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tag-vascularization" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="800" height="419" src="https://thepharma.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/The-Function-of-the-Extracellular-Matrix-in-Regenerative-Medicine.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://thepharma.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/The-Function-of-the-Extracellular-Matrix-in-Regenerative-Medicine.jpg 800w, https://thepharma.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/The-Function-of-the-Extracellular-Matrix-in-Regenerative-Medicine-300x157.jpg 300w, https://thepharma.net/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/The-Function-of-the-Extracellular-Matrix-in-Regenerative-Medicine-768x402.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">The Function of the Extracellular Matrix in Regenerative Medicine</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-16T16:56:05+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 16, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://thepharma.net/archive/author/thepharma/" title="View all posts by thepharma" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">thepharma</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <h3><b>Introduction</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Regenerative medicine is a novel branch of medical science that aims at restoring or replacing morbid or lost tissues and organs with autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic methods of tissue engineering, or organogenesis. Probably at the core of the study of regeneration, the concept of the extracellular matrix is a complex, dynamic network of proteins and carbohydrates serving as structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. The ECM is not a passive scaffold but itself an active player in the regeneration of tissues and modulation of cell behavior during the tissue development and healing process. The majority of the indications for using ECM—mostly regenerative medicine—have still been scientifically and clinically investigated for other potentials to cure a variety of conditions, from chronic wound healing to organ failure. It discusses the various functions of ECM, its uses, and the recent developments in which therapies are based on ECM.</span></p> <h3><b>What is ECM?</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The extracellular matrix is a highly specialized structure composed of many different proteins: collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. All these are highly ordered to end up forming a support structure that holds up the integrity of the tissue and channels the flow of cell communication. Its composition and structure vary across the different types of tissues in relation to their different functional requirements. Similar to bone tissue, ECM is very rich in collagen and also in mineralized components, which is why it is able to provide the rigidity necessary for supporting the skeleton. Whereas, in the skin and liver, the ECMs are more flexible to function almost. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The ECM acts as a natural ECM matrix that has the capacity to instruct cells through proliferation, differentiation, and migration in regenerative medicine. Restitution of the same kind of ECM environment with decellularized ECM scaffolds could be used in the repair or substitution processes of damaged tissues. Decellularization, or pure ECM isolation, is a procedure applied to tissues to strip them of cellular materials while maintaining their ECM structure and has developed as a standard technique in developing these types of biomaterials for innovative therapies.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://thepharma.net/publication-trends/index/regenerative medicine" target="_blank" title="regenerative medicine - yearwise publication trends">regenerative medicine</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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The ultimate idea of decellularization is to take out all cellular material that might potentially trigger an immune response while still preserving the ECM’s structural and biochemical properties. The decellularization of various tissues has been shown to be effective using chemical, enzymatic, and physical methods. Each of these methods has some relative benefits and challenges, depending on the tissue type.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Most of the chemical ways in which decellularization is carried out rely on detergents such as SDS or Triton X-100, known to easily extract cellular components but with the potential to damage the delicate structure of the ECM. Enzymatic methodologies specifically directed at cellular components through the use of trypsin or nucleases may offer a more controlled process of decellularization. These are physical methodologies, including freeze-thaw cycles and high hydrostatic pressure, that provide mechanical methods of cell removal without damaging the ECM’s architecture.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nonetheless, the majority of developing decellularization techniques are focused on relatively preserving components of the ECM, such as collagen or glycosaminoglycan, which are responsible for maintaining the scaffold’s function. For example, scCO2 can be mentioned as one of the methods that have shown very promising results in the decellularization of dense tissues, such as cartilage or tendons, recently. Such a technique preserves the structure of the ECM with its biomechanical properties and effectively removes the cellular material.</span></p> <h3><b>Applications of DCM in Regenerative Medicine</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Of course, by now, the versatility of ECM in regenerative medicine has already given rise to lots of diversified applications across different tissues and organs in ongoing research. In particular, one of the most active uses of DCM-based scaffolds is in the development of bioinduced tissues for transplantation. Those examples range from decellularized heart valves, blood vessels, and skin grafts to more novel clinical applications for the provision of biocompatible and functional alternatives to synthetic materials.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The skin is the largest organ of the human body and the natural barrier to a hostile environment. In such cases, the wound or burn heals through intrinsic healing, which is insufficient and might end up forming a chronic wound or large scar. ECM-based scaffolds prepared using either the decellularized dermis or amniotic membrane have shown great promise in enhancing wound healing and tissue regeneration. These scaffolds are such that they give the cells appropriate help in attachment and spreading; therefore, they aid the healing process and work very well in lowering scar formation.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The creation of more vascularized tissue with ECM scaffolds aims to represent one of the research focuses in the skin tissue engineering domain in recent years. This will ably ensure the survival and integration of the implanted tissues after the process, as the blood supply will be readily available to provide for oxygen and nutrients. It has resulted in better skin regeneration through the incorporation of growth factors, stem cells, and revascularization techniques for an improved antigenic potential of the ECM scaffolds.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cartilage and regeneration Both cartilage and bone are considered two of the most challenging tissues to be repaired using tissue engineering methodologies, mainly because of the structure and mechanical demands of such tissues. The ECM in both cartilage and bone can provide structurally supportive functions, but at the same time, it contains encoded biochemical signals that are very critical for the regulation of cell activity and tissue homeostasis. Decellularized ECM scaffolds of cartilage and bone have been used to develop new tissue engineering strategies for the regeneration of functional cartilaginous and osseous tissues.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Research has been conducted on synthetic and hybrid scaffolds that combine natural components of ECM with the needed synthetic polymers in hopes of achieving desired mechanical properties combined with biological functionality for the engineering of cartilage tissue. The former scaffolds will induce the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, besides investing in the re-cartilation with appropriate biomechanical characteristics by themselves. To that end, decellularized bone ECM scaffolds have already been applied to provide enabling conditions for the growth and maturation of estrogenic cells for inducing ontogenesis.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The cardiovascular system is composed of blood vessels, heart valves, and myocardium from a mechanical functionality point of view. A good amount of research has been done regarding the repair or replacement of cardiovascular tissues and ECM-based tissue-engineered scaffolds. For example, the use of decellularized vascular grafts provides a more biocompatible approach to synthetic grafts, which is an advantage since these grafts result in endothelialization at their launch and reduce the risk of thrombosis.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://thepharma.net/recent-publications/index/regenerative medicine" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="regenerative medicine - yearwise publication list">regenerative medicine</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; 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var keywordsArray = ["extracellular matrix","regenerative medicine","decellularization","tissue engineering","ECM scaffolds","bioengineered tissues","organ regeneration","vascularization"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h4><b>Bioengineering of heart valves</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Valve scaffolds decellularized from donor valves have been used for the creation of functional valve replacement constructs, particularly applicable to pediatric age groups, because of their potential for host tissue integration and growth with the patient. These constructs retain the unique three-dimensional structural features of ECM. These include the arrangement of collagen fibers, which bears the mechanical function of the valve.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nerve regeneration, especially in cases where the injury involves large gaps, is quite complex in regenerative medicine. The conventional approaches used in repairing such nerves from an autograft have limitations due to donor-site morbidity and availability. ECM-based scaffolds produced from decellularized tissues hold the potential to be alternatives in cases of nerve repair. They contain the cues for axonal growth and guidance necessary to promote the regeneration of functional nerve tissue.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In combination with the growth factors and hydrogels, this application of the decellularized matrix of the nerve seemed to ameliorate the repair abilities. Simultaneously, the scaffolds demonstrated the prospect for large bridging over long intervals in nerve injury and restoration, thus encouraging patients with severe nerve injuries.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><b>T</b></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he long-term expectations of regenerative medicine are to bioengineer organs that replace failing organs in patients afflicted by end-stage diseases. Over the years, the equipment helping in this drive has been needed to prepare organ scaffolds that retain native ECM architecture through organ decellularization. Such scaffolds, when decellularized with cells derived from patients, are expected to result in functional organ constructs. These scaffolds are, in fact, whole-organ decellularization and recellularization of organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While huge strides have been made with decellularization and recellularization at large, the majority of the organ is still nonfunctioning and not integrated into the host. Some of its demerits include the complexity of organ architecture, which could also apply to vascularization by the reseeded cells, and threats of immune rejection.</span></p> <h3><b>Future Directions and Challenges</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although the field of ECM-based regenerative medicine has developed tremendously, there are still multiple challenges before its potential can be realized. Among the major challenges is the comparative variability of the results of decellularization, which might be deteriorated or enhanced in quality-flawing or functionality for the resulting ECM scaffolds. Therefore, in order for treatments based on ECMs to be assured of consistency and reliability, there is an “immediate need” to standardize processes for decellularization while simultaneously developing better ways for the analysis of ECM integrity.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The main challenge, however, lies in the recellularization of ECM scaffolds with physiologically relevant cell populations that reconstitute tissue function. Advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering are increasingly shifting the focus toward how to more effectively revascularize the right balance of composition and densities of cells within complex scaffolds.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, and from a clinical point of view, the scaling up of ECM-based therapies remains an important aspect. If artificial organs are ever to become a reality, therefore, the generation of enormous quantities of fully functioning ECM scaffolds that can be reproducibly decellularized and inoculated with host tissue will be of the essence for the success of this technology.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The extracellular matrix moves to the forefront of regenerative medicine because it is a very versatile and biocompatible platform for tissue repair and regeneration of organs. Tissue-decellularization techniques have radically released cell and acellular scaffolds from development, which may mimic native environments of tissues and support the re-growth, differentiation, and integration of re-cells. Such ECM-based therapies, ranging from skin and cartilage repair to improvement of peripheral nerves and eventually solid organ transplantation, provide new and exciting possibilities for enabling functional recoveries and quality of life for a growing patient population. These studies have developed continuously, thus proffering ECM’s potential in regenerative medicine, and will increasingly grow toward the goal of enabling fully functional bioengineered tissue and organs.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Smith, M.J., Dempsey, S.G., Veale, R.W., Duston-Fursman, C.G., Rayner, C.A., Javanapong, C., Gerneke, D., Dowling, S.G., Bosque, B.A., Karnik, T. and Jerram, M.J., 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08853282211045770">Further structural characterization of ovine forestomach matrix and multi-layered extracellular matrix composites for soft tissue repair.</a> <i>Journal of Biomaterials Applications</i>, <i>36</i>(6), pp.996-1010.</li> <li>Rabbani, M., Zakian, N. and Alimoradi, N., 2021. <a href="https://journals.lww.com/jmss/fulltext/2021/11010/contribution_of_physical_methods_in.1.aspx">Contribution of physical methods in decellularization of animal tissues.</a> <i>Journal of Medical Signals & Sensors</i>, <i>11</i>(1), pp.1-11.</li> <li>De Santis, M.M., Alsafadi, H.N., Tas, S., Bölükbas, D.A., Prithiviraj, S., Da Silva, I.A., Mittendorfer, M., Ota, C., Stegmayr, J., Daoud, F. and Königshoff, M., 2021. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adma.202005476">Extracellular‐matrix‐reinforced bioinks for 3D bioprinting human tissue.</a> <i>Advanced materials</i>, <i>33</i>(3), p.2005476.</li> <li>Wasyłeczko, M., Sikorska, W. and Chwojnowski, A., 2020. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/10/11/348">Review of synthetic and hybrid scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering.</a> <i>Membranes</i>, <i>10</i>(11), p.348.</li> <li>Liao, J., Xu, B., Zhang, R., Fan, Y., Xie, H. and Li, X., 2020. <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/tb/d0tb01534b/unauth">Applications of decellularized materials in tissue engineering: advantages, drawbacks and current improvements, and future perspectives.</a> <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry B</i>, <i>8</i>(44), pp.10023-10049.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">regenerative medicine</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://thepharma.net/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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Collin", "citation_count": 7778, "hindex": 52, "paper_count": 202, "affiliation": "Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ", "email": "Rob.Collin@radboudumc.nl", "slug_tail": "r-collin" }, "gTS6K4wBWBy50K-rE32F": { "aid": "gTS6K4wBWBy50K-rE32F", "name": "Hojae Bae", "citation_count": 11340, "hindex": 52, "paper_count": 138, "affiliation": "KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea. ", "email": "hojaebae@konkuk.ac.kr", "slug_tail": "hojae-bae" } }; //console.log(authors_data); displayResults_author(authors_data); var keywordsArray = ["extracellular matrix","regenerative medicine","decellularization","tissue engineering","ECM scaffolds","bioengineered tissues","organ regeneration","vascularization"]; displayKeywordAuthors(keywordsArray); </script></p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 112c0-26.51 21.49-48 48-48h110.014a48 48 0 0143.592 27.907l12.349 26.791A16 16 0 00228.486 128H464c26.51 0 48 21.49 48 48v224c0 26.51-21.49 48-48 48H48c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48V112z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://thepharma.net/archive/category/regenerative-medicine/" rel="category tag">Regenerative Medicine</a></span> <span 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