CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chamber of commerce - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d6cbcd0e-5dfa-4726-849f-246f98e912e4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chamber_of_commerce","wgTitle":"Chamber of commerce","wgCurRevisionId":1270924284,"wgRevisionId":1270924284,"wgArticleId":305503,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2016","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017","Articles containing Italian-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Chambers of commerce","1590s introductions","1599 beginnings"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chamber_of_commerce","wgRelevantArticleId":305503,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1123526","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG/1200px-65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG/800px-65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG/640px-65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chamber of commerce - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chamber_of_commerce rootpage-Chamber_of_commerce skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chamber+of+commerce" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chamber+of+commerce" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chamber+of+commerce" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chamber+of+commerce" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chamber models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chamber_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chamber models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chamber_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community,_city_and_regional_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community,_city_and_regional_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Community, city and regional chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community,_city_and_regional_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Community chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>City chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>State chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_international_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_international_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>National and international chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_international_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsory_or_public-law_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_or_public-law_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Compulsory or public-law chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_or_public-law_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental/private_law_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental/private_law_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Continental/private law chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental/private_law_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilateral_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilateral_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Multilateral chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilateral_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamber of commerce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="غرفة تجارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرفة تجارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_de_comer%C3%A7" title="Cambra de comerç – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambra de comerç" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskammer" title="Handelskammer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Handelskammer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskammer" title="Handelskammer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handelskammer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Εμπορικό επιμελητήριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμπορικό επιμελητήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_comercio" title="Cámara de comercio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara de comercio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerca_%C4%89ambro" title="Komerca ĉambro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komerca ĉambro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkataritza_ganbera" title="Merkataritza ganbera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkataritza ganbera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اتاق بازرگانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتاق بازرگانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce" title="Chambre de commerce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chambre de commerce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EA%B3%B5%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98%EC%86%8C" title="상공회의소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상공회의소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Առևտրական պալատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առևտրական պալատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komercala_chambro" title="Komercala chambro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komercala chambro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamar_dagang" title="Kamar dagang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamar dagang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_di_commercio" title="Camera di commercio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camera di commercio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekybos_r%C5%ABmai" title="Prekybos rūmai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prekybos rūmai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamara" title="Kamara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kamara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer_van_Koophandel" title="Kamer van Koophandel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamer van Koophandel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0%E6%89%80" title="商工会議所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="商工会議所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskammer" title="Handelskammer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Handelskammer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="چیمبر آف کامرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیمبر آف کامرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1mara_di_Komersio" title="Kámara di Komersio – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kámara di Komersio" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izba_handlowa" title="Izba handlowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izba handlowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2maras_de_com%C3%A9rcio" title="Câmaras de comércio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmaras de comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_de_comer%C8%9B" title="Camera de comerț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Camera de comerț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Торговая палата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торговая палата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauppakamari" title="Kauppakamari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kauppakamari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskammare" title="Handelskammare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handelskammare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticaret_odas%C4%B1" title="Ticaret odası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ticaret odası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%83" title="商會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="商會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1123526#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chamber_of_commerce" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chamber_of_commerce" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chamber_of_commerce" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&oldid=1270924284" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chamber_of_commerce&id=1270924284&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChamber_of_commerce"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChamber_of_commerce"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chamber_of_commerce&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chambers_of_commerce" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1123526" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization for the promotion of business interests</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG/220px-65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG/330px-65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG/440px-65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The former headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_of_the_State_of_New_York" title="Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York">Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York</a>, the oldest chamber of commerce in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, established in 1768 in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial era</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg/220px-Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg/330px-Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg/440px-Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Dublin Chamber of Commerce">Dublin Chamber of Commerce</a>, founded in 1783</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_of_Toledo,_those_whom_you_meet_in_the_business_and_professional_walks_of_the_commercial_key_to_the_lakes,_1895_-_DPLA_-_0982b029e0346aa8023b31f67cbd8047_(page_20)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Men_of_Toledo%2C_those_whom_you_meet_in_the_business_and_professional_walks_of_the_commercial_key_to_the_lakes%2C_1895_-_DPLA_-_0982b029e0346aa8023b31f67cbd8047_%28page_20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Men_of_Toledo%2C_those_whom_you_meet_in_the_business_and_professional_walks_of_the_commercial_key_to_the_lakes%2C_1895_-_DPLA_-_0982b029e0346aa8023b31f67cbd8047_%28page_20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Men_of_Toledo%2C_those_whom_you_meet_in_the_business_and_professional_walks_of_the_commercial_key_to_the_lakes%2C_1895_-_DPLA_-_0982b029e0346aa8023b31f67cbd8047_%28page_20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>An 1894 illustration of the Toledo Chamber of Commerce in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>chamber of commerce</b>, or <b>board of trade</b>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Business_network" title="Business network">business network</a>. For example, a local organization of <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. <a href="/wiki/Business_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Business owner">Business owners</a> in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Business_sector" title="Business sector">business community</a>. Local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber. The board or council then hires a president, <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>, or executive director, plus staffing appropriate to size, to run the organization. </p><p>A chamber of commerce may be a voluntary or a mandatory association of business firms belonging to different trades and industries. They serve as spokespeople and representatives of a business community.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They differ from country to country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first chamber of commerce was founded in 1599 in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France, as the "Chambre de Commerce".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Barcelona_Board_of_Trade" title="Royal Barcelona Board of Trade">Royal Barcelona Board of Trade</a> was established in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's oldest English-speaking chamber of commerce and oldest chamber of commerce in North America is the <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> Chamber of Commerce is the United Kingdom's oldest, followed by those of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">present-day Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a non-governmental institution, a chamber of commerce has no direct role in the writing and passage of laws and regulations that affect businesses. It can, however, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> in an attempt to get laws passed that are favorable to businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a> has a long history of anti-union lobbying and <a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">union busting</a> in the United States at the local and federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Membership in an individual chamber can range from a few dozen to well over 800,000, as is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_%C3%8Ele-de-France_Regional_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chamber organizations in China report even larger membership numbers. Chambers of commerce can range in scope from individual neighborhoods within a city or town up to an international chamber of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, chambers do not operate in the same manner as the <a href="/wiki/Better_Business_Bureau" title="Better Business Bureau">Better Business Bureau</a> in that, while the BBB has the authority to bind its members under a formal operation doctrine (and, thus, can remove them if complaints arise regarding their services), the local chamber membership is either voluntary or required by law.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chambers are partially funded by local government, others are non-profit, and some are a combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some chambers have joined state, national (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a>) and even international bodies (such as <a href="/wiki/Eurochambres" title="Eurochambres">Eurochambres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> (ICC), and Worldchambers).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chamber_models">Chamber models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chamber models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community,_city_and_regional_chambers"><span id="Community.2C_city_and_regional_chambers"></span>Community, city and regional chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Community, city and regional chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puolalankatu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Puolalankatu_1.jpg/220px-Puolalankatu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Puolalankatu_1.jpg/330px-Puolalankatu_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Puolalankatu_1.jpg/440px-Puolalankatu_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Turku City Chamber of Commerce (next to a local restaurant) along the Puolalankatu street in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Chambers of commerce in the United States can be considered community, city, regional, state, or nationwide (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a>). City Chambers work on the local level to bring the business community together to develop strong local networks, which can result in a business-to-business exchange. In most cases, city Chambers work with their local government, such as their mayor, their city council, and local representatives to develop pro-business initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2007_121_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2007_121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also bilateral chambers of commerce that link the business environments of two countries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Romanian-American_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Romanian-American Chamber of Commerce">Romanian-American Chamber of Commerce</a>, Moldovan–American Chamber of Commerce). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_chambers">Community chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Community chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community chambers of commerce started<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> in the UK and later spread to in the US, becoming city chambers of commerce as communities developed and became larger. Community chambers of commerce are smaller and most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (October 2017)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> have a limit on numbers of members.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_chambers">City chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: City chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlborough_Regional_Chamber_Of_Commerce_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Marlborough Regional Chamber of Commerce in Marlborough, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marlborough_Regional_Chamber_Of_Commerce_Exterior.jpg/220px-Marlborough_Regional_Chamber_Of_Commerce_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marlborough_Regional_Chamber_Of_Commerce_Exterior.jpg/330px-Marlborough_Regional_Chamber_Of_Commerce_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marlborough_Regional_Chamber_Of_Commerce_Exterior.jpg/440px-Marlborough_Regional_Chamber_Of_Commerce_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>The Marlborough Regional Chamber of Commerce in <a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>City chambers of commerce have a long history in the US. The Charleston Chamber of Commerce is one of the oldest, dating back to colonial 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Boston's Chamber of Commerce organized a seminal tax protest: <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">The Boston Tea Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 there were 2,800 chambers of commerce in the United States and 102 chambers representing U.S. businesses overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2007_121_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2007_121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Association for Chamber of Commerce Executives (ACCE), there are approximately 3,000 chambers of commerce with at least one staff person and "thousands more established as strictly volunteer entities".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_chambers">State chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State chambers of commerce are much different from local and regional chambers of commerce, as they work on state and sometimes federal issues impacting the business community. Just as the local chamber is critical to the local business community, state chambers serve a unique function, serving as a third-party voice on important business legislation that impacts the business community and is critical in shaping legislation in their respective state. State Chambers work with their Governor, state representatives, state senators, US congressional leaders, and US Senators. In comparison with state trade associations, which serve as a voice and resource to a particular industry, state chambers are looked to as a respected voice, representing the entire business community to enhance and advocate for a better business environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_international_chambers">National and international chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National and international chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addressing the national or international need for information is the key service that these chambers of commerce provide. These services are in most cases at no fee or cost to their members; some of them offer personal and/or business services at a very low fee (like memberships to other associations such as the NRA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_or_public-law_chambers">Compulsory or public-law chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compulsory or public-law chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the compulsory or public law model, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">enterprises</a> of certain sizes, types, or sectors are obliged to become members of the chamber. This model is common in <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries (e.g. France,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Spain, Austria), as well as Japan and Indonesia. The main tasks of the chambers are foreign trade promotion, vocational training, regional economic development, and general services to their members. The chambers were given responsibilities of public administration in various fields by the state which they exercise in order management. The chambers also have a consultative function; this means the chambers must be consulted whenever a new law related to industry or commerce is proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the chambers of commerce and industry (<i>IHK - Industrie- und Handelskammer</i>) and the chambers of skilled crafts (<i>HwK - Handwerkskammer</i>) are public statutory bodies with self-administration under the inspectorate of the state ministry of economy. Enterprises are members by law according to the chamber act (<i>IHK-Gesetz</i>) of 1956. Because of this, such chambers are much bigger than chambers under private law. IHK Munich, the biggest German chamber of commerce, has 350,000 member companies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany also has compulsory chambers for "free occupations" such as architects, dentists, engineers, lawyers, notaries, physicians, and pharmacists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental/private_law_chambers"><span id="Continental.2Fprivate_law_chambers"></span>Continental/private law chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continental/private law chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the private model, which exists in English-speaking countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, companies are not obligated to become chamber members.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, companies often become members to develop their business contacts and, regarding the local chambers (the most common level of organization), to demonstrate a commitment to the local economy. Though governments are not required to consult chambers on proposed laws, the chambers are often contacted given their local influence and membership numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilateral_chambers">Multilateral chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multilateral chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A multilateral chamber is formed of companies and sometimes individuals from different countries with a common business interest towards or in a specific country. It can further be active in representing the interests of local and foreign investors in that specific country, achieved through promotion and proactivity regarding the general business environment. Multilateral chambers of commerce are independent entities strengthening business relations and interactions between all economic players, and their members may benefit from a broad range of activities that enhance the visibility and reputation of their business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surveys">Surveys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries, Chambers of Commerce are a source of private-sector information. The information is usually gathered by surveying Chamber members. The <a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a> Quarterly Economic Survey is an example of a Chambers of Commerce survey that is used by official governmental departments as a guide to the performance of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Camera_di_Commercio,_Industria,_Agricoltura_e_Artigianato" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera di Commercio, Industria, Agricoltura e Artigianato">Camera di Commercio, Industria, Agricoltura e Artigianato</a></i></span> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Factories" title="Chamber of Commerce and Factories">Chamber of Commerce and Factories</a> (Suriname)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation_of_Bilateral_Chambers_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation of Bilateral Chambers of Commerce">European Federation of Bilateral Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Pakistan_Chambers_of_Commerce_%26_Industry" title="Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry">Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Russian_Chamber_of_Commerce_FRCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish-Russian Chamber of Commerce FRCC">Finnish-Russian Chamber of Commerce FRCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Business_League" title="National Negro Business League">National Negro Business League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade group">Trade group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Chamber_of_commerce%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"Chamber of commerce"">All pages with titles containing <i>Chamber of commerce</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"Chamber of Commerce and Industry"">All pages with titles containing <i>Chamber of Commerce and Industry</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Chamber of commerce">All pages with titles beginning with <i>Chamber of commerce </i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Chamber of Commerce and Industry">All pages with titles beginning with <i>Chamber of Commerce and Industry</i></a></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Herring, E. Pendleton (1931). "Chambres de Commerce: Their Legal Status and Political Significance". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 689–699.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlorunsholaOdeyemi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Olorunshola, Damilola Temitope; Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-07-2021-0279">"Virtue or vice? Public policies and Nigerian entrepreneurial venture performance"</a>. <i>Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development</i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">100–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJSBED-07-2021-0279">10.1108/JSBED-07-2021-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-6004">1462-6004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249721896">249721896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Small+Business+and+Enterprise+Development&rft.atitle=Virtue+or+vice%3F+Public+policies+and+Nigerian+entrepreneurial+venture+performance&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249721896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-6004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJSBED-07-2021-0279&rft.aulast=Olorunshola&rft.aufirst=Damilola+Temitope&rft.au=Odeyemi%2C+Temitayo+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%2FJSBED-07-2021-0279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121145730/http://www.cci.fr/web/organisation-du-reseau/histoire">"1599 Création à Marseille de la première Chambre de Commerce"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cci.fr/web/organisation-du-reseau/histoire">the original</a> on 21 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1599+Cr%C3%A9ation+%C3%A0+Marseille+de+la+premi%C3%A8re+Chambre+de+Commerce.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cci.fr%2Fweb%2Forganisation-du-reseau%2Fhistoire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marseille.tv/tourisme/histoire-de-marseille/">"Le port de Marseille, qui possède la plus ancienne Chambre de Commerce de France (fondée en 1599), acquiert une notoriété Mondiale"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+port+de+Marseille%2C+qui+poss%C3%A8de+la+plus+ancienne+Chambre+de+Commerce+de+France+%28fond%C3%A9e+en+1599%29%2C+acquiert+une+notori%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Mondiale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarseille.tv%2Ftourisme%2Fhistoire-de-marseille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401025738/http://www.marseilleinternationale.com/?q=1559">"Marseille, la Chambre, la plus vieille de France, crée en 1559 par Henri IV"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseilleinternationale.com/?q=1559">the original</a> on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marseille%2C+la+Chambre%2C+la+plus+vieille+de+France%2C+cr%C3%A9e+en+1559+par+Henri+IV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseilleinternationale.com%2F%3Fq%3D1559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Pierre_Nouvion" title="André-Pierre Nouvion">André-Pierre Nouvion</a>, <i>Origine et histoire des juridictions consulaires et des Chambres de Commerce et d'Industrie Françaises</i>, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recercaiuniversitats.gencat.cat/en/01_departament_recerca_i_universitats/recerca_i_universitats_de_catalunya/universitats/historia_de_les_universitats_catalanes/index.html">"The history of the Catalan universities"</a>. <i>Ministry of Research and Universities</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Research+and+Universities&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+Catalan+universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecercaiuniversitats.gencat.cat%2Fen%2F01_departament_recerca_i_universitats%2Frecerca_i_universitats_de_catalunya%2Funiversitats%2Fhistoria_de_les_universitats_catalanes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chamber.ca/about/history/">"History"</a>. <i>Canadian Chamber of Commerce</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchamber.ca%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlottecountychamber.org/2020/10/26/a-chamber-refresher-is-good-for-everyone/">"A chamber refresher is good for everyone"</a>. <i>Charlotte County Chamber of Commerce</i>. 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charlotte+County+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=A+chamber+refresher+is+good+for+everyone&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlottecountychamber.org%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fa-chamber-refresher-is-good-for-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.glasgowchamberonline.org/page.asp?id=2">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605111039/http://www.glasgowchamberonline.org/page.asp?id=2">Archived</a> 5 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065711/http://www.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk/the-chamber/about-the-chamber.aspx">"Hull Humber-chamber"</a>. hull-humber-chamber.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk/the-chamber/about-the-chamber.aspx">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hull+Humber-chamber&rft.pub=hull-humber-chamber.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk%2Fthe-chamber%2Fabout-the-chamber.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/chambersofcommerce/members/">"Department of Geography, Cambridge » History of Chambers of Commerce"</a>. <i>www.geog.cam.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geog.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Department+of+Geography%2C+Cambridge+%C2%BB+History+of+Chambers+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fchambersofcommerce%2Fmembers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonchamber.co.uk/about/about/history-of-lcci/">"History of LCCI | About - LCCI"</a>. <i>www.londonchamber.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.londonchamber.co.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+LCCI+%7C+About+-+LCCI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonchamber.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout%2Fhistory-of-lcci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckley2023" class="citation web cs1">Ackley, Kate (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rollcall.com/2023/01/23/u-s-chamber-dips-to-second-place-in-k-street-spending/">"US Chamber of Commerce dips to second place in K Street spending"</a>. <i>Roll Call</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=US+Chamber+of+Commerce+dips+to+second+place+in+K+Street+spending&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.aulast=Ackley&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frollcall.com%2F2023%2F01%2F23%2Fu-s-chamber-dips-to-second-place-in-k-street-spending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2021/06/union-busting-aba-law-firms-persuader-rule">"Union Busters Operate in Secret — and Want to Keep It That Way"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Busters+Operate+in+Secret+%E2%80%94+and+Want+to+Keep+It+That+Way&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2021%2F06%2Funion-busting-aba-law-firms-persuader-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lda.senate.gov/filings/public/filing/search/?registrant=&registrant_country=&registrant_ppb_country=&client=&client_state=&client_country=&client_ppb_country=&lobbyist=&lobbyist_covered_position=&lobbyist_conviction_disclosure=&lobbyist_conviction_date_range_from=&lobbyist_conviction_date_range_to=&report_period=&report_year=&report_dt_posted_from=&report_dt_posted_to=&report_amount_reported_min=&report_amount_reported_max=&report_issue_area_description=persuader+rule&affiliated_organization=&affiliated_organization_country=&foreign_entity=&foreign_entity_country=&foreign_entity_ppb_country=&foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_min=&foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_max=&search=search">"Search Registrations & Quarterly Activity Reports | Lobbying Disclosure"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Registrations+%26+Quarterly+Activity+Reports+%26%23124%3B+Lobbying+Disclosure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flda.senate.gov%2Ffilings%2Fpublic%2Ffiling%2Fsearch%2F%3Fregistrant%3D%26registrant_country%3D%26registrant_ppb_country%3D%26client%3D%26client_state%3D%26client_country%3D%26client_ppb_country%3D%26lobbyist%3D%26lobbyist_covered_position%3D%26lobbyist_conviction_disclosure%3D%26lobbyist_conviction_date_range_from%3D%26lobbyist_conviction_date_range_to%3D%26report_period%3D%26report_year%3D%26report_dt_posted_from%3D%26report_dt_posted_to%3D%26report_amount_reported_min%3D%26report_amount_reported_max%3D%26report_issue_area_description%3Dpersuader%2Brule%26affiliated_organization%3D%26affiliated_organization_country%3D%26foreign_entity%3D%26foreign_entity_country%3D%26foreign_entity_ppb_country%3D%26foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_min%3D%26foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_max%3D%26search%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075315/http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2007/070620efca.htm">"U.S. Chamber of Commerce - June 20 - Letter Opposing the "Employee Free Choice Act"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2007/070620efca.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Chamber+of+Commerce+-+June+20+-+Letter+Opposing+the+%22Employee+Free+Choice+Act%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uschamber.com%2Fissues%2Fletters%2F2007%2F070620efca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901041859/http://www.cci-paris-idf.fr/cci-region/contenus/expertise-services-local-action-paris-ile-de-france-regional-commerce-and-industry-your-side">"Expertise, services, local action: the Paris Île-de-France Regional Commerce and Industry is by your side"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cci-paris-idf.fr/cci-region/contenus/expertise-services-local-action-paris-ile-de-france-regional-commerce-and-industry-your-side">the original</a> on 1 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expertise%2C+services%2C+local+action%3A+the+Paris+%C3%8Ele-de-France+Regional+Commerce+and+Industry+is+by+your+side&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cci-paris-idf.fr%2Fcci-region%2Fcontenus%2Fexpertise-services-local-action-paris-ile-de-france-regional-commerce-and-industry-your-side&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106134935/http://www.cipe.org/programs/ba/pdf/BA_VF_04-20-2007.pdf">"Victor Fedotov, Organization and Legal Models of Chambers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipe.org/programs/ba/pdf/BA_VF_04-20-2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victor+Fedotov%2C+Organization+and+Legal+Models+of+Chambers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipe.org%2Fprograms%2Fba%2Fpdf%2FBA_VF_04-20-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsd.law/define/chamber-of-commerce">"chamber of commerce definition · LSData"</a>. <i>www.lsd.law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lsd.law&rft.atitle=chamber+of+commerce+definition+%C2%B7+LSData&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsd.law%2Fdefine%2Fchamber-of-commerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Jamie (4 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uschamber.com/co/start/strategy/what-is-a-chamber-of-commerce">"What Is a Chamber of Commerce?"</a>. <i>www.uschamber.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uschamber.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Chamber+of+Commerce%3F&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uschamber.com%2Fco%2Fstart%2Fstrategy%2Fwhat-is-a-chamber-of-commerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iccwbo.org/world-chambers-federation/chamber-services/world-chambers-congress/">"World Chambers Congress"</a>. <i>ICC - International Chamber of Commerce</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICC+-+International+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=World+Chambers+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficcwbo.org%2Fworld-chambers-federation%2Fchamber-services%2Fworld-chambers-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir2007_121-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2007_121_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2007_121_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Weir2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Weir (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7n2tJVd3YsC&pg=PA121"><i>Class in America: A-G</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33720-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33720-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33720-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+in+America%3A+A-G&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33720-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Weir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7n2tJVd3YsC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayschamber.com/community-chambers-of-commerce">"Community Chambers of Commerce"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Chambers+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayschamber.com%2Fcommunity-chambers-of-commerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">United States Chamber of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/uscc_HistoryBook.pdf">"U.S. Chamber of Commerce: The Early Years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Chamber of Commerce</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=U.S.+Chamber+of+Commerce%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.au=United+States+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uschamber.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuscc_HistoryBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">United States Chamber of Commerce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/uscc_HistoryBook.pdf">"U.S. Chamber of Commerce: The Early Years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Chamber of Commerce</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=U.S.+Chamber+of+Commerce%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.au=United+States+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uschamber.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuscc_HistoryBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062940/http://www.acce.org/whatisachamber/">"What is a Chamber?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acce.org/whatisachamber/">the original</a> on 23 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Chamber%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acce.org%2Fwhatisachamber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Pierre_Nouvion" title="André-Pierre Nouvion">André-Pierre Nouvion</a>, <i>Chambres de commerce et d'industrie</i> - Encyclopédie juridique <a href="/wiki/Dalloz" title="Dalloz">Dalloz</a> - Répertoire de droit commercial, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107031727/http://www.cipe.org/programs/training/pdf/Chamber_Primer.pdf">"Markus Pilgrim and Ralf Meier, Chamber Primer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipe.org/programs/training/pdf/Chamber_Primer.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Markus+Pilgrim+and+Ralf+Meier%2C+Chamber+Primer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipe.org%2Fprograms%2Ftraining%2Fpdf%2FChamber_Primer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenchen.ihk.de">"IHK München"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IHK+M%C3%BCnchen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.ihk.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.acce.org/pages/chambers/">"ACCE | Chambers of Commerce"</a>. <i>secure.acce.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=secure.acce.org&rft.atitle=ACCE+%7C+Chambers+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.acce.org%2Fpages%2Fchambers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamber+of+commerce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economicsurvey.org.uk">British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607224146/http://www.economicsurvey.org.uk/">Archived</a> 7 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BCC. 2014. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chambers_of_commerce" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chambers of commerce">Chambers of commerce</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iccwbo.org/chamber-services/world-chambers-federation/">International Chamber of Commerce / World Chambers Federation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220144943/https://iccwbo.org/chamber-services/world-chambers-federation/">Archived</a> 20 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Business_organizations136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_organizations" title="Template:Business organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_organizations" title="Template talk:Business organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Business_organizations136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">Business organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employers%27_organization" title="Employers' organization">Employers' organization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamber of commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-professional_association" title="Inter-professional association">Inter-professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_industry_trade_associations" title="List of food industry trade associations">List of food industry trade associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_industry_trade_groups_in_the_United_States" title="List of industry trade groups in the United States">List of industry trade groups in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Cooperative federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_(enterprise)" title="Combine (enterprise)">Combine</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concern_(business)" title="Concern (business)">Concern</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a> (Anglosphere)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">Keiretsu</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(business)" title="Xi (business)">Xi</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_network" title="Business network">Business network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a> (Greater China and Southeast Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_alliance" title="Business alliance">Business alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_joint_venture" title="International joint venture">Joint venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_pool" title="Patent pool">Patent pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oppositional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">Consumer organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">Company registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123526#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1430" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123526#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1430" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123526#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4158996-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chambres de commerce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119790621">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chambres de commerce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119790621">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572112">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="obchodní komory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123555&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035104244">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013808">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&oldid=1270924284">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&oldid=1270924284</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chambers_of_commerce" title="Category:Chambers of commerce">Chambers of commerce</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1590s_introductions" title="Category:1590s introductions">1590s introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1599_beginnings" title="Category:1599 beginnings">1599 beginnings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2016">Use dmy dates from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_October_2017" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017">Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 January 2025, at 22:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamber of commerce</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>30 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-tb8p8","wgBackendResponseTime":108,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.620","walltime":"0.861","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2589,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":71754,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3064,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":111142,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 765.700 1 -total"," 30.73% 235.326 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.29% 124.699 1 Template:Lang"," 13.87% 106.208 25 Template:Cite_web"," 10.91% 83.504 1 Template:Business_organizations"," 10.89% 83.403 1 Template:Commons_category"," 10.62% 81.293 1 Template:Sister_project"," 10.39% 79.556 1 Template:Side_box"," 10.36% 79.335 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.30% 78.862 1 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.428","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19668170,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-trv6t","timestamp":"20250211201510","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chamber of commerce","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chamber_of_commerce","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1123526","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1123526","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-27T04:53:22Z","dateModified":"2025-01-21T22:03:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/70\/65_Liberty_Street_9484.JPG","headline":"organization for the promotion of business interests"}</script> </body> </html>