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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Welding process</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drain-pipe-stone-wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Drain-pipe-stone-wall.jpg/220px-Drain-pipe-stone-wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Drain-pipe-stone-wall.jpg/330px-Drain-pipe-stone-wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Drain-pipe-stone-wall.jpg/440px-Drain-pipe-stone-wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Lead <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_goods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainwater goods (page does not exist)">rainwater goods</a>, formed by casting and lead burning</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lead burning</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> process used to join <a href="/wiki/Lead_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead (metal)">lead</a> sheet. It is a manual process carried out by <a href="/wiki/Gas_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas welding">gas welding</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Oxy-acetylene_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxy-acetylene welding">oxy-acetylene</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lead burning is carried out for <a href="/wiki/Roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing material">roofing</a> work in sheet lead, or for the formation of custom-made <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_goods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainwater goods (page does not exist)">rainwater goods</a>: gutters, downspouts and decorative hoppers. Decorative leadworking may also use lead burning, particularly where a waterproof joint is required as for <a href="/wiki/Jardiniere" title="Jardiniere">planters</a>. Lead burning is thus part of traditional <a href="/wiki/Plumber#History" title="Plumber">plumber</a>'s work, in its original sense of a worker in lead (Latin: <i><a href="/wiki/Plumbum" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumbum">plumbum</a></i>). Although rare and specialised, this work is still carried out today and not just for restoration of historical buildings. Most lead sheet work is formed and sealed by bossing, a mechanical fold or crimp. This is adequate for roofing that sheds water, but is insufficiently watertight when standing water sits upon it and so an impermeable burned joint is needed. </p><p>Lead burning is <i>not</i> used as part of plumbing work for installed pipework. <a href="/wiki/Lead_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead pipe">Lead piping</a> has long been considered obsolete, owing to the health aspects. Even where lead piping, or lead-sheathed cable, still needs to be jointed, this is carried out with a <a href="/wiki/Wiped_joint" title="Wiped joint">wiped joint</a>, rather than a burned joint. Wiping a lead joint is a <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a> process, using <a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_solder" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumber's solder">plumber's solder</a> (80% lead / 20% tin) and is carried out at low temperature, with a natural-draught propane blowtorch. Today, even wiped joints are rare and where an existing lead pipe must be connected to, a proprietary mechanical joint is more likely to be used. </p><p>In some rare cases within the chemical industry, lead burning is used for pipework, where acid-resistant tanks and pipes are required to be made of lead rather than steel. Niche uses for lead burning include the manufacture of lead plates for <a href="/wiki/Lead-acid_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-acid battery">lead-acid batteries</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Electro-plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-plating">electro-plating</a> electrodes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lead burning is an <a href="/wiki/Autogenous_welding" title="Autogenous welding">autogenous welding</a> process. Two sheets of lead are formed mechanically to lie close against each other. They are then heated with the torch flame and flow together. No <a href="/wiki/Filler_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Filler rod">filler rod</a> is required, the sheets form their own filler (autogenous welding). Neither is a <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> used.<sup id="cite_ref-Untracht_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Untracht-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldering, by contrast, uses a solder alloy that is some compatible alloy showing <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> behaviour. This gives a melting point lower than the base metal, allowing a soldering process rather than welding. A filler rod may be needed for some welds, if there is no convenient way to form sufficient close overlap at a sheet edge. Offcuts of the same lead sheet are used as this filler. Excessive use of a filler, rather than an initial close fit, is considered a sign of poor technique. </p><p>The torch used for lead burning is a small, hot, gas flame. Oxy-acetylene is most commonly used, as it is easily portable. A small size #0 nozzle is usually used, sometimes with a miniature torch body, but the torch is otherwise the same as that used for steel or copper work. A variety of fuel gases may be used, but to achieve the high temperature needed, an oxygen supply is always used. Fuel gases may be <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. Oxy-hydrogen is considered to be the best, but is not easily portable. Oxy-natural gas is cheapest and is often used on fixed workbenches. As it is less hot, it cannot be used for some awkward positional (overhead) welding. Oxy-acetylene is the most common, as much leadwork is carried out on site and this is easily portable. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Neutral_flame" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral flame">neutral flame</a> is used. A <a href="/wiki/Reducing_flame" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing flame">reducing flame</a> (fuel rich) gives trouble with soot deposits in the weld. An <a href="/wiki/Oxidising_flame" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidising flame">oxidising flame</a> burns the lead and creates lead oxide dross, leading to poor welds with low <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleability</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lead burning requires a gas torch as autogenous processes require an intense, controllable flame that can be applied to a small area. It was first developed along with the early growth of the bulk chemical industry, as <a href="/wiki/Lead_chamber_process" title="Lead chamber process">acid manufacture</a> required leakproof lead vessels and <a href="/wiki/Flow_process" title="Flow process">flow process</a> plumbing to be made. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> was increasingly available for domestic lighting. By using a mouth-blown blowpipe, a gas flame could reach temperatures adequate for lead burning. Larger equipment could use mechanical fans. </p><p>Before this, leadworking used either manual bossing or wiped soldered joints to seal it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_risk">Fire risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fire risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lead burning, and lead soldering, are some of the few building processes which still requires the on-site use of a naked flame. This has obvious safety hazards and lead working has been implicated in some fires during restoration work on historical buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metallic lead is relatively safe to work with, although <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">lead oxide</a> dross formed on the surface of lead is more easily absorbed by the body, thus much more of a hazard. As lead burning is a high temperature process, it creates a significant hazard from such dross. Safety precautions are relatively simple: goggles to protect the eyes from molten metal splash, overalls or dustcoat kept in the lead workshop to stop contamination spreading, and dedicated workbenches equipped with air extraction. </p><p>Regular lead burners should be screened for accumulated lead exposure. Industrially this is done by weekly checks for blue lines around the gums, a simple indicator for heavy metal poisoning, and by regular urine testing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Warfare_Department#HAIS" title="Petroleum Warfare Department">Operation Pluto</a>, a WWII petrol pipeline built from lead piping joined by burning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiped_joint" title="Wiped joint">Wiped joint</a>, a soldering process for lead</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plating.com/platingtechnical/leadburningpro.htm">"Lead Burning Procedure"</a>. <i>Plating.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plating.com&rft.atitle=Lead+Burning+Procedure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plating.com%2Fplatingtechnical%2Fleadburningpro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALead+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Untracht-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Untracht_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUntracht1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oppi_Untracht" title="Oppi Untracht">Untracht, Oppi</a> (1969). <i>Metal Techniques for Craftsmen</i>. Robert Hale. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-0723-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-0723-4"><bdi>0-7091-0723-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metal+Techniques+for+Craftsmen&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-7091-0723-4&rft.aulast=Untracht&rft.aufirst=Oppi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALead+burning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&oldid=1244093587">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead_burning&oldid=1244093587</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welding" title="Category:Welding">Welding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lead" title="Category:Lead">Lead</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 September 2024, at 00:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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