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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Torpedo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torpedo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_and_missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_and_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aircraft and missiles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aircraft_and_missiles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aircraft and missiles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_and_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Missiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_pulse_propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_pulse_propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nuclear pulse propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_pulse_propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_thermal_rocket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_thermal_rocket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nuclear thermal rocket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_thermal_rocket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramjet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramjet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ramjet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramjet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Direct nuclear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Nuclear electric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federal_Space_Agency_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federal_Space_Agency_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Russian Federal Space Agency development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federal_Space_Agency_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ground vehicles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ground_vehicles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ground vehicles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ground_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernaandrywing" title="Kernaandrywing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kernaandrywing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="دفع نووي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دفع نووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядрена силова установка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ядрена силова установка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadern%C3%BD_pohon" title="Jaderný pohon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jaderný pohon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernenergieantrieb" title="Kernenergieantrieb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kernenergieantrieb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsi%C3%B3n_nuclear" title="Propulsión nuclear – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Propulsión nuclear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propultsio_nuklear" title="Propultsio nuklear – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Propultsio nuklear" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پیشرانه هسته‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشرانه هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsion_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Propulsion nucléaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Propulsion nucléaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EB%A0%A5_%EC%B6%94%EC%A7%84" title="원자력 추진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자력 추진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Միջուկային ուժային տեղակայանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջուկային ուժային տեղակայանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="नाभिक नोदन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाभिक नोदन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsione_nucleare" title="Propulsione nucleare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Propulsione nucleare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendorongan_nuklear" title="Pendorongan nuklear – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendorongan nuklear" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2" title="原子力推進 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子力推進" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propuls%C3%A3o_nuclear" title="Propulsão nuclear – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Propulsão nuclear" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Propulsie nucleară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Propulsie nucleară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядерная силовая установка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядерная силовая установка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedrski_pogon" title="Jedrski pogon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jedrski pogon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_tahrik" title="Nükleer tahrik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nükleer tahrik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядерна силова установка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядерна силова установка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B" title="核动力推进 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="核动力推进" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nuclear power to propel a vehicle</div> <p><b>Nuclear propulsion</b> includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that use some form of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reaction</a> as their primary power source.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of using nuclear material for propulsion dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903 it was hypothesized that radioactive material, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, might be a suitable fuel for engines to propel cars, planes, and boats.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> picked up this idea in his 1914 fiction work <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Set_Free" title="The World Set Free">The World Set Free</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many aircraft carriers and submarines currently use <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> fueled nuclear reactors that can provide propulsion for long periods without refueling. There are also applications in the space sector with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">nuclear thermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electric_rocket" title="Nuclear electric rocket">nuclear electric</a> engines which could be more efficient than conventional rocket engines. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PressurizedWaterReactor.gif/420px-PressurizedWaterReactor.gif" decoding="async" width="420" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/PressurizedWaterReactor.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Pressurised water reactors are the most common reactors used in ships and submarines. The pictorial diagram shows the operating principles. Primary coolant is in orange and the secondary coolant (steam and later feedwater) is in blue.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_ships,_submarines,_and_torpedoes"><span id="Surface_ships.2C_submarines.2C_and_torpedoes"></span>Surface ships, submarines, and torpedoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Surface ships, submarines, and torpedoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Nimitz_in_Victoria_Canada_036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USS_Nimitz_in_Victoria_Canada_036.jpg/220px-USS_Nimitz_in_Victoria_Canada_036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USS_Nimitz_in_Victoria_Canada_036.jpg/330px-USS_Nimitz_in_Victoria_Canada_036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USS_Nimitz_in_Victoria_Canada_036.jpg/440px-USS_Nimitz_in_Victoria_Canada_036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz" title="USS Nimitz">USS <i>Nimitz</i> (CVN-68)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_ship" title="Lead ship">lead ship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier"><i>Nimitz</i>-class</a> of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta-II_class_nuclear-powered_ballistic_missle_submarine_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Delta-II_class_nuclear-powered_ballistic_missle_submarine_3.jpg/220px-Delta-II_class_nuclear-powered_ballistic_missle_submarine_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Delta-II_class_nuclear-powered_ballistic_missle_submarine_3.jpg/330px-Delta-II_class_nuclear-powered_ballistic_missle_submarine_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Delta-II_class_nuclear-powered_ballistic_missle_submarine_3.jpg/440px-Delta-II_class_nuclear-powered_ballistic_missle_submarine_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Delta-class_submarine" title="Delta-class submarine">Delta-class</a> nuclear-powered submarine</figcaption></figure> <p>Nuclear-powered vessels are mainly military <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia is the only country that currently has nuclear-powered civilian surface ships, mainly <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreakers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> currently (as of 2022) has 11 aircraft carriers and 70 submarines in service, that are all powered by nuclear reactors. For more detailed articles see: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_maritime_use">Civilian maritime use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civilian maritime use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civilian nuclear ships">List of civilian nuclear ships</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_maritime_use">Military maritime use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military maritime use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_navy" title="Nuclear navy">Nuclear navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Naval reactors">List of United States Naval reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_naval_reactors" title="Soviet naval reactors">Soviet naval reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">Nuclear submarine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torpedo">Torpedo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Torpedo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status-6_Oceanic_Multipurpose_System" title="Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System">Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System</a></div> <p>Russia's Channel One Television news broadcast a picture and details of a nuclear-powered torpedo called <i>Status-6</i> on about 12 November 2015. The torpedo was stated as having a range of up to 10,000 km, a cruising speed of 100 knots, and an operational depth of up to 1000 metres below the surface. The torpedo carried a 100-megaton nuclear warhead.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the suggestions emerging in the summer of 1958 from the first meeting of the scientific advisory group that became <a href="/wiki/JASON_(advisory_group)" title="JASON (advisory group)">JASON</a> was for "a nuclear-powered torpedo that could roam the seas almost indefinitely".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_and_missiles">Aircraft and missiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aircraft and missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_aircraft" title="Nuclear-powered aircraft">Nuclear-powered aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTRE-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HTRE-3.jpg/220px-HTRE-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HTRE-3.jpg/330px-HTRE-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HTRE-3.jpg/440px-HTRE-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>A picture of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion</a> system, known as HTRE-3 (Heat Transfer Reactor Experiment no. 3). The central <a href="/wiki/EBR-1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBR-1">EBR-1</a> based reactor took the place of chemical fuel <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> to heat the air. The reactor rapidly raised the temperature via an air <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> and powered the dual <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J47" title="General Electric J47">J47 engines</a> in a number of ground tests.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Research into nuclear-powered aircraft was pursued during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as they would presumably allow a country to keep nuclear bombers in the air for extremely long periods of time, a useful tactic for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">nuclear deterrence</a>. Neither country created any operational nuclear aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One design problem, never adequately solved, was the need for heavy shielding to protect the crew from <a href="/wiki/Radiation_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation sickness">radiation sickness</a>. Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBMs</a> in the 1960s the tactical advantage of such aircraft was greatly diminished and respective projects were cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the technology was inherently dangerous it was not considered in non-military contexts. Nuclear-powered missiles were also researched and discounted during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convair_X-6" title="Convair X-6">Convair X-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-50#Nuclear_bomber_hoax" title="Myasishchev M-50">Myasishchev M-50</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_and_Space_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Week and Space Technology">Aviation Week</a></i> hoax<sup id="cite_ref-Norris-3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion</a> - <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s project to build a nuclear-powered bomber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95LAL" title="Tupolev Tu-95LAL">Tupolev Tu-95LAL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missiles">Missiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Pluto" title="Project Pluto">Project Pluto</a> - which developed the <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_Low_Altitude_Missile" title="Supersonic Low Altitude Missile">SLAM missile</a>, that used a nuclear-powered air ramjet for propulsion<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burevestnik_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burevestnik (missile)">Burevestnik</a> nuclear-powered cruise missile announced by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Gady_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gady-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear power in space</a></div> <p>Many types of nuclear propulsion have been proposed, and some of them (e.g., <a href="/wiki/NERVA" title="NERVA">NERVA</a>) tested for spacecraft applications.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_pulse_propulsion">Nuclear pulse propulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nuclear pulse propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Nuclear pulse propulsion">Nuclear pulse propulsion</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Project Orion</a>, first engineering design study of nuclear pulse (i.e., atomic explosion) propulsion<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Daedalus" title="Project Daedalus">Project Daedalus</a>, 1970s <a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a> study of a fusion rocket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Longshot" title="Project Longshot">Project Longshot</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Naval_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Naval Academy">US Naval Academy</a>-NASA nuclear pulse propulsion design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIMStar" title="AIMStar">AIMStar</a>, a proposed <a href="/wiki/Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion">Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion</a> craft that uses clouds of antiprotons to initiate fission and fusion within fuel pellets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAN-II" title="ICAN-II">ICAN-II</a>, a proposed crewed interplanetary spacecraft that used the <a href="/wiki/Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion">antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion</a> engine as its main form of propulsion</li> <li>External Pulsed Plasma Propulsion (EPPP), a propulsion concept by NASA that derives its thrust from plasma waves generated from a series of small, supercritical fission/fusion pulses behind an object in space.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_thermal_rocket">Nuclear thermal rocket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclear thermal rocket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">Nuclear thermal rocket</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bimodal_Nuclear_Thermal_Rocket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bimodal_Nuclear_Thermal_Rocket.jpg/310px-Bimodal_Nuclear_Thermal_Rocket.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bimodal_Nuclear_Thermal_Rocket.jpg/465px-Bimodal_Nuclear_Thermal_Rocket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bimodal_Nuclear_Thermal_Rocket.jpg/620px-Bimodal_Nuclear_Thermal_Rocket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Bimodal nuclear thermal rockets conduct nuclear fission reactions similar to those employed at nuclear power plants including submarines. The energy is used to heat the liquid hydrogen propellant. The vehicle depicted is the "Copernicus" an upper stage assembly being designed for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (2010).</figcaption></figure> <p>Bimodal nuclear thermal rockets conduct nuclear fission reactions similar to those employed at nuclear power plants including submarines. The energy is used to heat the liquid hydrogen propellant. Advocates of nuclear-powered spacecraft point out that at the time of launch, there is almost no radiation released from the nuclear reactors. Nuclear-powered rockets are not used to lift off the Earth. Nuclear thermal rockets can provide great performance advantages compared to chemical propulsion systems. Nuclear power sources could also be used to provide the spacecraft with electrical power for operations and scientific instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Biomodal1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biomodal1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NERVA" title="NERVA">NERVA</a> (Nuclear Energy for Rocket Vehicle Applications), a US nuclear thermal rocket program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rover" title="Project Rover">Project Rover</a>, an American project to develop a nuclear thermal rocket. The program ran at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory from 1955 through 1972.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Timberwind" title="Project Timberwind">Project Timberwind</a> (1987–1991), part of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0410" title="RD-0410">RD-0410</a>, a Soviet nuclear thermal rocket engine developed from 1965 through the 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_Rocket_for_Agile_Cislunar_Operations_(DRACO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO)">Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO)</a>, under development in the 2020s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramjet">Ramjet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ramjet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bussard_ramjet" title="Bussard ramjet">Bussard ramjet</a>, a conceptual interstellar fusion <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Bussard" title="Robert W. Bussard">Robert W. Bussard</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_nuclear">Direct nuclear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Direct nuclear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fission_fragment_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission fragment rocket">Fission fragment rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fission_sail" title="Fission sail">Fission sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_rocket" title="Fusion rocket">Fusion rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_core_reactor_rocket" title="Gas core reactor rocket">Gas core reactor rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_salt-water_rocket" title="Nuclear salt-water rocket">Nuclear salt-water rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_rocket" title="Radioisotope rocket">Radioisotope rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_photonic_rocket" title="Nuclear photonic rocket">Nuclear photonic rocket</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_electric">Nuclear electric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nuclear electric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electric_rocket" title="Nuclear electric rocket">Nuclear electric rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a>, NASA development of nuclear propulsion for long-duration spaceflight, begun in 2003</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federal_Space_Agency_development">Russian Federal Space Agency development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian Federal Space Agency development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/TEM_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="TEM (nuclear propulsion)">TEM (nuclear propulsion)</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolij_Perminov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolij Perminov (page does not exist)">Anatolij Perminov</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a>, announced<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> that it is going to develop a nuclear-powered spacecraft for deep space travel.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preliminary design was done by 2013, and 9 more years are planned for development (in space assembly). The price is set at 17 billion rubles (600 million dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nuclear propulsion would have mega-watt class,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided necessary funding, Roscosmos Head stated. </p><p>This system would consist of a space nuclear power and a matrix of ion engines. "...Hot inert gas temperature of 1500 °C from the reactor turns turbines. The turbine turns the generator and compressor, which circulates the working fluid in a closed circuit. The working fluid is cooled in the radiator. The generator produces electricity for the same ion (plasma) engine..."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to him, the propulsion will be able to support <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a>, with cosmonauts staying on the Red planet for 30 days. This journey to Mars with nuclear propulsion and a steady acceleration would take six weeks, instead of eight months by using chemical propulsion – assuming thrust of 300 times higher than that of chemical propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ground_vehicles">Ground vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ground vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cars">Cars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of making cars that used radioactive material, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, for fuel dates back to at least 1903. Analysis of the concept in 1937 indicated that the driver of such a vehicle might need a 50-ton <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> barrier to <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">shield</a> them from <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, a <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> physicist named R. M. Langer espoused the idea of a car powered by <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> in the January edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. He was followed by <a href="/wiki/William_Bushnell_Stout" title="William Bushnell Stout">William Bushnell Stout</a>, designer of the <a href="/wiki/Stout_Scarab" title="Stout Scarab">Stout Scarab</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Engineers">Society of Engineers</a> president, on 7 August 1945 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. The problem of shielding the reactor continued to render the idea impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1945, a John Wilson of London, announced he had created an atomic car. This created considerable interest. The Minister of Fuel and Power along with a large press contingent turned out to view it. The car did not show and Wilson claimed that it had been sabotaged. A later court case found that he was a fraud and there was no nuclear-powered car.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the shielding problem, through the late 1940s and early 1950s debate continued around the possibility of nuclear-powered cars. The development of nuclear-powered submarines and ships, and experiments to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft at that time kept the idea alive.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian papers in the mid-1950s reported the development of a nuclear-powered car by Professor V P Romadin, but again shielding proved to be a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was claimed that its laboratories had overcome the shielding problem with a new alloy that absorbed the rays.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/1950s_American_automobile_culture" title="1950s American automobile culture">1950s American automobile culture</a> there were at least four theoretical nuclear-powered <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept cars</a> proposed, the American <a href="/wiki/Ford_Nucleon" title="Ford Nucleon">Ford Nucleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Packard#Astral" title="Packard">Studebaker Packard Astral</a>, as well as the French <a href="/wiki/Simca#Fulgur" title="Simca">Simca Fulgur</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Opron" title="Robert Opron">Robert Opron</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Arbel_(automobile)" title="Arbel (automobile)">Arbel Symétric</a>. Apart from these concept models, none were built and no automotive nuclear power plants ever made. <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> engineer C R Lewis had discounted the idea in 1957 because of estimates that an 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) engine would be required by a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) car. His view was that an efficient means of storing energy was required for nuclear power to be practical.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Chrysler's stylists in 1958 drew up some possible designs. </p><p>In 1959 it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company</a> had developed a new <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> compound that was light and absorbed radiation, obviating the need for heavy shielding. A reporter at the time considered it might make nuclear-powered cars and aircraft a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford made another potentially nuclear-powered model in 1962 for the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle World's Fair">Seattle World's Fair</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Seattle-ite_XXI" title="Ford Seattle-ite XXI">Ford Seattle-ite XXI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also never went beyond the initial concept. </p><p>In 2009, for the hundredth anniversary of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>' acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a>, Loren Kulesus created <a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">concept art</a> depicting a car powered by <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_TV-8" title="Chrysler TV-8">Chrysler TV-8</a> was an experimental concept tank designed by <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tank was intended to be a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium tank</a> capable of land and amphibious warfare. The design was never mass-produced.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-12_(train)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-12 (train) (page does not exist)">X-12</a> was a nuclear powered locomotive, proposed in a feasibility study done in 1954 at the University of Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-x-12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mars rovers <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> are powered by a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG), like the successful <a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a> Mars landers in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-MMRTG_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMRTG-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarsExplorationMMRTG_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarsExplorationMMRTG-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Affordable_Fission_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe Affordable Fission Engine">Safe Affordable Fission Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrically_powered_spacecraft_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion">Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_propulsion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Nuclear+Flight&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Bussard&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+propulsion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCushin1951" class="citation journal cs1">Cushin, Harry (April 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513080553/http://www.motortrend.com/features/archive/112_0711_archive_1965_mako_shark_ii_concept_car/photo_02.html">"Atomic Power — In your car"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/features/archive/112_0711_archive_1965_mako_shark_ii_concept_car/photo_02.html">the original</a> on 2015-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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K. Borowski et al., "Nuclear Thermal Rocket/Vehicle Design Options for Future NASA Missions to the Moon and Mars", U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA-TM-0107071, September 1993.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817173452/http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?lang=en">RKA home page in English</a> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zui6mGN5fT0C34rMCQMtG0ygCAu1MEWF/view">ソヴィエト連邦における宇宙用原子炉の開発とその実用</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roscosmos.ru/">RKA home page in Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/rocket3ap.html">Atomic Rockets -- Realistic Designs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106141214/http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/rocket3ap.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ten speculative concepts from NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aresinstitute.org/spherelab/papers/third_party/Advanced%20Fusion%20Energy%20System.pdf">RW Bussard, An advanced fusion energy system for outer-planet space propulsion, 2003</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph241/micks1/">A Survey of Nuclear Propulsion Technologies for Space Applications, A. 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style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion">Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussard_ramjet" title="Bussard ramjet">Bussard ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fission-fragment_rocket" title="Fission-fragment rocket">Fission-fragment rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fission_sail" title="Fission sail">Fission sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_rocket" title="Fusion rocket">Fusion rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_core_reactor_rocket" title="Gas core reactor rocket">Gas core reactor rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electric_rocket" title="Nuclear electric rocket">Nuclear electric rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_photonic_rocket" title="Nuclear photonic rocket">Nuclear photonic rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Nuclear pulse propulsion">Nuclear pulse propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_salt-water_rocket" title="Nuclear salt-water rocket">Nuclear salt-water rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">Nuclear thermal rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_rocket" title="Radioisotope rocket">Radioisotope rocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Project Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NERVA" title="NERVA">NERVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Longshot" title="Project Longshot">Project Longshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rover" title="Project Rover">Project Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Daedalus" title="Project Daedalus">Project Daedalus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">USSR/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-0410" title="RD-0410">RD-0410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPAZ_nuclear_reactor" title="TOPAZ nuclear reactor">TOPAZ nuclear reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEM_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="TEM (nuclear propulsion)">TEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_navy" title="Nuclear navy">Nuclear navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status-6_Oceanic_Multipurpose_System" title="Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System">Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_aircraft" title="Nuclear-powered aircraft">Nuclear-powered aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_NB-36H" title="Convair NB-36H">Convair NB-36H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_X-6" title="Convair X-6">Convair X-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Pluto" title="Project Pluto">Project Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-125" title="WS-125">WS-125</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">USSR/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95LAL" title="Tupolev Tu-95LAL">Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-60" title="Myasishchev M-60">Myasishchev M-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9M730_Burevestnik" title="9M730 Burevestnik">9M730 Burevestnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_TV-8" title="Chrysler TV-8">Chrysler TV-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_FX-Atmos" title="Ford FX-Atmos">Ford FX-Atmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Nucleon" title="Ford Nucleon">Ford Nucleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Seattle-ite_XXI" title="Ford Seattle-ite XXI">Ford Seattle-ite XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simca_Fulgur" class="mw-redirect" title="Simca Fulgur">Simca Fulgur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_propulsion" title="Category:Nuclear propulsion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_technology476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_technology" title="Template talk:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_technology476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_nuclear_technology" title="Outline of nuclear technology">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">braking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">Fertile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">Fissile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">Isotope separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">Nuclear material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">Poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">Cross section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">Reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron#Fusion_neutrons" title="Neutron">Fusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_nuclear_power_plants" title="Economics of nuclear power plants">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">MMRTG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">Safety and security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">Nuclear meltdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiograph" title="Autoradiograph">Autoradiograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadBall" title="RadBall">RadBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">Scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">Single-photon emission (SPECT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography (PET)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast-neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy of cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">Targeted alpha-particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">Proton-beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotherapy" title="Tomotherapy">Tomotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">Processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_gardening" title="Atomic gardening">Atomic gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_processing" title="Electron-beam processing">Electron-beam processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_irradiation" title="Gemstone irradiation">Gemstone irradiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">Explosion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Underground nuclear weapons testing">underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNTe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">States with nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_nuclear_weapons_stockpiles_and_nuclear_tests_by_country" title="Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country">Historical stockpiles and tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States">Tests in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">WMD treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">Weapon-free zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons" title="List of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Waste</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">Reprocessed uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">Reactor-grade plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_product" title="Activation product">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Fission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">LLFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Disposal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_waste" title="High-level waste">High-level (HLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_waste" title="Low-level waste">Low-level (LLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioning" title="Nuclear decommissioning">Nuclear decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">Repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Reprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">Spent fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">cask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">Transmutation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_reactors476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fission831" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">Fission</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP1400" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li> <li>many others</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> <ul><li>CANDU 6</li> <li>CANDU 9</li> <li>EC6</li> <li>AFCR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor"><i>Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz</i> (UNGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-500" class="mw-redirect" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-LF1" title="TMSR-LF1">TMSR-LF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None<br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_salt_reactor" title="Stable salt reactor">Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Moderated_Reactor_Experiment" title="Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment">OMRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fusion214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fusion_reactors" title="Nuclear reactor">Fusion</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>by <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion#Confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">confinement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble <span style="font-size:85%;">(acoustic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">electrostatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized-target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" title="Category:Nuclear technology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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