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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s–1970s:_during_Pahlavi_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1920s–1970s: during Pahlavi Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s–1970s:_during_Pahlavi_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979:_Iranian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979:_Iranian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1979: Iranian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979:_Iranian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1980s: Iraqi invasion of Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1984:_Four_Iranian_F-4_warplanes_penetrate_Saudi_airspace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984:_Four_Iranian_F-4_warplanes_penetrate_Saudi_airspace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 1984: Four Iranian F-4 warplanes penetrate Saudi airspace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984:_Four_Iranian_F-4_warplanes_penetrate_Saudi_airspace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987_Hajj_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_Hajj_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 1987 Hajj incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_Hajj_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Iran–Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Iran–Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Post Iran–Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Iran–Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_Satanic_Verses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_Satanic_Verses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Responses to Satanic Verses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_Satanic_Verses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait_on_2_August_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait_on_2_August_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait_on_2_August_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khobar_Towers_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khobar_Towers_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Khobar Towers bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khobar_Towers_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997_OIC_meeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_OIC_meeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 1997 OIC meeting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_OIC_meeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_Riyadh_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_Riyadh_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 2003 Riyadh bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_Riyadh_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yemeni_crisis_standoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemeni_crisis_standoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Yemeni crisis standoff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemeni_crisis_standoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaked_diplomatic_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaked_diplomatic_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Leaked diplomatic cables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaked_diplomatic_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_Iran_assassination_plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_Iran_assassination_plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 2011 Iran assassination plot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_Iran_assassination_plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_against_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_against_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Sanctions against Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_against_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeddah_airport_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeddah_airport_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 Jeddah airport incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeddah_airport_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_"Saudileaks"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_"Saudileaks""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.6 2015 "Saudileaks" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_"Saudileaks"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_Hajj_stampede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_Hajj_stampede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.7 2015 Hajj stampede </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_Hajj_stampede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.8 2016 execution of Nimr al-Nimr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Iran_embassy_bombing_in_Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Iran_embassy_bombing_in_Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.9 2016 Iran embassy bombing in Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Iran_embassy_bombing_in_Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Iranian_ban_on_the_Hajj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Iranian_ban_on_the_Hajj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.10 2016 Iranian ban on the Hajj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Iranian_ban_on_the_Hajj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_efforts_to_normalize_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_efforts_to_normalize_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 International efforts to normalize relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_efforts_to_normalize_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_restoration_of_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_restoration_of_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 2023 restoration of relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_restoration_of_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenged_relations_after_escalation_of_Israel–Iran_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenged_relations_after_escalation_of_Israel–Iran_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Challenged relations after escalation of Israel–Iran tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenged_relations_after_escalation_of_Israel–Iran_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectarian_basis_for_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian_basis_for_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sectarian basis for tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarian_basis_for_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran's_attitudes_toward_Turkey_and_Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran's_attitudes_toward_Turkey_and_Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Saudi Arabia and Iran's attitudes toward Turkey and Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran's_attitudes_toward_Turkey_and_Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrinal_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinal_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Doctrinal differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrinal_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia,_Iran_and_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia,_Iran_and_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Saudi Arabia, Iran and United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia,_Iran_and_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الإيرانية السعودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الإيرانية السعودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran%E2%80%93S%C9%99udiyy%C9%99_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan%C4%B1_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="İran–Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı münasibətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran–Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı münasibətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ірана-саудаўскія адносіны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірана-саудаўскія адносіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranisch-saudi-arabische_Beziehungen" title="Iranisch-saudi-arabische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iranisch-saudi-arabische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Ιρανο-Σαουδαραβικές σχέσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρανο-Σαουδαραβικές σχέσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Arabia_Saudita-Ir%C3%A1n" title="Relaciones Arabia Saudita-Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Arabia Saudita-Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="روابط ایران و عربستان سعودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط ایران و عربستان سعودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_l%27Arabie_saoudite_et_l%27Iran" title="Relations entre l'Arabie saoudite et l'Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre l'Arabie saoudite et l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="ईरान और सउदी अरब के सम्बन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरान और सउदी अरब के सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Arab_Saudi_dengan_Iran" title="Hubungan Arab Saudi dengan Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Arab Saudi dengan Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relazioni_bilaterali_tra_Iran_e_Arabia_Saudita" title="Relazioni bilaterali tra Iran e Arabia Saudita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Relazioni bilaterali tra Iran e Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F_%E2%80%93_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יחסי איראן – ערב הסעודית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי איראן – ערב הסעודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sza%C3%BAd-Ar%C3%A1bia_%C3%A9s_Ir%C3%A1n_kapcsolata" title="Szaúd-Arábia és Irán kapcsolata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaúd-Arábia és Irán kapcsolata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ایران سعودی عرب تعلقات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایران سعودی عرب تعلقات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita_e_Ir%C3%A3" title="Relações entre Arábia Saudita e Irã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Arábia Saudita e Irã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирано-саудовские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирано-саудовские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95" title="پەیوەندییەکانی ئێران و سعوودییە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیوەندییەکانی ئێران و سعوودییە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Saudi_Arabia_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Iran and Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Iran and Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iran_Saudi_Arabia_Locator.svg/250px-Iran_Saudi_Arabia_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iran_Saudi_Arabia_Locator.svg/375px-Iran_Saudi_Arabia_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iran_Saudi_Arabia_Locator.svg/500px-Iran_Saudi_Arabia_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="190" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/53px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/79px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/105px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Iranian Embassy, Riyadh</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Saudi Arabian Embassy, Tehran</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassador</a> Alireza Enayati</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassador</a> Abdullah bin Saud al-Anzi</td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral relations">Bilateral relations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> have been strained over several <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a> issues, such as aspirations for regional leadership, oil export policy and relations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> countries. <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">Diplomatic relations</a> were suspended from 1987 to 1990, and they were more recently suspended from 2016 to 2023 again following certain issues like the intervention in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, Iran embassy bombing in Yemen, <a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede#Increased_Saudi–Iranian_tensions" title="2015 Mina stampede">incidents during the 2015 Hajj</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a>. However, in March 2023, after discussions brokered by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, Iran and Saudi Arabia agreed to reestablish relations. As of October 2024, Saudi Arabia and Iran have made efforts to improve their relations. In a meeting in Doha, Qatar, Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian and Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud discussed the promotion of bilateral ties, Israeli attacks on Gaza and Lebanon, and Iran’s recent “retaliatory attacks” on Israel. The two sides emphasized the need to set aside their differences and work towards the expansion of relations.<a href="#cite_note-2023resume-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran_Agree_to_Restore_Ties-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Saudi Arabia is an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> established in 1932, with a post-World War II tradition of close ties to the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Iran's government alternated between absolute monarchy and increasing parliamentarianism, until the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> increased <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>'s powers as monarch within a parliamentary system. The coup was supported by the army, the bazaar, the clerics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], the United States and the United Kingdom. Both states were aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, until the end of formal <a href="/wiki/Iran-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-United States relations">Iran-United States relations</a> in 1980 following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>. Throughout both the Cold War and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>, the United States has continued to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia-United States relations">strategic relationship with Saudi Arabia</a>. Both countries are major oil and gas exporters and have clashed over <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a>. Saudi Arabia, with its large oil reserves and smaller population, has a greater interest in taking a long-term view of the global oil market and incentive to moderate prices. In contrast, Iran is compelled to focus on high prices in the short term due to its low standard of living given recent sanctions after its <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">decade-old war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> and its larger population.<a href="#cite_note-Wehrey-4">[4]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Iran</a> has supported the Syrian government militarily and with billions of dollars of aid, while Saudi Arabia was a <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_support_to_Syrian_Opposition_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian support to Syrian Opposition in the Syrian Civil War">major supplier of aid</a> to rebel groups. Each has accused the other of support for terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Iran and Saudi Arabia have competing interests in <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">the battle for dominance over their region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tensions">Tensions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tensions">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, relations deteriorated considerably after Iran accused Saudi Arabia of aligning itself with the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region, representing U.S. interests rather than what it perceived to be those of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. Saudi Arabia is concerned by Iran's consistent desire to export its revolution across the Persian Gulf region—notably in post-Saddam <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the Levant, and further south. It is also opposed to Iran's controversial <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nuclear_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian nuclear program">nuclear program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wehrey-4">[4]</a> Tensions between the two countries have waxed and waned. Relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran soured particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, the commencement of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nuclear_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian nuclear program">nuclear program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a> l and the 2016 execution of <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a>. There have also been numerous attempts to improve the relationship. After the 1991 Gulf war there was a noticeable thaw in relations.<a href="#cite_note-bradley-expo--8">[8]</a> In March 2007, <a href="/wiki/President_Ahmadinejad" class="mw-redirect" title="President Ahmadinejad">President Ahmadinejad</a> of Iran visited <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and was greeted at the airport by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud_(1931%E2%80%932015)" title="Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1931–2015)">King Abdullah</a>, and the two countries were referred to in the press as "brotherly nations".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Since March 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War</a> has also been a source of tension. Iran has provided financial and military support for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, while Saudi Arabia has supported <a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_factions_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="List of armed factions in the Syrian Civil War">Syrian rebels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> On 3 January 2016, Saudi Arabia's embassy in Tehran, Iran was ransacked following the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">execution</a> of Saudi-born <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> cleric <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a>. The execution prompted widespread condemnation within the Arab World and by other countries, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, with protests being carried out in cities in Iran, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Following the attack on its embassy in Iran, Saudi Arabia broke diplomatic relations with Iran and the Saudi foreign minister said that all Iranian diplomats were to leave the country within 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> For a long time now, Iran has wanted to be more involved in the affairs of the Middle East, including sharing benefits and responsibilities of being a dominant power in the region.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The difference in political ideologies and governing structures has also divided both countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran is based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist</a>, which holds that a <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">faqīh</a> (Islamic jurist) should have custodianship over all Muslim followers, including over traditional governors, such as monarchs, and regardless of nationality. Iran's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> is a Shia <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">faqīh</a>. The leader of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, was ideologically opposed to monarchy, which he <a href="/wiki/Political_thought_and_legacy_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini#Rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini">believed</a> to be un-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a>. Saudi Arabia's monarchy, on the other hand, remains consistently conservative, and non-revolutionary. The king is politically tied to traditional religious leaders of the Arab tribes who support the monarchy and the king in his capacity as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and is thus given absolute obedience as long as he does not violate Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> However, Saudi Arabia has a Shia minority which has made bitter complaints of institutional discrimination against it.<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Arabia:_Treat_Shia_Equally-14">[14]</a> Sometimes, it has gone as far as to call for the abolition of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Another source of disagreement is the U.S. sanctions on Iran which have destroyed Iran's oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s–1970s:_during_Pahlavi_Era">1920s–1970s: during Pahlavi Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1920s–1970s: during Pahlavi Era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir-Abbas_Hoveida_and_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Amir-Abbas_Hoveida_and_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/220px-Amir-Abbas_Hoveida_and_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Amir-Abbas_Hoveida_and_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/330px-Amir-Abbas_Hoveida_and_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Amir-Abbas_Hoveida_and_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/440px-Amir-Abbas_Hoveida_and_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Iranian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveyda" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveyda">Amir-Abbas Hoveyda</a> and Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd of Saudi Arabia</a> in Tehran, July 1975</figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia and Iran established diplomatic relations in 1929 following the signing of a Saudi-Iranian Friendship Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-brooks99-17">[17]</a> Relations continued until 1943 when an Iranian pilgrim, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Taleb_Yazdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Taleb Yazdi (page does not exist)">Abu Taleb Yazdi</a>, was accused of attempting to throw his vomit on the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, and was executed by the Saudi government.<a href="#cite_note-friends_or_foes_58-59-18">[18]</a> Relations were severed as a result in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-friends_or_foes_58-59-18">[18]</a> In 1946 Ibn Saud sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah</a> to resume the relations which restarted the connections.<a href="#cite_note-friends_or_foes_58-59-18">[18]</a> However, relations were not active until the 1960s mostly due to differences in religious practices and Iran's recognition of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ack-19">[19]</a> In 1966 <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> of Saudi Arabia visited Iran with the aim of further strengthening relationships between both neighboring countries. The Shah of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> reciprocated by paying an official visit to Saudi Arabia which eventually led to a peaceful resolution of the lands. Mohammad Reza supported Faisal's efforts regarding Islamic solidarity and actively contributed to the establishment of multinational Islamic institutions, including the Organization of the Islamic World Congress, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">the Muslim World League</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Organization_of_the_Islamic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="The Organization of the Islamic Conference">the Organization of the Islamic Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brooks99-17">[17]</a> In 1968, Saudi Arabia and Iran signed a demarcation agreement.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> announced it would withdraw and vacate <a href="/wiki/The_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="The Persian Gulf">the Persian Gulf</a> in the late 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Iran and Saudi Arabia took the primary responsibility for peace and security in the region. In the late 1960s, the Shah sent a series of letters to King Faisal, urging him to modernize Saudi Arabia, saying, "Please, my brother, modernize. Open up your country. Make the schools mixed women and men. Let women wear <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">miniskirts</a>. Have <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">discos</a>. Be modern. Otherwise I cannot guarantee you will stay on your throne."<a href="#cite_note-ela4nov-22">[22]</a> In response, King Faisal wrote, "Your majesty, I appreciate your advice. May I remind you, you are not the Shah of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. You are not in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Élysée">Élysée</a>. You are in Iran. Your population is <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">90 percent Muslim</a>. Please don't forget that."<a href="#cite_note-ela4nov-22">[22]</a> During the 1970s, Saudi Arabia's main concerns over Iran were firstly, Iran's modernisation of its military and its military dominance all over the region; secondly, Iran's repossession of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Big Tunb, Little Tunb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa" title="Abu Musa">Abu Musa</a> in 1971 which challenged the claim of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> over the islands. The dispute remains till today.<a href="#cite_note-Afrasiab-23">[23]</a> But the relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia was never as friendly as between the years 1968 and 1979.<a href="#cite_note-ack-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The relationship between the two countries was not without its tensions in the mid-to-late 1970s. As the Shah attempted to build an Iranian security architecture in the region, the Saudis resisted these efforts. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a> attempted to build bilaterial security relationships with the smaller neighboring Persian Gulf states which has lasted till today. The Saudis also argued for more modest <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> price increases in 1976 and 1977 than Iran wanted.<a href="#cite_note-III2009-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979:_Iranian_Revolution">1979: Iranian Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1979: Iranian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> Following the theocratic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> in 1979, Iran started to openly attack and criticise the character and religious legitimacy of the Saudi regime.<a href="#cite_note-amiri-26">[26]</a> However King Khalid, the then ruler of Saudi Arabia, sent Khomeini a congratulatory message, stating that "Islamic solidarity" could be the basis for closer relations of the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-foreignpol-27">[27]</a> He also argued that with the foundation of the Islamic Republic in Iran there were no obstacles that inhibited the cooperation between two countries.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a>, in a public address in 1987 Khomeini declared that "these vile and ungodly <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi movement">Wahhabis</a>, are like daggers which have always pierced the heart of the Muslims from the back", and announced that <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> was in the hands of "a band of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Upon this statement diplomatic relations between the two countries ended until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-katzman13-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran">1980s: Iraqi invasion of Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s: Iraqi invasion of Iran">edit</a>]</div> The Shia–Sunni conflict between the two countries also played a pivotal role in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> when Saudi authorities pledged US$25 billion of aid to the Iraqi government of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. The Iraqi invasion of Iran increased Saudi concerns over stability in the region, hence their financial support to Iraq regardless of the "not-so-warm" relations between Baathist Iraq and conservative Saudi Arabia. In doing so, Saudi Arabia recognised its worries that revolutionary Iran was a far greater threat to its survival and the stability of the region. Saudi Arabia encouraged other Sunni Monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, including Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, to do the same by giving financial support to Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen-31">[31]</a> To cover the costs of the war Saudi Arabia dramatically increased its oil production. This increase in oil production by Saudi Arabia was aimed to weaken Iran's ability to fund its campaigns. However, this measure by Saudi Arabia also cost the Saudi government billions in revenue as oil prices plunged from over $30 a barrel to less than $15 by the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen-31">[31]</a> During the Iran–Iraq War, Iran flew their aircraft in Saudi airspace and also threatened Saudi Arabia and Kuwait with severe consequences if they would not stop supporting Iraq. Unlike America, Saudi Arabia, due to its very traditional Arab-Bedouin culture, did not break diplomatic relations with Iran even during the worst periods of tension following the revolution and during the Iran–Iraq War.<a href="#cite_note-Cordesman-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1984:_Four_Iranian_F-4_warplanes_penetrate_Saudi_airspace">1984: Four Iranian F-4 warplanes penetrate Saudi airspace</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1984: Four Iranian F-4 warplanes penetrate Saudi airspace">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></div> On 7 May 1984 Iranian warplanes targeted an oil tanker in the Persian Gulf. This action resulted in Saudi Arabia undertaking air defensive measurements in the region to intercept Iranian warplanes. On 5 June 1984 two Iranian <a href="/wiki/F-4" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4">F-4</a> warplanes penetrated Saudi airspace, reportedly to bomb oil tankers.<a href="#cite_note-time_Pushing_the_Saudis_Too_Far-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Saudi <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagles">F-15 Eagles</a> intercepted the Iranian warplanes, and shot down both F-4s.<a href="#cite_note-time_Pushing_the_Saudis_Too_Far-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1987_Hajj_incident">1987 Hajj incident</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1987 Hajj incident">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></div> Until 1987, no satisfactory resolution was made to decrease the tension between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The already strained relationship between the two countries further deteriorated when <a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">clashes</a> occurred between Iranian-led demonstrators and Saudi security forces on 31 July 1987.<a href="#cite_note-amiri-26">[26]</a> The clash claimed the lives of around 400 pilgrims, out of which the majority had Iranian nationality.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Angry protesters in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> responded by ransacking the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassy</a> and reportedly detained four Saudis from the embassy.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In response, Saudi Arabia reduced the number of Iranian pilgrims permitted on the Hajj, then cut its diplomatic relations with Iran on 27 April 1988.<a href="#cite_note-mehko-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arab_Awakening_and_Islamic_Revival:_The_Politics_of_Ideas_in_the_Middle_East_176-177-39">[39]</a> In response, the Iranian government boycotted the Hajj for three years, saying that Saudi Arabia was preventing pilgrims from going on the Hajj.<a href="#cite_note-Arab_Awakening_and_Islamic_Revival:_The_Politics_of_Ideas_in_the_Middle_East_176-177-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The diplomatic relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia were not restored for three years after this incident.<a href="#cite_note-mehko-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_Iran–Iraq_War">Post Iran–Iraq War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post Iran–Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> In October 1988, the late <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd">King Fahd</a> halted all media campaigns against Iran and asked Saudi administration to pressure Iraq into implementing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_598" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 598">UNSCR 598</a>, which called for an immediate ceasefire between Iran and Iraq. In 1989, Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemi Rafsanjani">Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> stated that Iran and Saudi Arabia were holding indirect talks to improve their relations.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall189-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Responses_to_Satanic_Verses">Responses to Satanic Verses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Responses to Satanic Verses">edit</a>]</div> Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a>, the spiritual leader of Iran at that time, declared a death sentence for <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> for certain anti-Islamic remarks in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a> published in 1988. The Saudi government came up with a different verdict of making Rushdie appear before an Islamic tribunal before he could be delivered a death sentence.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall189-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait_on_2_August_1990">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990</a>, Iran criticised and condemned the invasion. This stance from Iran, in favor of the Kuwaitis, and the anti-Iraqi coalition of the Persian Gulf states helped to improve relations between Iran and the GCC, namely Saudi Arabia. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia rejected the use of force as a solution to regional problems and opposed the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Iran went further, by backing UN sanctions against Iraq. Iran viewed the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait as a serious threat, considering it the first step towards its expansionist mindset. During the war, relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia thawed considerably and the official ties were restored in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-The_Coming_Storm-42">[42]</a> This short resumption of political ties was followed by quick high level visits, notably, in April 1991, Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati" title="Ali Akbar Velayati">Ali Akbar Velayati</a> visited Saudi Arabia to propose an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian-Gulf_Cooperation_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian-Gulf Cooperation Council (page does not exist)">Iranian-Gulf Cooperation Council</a> alliance with a mandate for the security of the Persian Gulf, during a meeting with the late King Fahd. He claimed the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> was too weak and hence failed to prevent the invasion of Kuwait, and stressed the need of the inclusion of Iran to strengthen such a regional agency to ensure stability.<a href="#cite_note-The_Coming_Storm-42">[42]</a> The Hajj (Pilgrimage) issue was also resolved. In 1991, the Saudi authorities allowed 115,000 Iranian pilgrims, which was more in number compared to the 1988 quota of 45,000, that had led to Iran's abrupt boycott.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> These included 5,000 relatives of the "martyrs" of the 1987 incident.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In later years, Iran adopted a careful approach and undertook measures for preventing a repeat of that incident. Iranian authorities tried to discourage large demonstrations by its pilgrims and attempted to have them held within the confines of the Iranian encampment,<a href="#cite_note-nikki-45">[45]</a> due to the fact that certain Iranian Shi'ite rituals are not accepted by other sects of Islam, and could have endangered the lives of Iranian Pilgrims if conducted openly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khobar_Towers_bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Khobar Towers bombing">edit</a>]</div> On 23 June 1996, <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">a massive truck bomb exploded</a> near U.S. military barracks in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a>, Saudi Arabia, killing nineteen U.S. servicemen and wounding hundreds. The US government held Iran responsible for the attack. The charges against Iran, however, remained unconfirmed, and therefore did not substantively affect the Iranian–Saudi relations.<a href="#cite_note-nikki-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1997_OIC_meeting">1997 OIC meeting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1997 OIC meeting">edit</a>]</div> The 1997 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a> (OIC) in Iran heralded a shift in the attitude of the Arab States towards Iran. Several Arab countries confirmed their commitment to the conference. Saudi Arabia, which was previously criticized by Iran because of its control over the main Islamic holy cities of Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and also because of its perceived reliance on the United States for security, also participated in the meeting. At the OIC summit meeting, Saudi Arabia was represented by Crown Prince Abdullah (later King) and its Minister of Foreign affairs <a href="/wiki/Saud_Al_Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saud Al Faisal">Saud Al Faisal</a>. Saudi participation proved helpful in the process of further reconciliation between Iran and Saudi Arabia. As a result, Saudi ministerial delegations visited Iran and later on, the official visit of President Mohammad Khatami to Saudi Arabia took place in February 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_and_Francis-46">[46]</a> This was the first visit by an Iranian President to Saudi Arabia after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The aim was to address pressing economic issues of the time. Iran was looking for a reallocation of OPEC (<a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a>) producing quotas to which it required strong support from Saudi Arabia. It was also reported that Iran was trying to persuade Saudi Arabia to consider exporting the Iranian Infrastructure to Central Asia. Iran also expected that the issue of the regional security alliance would be raised in which the alliance for the security of the region could be made to ensure stability on both borders of the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_and_Francis-46">[46]</a> A Comprehensive Cooperation Agreement was signed between Saudi Arabia and Iran in May 1998, in which both countries agreed to cooperate in the field of economics, culture and sports. The relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran was further improved when Khatami, the then President of Iran, on his tour to neighboring Arab countries, visited Saudi Arabia in May 1999. President Khatami stayed for five days in Saudi Arabia in which various discussions were held between the heads of both countries. Discussions included Persian Gulf security, efforts to increase global oil prices, the situation in Iraq and the development of a common geo-strategic approach to regional issues. The partial détente between Iran and the USA encouraged Saudi Arabia to apply more cooperation with President Khatami. In addition to this, Saudi Arabia and Iran signed an agreement known as the Saudi-Iranian security agreement in April 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_and_Francis-46">[46]</a> In July 1999, the late <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd">King Fahd</a> of Saudi Arabia urged other Persian Gulf countries to improve their relations with Iran. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, speaking at the opening session of the <a href="/wiki/Shura_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Shura Council">Shura Council</a> said that it was in the interest of all the countries of the Persian Gulf to improve relations with Iran. He further said that all the other countries should follow Saudi Arabia's lead.<a href="#cite_note-urges_Rapprochement-47">[47]</a> These improved relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran also brought criticism from the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, which criticised Saudi Arabia for abandoning UAE in its territorial disputes with Iran over three strategic Islands.<a href="#cite_note-urges_Rapprochement-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> Iran and Saudi Arabia support different sides in the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_new_Hitler_SA_Iran-48">[48]</a> with Saudi Arabia supporting the Yemeni government while Iran supports the <a href="/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a> rebels.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Iran has heavily criticized Saudi Arabia for their intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a>. In 2017 Saudi Prince Mohammed bin Salman called the supreme leader of Iran "new Hitler".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_new_Hitler_SA_Iran-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003_Riyadh_bombings">2003 Riyadh bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2003 Riyadh bombings">edit</a>]</div> Adel al-Jubeir, the foreign minister of Saudi Arabia, stated in one of his articles that Al-Qaeda's chief of operations "Saif al-Adel placed a call from Iran in May 2003 giving orders for the Riyadh bombings that claimed more than 30 lives, including eight Americans. Yet he still benefits from Iranian protection."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemeni_crisis_standoff">Yemeni crisis standoff</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Yemeni crisis standoff">edit</a>]</div> Two Iranian officers were captured in Yemeni city of Aden during the fighting between local militia and Houthis.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> According to local pro-Saudi militia they served as military advisors to Houthis and were connected with Iranian Quds Force.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Further worsening of bilateral relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia is generally expected as both countries are involved intensively in Yemeni crisis.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leaked_diplomatic_cables">Leaked diplomatic cables</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Leaked diplomatic cables">edit</a>]</div> In November 2010, <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked diplomatic cables</a> revealed that <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> urged the US to attack Iran to destroy its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear weapons programme</a>, describing Iran as a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The documents were dismissed by Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, claiming them to be "organised to be released on a regular basis."<a href="#cite_note-regular_basis-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011_Iran_assassination_plot">2011 Iran assassination plot</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2011 Iran assassination plot">edit</a>]</div> On 11 October 2011, US accused Iran of <a href="/wiki/Adel_al-Jubeir_assassination_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Adel al-Jubeir assassination plot">planning to assassinate</a> Adel Al-Jubair, the Saudi ambassador to the US.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_News-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanctions_against_Iran">Sanctions against Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sanctions against Iran">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, in response to the global <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>, Saudi Arabia offered to offset the loss of Iranian oil sales and Iran warned against this.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The same year <a href="/wiki/Turki_Al_Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki Al Faisal">Turki Al Faisal</a>, former head of Saudi General Intelligence and a Saudi royal, suggested that Saudi Arabia would support the U.S.-led sanctions against Iranian oil.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jeddah_airport_incident">Jeddah airport incident</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jeddah airport incident">edit</a>]</div> In April 2015, media reported that two Iranian teenage pilgrims to Saudi Arabia had been sexually harassed by Saudi police at the <a href="/wiki/Jeddah_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeddah Airport">Jeddah Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mehr_News_Agency_2015-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP_2015-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Defence_2015-61">[61]</a> After that, 80 members of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian parliament">Iranian parliament</a> presented a bill for minor Hajj rituals to be suspended until the Saudi officials guarantee the security of Iranian pilgrims and stop their harassment. Hundreds of Iranians protested outside Saudi Arabia's Embassy in Tehran over the alleged abuse of these two Iranian pilgrims in 11 April and clashed with police forces after trying to climb the embassy walls.<a href="#cite_note-Carty_2015-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahram_Online_2015-63">[63]</a> In 8 April, Saudi authorities said they had prevented a plane carrying 260 Iranian pilgrims from landing in the kingdom, saying the airline operators had not applied for a permit to enter Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Ahram_Online_2015-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Zealand_Herald_2015-64">[64]</a> In 13 April, Iran suspended minor hajj trips to Saudi Arabia until the Saudi government "applies a strong attitude" to the case.<a href="#cite_note-Ago_2015-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saud_al-Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saud al-Faisal">Saud al-Faisal</a>, foreign minister of Saudi Arabia have pledged to Iran's Ambassador that his government will punish the two Saudi policemen, very soon.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mansour al-Turki, spokesman of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)">Interior ministry of Saudi Arabia</a>, informed that the accused airport staff members have been arrested and referred to court and Iranian ambassador to Saudi Arabia has been informed and the suspects have been referred for investigation.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_"Saudileaks"">2015 "Saudileaks"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2015 "Saudileaks"">edit</a>]</div> In late May 2015, Yemeni hacking group <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Cyber_Army" title="Yemen Cyber Army">Yemen Cyber Army</a> launched a cyber attack on Saudi Arabia's Foreign, Interior and Defense Ministries' website to gain a portion of classified information and top secret documents. The documents were related to the Saudi agenda in Iran. The documents were later listed on <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>. The agenda included <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> to stir chaotic unrest in Iran with the help of opposition forces, social media, newspapers, magazines and websites, in order to pave the way for changing the Iranian political system. Furthermore, a Saudi diplomat planned to use the Persian and Arabic-language media, also the Arab-speaking citizens of Southern and Western Iran for provoking <a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Iranian protests">mass protests in that region</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_Hajj_stampede">2015 Hajj stampede</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2015 Hajj stampede">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/300px-Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/450px-Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg/600px-Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Tehran under Iranian police protection after Mina stampede crisis.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2015_Hajj_stampede" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Hajj stampede">2015 Hajj stampede</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/2015_Hajj_stampede" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Hajj stampede">2015 Hajj stampede</a> escalated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran due to the deaths of Iranian pilgrims in the stampede. Iranian leaders accused Saudi authorities of being responsible for the disaster.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A Saudi Prince, Dr. Khalid bin Abdullah bin Fahd bin Farhan Al Saud tweeted that : "Under the threat of the enemy Zoroastrians — historically – to the Kingdom – it is time to think – seriously – to ban Iranians from coming to Mecca to preserve the safety of the pilgrims".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr">2016 execution of Nimr al-Nimr</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2016 execution of Nimr al-Nimr">edit</a>]</div> On 2 January 2016, 47 people were put to death in several Saudi cities, including prominent Shia cleric <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a>. Protesters of the executions responded by demonstrating in Iran's capital, Tehran. That same day a few protesters would eventually ransack the Saudi Embassy in Tehran and later set it ablaze.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian police">Police</a> donned riot gear and arrested 40 people during the incident.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn1-73">[73]</a> On 3 January 2016, Saudi Arabia's foreign ministry announced that it would cut diplomatic ties with Iran due to the violence that had occurred at their embassy.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and President Rouhani called the damage on embassy "by no means justifiable".<a href="#cite_note-nbc-75">[75]</a> After the events, Saudi Arabia refused to play in Iran during the <a href="/wiki/2016_AFC_Champions_League#Controversies" title="2016 AFC Champions League">2016 AFC Champions League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_Iran_embassy_bombing_in_Yemen">2016 Iran embassy bombing in Yemen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2016 Iran embassy bombing in Yemen">edit</a>]</div> On 7 January 2016, Iran's foreign ministry made the claim that Saudi warplanes had deliberately targeted its embassy to Yemen in the city of Sanaa. Iran's report included claims that,"a number of the building's guards" had been injured as a result of the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Iran_accuses_Saudis_of_hitting_Yemen_embassy-77">[77]</a> Sanaa residents reported that the embassy's main building suffered no visible damage.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Iran_accuses_Saudis_of_hitting_Yemen_embassy-77">[77]</a> Currently General Ahmad Asseri from the Saudi-led coalition is investigating Iran's allegations. Later on, Asseri announced no evidence was found for the accusation neither by the Arab Coalition Military nor by the legitimate Yemeni government.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_Iranian_ban_on_the_Hajj">2016 Iranian ban on the Hajj</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2016 Iranian ban on the Hajj">edit</a>]</div> In September 2016, following disputes, the Iranian government barred its citizens from making the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. Iran claimed that the <a href="/wiki/2015_Hajj_stampede" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Hajj stampede">2015 incident</a> was the result of Saudi "incompetence." The Saudi government suggested that the move was politically motivated as a means to put pressure on the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-:0-79">[79]</a> In the first week of January 2017, the Saudi Minister for Pilgrims invited more than 80 countries including Iran for Iranian participation in the forthcoming Hajj rituals. Iran has also confirmed the receipt of Saudi invitation and is willing to discuss arrangements for the 2017 Hajj season. The Iranian delegation is expected to travel to Saudi Arabia on 23 February 2017 to discuss the participation of Iranian pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike</a></div> The major general of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC) <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> was assassinated in a targeted American <a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">drone strike</a> on 3 January 2020 in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> airport, when he was invited by Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi" title="Adil Abdul-Mahdi">Adil Abdul-Mahdi</a> as a mediator to talk about Iran's response to a previous message from Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In May 2015, classified Saudi government documents were leaked by Yemeni hackers uncovered that the Saudi Intelligence Agency was offering unsolicited aid to the United States which would hit "an efficient and preemptive blow" to IRGC commanders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> has hosted five rounds of direct talks between the two nations, which cut diplomatic ties in 2016. The 6th round of talks on a ministerial level stalled, but after a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, in December 2022, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Amir-Abdollahian" title="Hossein Amir-Abdollahian">Hossein Amir-Abdollahian</a> and Saudi Foreign Minister Prince <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Farhan_Al_Saud" title="Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud">Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud</a> signaled that both countries would be "open to more dialogue". Despite increased rhetoric by Iran against Saudi Arabia, the Saudis support efforts to revive the stalled <a href="/wiki/JCPOA" class="mw-redirect" title="JCPOA">Iran nuclear deal</a>. However, the Saudi minister said 'all bets off' if Iran would obtain nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In January 2023, the Saudi foreign ministers Al Saud speaking at a panel at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a> reiterated that "Riyadh is trying to find a dialog with Iran". He welcomed the decision by Saudi Arabia and other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a> to focus on their economies "towards joint prosperity".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_efforts_to_normalize_relations">International efforts to normalize relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International efforts to normalize relations">edit</a>]</div> There were international efforts going on to normalize the relations between two countries following the crisis which started with the execution of <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Sheikh Nimr</a>. In 2016, Pakistan's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> and Chief of Army Staff <a href="/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Raheel Sharif</a> visited Riyadh and Tehran, following high level visits from Saudi Arabia to <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Pakistan's opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> visited the embassies of Iran and Saudi Arabia and met their head of commissions in Islamabad on 8 January 2016 to understand their stance regarding the conflict. He urged the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> to play a positive role to resolve the matter between both countries.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Since April 2019, Iraq has offered to host the peace talks to reconcile Saudi Arabia and Iran to end the crisis in the region.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The roundtable talks between the two nations began in 2021, although with varying results due to the two's reluctance.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> However, Iran suspended the peace talks with Saudi Arabia on 14 March 2022 without giving reasons.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On 26 May 2022, Iran's foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Amir-Abdollahian" title="Hossein Amir-Abdollahian">Hossein Amir-Abdollahian</a>, stated that the country has made "minimal but good progress" in its relations with Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_restoration_of_relations">2023 restoration of relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2023 restoration of relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi-Iran_joint_statement_signing_(2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Saudi-Iran_joint_statement_signing_%282023%29.jpg/220px-Saudi-Iran_joint_statement_signing_%282023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Saudi-Iran_joint_statement_signing_%282023%29.jpg/330px-Saudi-Iran_joint_statement_signing_%282023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Saudi-Iran_joint_statement_signing_%282023%29.jpg/440px-Saudi-Iran_joint_statement_signing_%282023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Amir-Abdollahian" title="Hossein Amir-Abdollahian">Hossein Amir-Abdollahian</a> and Saudi Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Farhan_Al_Saud" title="Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud">Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud</a> after signing a joint statement on the restoration of diplomatic relations, with Chinese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Qin_Gang" title="Qin Gang">Qin Gang</a> in the background, 6 April 2023</figcaption></figure> The two countries announced the resumption of relations on 10 March 2023, following a deal brokered by China.<a href="#cite_note-:1-95">[95]</a> The deal followed several days of secret talks in Beijing by Iranian and Saudi officials.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The agreement was signed by secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shamkhani" title="Ali Shamkhani">Ali Shamkhahni</a> and Saudi Arabian national security advisor <a href="/wiki/Musaad_bin_Mohammed_Al_Aiban" title="Musaad bin Mohammed Al Aiban">Musaed Al-Aiban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A joint statement announced that their embassies would re-open within two months.<a href="#cite_note-:1-95">[95]</a> The path to the agreement was paved by five rounds of reconciliation talks that had been hosted by Iraq over several years.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-98">[98]</a> The agreement was welcomed by the United States,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Two former Israeli Prime Ministers, <a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yair_Lapid" title="Yair Lapid">Yair Lapid</a>, criticized the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Under the deal, the countries would restore agreements related to security, trade, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-2023resume-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran_Agree_to_Restore_Ties-2">[2]</a> Under the agreement both countries agree to respect the other's sovereignty and not interfere in the internal affairs of the other.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-98">[98]</a> Following the reconciliation deal, Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> favourably received an invitation from Saudi Arabia's King Salman to visit the kingdom on 19 March 2023.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The rapprochement deal was concluded after Iranian agreement to halt its weapon supplies to <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi</a> militants in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and abide by the UN <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargo</a>, thereby opening up the possibility to push the Houthis towards a negotiated settlement with the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni government">Yemeni government</a>. Saudi and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> officials remarked that Iranian observance of its commitments towards de-escalating <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)">Yemeni conflict</a> were a "litmus test" for the survival of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>-brokered reconciliation deal.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Analysts deemed the agreement significant for several reasons. It could lead the way to easing of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a>, thus bringing stability to Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-110">[110]</a> According to some analysts, the fact that the deal was brokered by China as opposed to the US, could mean that American influence in the region was declining.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The deal could also enhance China's energy security given Chinese dependence on Iran and Saudi Arabia for oil.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Some analysts contended that the agreement would hinder <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Israel–Saudi Arabia relations">Israel–Saudi Arabia relations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> while others contended that <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israel's conflict with the Palestinians</a> was more of a hindrance to its relations with Saudi Arabia than Iran.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Envoys from the two states met in Beijing on 6 April to confirm their commitment and formally restore relations.<a href="#cite_note-restore-115">[115]</a> On 8 April 2023, Saudi officials arrived in Iran to further advance the reopening of their respective diplomatic missions. The deal brokered by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, known as the 'Beijing Agreement', a month earlier ended the diplomatic rift between the two nations "to bring security and stability to the turbulent Gulf region", according to the statement. On 29 April 2023, during a news conference in the Lebanese capital Beirut, <a href="/wiki/Amir-Abdollahian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir-Abdollahian">Amir-Abdollahian</a> announced the reopening of the embassies within days, but did not announce specific dates. The embassies closed in 2016 but recent talks were "implementing the tripartite agreement" facilitated by Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Foreign Ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The Iranian embassy in Riyadh reopened on 6 June while the Saudi embassy in Iran reopened in 9 August.<a href="#cite_note-embassyreopen-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In August 2023, both Iran and Saudi-Arabia applied to join <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>. On October 11, 2023, Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman received a phone call from Iran's President <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> to discuss the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenged_relations_after_escalation_of_Israel–Iran_tensions">Challenged relations after escalation of Israel–Iran tensions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Challenged relations after escalation of Israel–Iran tensions">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, a majority of the Saudi population stood behind the Palestinians and sympathised with their suffering, and subsequent to the suspected <a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Iranian_embassy_in_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus">Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus</a> the leadership of Saudi Arabia had rejected categorically the targeting of diplomatic facilities for any justification.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> However, during the <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel</a>, Saudi Arabia assisted Israel along with <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> with the defence of Israel and their own territories.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> These events had further complicated Saudi relations with Iran. In order to maintain an acceptable approach to lower tensions in the Middle East, some analysts have emphasised the increased economic ties with Iran, which though stand in sharp contrast with the renewed efforts by Europe and the U.S. to further increase sanctions against Iran and its proxies.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In early October 2024, during a conference on the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> Storm operation, held in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iranian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Araghchi" title="Abbas Araghchi">Abbas Araghchi</a> announced his upcoming visit to <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> to discuss a ceasefire and the atrocities committed by Israel. After visiting <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Araghchi reaffirmed his stance to not further escalate the war in the Middle East while at the same time supporting resistance movements against Israel. Saudi Arabia has ascertained its neutrality in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Later that month, Iran warned all the Gulf states not to allow any action against Iran by using their airspace. Arab officials have indicated that Iran would retaliate against these states if their territories or airspace were used in such operations.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In November 2024, Saudi <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chairman of the General Staff">Chief of General Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Fayyadh_Al_Ruwaili" title="Fayyadh Al Ruwaili">Fayyad al-Ruwaili</a> met his Iranian counterpart <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagheri_(Iranian_commander)" title="Mohammad Bagheri (Iranian commander)">Mohammad Bagheri</a> in Tehran. During the meeting, Ruwaili discussed increasing cooperation between the two countries security forces.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Since the eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Hamas-Israel_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamas-Israel war">Hamas-Israel war</a>, Saudi Arabia has challenged the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham accords">Abraham accords</a> when it re-established diplomatic relations with Iran. The Gulf states have favored regional diplomacy over war and de-escalation. In late 2024, the Abraham accords appear to be stalled in light of the ongoing conflict in <a href="/wiki/Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectarian_basis_for_tensions">Sectarian basis for tensions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sectarian basis for tensions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_4.jpg/250px-Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_4.jpg/375px-Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_4.jpg/500px-Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabian women in <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> Historically, Iran–Saudi relationships have always been uncertain, something attributed to the different sects that the majority of populations in both countries follow. Saudi Arabia, which is a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> society, is skeptical of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> Iran's activities and influence in the Persian Gulf region. It is in this context that Iran-Saudi hostilities are sometimes seen as being the successor to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Ottoman–Safavid relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Leading Sunni and Shi'ite Clerics in both countries deemed each other's religious beliefs as incorrect for decades. An attempt was made by the Sunnis to take the Tomb of Imam Hussein, one of the important religious leaders of Shi'ite theology and the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad whose life is considered the main difference between Sunni and Shi'ite sects. Since then, tensions between both major sects of Islam, their followers, and their affiliates, have increased and this tension is considered unlikely to be resolved any time soon.<a href="#cite_note-Cordesman-32">[32]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, on 5 June 2010, King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a> told <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Morin" title="Hervé Morin">Hervé Morin</a>, then Defense Minister of France that: "There are two countries in the world that do not deserve to exist: Iran and Israel."<a href="#cite_note-Malbrunot-130">[130]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_ibn_Abdullah_Al_ash-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh">Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh</a> was replaced by Sheikh Saleh bin Hamid as the giver of the hajj sermon. The Grand Mufti had given the sermon every year since 1981, but was replaced in 2016 after claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> leaders of Iran "are not Muslims."<a href="#cite_note-:0-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran's_attitudes_toward_Turkey_and_Qatar">Saudi Arabia and Iran's attitudes toward Turkey and Qatar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia and Iran's attitudes toward Turkey and Qatar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations">Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Iran–Turkey relations</a></div> Although the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran has been mostly between themselves, the two nations are also becoming more increasingly tangled in a triangle conflict after <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">neo-Ottomanist</a> Turkey, led by <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, demonstrated the desire to restore the Ottoman order that was once imposed at the expense of the Iranians and the Saudis, since the 2010s. Due to the historical enmities of Turkey towards both Iran and Saudi Arabia, the two countries' attitudes toward Turkey also have some impacts on Tehran and Riyadh's political decisions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Iran has had a complex relationship with Turkey, being Iran's major economic partner but also an enemy due to Turkey and Iran backing various proxy groups fighting each other while Saudi Arabia's relations with Turkey have deteriorated due to Turkish ambitions to restore the Turkish influence at the expense of Riyadh's power; it was in some aspect that Saudi Arabia and Iran found itself involuntarily on the same side, notably during the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> when both Saudi Arabia and Iran back the Kurds against Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qatar-Saudi_Arabia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar-Saudi Arabia relations">Qatar-Saudi Arabia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Iran–Qatar relations</a></div> Relevant to Turkey is also reflected in the role of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, which has very close relations with Turkey but was placed under an embargo by Saudi Arabia and its allies during the 2017-21 <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a>, during which Qatar opened full relations with Iran. While the Saudis reopened relations with Qatar in 2021, it was mainly due to the perception that the embargo against Qatar had failed, rather than the underlying issues between Qatar and the Saudis having been resolved.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The 2023 Saudi-Iranian rapproachement would therefore possibly allow the Saudis to re-open their diplomatic conflict with Qatar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrinal_differences">Doctrinal differences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Doctrinal differences">edit</a>]</div> The difference of political ideologies and governance also divided both countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran is based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a>, which hold that a <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">faqīh</a> (Islamic jurist) should have custodianship over all Muslims, including their governance. Iran's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> is a Shia faqīh. The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, was ideologically opposed to monarchy, which he <a href="/wiki/Political_thought_and_legacy_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini#Rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini">believed</a> to be contrary to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> principles. Saudi Arabia's monarchy, on the other hand, is conservative, not revolutionary, and its religious leaders have long supported monarchy where the king was given absolute obedience as long as he did not violate Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Saudi Arabia has, however, a Shia minority which has made bitter complaints about institutional discrimination against it,<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Arabia:_Treat_Shia_Equally-14">[14]</a> and whom at times has been urged to overthrow the king.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Both countries are major oil exporters but have clashed over energy policy. Saudi Arabia, with its large oil reserves and smaller population, has a greater interest in taking a long-term view of the global oil market and incentive to moderate prices. In contrast, Iran is compelled to focus on high prices in the short term.<a href="#cite_note-Frederic_Wehrey-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saudi_Arabia,_Iran_and_United_States">Saudi Arabia, Iran and United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia, Iran and United States">edit</a>]</div> As far as the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the U.S. is concerned, both countries have been strategic allies for more than sixty years. Saudi Arabia sees itself as a firm and generous partner of the U.S. in the Cold War and in other international conflicts. From 1953 to 1979, Iran under <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Pahlavi">Mohammed Reza Pahlavi</a> was also an ally of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins,_Philip_2006_page_153-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Little,_Douglas_2009_page_145-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray,_Donette_2009_page_8-139">[139]</a> The visits by US President George W. Bush to the Kingdom in 2008 reaffirmed these ties. Yet Saudis have always distanced themselves from American foreign policy, particularly with regards to Iran. Even when there was growing criticism against the former Iranian President, Mahmud Ahmadinejad, for his alleged hostile foreign policy in connection to Israel,<a href="#cite_note-mideasti-140">[140]</a> Saudi Arabia recognised that Iran was a potential threat, and a regional power that was in position to create trouble within their borders. Therefore, Saudi Arabia's security over time required accommodation and good relations with its geographic neighbors notably Iran.<a href="#cite_note-mideasti-140">[140]</a> Prior to this visit, Saudi National Security advisor Prince Bandar bin Sultan, seen as one of the most pro-American figures in the region, had made a trip to Tehran to voice his government's interest in building harmonious relations with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> During Iranian President Ahmadinejad's 3 March 2007 visit, he discussed with King Abdullah the need to protect the Islamic world from enemy "conspiracies."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In 2007, President Ahmadinejad was the first Iranian leader to attend the annual summit of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (GCC), which was established in 1980 in part to contain the ambitions of revolutionary Iran.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> This visit by the President of Iran was an event which signaled a possible change in relations. The same year, at Saudi Arabia's invitation, Ahmadinejad traveled to Saudi Arabia to take part in the annual Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> On 11 October 2011 <a href="/wiki/US_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="US Attorney General">US Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> accused Iran of <a href="/wiki/Adel_al-Jubeir_assassination_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Adel al-Jubeir assassination plot">planning to assassinate</a> the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States Adel Al-Jubbair.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_News-56">[56]</a> In 2013, Saudi Ambassador to Britain Mohammed bin Nawaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud wrote an editorial in The New York Times criticizing Saudi Arabia's Western allies for not taking bold enough measures against Syria and Iran, thus destabilizing the Middle East and forcing Saudi Arabia to become more aggressive in international affairs.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Obama administration continued to reassure the Persian Gulf states that regional security is a U.S. priority, but, as of December 2013, the Gulf states express skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Mabon, Simon (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/struggle-for-supremacy-in-the-middle-east/2F2DDDBE3AD39C219CEE788C6AEC3918">The Struggle for Supremacy in the Middle East: Saudi Arabia and Iran</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108603690" title="Special:BookSources/9781108603690"><bdi>9781108603690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Supremacy+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Saudi+Arabia+and+Iran&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781108603690&rft.aulast=Mabon&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fstruggle-for-supremacy-in-the-middle-east%2F2F2DDDBE3AD39C219CEE788C6AEC3918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2023resume-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023resume_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023resume_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/03/10/1162524377/iran-saudi-arabia-resume-relations">"Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume relations after years of tension"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+and+Saudi+Arabia+agree+to+resume+relations+after+years+of+tension&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F03%2F10%2F1162524377%2Firan-saudi-arabia-resume-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran_Agree_to_Restore_Ties-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran_Agree_to_Restore_Ties_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_Saudi_Arabia_and_Iran_Agree_to_Restore_Ties_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNereim2023" class="citation news cs1">Nereim, Vivian (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/10/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-iran-reestablish-ties.html">"Saudi Arabia and Iran Agree to Restore Ties, in Talks Hosted by China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+Iran+Agree+to+Restore+Ties%2C+in+Talks+Hosted+by+China&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.aulast=Nereim&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-iran-reestablish-ties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafeziAbdallahYaakoubi2023" class="citation news cs1">Hafezi, Parisa; Abdallah, Nayera; Yaakoubi, Aziz El (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-saudi-arabia-agree-resume-ties-re-open-embassies-iranian-state-media-2023-03-10/">"Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume ties in talks brokered by China"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iran+and+Saudi+Arabia+agree+to+resume+ties+in+talks+brokered+by+China&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.aulast=Hafezi&rft.aufirst=Parisa&rft.au=Abdallah%2C+Nayera&rft.au=Yaakoubi%2C+Aziz+El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Firan-saudi-arabia-agree-resume-ties-re-open-embassies-iranian-state-media-2023-03-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wehrey-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wehrey_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wehrey_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehreyKarasikNaderGhez2009" class="citation book cs1">Wehrey, Frederic; Karasik, Theodore W.; Nader, Alireza; Ghez, Jeremy J.; Hansell, Lydia; Guffey, Robert A. 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Retrieved 14 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi-Iranian+Relations+Since+the+Fall+of+Saddam%3A+Rivalry%2C+Cooperation+and+Implication+for+US+Policy&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0833046574&rft.aulast=Wehrey&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Karasik%2C+Theodore+W.&rft.au=Nader%2C+Alireza&rft.au=Ghez%2C+Jeremy+J.&rft.au=Hansell%2C+Lydia&rft.au=Guffey%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2FMG840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/05/17/Saudi-Arabia-accuses-Iran-of-deception-and-supporting-terrorism.html">"Saudi Arabia accuses Iran of 'deception' and supporting terrorism"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+Assails+Saudi+Arabia+After+Pair+of+Deadly+Terrorist+Attacks&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Erdbrink&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F07%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan-parliament-attack-khomeini-mausoleum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42008809">"Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals"</a>. BBC News. 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Saudi+Arabia+and+Iran+are+bitter+rivals.&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-42008809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradley-expo--8"><a href="#cite_ref-bradley-expo-_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad">Saudi Arabia Exposed : Inside a Kingdom in Crisis</a>. Palgrave. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/82">82–83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403964335" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403964335"><bdi>978-1403964335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Exposed+%3A+Inside+a+Kingdom+in+Crisis&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403964335&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaexpos00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadzikadunic" class="citation web cs1">Hadzikadunic, Emir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mei.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Insight-215-Saudi-Iranian-Ties.pdf">"1 Iran–Saudi Ties: Can History Project Their Trajectory?"</a> (PDF). mei.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mei.nus.edu.sg&rft.atitle=1+Iran%E2%80%93Saudi+Ties%3A+Can+History+Project+Their+Trajectory%3F&rft.aulast=Hadzikadunic&rft.aufirst=Emir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmei.nus.edu.sg%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FInsight-215-Saudi-Iranian-Ties.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/10/iran-and-saudi-arabia-from-rivalry-to-mending-ties-a-timeline">"Timeline: Iran and Saudi Arabia, from rivalry to rapprochement"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Iran+and+Saudi+Arabia%2C+from+rivalry+to+rapprochement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F10%2Firan-and-saudi-arabia-from-rivalry-to-mending-ties-a-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35217328">"Saudi Arabia cuts diplomatic ties with Iran"</a>. BBC News. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+cuts+diplomatic+ties+with+Iran&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35217328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarb" class="citation web cs1">Harb, Imad K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/10/16/saudi-arabia-and-iran-may-finally-be-ready-for-rapprochement">"Saudi Arabia and Iran may finally be ready for rapprochement"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+Iran+may+finally+be+ready+for+rapprochement&rft.aulast=Harb&rft.aufirst=Imad+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F10%2F16%2Fsaudi-arabia-and-iran-may-finally-be-ready-for-rapprochement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 115. <q>"Saudi Arabia lacks a constitution that defines legislative authority and processes. Wahhabi doctrine, however, possesses a political theory, based on the views of the Philosopher Ibn Taymiyya, which requires Muslims to obey the ruler, even if he is a sinner. Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the Book of God's Unity had declared that to obey the rulers in permitting something forbidden by Islamic law is tantamount to idolatry. In Ibn Taymiyya's view, the only ground for disobedience to a ruler is if he commands a believer to violate something prohibited by the shari'a.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saudi_Arabia:_Treat_Shia_Equally-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saudi_Arabia:_Treat_Shia_Equally_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saudi_Arabia:_Treat_Shia_Equally_14-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/09/02/saudi-arabia-treat-shia-equally">Saudi Arabia: Treat Shia Equally</a>|hrw.org| 2009/09/02 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 171. <q>Tehran's efforts to export the revolution through leaflets, radio broadcasts and tape cassettes castigating Al Saud for corruption and hypocrisy found a receptive audience in the Eastern Province. On 28 November, Saudi Shiites summoned the courage to break the taboo on public religious expression by holding processions to celebrate the Islamic holy day of Ashura ... (both Sunni and Shia followers celebrate it but in different ways as per their individual beliefs, customs and rituals) ... on 1 February, the one-year anniversary of Ayatollah Khomeini's return to Iran, violent demonstrations again erupted. Crowds attacked banks and vehicles and hoisted placards with Khomeini's picture. The government responded to the February protests with a mix of coercion and cooptation. On the one hand, leading Shiite activists were arrested. On the other hand, a high official from the Interior Ministry met with Shiite representatives and acknowledged that Riyadh had neglected the region's development needs. ... extending electricity networks ... more schools and hospitals and improving sewage infrastructures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/06/saudi-arabia-and-iran-dont-like-each-other--how-are-they-at-opec.html">"Saudi Arabia and Iran don't like each other in real life – so what happens at OPEC meetings?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+Iran+don%27t+like+each+other+in+real+life+%E2%80%93+so+what+happens+at+OPEC+meetings%3F&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F12%2F06%2Fsaudi-arabia-and-iran-dont-like-each-other--how-are-they-at-opec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brooks99-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brooks99_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brooks99_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrampelmeier1999" class="citation news cs1">Wrampelmeier, Brooks (1 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Saudi-Iranian+Relations+1932-1982.-a054208508">"Saudi-Iranian Relations 1932–1982"</a>. Middle East Policy. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Saudi-Iranian+Relations+1932%E2%80%931982&rft.date=1999-02-01&rft.aulast=Wrampelmeier&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FSaudi-Iranian%2BRelations%2B1932-1982.-a054208508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-friends_or_foes_58-59-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-friends_or_foes_58-59_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-friends_or_foes_58-59_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-friends_or_foes_58-59_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynoush2016" class="citation book cs1">Keynoush, Banafsheh (8 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcLtCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22an+Iranian+citizen+by+the+name+of+Abu+Taleb+Yazdi+was+arrested+and+beheaded%22&pg=PA59">Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends or Foes?</a>. Springer. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58939-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58939-2"><bdi>978-1-137-58939-2</bdi></a>. 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Diplomatic History. 36 (2): 337–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2011.01025.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01025.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32743/1/Nixon,_Kissinger,_and_the_Shah_the_origins_of_Iranian_primacy_in_the_Persian_Gulf_(LSE_RO).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Nixon%2C+Kissinger%2C+and+the+Shah%3A+The+Origins+of+Iranian+Primacy+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=337-372&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2011.01025.x&rft.aulast=Alvandi&rft.aufirst=Roham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F32743%2F1%2FNixon%2C_Kissinger%2C_and_the_Shah_the_origins_of_Iranian_primacy_in_the_Persian_Gulf_%28LSE_RO%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ela4nov-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ela4nov_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ela4nov_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciolino2001" class="citation news cs1">Sciolino, Elaine (4 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/world/a-nation-challenged-ally-s-future-us-pondering-saudis-vulnerability.html">"U.S. Pondering Saudis' Vulnerability"</a>. The New York Times. Washington. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Pondering+Saudis%27+Vulnerability&rft.date=2001-11-04&rft.aulast=Sciolino&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F04%2Fworld%2Fa-nation-challenged-ally-s-future-us-pondering-saudis-vulnerability.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afrasiab-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Afrasiab_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrasiab2006" class="citation news cs1">Afrasiab, Kaven L. (6 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atime/Middle_East/HLO6AKo4.html">"Saudi-Iran Tension Fuel Wider Conflict"</a>. Asia Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi-Iran+Tension+Fuel+Wider+Conflict&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft.aulast=Afrasiab&rft.aufirst=Kaven+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatime%2FMiddle_East%2FHLO6AKo4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Iran and Saudi Arabia: External "Game Cocks?" Henner Furtig. </li> <li id="cite_note-III2009-25"><a href="#cite_ref-III2009_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Gregory_Gause,_III2009" class="citation book cs1">F. 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In Ibn Taymiyya's view, the only ground for disobedience to a ruler is if he commands a believer to violate something prohibited by the shari'a.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 171. <q>Tehran's efforts to export the revolution through leaflets, radio broadcasts and tape cassettes castigating Al Saud for corruption and hypocrisy found a receptive audience in the Eastern Province. On 28 November, Saudi Shiites summoned the courage to break the taboo on public religious expression by holding processions to celebrate the Shiite holy day of Ashura ... " ... on 1 February, the one-year anniversary of Ayatollah Khomeini's return to Iran, violent demonstrations again erupted. Crowds attacked banks and vehicles and hoisted placards with Khomeini's picture. The government responded to the February protests with a mix of coercion and cooptation. On the one hand, leading Shiite activists were arrested. On the other, a high official from the Interior Minister met with Shiite representatives and acknowledged that Riyadh had neglected the region's development needs. ... extend the electricity network ... more schools and hospitals and improve sewage disposal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederic_Wehrey-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Frederic_Wehrey_136-0">^</a> Frederic Wehrey et al, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND-MG840.pdf">Saudi-Iranian Relations Since the Fall of Saddam: Rivalry, Cooperation and Implication for US Policy</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]" <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a>, National Security Research Division, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins,_Philip_2006_page_153-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins,_Philip_2006_page_153_137-0">^</a> Jenkins, Philip (2006). Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America p. 153. Oxford University Press, US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198039723" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198039723">978-0198039723</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little,_Douglas_2009_page_145-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Little,_Douglas_2009_page_145_138-0">^</a> Little, Douglas (2009). American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945. p. 145. Univ of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807877616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807877616">978-0807877616</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray,_Donette_2009_page_8-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray,_Donette_2009_page_8_139-0">^</a> Murray, Donette (2009). US Foreign Policy and Iran: American–Iranian Relations Since the Islamic Revolution p. 8. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135219895" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135219895">978-1135219895</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mideasti-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mideasti_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mideasti_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081127025837/http://www.mideasti.org/commentary/saudi-arabia-iran-and-us">"Saudi Arabia, Iran and the U.S"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideasti.org/commentary/saudi-arabia-iran-and-us">the original</a> on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+Iran+and+the+U.S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideasti.org%2Fcommentary%2Fsaudi-arabia-iran-and-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Mafinezam, Alidad. Iran And Its Place Among Nations, Greenwood Press, Westport, 2008, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Tarek Al-Issawi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ac1VCSyQnRm0&refer=home">Saudi Arabia Warns Against Attack on Iran Over Nuclear Issue</a>" <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna22063268">Iran: Ahmadinejad to attend Gulf Arab summit</a>" <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2007-12-19/ty-article/saudi-king-invites-iranian-president-ahmadinejad-to-mecca-for-hajj/0000017f-dbd4-db5a-a57f-dbfe41e90000">"Saudi King Invites Iranian President Ahmadinejad to Mecca for Hajj"</a>. Haaretz. Reuters. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+Invites+Iranian+President+Ahmadinejad+to+Mecca+for+Hajj&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2007-12-19%2Fty-article%2Fsaudi-king-invites-iranian-president-ahmadinejad-to-mecca-for-hajj%2F0000017f-dbd4-db5a-a57f-dbfe41e90000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/12/17/ahmadinejad.hajj/">"Iranian leader attends Hajj ritual"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iranian+leader+attends+Hajj+ritual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2007%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F12%2F17%2Fahmadinejad.hajj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Ahmadinejad-on-pilgrimage-to-Makkah,-invited-by-King-Abdullah-11029.html">"Ahmadinejad on pilgrimage to Makkah, invited by King Abdullah"</a>. www.asianews.it. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.asianews.it&rft.atitle=Ahmadinejad+on+pilgrimage+to+Makkah%2C+invited+by+King+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FAhmadinejad-on-pilgrimage-to-Makkah%2C-invited-by-King-Abdullah-11029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Saudi+Arabia+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> bin Nawaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Mohammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/opinion/saudi-arabia-will-go-it-alone.html">"Saudi Arabia Will Go It Alone."</a> New York Times. 17 December 2013. 17 December 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Fishman, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/24/opinion/the-mideasts-unlikely-allies.html">"The Mideast's Unlikely Allies."</a> New York Times. 23 & 24 December 2013. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/bitter-rivals-iran-and-saudi-arabia/">Bitter Rivals: Iran and Saudi Arabia</a>, documentary from PBS <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">First Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Algeria–Iran relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Iran relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Egypt–Iran relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Iran relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ghana–Iran relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Iran–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Iran–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Iran–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Iran–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Iran–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Iran–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Iran"><img alt="Emblem of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Argentina–Iran relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bolivia–Iran relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Brazil–Iran relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Cuba–Iran relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ecuador–Iran relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iran–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">after 1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Iran–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Armenia–Iran relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Iran relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bangladesh–Iran relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Georgia–Iran relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="History of Georgia–Iran relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Indonesia–Iran relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Iran–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Iran–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Iran–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Iran–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iran–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iran–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iran–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Iran–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Iran–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Iran–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Iran–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Iran–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Iran–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Iran–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Iran–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Albania–Iran relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Belarus–Iran relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Iran relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Croatia–Iran relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czech Republic–Iran relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Denmark–Iran relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Finland–Iran relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="France–Iran relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Greece–Iran relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Holy See–Iran relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hungary–Iran relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Iran–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iran–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Iran–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Iran–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Iran–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Iran–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Iran–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Iran–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Iran–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Iran–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Australia–Iran relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Iran relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Iran–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran#NATO" title="Foreign relations of Iran">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Views on the nuclear program of Iran">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Israeli–Sunni Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)#Trade_Promotion_Organization" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Trade Promotion Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors from Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Masoud_Pezeshkian_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration">Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Algeria–Saudi Arabia relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Kenya–Saudi Arabia relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Libya–Saudi Arabia relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Morocco–Saudi Arabia relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Nigeria–Saudi Arabia relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/113px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Brazil–Saudi Arabia relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Canada–Saudi Arabia relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Mexico–Saudi Arabia relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Peru–Saudi Arabia relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Saudi Arabia relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Armenia–Saudi Arabia relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Saudi Arabia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Bahrain–Saudi Arabia relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Saudi Arabia relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="India–Saudi Arabia relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Indonesia–Saudi Arabia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Israel–Saudi Arabia relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Japan–Saudi Arabia relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Jordan–Saudi Arabia relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Kuwait–Saudi Arabia relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Malaysia–Saudi Arabia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Maldives–Saudi Arabia relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Myanmar–Saudi Arabia relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Oman–Saudi Arabia relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Palestine–Saudi Arabia relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Philippines–Saudi Arabia relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Austria–Saudi Arabia relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Saudi Arabia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Croatia–Saudi Arabia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Denmark–Saudi Arabia relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="France–Saudi Arabia relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Germany–Saudi Arabia relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Greece–Saudi Arabia relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Holy See–Saudi Arabia relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Italy–Saudi Arabia relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Kosovo–Saudi Arabia relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Norway–Saudi Arabia relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Poland–Saudi Arabia relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Romania–Saudi Arabia relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Australia–Saudi Arabia relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia">Diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations&oldid=1258028773">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations&oldid=1258028773</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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