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17.9125 8.46625C18.6138 9.23625 19.04 10.2125 19.04 11.4225C19.04 15.6437 16.4688 16.5787 14.0213 16.8537C14.42 17.1975 14.7638 17.8575 14.7638 18.8887C14.7638 20.36 14.75 21.5425 14.75 21.9137C14.75 22.2025 14.9563 22.5462 15.5063 22.4362C19.8513 20.9787 23 16.8537 23 12C23 5.9225 18.0775 1 12 1Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fshashank88%2Fsystem_design" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-button d-inline-flex d-lg-none flex-order-1 f5 no-underline border color-border-default rounded-2 px-2 py-1 color-fg-inherit js-prevent-focus-on-mobile-nav" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/shashank88/system_design","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="f16a3b8ebf87678fd0cd54b5ec8337e69482b94a2d91a8f5cc6749cb0dc7f795" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Marketing nav","action":"click to Sign in","label":"ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header"}" > Sign in </a> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu js-header-menu height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto top-0"> <div class="HeaderMenu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-start flex-lg-row flex-auto rounded rounded-lg-0"> <nav class="HeaderMenu-nav" aria-label="Global"> <ul class="d-lg-flex list-style-none"> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"security","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"security_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/security"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"actions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"actions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/actions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any 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0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"issues","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"issues_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/issues"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 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1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"discussions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"discussions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"code_search","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"code_search_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/code-search"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-square color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 8.24a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06L7.352 12l2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M2 3.75C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2h16.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v16.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 20.25 22H3.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 20.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v16.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h16.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V3.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Search</div> Find more, search less </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 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12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 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Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_industries","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"executive_insights","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"executive_insights_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"the_readme_project","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"topics","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"topics_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"trending","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"trending_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/trending"> Trending </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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dir=\"auto\"\u003eSYSTEM DESIGN PREPARATION\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-system-design-preparation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: SYSTEM DESIGN PREPARATION\" href=\"#system-design-preparation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to prepare for and answer system design questions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-objective\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Objective\" href=\"#objective\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eLearning about and implementing large-scale distributed system is not easy. I do not want to give the impression that it's something that can be learnt in a month.\u003c/em\u003e\nWhat this repository aims to achieve, is for software engineers and students to get a rough idea of how the thought process of designing a large scale works and how big companies have managed to solve really hard problems. Along with that, there is a recent trend for companies to have an open-ended interview with system design questions, which is at times hard for engineers of all levels if they haven't gotten the opportunity to work on such systems themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is a collection of links/documents for the following use cases:\na) Prepare for a system design or open-ended rounds.\nb) Learn more about how large-scale systems work and thought process of designing a new system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIndex\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-index\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Index\" href=\"#index\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"contains-task-list\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#start\"\u003eStarting point\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#basics\"\u003ebasics\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#howtoans\"\u003eHow to answer in interviews\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#myapproach\"\u003eSteps how I approach the system design questions in interviews\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#designques\"\u003eCommon Design questions\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#architecture\"\u003earchitecture\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#blog\"\u003ecompany engineering blog links\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"task-list-item\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"checkbox\" id=\"\" disabled=\"\" class=\"task-list-item-checkbox\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"#tldr\"\u003eLow on time ?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-start\"\u003e Starting point \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content--starting-point-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Starting point \" href=\"#-starting-point-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor a very broad overview please go through these lectures, really useful:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMCXHnjXnTnvo6alSjVkgxV-VH6EPyvoX\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGaurav Sen's system design series\u003c/a\u003e\nStarts from simple stuff like load balancing and message queues, then moves to building full systems like Whatsapp and Tinder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-W9F__D3oY4\u0026amp;list=PLmhRNZyYVpDmLpaVQm3mK5PY5KB_4hLjE\u0026amp;index=10\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edavid malans cs75 scalability talk\u003c/a\u003e\nFeel free to go through other lectures if needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.udacity.com/course/web-development--cs253\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edavid huffman's talk , scaling up talk\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjNTgULVVf4\u0026amp;list=PLVi1LmRuKQ0NINQfjKLVen7J2lZFL35wP\u0026amp;index=1\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eYoutube link\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.lecloud.net/tagged/scalability\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003escalability for dummies\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://dataintensive.net/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDesigning data intensive appliations\u003c/a\u003e This is by far one of the best books about large-scale systems and the practical challenges encountered during building them. It's focussed more on data-oriented applications though.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3loACSxowRU\u0026amp;list=PLhgw50vUymycJPN6ZbGTpVKAJ0cL4OEH3\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSystem Design Interview Preperation Series by CodeKarle\u003c/a\u003e This is a collection of some of the most commonly asked system design interview question explain in a very detailed and straight forward manner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese talks should give you a starting point on how to think about such problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-basics\"\u003e Basics \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content--basics-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Basics \" href=\"#-basics-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBut before you begin, here are some topics(in no particular order) which in my opinion you should have a decent idea of before proceeding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOperating system basics: how a file system, virtual memory, paging, instruction execution cycle etc work\n(For starters silbershatz should be enough. If you already have decent knowledge try stallings book on OS)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNetworking basics:\nShould know the TCP/IP stack, basics of how Internet, HTTP, TCP/IP work at the minimum. cs75 on youtube (1st lecture) should give a broad overview. I personally love \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Networking-Top-Down-Approach-Edition/dp/0132856204\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003enetworking-a top down approach\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConcurrency basics: threads, processes, threading in the language you know. Locks , mutex etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDB basics: types of DB's (SQL vs noSQL etc ), hashing and indexing, EAV based databases, Sharding, caching for databases, master-slave etc\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA basic idea of how a basic web architecture is: say load balancers, proxy, servers, Database servers, caching servers, precompute, logging big data etc. Just know broadly what is each layer for.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003every basic summary of what the \u003ca href=\"http://robertgreiner.com/2014/08/cap-theorem-revisited/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCAP theorem\u003c/a\u003e is (Have never been asked about the theorem itself, but knowing it will help you in designing large-scale systems.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-howtoans\"\u003e How to answer in interviews \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content--how-to-answer-in-interviews-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How to answer in interviews \" href=\"#-how-to-answer-in-interviews-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI found \u003ca href=\"http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehiredintech\u003c/a\u003e videos an excellent place to start with. The way how to approach a design question as given in the link is really useful. It goes into how we start with clearing the use-cases of the system, then thinking in the abstract manner of the various component and the interactions. Think about the bottlenecks of the system and what is more critical for your system (eg latency vs reliability vs uptime etc) Address those giving the tradeoff of your approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.flipkart.com/cracking-coding-interview-150-programming-questions-solutions-english-5th/p/itmdz4pvzbhcv6uv\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esystem design in crack the coding interview\u003c/a\u003e: good approach on how to begin attacking a problem by first solving for a small usecase then expanding the system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe best way to prepare for such questions is do mock interviews, pick any topic (given below) try to come up with a design and then go and see how and why it is designed in that manner. There is absolutely no alternative to practice!! Whiteboarding a system design question is similar to actually writing code and testing it! Just reading will only take you so far.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-myapproach\"\u003eSteps how I approach the system design questions in interviews\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-steps-how-i-approach-the-system-design-questions-in-interviews\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Steps how I approach the system design questions in interviews\" href=\"#steps-how-i-approach-the-system-design-questions-in-interviews\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese are the steps I go through mentally in the interviews, followed by actual interview experiences:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ea) \u003cstrong\u003eBe absolutely sure you understand the problem being asked\u003c/strong\u003e, clarify on the onset rather than assuming anything\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eb) \u003cstrong\u003eUse-cases\u003c/strong\u003e. This is critical, you MUST know what is the system going to be used for, what is the scale it is going to be used for. Also, constraints like requests per second, requests types, data written per second, data read per second.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ec) Solve the problem for a \u003cstrong\u003every small set\u003c/strong\u003e, say, 100 users. This will broadly help you figure out the data structures, components, abstract design of the overall model.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ed) Write down the various components figured out so far and how will they interact with each other.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ee) As a rule of thumb remember at least these :\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eprocessing and servers\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col start=\"2\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003estorage\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col start=\"3\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecaching\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col start=\"4\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003econcurrency and communication\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col start=\"5\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esecurity\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col start=\"6\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eload balancing and proxy\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col start=\"7\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCDN\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003col start=\"8\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonetization: if relevant, how will you monetize?\neg. What kind of DB (Is Postgres enough, if not why?), do you need caching and how much, is security a prime concern?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ef) \u003cstrong\u003eSpecial cases\u003c/strong\u003e for the question asked. Say designing a system for storing thumbnails, will a file system be enough? What if you have to scale for facebook or google? Will a nosql based database work?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eg) After I have my components in place, what I generally try to do is look for minor optimization in various places according to the use-cases, various tradeoffs that will help in better scaling in 99% cases.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eh) [Scaling out or up] (\u003ca href=\"http://highscalability.com/blog/2014/5/12/4-architecture-issues-when-scaling-web-applications-bottlene.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://highscalability.com/blog/2014/5/12/4-architecture-issues-when-scaling-web-applications-bottlene.html\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ei) Check with the interviewer is there any other special case he is looking to solve? Also, it really helps if you know about the company you are interviewing with, what its architecture is, what will the interviewer have more interest in based on the company and what he works on?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-designques\"\u003e Common Design questions \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content--common-design-questions-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Common Design questions \" href=\"#-common-design-questions-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt generally depends what you are and you will be working on. Also what your level is but these are some of the more frequent interview questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign amazon's frequently viewed product page (eg. which shows the last 5 items you saw)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign an online poker game for multiplayer. Solve for persistence, concurrency, scale. Draw the ER diagram for this\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign a [url compression system] (\u003ca href=\"http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSearch engine\u003c/a\u003e (generally asked with people who have some domain knowledge): basic crawling, collection, hashing etc. Depends on your expertise on this topic\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign dropbox's architecture. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE4gwstWhmc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003egood talk on this\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign a \u003ca href=\"http://highscalability.com/blog/2011/12/6/instagram-architecture-14-million-users-terabytes-of-photos.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epicture sharing website\u003c/a\u003e. How will you store thumbnails, photos? Usage of CDNS? caching at various layers etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign a news feed (eg. Facebook , Twitter): \u003ca href=\"http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering-Best-Practices/What-are-best-practices-for-building-something-like-a-News-Feed\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003enews feed\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign a product based on maps, eg hotel / ATM finder given a location.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign malloc, free and \u003ca href=\"http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep521/07wi/prj/rick.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003egarbage collection system\u003c/a\u003e. What data structures to use? decorator pattern over malloc etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign a site like \u003ca href=\"http://www.junglee.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ejunglee.com\u003c/a\u003e i.e price comparision, availability on e-commerce websites. When and will you cache, how much to query, how to crawl efficiently over e-commerce sites, sharding of databases, basic database design\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA web application for instant messaging, eg \u003ca href=\"http://highscalability.com/blog/2014/2/26/the-whatsapp-architecture-facebook-bought-for-19-billion.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewhatsapp\u003c/a\u003e, facebook chat. Issues of each, scaling problems, status and availability notification etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign a system for collaborating over a document simultaneously (eg \u003ca href=\"https://neil.fraser.name/writing/sync/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003egoogle docs\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e(very common:) top 'n' or most frequent items of a running stream of data\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign election commission architecture :\nLet's say we work with the Election Commission. On Counting day, we want to collate the votes received at the lakhs of voting booths all over the country. Each booth has a voting machine, which, when connected to the network, returns an array of the form {[party_id, num_votes],[party_id_2, num_votes_2],...}. We want to collect these and get the current scores in real time. The report we need continuously is how many seats is each party leading in. Please design a system for this.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign a logging system\n(For web applications, it is common to have a large number of servers running the same application, with a load balancer in front to distribute the incoming requests. In this scenario, we want to check and alarm in case an exception is thrown in any of the servers. We want a system that checks for the appearance of specific words, \"Exception\", \"Disk Full\" etc. in the logs of any of the servers. How would you design this system?)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[Design Google Maps].(\u003ca href=\"https://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Google_Maps-system-design.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Google_Maps-system-design.html\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[Design a Video Conferencing System like Zoom/WebEx].(\u003ca href=\"https://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Zoom-system-design.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Zoom-system-design.html\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-architecture\"\u003eArchitectures :\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-architectures-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Architectures :\" href=\"#architectures-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePersonally I looked into the following architectures:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBasics of google search\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBasics of messaging frameworks like Kafka , queuing architectures like rabbitmq.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBroad overview and advantages of Redis , mongodb , cassandra.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/gfs-sosp2003.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGoogle file system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[Google architecture] (\u003ca href=\"http://highscalability.com/google-architecture\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://highscalability.com/google-architecture\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/13649370142/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eInstagram\u003c/a\u003e and other image based social networks\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~brecht/courses/854-Emerging-2014/readings/key-value/fb-memcached-nsdi-2013.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMemcache scaling by facebook\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8LU0Cj6BOU\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTwitter scaling\u003c/a\u003e and facebook feeds\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~brecht/courses/854-Emerging-2014/readings/data-store/tao-facebook-distributed-datastore-atc-2013.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efacebook graph api\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/osdi10/tech/full_papers/Beaver.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efacebook haystack needle architecture\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZW5_eEKEC28\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eyoutube architecture and optimizations for video\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-blog\"\u003eCompany engineering blog links \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-company-engineering-blog-links-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Company engineering blog links \" href=\"#company-engineering-blog-links-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ecourtesy \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/checkcheckzz/system-design-interview#toc\"\u003echeckcheckzz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDepending on where you are interviewing, go through the company blog. VERY USEFUL IN INTERVIEWS! It really helps if you have an idea of the architecture, as the questions asked will generally be of that domain and your prior knowledge will help out here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://nerds.airbnb.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAirbnb Engineering\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://developer.amazon.com/blogs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAmazon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAmazon AWS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://bandcamptech.wordpress.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBandcamp Tech\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.simple.com/engineering/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBankSimple Simple Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://word.bitly.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBitly Engineering Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCloudera Developer Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tech.dropbox.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDropbox Tech Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://engineering.quora.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eEngineering at Quora\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://codeascraft.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eEtsy Code as Craft\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/Engineering\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eFacebook Engineering\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://code.flickr.net/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eFlickr Code\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://engineering.foursquare.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eFoursquare Engineering Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGoogle Research Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://engineering.groupon.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGroupn Engineering Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://highscalability.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHigh Scalability\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eInstagram Engineering\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://engineering.linkedin.com/blog\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eLinkedIn Engineering\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://tech.oyster.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eOyster Tech Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://engineering.pinterest.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePinterest Engineering Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://devblog.songkick.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSongkick Technology Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://developers.soundcloud.com/blog/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSoundCloud Backstage Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://corner.squareup.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSquare The Corner\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.redditblog.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTHE REDDIT BLOG\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/blog/category/engineering\"\u003eThe GitHub Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://techblog.netflix.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eThe Netflix Tech Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.twilio.com/engineering\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTwilio Engineering Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://engineering.twitter.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTwitter Engineering\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://eng.uber.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eUber Engineering\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/walmartlabs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWalmart Labs Tech Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://engineering.webengage.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWebEngage Engineering Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://eng.yammer.com/blog/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eYammer Engineering\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://engineeringblog.yelp.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eYelp Engineering Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://smarketshq.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSmarkets Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"user-content-tldr\"\u003eLow on time ?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-low-on-time-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Low on time ?\" href=\"#low-on-time-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI would HIGHLY recommend you do not take a shortcut unless you have a week or so for an interview. System design is best learnt by practising, shortcuts might help you in the short term, but would recommend coming back to this link for an in-depth understanding after the interview\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ea) Go through cs76 and Udacity's links given above for scaling systems.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eb) Go through the engineering blog of the company you are interviewing in (or if its a startup go through the link of the company closest to yours)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ec) See this talk: \u003ca href=\"http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/\u003c/a\u003e and develop a process for how to answer such questions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ed) Remember these terms, just roll over them in your interview in your mind, and if relevant mention it in the interview\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eprocessing and servers\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003estorage\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecaching\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003econcurrency and communication\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esecurity\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eload balancing and proxy\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCDN\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonetization\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBest of luck 👍, feel free to send pull requests to add more content to this git!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"SYSTEM DESIGN PREPARATION","anchor":"system-design-preparation","htmlText":"SYSTEM DESIGN PREPARATION"},{"level":2,"text":"Objective","anchor":"objective","htmlText":"Objective"},{"level":2,"text":"Index","anchor":"index","htmlText":"Index"},{"level":2,"text":" Starting point ","anchor":"-starting-point-","htmlText":" Starting point "},{"level":2,"text":" Basics ","anchor":"-basics-","htmlText":" Basics "},{"level":2,"text":" How to answer in interviews ","anchor":"-how-to-answer-in-interviews-","htmlText":" How to answer in interviews "},{"level":2,"text":"Steps how I approach the system design questions in interviews","anchor":"steps-how-i-approach-the-system-design-questions-in-interviews","htmlText":"Steps how I approach the system design questions in interviews"},{"level":2,"text":" Common Design questions ","anchor":"-common-design-questions-","htmlText":" Common Design questions "},{"level":2,"text":"Architectures :","anchor":"architectures-","htmlText":"Architectures :"},{"level":2,"text":"Company engineering blog links ","anchor":"company-engineering-blog-links-","htmlText":"Company engineering blog links "},{"level":2,"text":"Low on time ?","anchor":"low-on-time-","htmlText":"Low on time ?"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fshashank88%2Fsystem_design"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> <div data-target="react-partial.reactRoot"><style data-styled="true" data-styled-version="5.3.11">.iVEunk{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}/*!sc*/ 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dir="auto">SYSTEM DESIGN PREPARATION</h1><a id="user-content-system-design-preparation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: SYSTEM DESIGN PREPARATION" href="#system-design-preparation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>How to prepare for and answer system design questions</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Objective</h2><a id="user-content-objective" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Objective" href="#objective"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><em>Learning about and implementing large-scale distributed system is not easy. I do not want to give the impression that it's something that can be learnt in a month.</em> What this repository aims to achieve, is for software engineers and students to get a rough idea of how the thought process of designing a large scale works and how big companies have managed to solve really hard problems. Along with that, there is a recent trend for companies to have an open-ended interview with system design questions, which is at times hard for engineers of all levels if they haven't gotten the opportunity to work on such systems themselves.</p> <p dir="auto">This is a collection of links/documents for the following use cases: a) Prepare for a system design or open-ended rounds. b) Learn more about how large-scale systems work and thought process of designing a new system.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Index</h2><a id="user-content-index" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Index" href="#index"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul class="contains-task-list"> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#start">Starting point</a></li> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#basics">basics</a></li> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#howtoans">How to answer in interviews</a></li> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#myapproach">Steps how I approach the system design questions in interviews</a></li> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#designques">Common Design questions</a></li> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#architecture">architecture</a></li> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#blog">company engineering blog links</a></li> <li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" id="" disabled="" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <a href="#tldr">Low on time ?</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-start"> Starting point </a></h2><a id="user-content--starting-point-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Starting point " href="#-starting-point-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">For a very broad overview please go through these lectures, really useful:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMCXHnjXnTnvo6alSjVkgxV-VH6EPyvoX" rel="nofollow">Gaurav Sen's system design series</a> Starts from simple stuff like load balancing and message queues, then moves to building full systems like Whatsapp and Tinder.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-W9F__D3oY4&list=PLmhRNZyYVpDmLpaVQm3mK5PY5KB_4hLjE&index=10" rel="nofollow">david malans cs75 scalability talk</a> Feel free to go through other lectures if needed.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://www.udacity.com/course/web-development--cs253" rel="nofollow">david huffman's talk , scaling up talk</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjNTgULVVf4&list=PLVi1LmRuKQ0NINQfjKLVen7J2lZFL35wP&index=1" rel="nofollow">Youtube link</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="http://www.lecloud.net/tagged/scalability" rel="nofollow">scalability for dummies</a></p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://dataintensive.net/" rel="nofollow">Designing data intensive appliations</a> This is by far one of the best books about large-scale systems and the practical challenges encountered during building them. It's focussed more on data-oriented applications though.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3loACSxowRU&list=PLhgw50vUymycJPN6ZbGTpVKAJ0cL4OEH3" rel="nofollow">System Design Interview Preperation Series by CodeKarle</a> This is a collection of some of the most commonly asked system design interview question explain in a very detailed and straight forward manner.</p> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto">These talks should give you a starting point on how to think about such problems.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-basics"> Basics </a></h2><a id="user-content--basics-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Basics " href="#-basics-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">But before you begin, here are some topics(in no particular order) which in my opinion you should have a decent idea of before proceeding.</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>Operating system basics: how a file system, virtual memory, paging, instruction execution cycle etc work (For starters silbershatz should be enough. If you already have decent knowledge try stallings book on OS)</li> <li>Networking basics: Should know the TCP/IP stack, basics of how Internet, HTTP, TCP/IP work at the minimum. cs75 on youtube (1st lecture) should give a broad overview. I personally love <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Networking-Top-Down-Approach-Edition/dp/0132856204" rel="nofollow">networking-a top down approach</a>.</li> <li>Concurrency basics: threads, processes, threading in the language you know. Locks , mutex etc.</li> <li>DB basics: types of DB's (SQL vs noSQL etc ), hashing and indexing, EAV based databases, Sharding, caching for databases, master-slave etc</li> <li>A basic idea of how a basic web architecture is: say load balancers, proxy, servers, Database servers, caching servers, precompute, logging big data etc. Just know broadly what is each layer for.</li> <li>very basic summary of what the <a href="http://robertgreiner.com/2014/08/cap-theorem-revisited/" rel="nofollow">CAP theorem</a> is (Have never been asked about the theorem itself, but knowing it will help you in designing large-scale systems.</li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-howtoans"> How to answer in interviews </a></h2><a id="user-content--how-to-answer-in-interviews-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How to answer in interviews " href="#-how-to-answer-in-interviews-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">I found <a href="http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design" rel="nofollow">hiredintech</a> videos an excellent place to start with. The way how to approach a design question as given in the link is really useful. It goes into how we start with clearing the use-cases of the system, then thinking in the abstract manner of the various component and the interactions. Think about the bottlenecks of the system and what is more critical for your system (eg latency vs reliability vs uptime etc) Address those giving the tradeoff of your approach.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="http://www.flipkart.com/cracking-coding-interview-150-programming-questions-solutions-english-5th/p/itmdz4pvzbhcv6uv" rel="nofollow">system design in crack the coding interview</a>: good approach on how to begin attacking a problem by first solving for a small usecase then expanding the system.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">The best way to prepare for such questions is do mock interviews, pick any topic (given below) try to come up with a design and then go and see how and why it is designed in that manner. There is absolutely no alternative to practice!! Whiteboarding a system design question is similar to actually writing code and testing it! Just reading will only take you so far.</p> </li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-myapproach">Steps how I approach the system design questions in interviews</a></h2><a id="user-content-steps-how-i-approach-the-system-design-questions-in-interviews" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Steps how I approach the system design questions in interviews" href="#steps-how-i-approach-the-system-design-questions-in-interviews"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">These are the steps I go through mentally in the interviews, followed by actual interview experiences:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>a) <strong>Be absolutely sure you understand the problem being asked</strong>, clarify on the onset rather than assuming anything</li> <li>b) <strong>Use-cases</strong>. This is critical, you MUST know what is the system going to be used for, what is the scale it is going to be used for. Also, constraints like requests per second, requests types, data written per second, data read per second.</li> <li>c) Solve the problem for a <strong>very small set</strong>, say, 100 users. This will broadly help you figure out the data structures, components, abstract design of the overall model.</li> <li>d) Write down the various components figured out so far and how will they interact with each other.</li> <li>e) As a rule of thumb remember at least these :</li> <li> <ol dir="auto"> <li>processing and servers</li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol start="2" dir="auto"> <li>storage</li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol start="3" dir="auto"> <li>caching</li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol start="4" dir="auto"> <li>concurrency and communication</li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol start="5" dir="auto"> <li>security</li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol start="6" dir="auto"> <li>load balancing and proxy</li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol start="7" dir="auto"> <li>CDN</li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol start="8" dir="auto"> <li>Monetization: if relevant, how will you monetize? eg. What kind of DB (Is Postgres enough, if not why?), do you need caching and how much, is security a prime concern?</li> </ol> </li> <li>f) <strong>Special cases</strong> for the question asked. Say designing a system for storing thumbnails, will a file system be enough? What if you have to scale for facebook or google? Will a nosql based database work?</li> <li>g) After I have my components in place, what I generally try to do is look for minor optimization in various places according to the use-cases, various tradeoffs that will help in better scaling in 99% cases.</li> <li>h) [Scaling out or up] (<a href="http://highscalability.com/blog/2014/5/12/4-architecture-issues-when-scaling-web-applications-bottlene.html" rel="nofollow">http://highscalability.com/blog/2014/5/12/4-architecture-issues-when-scaling-web-applications-bottlene.html</a>)</li> <li>i) Check with the interviewer is there any other special case he is looking to solve? Also, it really helps if you know about the company you are interviewing with, what its architecture is, what will the interviewer have more interest in based on the company and what he works on?</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-designques"> Common Design questions </a></h2><a id="user-content--common-design-questions-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Common Design questions " href="#-common-design-questions-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">It generally depends what you are and you will be working on. Also what your level is but these are some of the more frequent interview questions.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Design amazon's frequently viewed product page (eg. which shows the last 5 items you saw)</li> <li>Design an online poker game for multiplayer. Solve for persistence, concurrency, scale. Draw the ER diagram for this</li> <li>Design a [url compression system] (<a href="http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/" rel="nofollow">http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html" rel="nofollow">Search engine</a> (generally asked with people who have some domain knowledge): basic crawling, collection, hashing etc. Depends on your expertise on this topic</li> <li>Design dropbox's architecture. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE4gwstWhmc" rel="nofollow">good talk on this</a></li> <li>Design a <a href="http://highscalability.com/blog/2011/12/6/instagram-architecture-14-million-users-terabytes-of-photos.html" rel="nofollow">picture sharing website</a>. How will you store thumbnails, photos? Usage of CDNS? caching at various layers etc.</li> <li> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Design a news feed (eg. Facebook , Twitter): <a href="http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering-Best-Practices/What-are-best-practices-for-building-something-like-a-News-Feed" rel="nofollow">news feed</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Design a product based on maps, eg hotel / ATM finder given a location.</li> <li>Design malloc, free and <a href="http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep521/07wi/prj/rick.pdf" rel="nofollow">garbage collection system</a>. What data structures to use? decorator pattern over malloc etc.</li> <li>Design a site like <a href="http://www.junglee.com/" rel="nofollow">junglee.com</a> i.e price comparision, availability on e-commerce websites. When and will you cache, how much to query, how to crawl efficiently over e-commerce sites, sharding of databases, basic database design</li> <li>A web application for instant messaging, eg <a href="http://highscalability.com/blog/2014/2/26/the-whatsapp-architecture-facebook-bought-for-19-billion.html" rel="nofollow">whatsapp</a>, facebook chat. Issues of each, scaling problems, status and availability notification etc.</li> <li>Design a system for collaborating over a document simultaneously (eg <a href="https://neil.fraser.name/writing/sync/" rel="nofollow">google docs</a>)</li> <li>(very common:) top 'n' or most frequent items of a running stream of data</li> <li>Design election commission architecture : Let's say we work with the Election Commission. On Counting day, we want to collate the votes received at the lakhs of voting booths all over the country. Each booth has a voting machine, which, when connected to the network, returns an array of the form {[party_id, num_votes],[party_id_2, num_votes_2],...}. We want to collect these and get the current scores in real time. The report we need continuously is how many seats is each party leading in. Please design a system for this.</li> <li>Design a logging system (For web applications, it is common to have a large number of servers running the same application, with a load balancer in front to distribute the incoming requests. In this scenario, we want to check and alarm in case an exception is thrown in any of the servers. We want a system that checks for the appearance of specific words, "Exception", "Disk Full" etc. in the logs of any of the servers. How would you design this system?)</li> <li>[Design Google Maps].(<a href="https://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Google_Maps-system-design.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Google_Maps-system-design.html</a>)</li> <li>[Design a Video Conferencing System like Zoom/WebEx].(<a href="https://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Zoom-system-design.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.codekarle.com/system-design/Zoom-system-design.html</a>)</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-architecture">Architectures :</a></h2><a id="user-content-architectures-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Architectures :" href="#architectures-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Personally I looked into the following architectures:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="http://infolab.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html" rel="nofollow">Basics of google search</a></li> <li>Basics of messaging frameworks like Kafka , queuing architectures like rabbitmq.</li> <li>Broad overview and advantages of Redis , mongodb , cassandra.</li> <li><a href="http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/gfs-sosp2003.pdf" rel="nofollow">Google file system</a></li> <li>[Google architecture] (<a href="http://highscalability.com/google-architecture" rel="nofollow">http://highscalability.com/google-architecture</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/13649370142/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances" rel="nofollow">Instagram</a> and other image based social networks</li> <li><a href="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~brecht/courses/854-Emerging-2014/readings/key-value/fb-memcached-nsdi-2013.pdf" rel="nofollow">Memcache scaling by facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8LU0Cj6BOU" rel="nofollow">Twitter scaling</a> and facebook feeds</li> <li><a href="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~brecht/courses/854-Emerging-2014/readings/data-store/tao-facebook-distributed-datastore-atc-2013.pdf" rel="nofollow">facebook graph api</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/osdi10/tech/full_papers/Beaver.pdf" rel="nofollow">facebook haystack needle architecture</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZW5_eEKEC28" rel="nofollow">youtube architecture and optimizations for video</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-blog">Company engineering blog links </a></h2><a id="user-content-company-engineering-blog-links-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Company engineering blog links " href="#company-engineering-blog-links-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">courtesy <a href="https://github.com/checkcheckzz/system-design-interview#toc">checkcheckzz</a></p> <p dir="auto">Depending on where you are interviewing, go through the company blog. VERY USEFUL IN INTERVIEWS! It really helps if you have an idea of the architecture, as the questions asked will generally be of that domain and your prior knowledge will help out here.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="http://nerds.airbnb.com/" rel="nofollow">Airbnb Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://developer.amazon.com/blogs" rel="nofollow">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/" rel="nofollow">Amazon AWS</a></li> <li><a href="http://bandcamptech.wordpress.com/" rel="nofollow">Bandcamp Tech</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.simple.com/engineering/" rel="nofollow">BankSimple Simple Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://word.bitly.com/" rel="nofollow">Bitly Engineering Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/" rel="nofollow">Cloudera Developer Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://tech.dropbox.com/" rel="nofollow">Dropbox Tech Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://engineering.quora.com/" rel="nofollow">Engineering at Quora</a></li> <li><a href="http://codeascraft.com/" rel="nofollow">Etsy Code as Craft</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Engineering" rel="nofollow">Facebook Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="http://code.flickr.net/" rel="nofollow">Flickr Code</a></li> <li><a href="http://engineering.foursquare.com/" rel="nofollow">Foursquare Engineering Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow">Google Research Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://engineering.groupon.com/" rel="nofollow">Groupn Engineering Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://highscalability.com/" rel="nofollow">High Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/" rel="nofollow">Instagram Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="http://engineering.linkedin.com/blog" rel="nofollow">LinkedIn Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="http://tech.oyster.com/" rel="nofollow">Oyster Tech Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://engineering.pinterest.com/" rel="nofollow">Pinterest Engineering Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://devblog.songkick.com/" rel="nofollow">Songkick Technology Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://developers.soundcloud.com/blog/" rel="nofollow">SoundCloud Backstage Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://corner.squareup.com/" rel="nofollow">Square The Corner</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.redditblog.com/" rel="nofollow">THE REDDIT BLOG</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/blog/category/engineering">The GitHub Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://techblog.netflix.com/" rel="nofollow">The Netflix Tech Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.twilio.com/engineering" rel="nofollow">Twilio Engineering Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://engineering.twitter.com/" rel="nofollow">Twitter Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://eng.uber.com/" rel="nofollow">Uber Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://medium.com/walmartlabs" rel="nofollow">Walmart Labs Tech Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://engineering.webengage.com/" rel="nofollow">WebEngage Engineering Blog</a></li> <li><a href="http://eng.yammer.com/blog/" rel="nofollow">Yammer Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="http://engineeringblog.yelp.com/" rel="nofollow">Yelp Engineering Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://smarketshq.com/" rel="nofollow">Smarkets Blog</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a name="user-content-tldr">Low on time ?</a></h2><a id="user-content-low-on-time-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Low on time ?" href="#low-on-time-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>I would HIGHLY recommend you do not take a shortcut unless you have a week or so for an interview. System design is best learnt by practising, shortcuts might help you in the short term, but would recommend coming back to this link for an in-depth understanding after the interview</strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>a) Go through cs76 and Udacity's links given above for scaling systems.</li> <li>b) Go through the engineering blog of the company you are interviewing in (or if its a startup go through the link of the company closest to yours)</li> <li>c) See this talk: <a href="http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/" rel="nofollow">http://www.hiredintech.com/system-design/the-system-design-process/</a> and develop a process for how to answer such questions.</li> <li>d) Remember these terms, just roll over them in your interview in your mind, and if relevant mention it in the interview</li> </ul> <ol dir="auto"> <li>processing and servers</li> <li>storage</li> <li>caching</li> <li>concurrency and communication</li> <li>security</li> <li>load balancing and proxy</li> <li>CDN</li> <li>Monetization</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">Best of luck 👍, feel free to send pull requests to add more content to this git!</p> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="U+00HMkINSsHVQ5YS2tbYFPntyUltL/bNSuHFgCIYnPmTB0k9vDLKFm65UtkLY6dlbh1LgY7yapmYVB2T2TQmQ==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Preparation links and resources for system design questions </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/engineering" title="Topic: engineering" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> engineering </a> <a 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