration card</a>, or they may be issued without charge.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military rations are a key component of <a href="/wiki/Military_nutrition" title="Military nutrition">military nutrition</a>, the field and study of <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> in the military. Significant research goes into creating military rations, including the nutrition and energy of rations, food spoilage prevention, what meals should be offered, the amount of food each ration should contain, and the exact specifications of each meal and ingredient.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_ration">Field ration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Field ration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></div> <p>A <i>field ration</i> (known under a variety of other names) is a military ration intended to provide nutrition and sustenance in the <a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">field</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a>, or where eating facilities are otherwise unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Field rations can be categorized into two main types: </p> <ul><li>Individual rations, designed and intended to sustain a single person</li> <li>Group rations, designed and intended to sustain multiple personnel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garrison_ration">Garrison ration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Garrison ration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garrison_ration" title="Garrison ration">Garrison ration</a></div> <p>A <i>garrison ration</i> is a type of military ration that, depending on its use and context, could refer to rations issued to personnel at a <a href="/wiki/Military_camp" title="Military camp">camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">installation</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a>; allowance allotted to personnel to purchase goods or rations sold in a garrison (or the rations purchased with allowance); a type of ration; or a combined system with distinctions and differences depending on situational factors (such as whether the country is at peace or at war).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_antiquity">Ancient and antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient and antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Army_Bread_(12131004943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Roman_Army_Bread_%2812131004943%29.jpg/220px-Roman_Army_Bread_%2812131004943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Roman_Army_Bread_%2812131004943%29.jpg/330px-Roman_Army_Bread_%2812131004943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Roman_Army_Bread_%2812131004943%29.jpg/440px-Roman_Army_Bread_%2812131004943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4779" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption>A modern recreation of <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a> eaten by ancient Roman soldiers</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">ancient warfare</a>, militaries generally lived off the land, relying on whatever food they could forage, steal, purchase, or requisition. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, most workers, including soldiers, were given rations of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, soldiers brought whatever they could carry in battle, but ate well while in their camps.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, soldiers relied on <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, which was replaced with barley as <a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">punishment</a>. Each soldier had an allotted amount of food they could have, such as one pound of meat daily; the size of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legion</a> meant dozens, if not hundreds of animals could be killed daily to sustain their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> ate <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, wheat, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>, smashed and fried in a manner similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Fried_rice" title="Fried rice">fried rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fried_noodles" title="Fried noodles">fried noodles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> were trained in sustaining their food supplies for as long as 20 days, with many also carrying small hand mills to grind grain to make <a href="/wiki/Paximathia" title="Paximathia">paximathia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical">Post-classical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">medieval warfare</a>, military feeding remained essentially the same as it had been in prior centuries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> soldiers ate primarily <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, but before a deployment, they would have a large and elaborate banquet, with another large meal before a battle.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, crusaders brought grain with them, but otherwise relied on their own food storages, purchased food from locals and, by the late Crusades, supplies brought in by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> vessels and merchants. However, their food supplies were consistently low, to the point that in several battles crusaders would "stop fighting and start eating" upon discovering food in the camps of Muslim armies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armies of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> only had whatever food or <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> they brought from home, and relied on whatever food they could pillage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a> were some of the most well-fed soldiers of the era, with access to a variety of foods. The Ottoman military greatly relied on <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a>, with around 105 ovens in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> dedicated solely to baking for military purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan">feudal Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a>, military nutrition habits depended on the <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a></i> commanding them:<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari" title="Mōri Motonari">Mōri Motonari</a> issued each soldier a bag of rice, fried rice, and <a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">mochi</a>, the latter of which was chosen due to its portability, long shelf life, ability to provide high energy in small amounts, and Motonari's personal preference for it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uesugi_Kenshin" title="Uesugi Kenshin">Uesugi Kenshin</a> would prepare massive feasts for his army before battles, known as <i>kachidoki-meshi</i> ("victory cry meals"), featuring delicacies such as "a mountain of rice ... black-boiled <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, vinegar-washed fish and <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">jellyfish</a> <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>, soups with seasonal vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">dried fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>-roasted <a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">duck</a>, simmered <a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">sand borer</a>, and more", though Kenshin himself was noted to eat very little. During battles, Kenshin assembled supply convoys called <i>konidatai</i> staffed by peasants, who would deliver supplies and rations to troops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> is said to have regularly distributed food rations out to his officers and soldiers, and kept them well-fed. In one instance, while traveling from <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgaki" title="Ōgaki">Ogaki</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nagahama,_Shiga" title="Nagahama, Shiga">Nagahama</a> (a 52 kilometer distance) in 1583, Hideyoshi sent scouts ahead to each village to ask that they prepare rice for Hideyoshi's army; the villages set out <a href="/wiki/Rice_ball" title="Rice ball">rice balls</a> for the soldiers, allowing them to remain fed for the entire trip.</li></ul> <p>In general, Japanese soldiers would bring <i>uchigaibukuro</i>, pouches used to store rice and medicine, into battle with them. They would also eat <a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">miso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">dried taro stalk</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Okayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Okayu">okayu</a></i> as part of a soup prepared in a soldier's <i><a href="/wiki/Jingasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingasa">jingasa</a></i>. Soldiers and <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninja</a></i> also used "pills", small ball-shaped medicinal rations consumed in emergencies or long missions, of which there were three types: <i>hyorogan</i> ("ration pills"), made with various flours, sugary substances, and spices to provide quick energy; <i>kikatsugan</i> ("hunger pills"), made with starchy ingredients to provide endurance; and <i>suikitsugan</i> ("thirst pills"), made from <i><a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">umeboshi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiopogon" title="Ophiopogon">bakumondoto</a></i>, and sugar to encourage saliva production.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> soldiers were issued money to buy food, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickles</a>, salt, and other goods, though grain supply issues meant they relied less on grain rations than in prior generations. By the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed_cake" title="Sesame seed cake">sesame seed cakes</a>, which could last long periods of time, became standard military food; additionally, the imperial government spent significant amounts of money on the military, ensuring they had plenty of food.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RemingtonUSCavalryChristmasBeefRoast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RemingtonUSCavalryChristmasBeefRoast.jpg/220px-RemingtonUSCavalryChristmasBeefRoast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RemingtonUSCavalryChristmasBeefRoast.jpg/330px-RemingtonUSCavalryChristmasBeefRoast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RemingtonUSCavalryChristmasBeefRoast.jpg/440px-RemingtonUSCavalryChristmasBeefRoast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3225" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">United States Cavalry</a> soldiers preparing <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">roast beef</a> for <a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Christmas dinner</a> in their camp in 1892</figcaption></figure> <p>By the era of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">early modern warfare</a>, military food had improved to a relatively significant degree. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> relied on <a href="/wiki/Hardtack" title="Hardtack">hardtack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salted_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salted meat">salted meat</a>, and alcoholic drinks (originally <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> but later <a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">rum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>-era <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had, on paper, plentiful rations including salted meat, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, grains, bread, milk, and alcohol, with <a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">jerky</a> and hardtack if those foods were not available.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in reality, the Continental Army had difficulties supplying their units, and soldiers reportedly had to beg civilians for food. The situation deteriorated to the point that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> pressured <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to permit the seizure of food, but he declined, fearing it would alienate the colonials.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> strongly relied on bread—24 ounces standard if well-supplied, compared to a mere half-pound of meat and 2 ounces of legumes—but "spent most of their time desperately hungry", relying on <a href="/wiki/Fried_dough" title="Fried dough">doughboys</a> and "out of the ground" crops such as <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, which required minimal cooking and had recently become common across European farms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, a theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the British had <a href="/wiki/British_military_rations_during_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="British military rations during the French and Indian War">a detailed ration system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> saw issues with supplying soldiers in battle. In the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, rations were regularly halved, and many soldiers developed <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, to the point that the hospital in <a href="/wiki/Scutari_vilayet" title="Scutari vilayet">Scutari</a> received more soldiers for scurvy than battle wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">food and rations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> were meant to be mostly the same—meat, cornmeal, vegetables, vinegar, molasses, and hardtack—but supply issues plagued the Confederates as the war continued, forcing them to live off the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before the Napoleonic Wars, the French government offered a 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">franc</a> reward to invent a reliable food preservation method for the military. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Appert" title="Nicolas Appert">Nicolas Appert</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Confectioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Confectioner">confectioner</a> operating a food bottling factory in <a href="/wiki/Massy,_Essonne" title="Massy, Essonne">Massy, Essonne</a>, offered his bottling method and published a book detailing the process in 1810. Appert's bottling method was later developed into <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a>, improved when <a href="/wiki/Peter_Durand" title="Peter Durand">Peter Durand</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">tin can</a> the same year, which became the standard for storing food using Appert's method. The development of <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> also improved military rations.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittagessen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mittagessen.JPG/220px-Mittagessen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mittagessen.JPG/330px-Mittagessen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mittagessen.JPG/440px-Mittagessen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> soldiers eating lunch during a <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The era of <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">modern warfare</a> saw significant improvements in the shelf life, variety, and quality of military rations and nutrition. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> soldiers had relatively sufficient food supplies due to the static nature of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>. British, <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZAC</a> soldiers were regularly issued "dull" foods such as <a href="/wiki/Bully_beef" title="Bully beef">bully beef</a>, biscuits, <a href="/wiki/Pudding" title="Pudding">pudding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maconochie" title="Maconochie">Maconochie</a> (tinned meat, potato, and vegetable <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>), the latter of which was vilified for its poor quality, especially if not sufficiently heated.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> soldiers reportedly ate very well compared to their European comrades, with regular access to fresh food such as <a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">goat meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">rotis</a>; British logistics also accommodated for vegetarian Indians by providing them with <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">gur</a>, and milk instead of meat. This treatment was supposedly to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, which was partially caused by indifference to Indian religious needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> had a variety of different rations issued to them, organized based on freshness and purpose, and were generally considered well-fed compared to their British and European contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> soldiers had mostly the same foodstuffs with more reliance on potatoes over grains, but as the war progressed and food supplies lowered due to restrictions, the German military was forced to gradually reduce their meat rations, instituting meat-free days once per week and making meat a rarity among German soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, rations had taken modern organized forms for both the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a> revised their World War I-era ration organization system into an alphabetized system: <a href="/wiki/A-ration" title="A-ration">A-rations</a> of fresh food, <a href="/wiki/B-ration" title="B-ration">B-rations</a> of packaged unprepared food, <a href="/wiki/C-ration" title="C-ration">C-rations</a> of prepared canned food, <a href="/wiki/D-ration" class="mw-redirect" title="D-ration">D-rations</a> of chocolate, and <a href="/wiki/K-ration" title="K-ration">K-rations</a> of three-course meals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British soldiers were issued 24-hour rations intended to sustain troops until composite rations and fresh food could be supplied by field kitchens.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the home front in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_canteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile canteen">mobile canteens</a> were operated to provide <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a> and civil defence authorities with hot food and fresh tea.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers received <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">rye bread</a>, potatoes, vegetables, pasta, meat, and fish (in order of quantity).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> had ample food supplies, but food was strained after 1940, when food panics and requirements for peasants to feed Chinese soldiers led to agricultural failures and severe inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> received basic rations of hard bread and canned meat (usually pork, roast beef, turkey, or chicken, though cans labeled <i>Fleischkonserve</i>—literally translated as "can of meat"—went <a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">unidentified</a>), though canned <a href="/wiki/Tomato_soup" title="Tomato soup">tomato soup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a>, and <i>Erbswurst</i> (a compact <a href="/wiki/Peasemeal" title="Peasemeal">peasemeal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a> that can be dissolved to make <a href="/wiki/Pea_soup" title="Pea soup">pea soup</a>) were also common. Elite units such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">Fallschirmjäger</a></i> received more unique high-energy food, including tins of cheese and sausage. The <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> received four-day rations consisting of <a href="/wiki/Mischbrot" title="Mischbrot"><i>Graubrot</i></a>, canned meat, vegetables, spreads, coffee, and <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a> (despite the SS's strong anti-smoking stance). Regions invaded and occupied by Nazi forces were stripped of their food to feed Germans and starve local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a> received <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_rations" title="Imperial Japanese rations">rather basic rations</a> that were intended to be eaten alongside other foraged food.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> ate mainly pasta, bread, oatmeal, meat, fish, broth, and salad from their field kitchens, with alcohol also regularly issued. However, on deployment, Italian soldiers mostly received low-quality canned food and biscuits, with regular supplies of food strained by logistical issues during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_960516-M-0983O-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Defense.gov_News_Photo_960516-M-0983O-003.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_960516-M-0983O-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Defense.gov_News_Photo_960516-M-0983O-003.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_960516-M-0983O-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Defense.gov_News_Photo_960516-M-0983O-003.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_960516-M-0983O-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>American and British marines conversing while eating field rations during a training exercise in 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern and currently-issued rations were developed during and after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> issued their personnel a very basic ration of <a href="/wiki/Tushonka" title="Tushonka">tushonka</a>, bread or crackers, and condensed milk, with little variety.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> issued 24-hour rations containing four meals each, though their contents and types varied.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. military, initially issuing the canned <a href="/wiki/Meal,_Combat,_Individual_ration" title="Meal, Combat, Individual ration">Meal, Combat, Individual</a> (similar to the C-ration) from the late 1950s through the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, developed the <a href="/wiki/Meal,_Ready-to-Eat" title="Meal, Ready-to-Eat">Meal, Ready-to-Eat</a> (MRE) in 1983, designed to provide easy-to-prepare individual meals in <a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">retort pouches</a> that could last for very long periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British 24-hour ration gradually advanced from tinned rations to freeze-dried and vacuum-sealed rations.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> challenged the ability of Russia to provision its soldiers. In the early days of the conflict in spring 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a> had to contend with low supplies of rations, which led them to forage for provisions in a manner reminiscent of the practices of ancient armies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Recipe_Service" title="Armed Forces Recipe Service">Armed Forces Recipe Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Catering_Corps" title="Army Catering Corps">Army Catering Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">History of military nutrition in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_daily_ration" title="Humanitarian daily ration">Humanitarian daily ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_kit" title="Mess kit">Mess kit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOrtved2018" class="citation web cs1">Ortved, John (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/soldier-wartime-food-rations-battle-napoleon-vietnam">"Soldiers' Rations Through History: From Live Hogs to Indestructible MREs"</a>. <i>History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221051127/https://www.history.com/news/soldier-wartime-food-rations-battle-napoleon-vietnam">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Soldiers%27+Rations+Through+History%3A+From+Live+Hogs+to+Indestructible+MREs&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=Ortved&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fsoldier-wartime-food-rations-battle-napoleon-vietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeachey2022" class="citation web cs1">Peachey, Sarah (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military.com/pcs/everything-you-need-know-about-oconus-ration-cards.html">"Everything You Need to Know About OCONUS Ration Cards"</a>. <i>Military.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316205538/https://www.military.com/pcs/everything-you-need-know-about-oconus-ration-cards.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military.com&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+OCONUS+Ration+Cards&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Peachey&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fpcs%2Feverything-you-need-know-about-oconus-ration-cards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myarmybenefits.us.army.mil/Benefit-Library/Federal-Benefits/Allowances">"Allowances"</a>. <i>myarmybenefits.us.army.mil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316205557/https://myarmybenefits.us.army.mil/Benefit-Library/Federal-Benefits/Allowances">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myarmybenefits.us.army.mil&rft.atitle=Allowances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyarmybenefits.us.army.mil%2FBenefit-Library%2FFederal-Benefits%2FAllowances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_War1941" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Department of War (23 July 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regimentalrogue.com/blog/index.blog/2334963/us-army-1941-the-ration/"><i>Basic Field Manual: Soldier's Handbook</i></a>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316193802/http://www.regimentalrogue.com/blog/index.blog/2334963/us-army-1941-the-ration/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Field+Manual%3A+Soldier%27s+Handbook&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1941-07-23&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regimentalrogue.com%2Fblog%2Findex.blog%2F2334963%2Fus-army-1941-the-ration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillFallowfieldPriceWilson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Neil; Fallowfield, Joanne; Price, Susan; Wilson, Duncan (27 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0213">"Military nutrition: maintaining health and rebuilding injured tissue"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>366</b> (1562): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0213">10.1098/rstb.2010.0213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3013424">3013424</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21149358">21149358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Military+nutrition%3A+maintaining+health+and+rebuilding+injured+tissue&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=1562&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3013424%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21149358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0213&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Fallowfield%2C+Joanne&rft.au=Price%2C+Susan&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2016" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Danny (18 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/heres-what-military-rations-around-world-are-made-180957854/">"Here's What Military Rations From Around the World Are Made Of"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316205539/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/heres-what-military-rations-around-world-are-made-180957854/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Here%27s+What+Military+Rations+From+Around+the+World+Are+Made+Of&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fheres-what-military-rations-around-world-are-made-180957854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delish.com/food/news/a37391/d-day-history-of-army-rations/">"D-Day Sustenance: How the Troops Kept Up Their Energy"</a>. <i>Delish</i>. 6 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316205546/https://www.delish.com/food/news/a37391/d-day-history-of-army-rations/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Combat rations (sometimes known as field rations) were nutritional meals created specifically for troops in the battlefield. They were compact, lightweight, pocket-sized foods that were canned, pre-packaged bars, or freeze-dried and provided the right amount of nutrition and sustenance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Delish&rft.atitle=D-Day+Sustenance%3A+How+the+Troops+Kept+Up+Their+Energy&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delish.com%2Ffood%2Fnews%2Fa37391%2Fd-day-history-of-army-rations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_War1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of War">U.S. Department of War</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll9/id/159/"><i>Field Service Regulations, United States Army, 1913</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Service+Regulations%2C+United+States+Army%2C+1913&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1913&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp4013coll9%2Fid%2F159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army_Quartermaster_Corps1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Quartermaster_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps">U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps</a> (1941). <i>Quartermaster Field Manual</i>. 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New Kingdom . Soldiers | PBS"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315031740/https://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/newkingdom/soldiers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plenus+%E7%B1%B3%E9%A3%9F%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.atitle=Packed+Food%3A+The+Backbone+of+Wars+%7C+O-Bento+Column+%7C+Bento+Library&rft.date=2022-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkome-academy.com%2Fen%2Fbento_library%2Fcolumn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariani" class="citation web cs1">Mariani, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bloomfood/ration/0">"Ration"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316013941/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bloomfood/ration/0">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=An+army+marches+on+its+stomach+%7C+National+Army+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Farmy-marches-its-stomach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dos.myflorida.com/offices/historical-museums/united-connections/foodways/food-in-wartime/civil-war-rations/">"Civil War Rations - Florida Department of State"</a>. <i>dos.myflorida.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314054355/https://dos.myflorida.com/offices/historical-museums/united-connections/foodways/food-in-wartime/civil-war-rations/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Feeding+the+Faujis+in+World+War+1&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Vikram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fonmyplate%2Ffeeding-the-faujis-in-world-war-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webfoodculture.com/world-war-i-food/">"World War I Food: Eating in a Trench"</a>. <i>WebFoodCulture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315031744/https://www.webfoodculture.com/world-war-i-food/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=net.lib.byu.edu&rft.atitle=British+and+German+Rations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2Festu%2Fwwi%2Fmemoir%2Fration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2022" class="citation web cs1">Ashcraft, Jenny (18 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.fold3.com/the-alphabet-soup-of-army-rations/">"The Alphabet Soup of Army Rations"</a>. <i>Fold3 HQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220232248/https://blog.fold3.com/the-alphabet-soup-of-army-rations/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=Wartime+cuisine%3A+What+did+Soviet+soldiers+eat+during+World+War+II%3F&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.aulast=Afonina&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Frussian-kitchen%2F328238-wartime-cuisine-soviet-soldiers-eat-wwii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2017/05/11/these-russian-prisoners-accepted-a-wwii-diet-and-scored-extra-meat-rations-a57972">"These Russian Prisoners Accepted a WWII Diet and Scored Extra Meat Rations"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 11 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315031743/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2017/05/11/these-russian-prisoners-accepted-a-wwii-diet-and-scored-extra-meat-rations-a57972">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=These+Russian+Prisoners+Accepted+a+WWII+Diet+and+Scored+Extra+Meat+Rations&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F11%2Fthese-russian-prisoners-accepted-a-wwii-diet-and-scored-extra-meat-rations-a57972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/R/a/Rations.htm">"Rations"</a>. <i>The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128192527/http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/R/a/Rations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+War+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Rations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpwencycl.kgbudge.com%2FR%2Fa%2FRations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/wwii-german-rations-feeding-troops-of-third-reich/">"WWII: German Rations and Feeding the Troops of the Third Reich"</a>. <i>WWII Quarterly: Journal of the Second World War</i>. <b>2</b> (4). Summer 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315031748/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/wwii-german-rations-feeding-troops-of-third-reich/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WWII+Quarterly%3A+Journal+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.atitle=WWII%3A+German+Rations+and+Feeding+the+Troops+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Farticle%2Fwwii-german-rations-feeding-troops-of-third-reich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf.news/en/featured/944ce5333fd0062ecf7b759e0e888302.html">"The food was good for the Italians in World War II? Maybe the food in the rear is good, but the food in the front can only be considered as pig food"</a>. <i>iNEWS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iNEWS&rft.atitle=The+food+was+good+for+the+Italians+in+World+War+II%3F+Maybe+the+food+in+the+rear+is+good%2C+but+the+food+in+the+front+can+only+be+considered+as+pig+food.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finf.news%2Fen%2Ffeatured%2F944ce5333fd0062ecf7b759e0e888302.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tankmuseum.ru/russian-army-food/">"Russian Army food"</a>. <i>www.tankmuseum.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315031746/http://tankmuseum.ru/russian-army-food/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tankmuseum.ru&rft.atitle=Russian+Army+food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftankmuseum.ru%2Frussian-army-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mreinfo.com/international-rations/german-epa/">"German EPA"</a>. <i>MRE Info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315131217/https://www.mreinfo.com/international-rations/german-epa/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MRE+Info&rft.atitle=German+EPA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mreinfo.com%2Finternational-rations%2Fgerman-epa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2014" class="citation news cs1">Grant (22 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army-technology.com/features/featuremeals-rarely-edible-how-science-revolutionised-eating-on-the-battlefield-4299047/">"Meals Rarely Edible: how science revolutionised eating on the battlefield"</a>. <i>Army Technology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315033243/https://www.army-technology.com/features/featuremeals-rarely-edible-how-science-revolutionised-eating-on-the-battlefield-4299047/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+Technology&rft.atitle=Meals+Rarely+Edible%3A+how+science+revolutionised+eating+on+the+battlefield&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft.au=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army-technology.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturemeals-rarely-edible-how-science-revolutionised-eating-on-the-battlefield-4299047%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelson_Forman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mendelson Forman, Johanna (2023). "An Army Marches on Its Stomach: Potable Foods in War and Peace". <i>Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery</i>. Prospect Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery&rft.atitle=An+Army+Marches+on+Its+Stomach%3A+Potable+Foods+in+War+and+Peace&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Mendelson+Forman&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+rations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_rations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Combat_ration" class="extiw" title="commons:Combat ration">Combat ration</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_food" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military food">Military food</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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