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विलयन - विकिपीडिया

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id="mf-section-0"> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style="" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">इस लेख में <b>सन्दर्भ</b> या <b>स्रोत</b> नहीं दिया गया है।<br><small>कृपया विश्वसनीय सन्दर्भ या स्रोत जोड़कर <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%26action%3Dedit">इस लेख में सुधार करें</a>। स्रोतहीन सामग्री ज्ञानकोश के उपयुक्त नहीं है। इसे हटाया जा सकता है। <i>(सितंबर 2015)</i></small> <br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>स्रोत खोजें:</i>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%2522">"विलयन"</a>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">समाचार</a>&nbsp;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">अखबार पुरालेख</a>&nbsp;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%2522%2B-wikipedia">किताबें</a>&nbsp;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%2522">विद्वान</a>&nbsp;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">जेस्टोर (JSTOR)</a></span></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>दो या दो से अधिक पदार्थों के समांगी मिश्रण को <b>विलयन</b> कहते हैं। किसी निश्चित <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="तापमान">तापमान</a> पर विलयन के उपादानों का आपेक्षिक अनुपात एक सीमा तक परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है। जब <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="साधारण नमक">नमक</a> को <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="जल">पानी</a> में घोला जाता है तो एक समांगी मिश्रण बनता है। यह समांगी मिश्रण नमक का पानी में विलयन कहलाता है। विलेय + विलायक = विलयन</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg/220px-SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg/330px-SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg/440px-SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="1013"></a> <figcaption> पानी में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="साधारण नमक">नमक</a> घोलकर खारे <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="जल">पानी</a> का घोल बनाना। नमक विलेय है और जल विलायक है। </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dd></dd> </dl> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="hi" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">अनुक्रम</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">परिचय</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">विलायक</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">गैस</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">द्रव</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">ठोस</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">विलयनों का सांद्रण</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">विलयन हेतु राउल्ट नियम</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">इन्हें भी देखें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="परिचय"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.AF"></span>परिचय</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: परिचय" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>जब दो पदार्थों को एक दूसरे के संपर्क में लाया जाता है, तब उसके चार परिणाम हो सकते हैं:</p> <ul> <li>(१) वे दोनों पदार्थ एक दूसरे के संपर्क में आने पर भी अलग अलग रहें,</li> <li>(२) वे दोनों पदार्थ, यदि उनमें से एक जल है तो एक दूसरे से मिलकर, पायस (emulsion) बने,</li> <li>(३) वे दोनों पदार्थ एक दूसरे से मिलकर एक समांग मिश्रण बनें तथा</li> <li>(४) उन दोनों पदार्थों के बीच रासायनिक क्रिया होकर, एक या अधिक दूसरे यौगिक बनें।</li> </ul> <p>यदि हम खड़िया के कुछ टुकड़ों को पानी में डालकर भली भाँति हिला डुलाकर रख दें, तो खड़िया के टुकड़े पात्र के पेंदे में बैठ जायेंगे और पानी से घिरे रहेंगे। यदि खड़िया को महीन पीसकर पानी में डालें, तो खड़िया के बहुत छोटे छोटे कणों के पानी के साथ मिलने से पानी दूध की भाँति बन जाता है और वह कुछ समय तक उसी दशा में रहता है। यहाँ खड़िया का पानी में पायस बना है। यदि इसे छन्ने कागज पर छानें, तो खड़िया जल से अलग हो जाएगी। यदि नमक के टुकड़े को पानी में डालें और उसे हिलावें डुलावें, तो कुछ ही समय में नमक का टुकड़ा पानी में घुलकर समाप्त हो जाएगा और जो पदार्थ बनेगा वह पानी सा ही दिखाई पड़ेगा। यदि उसे चखें, तो उसका स्वाद नमकीन होगा। ऐसे नमक घुले जल को नमक का जल में विलयन (solution) कहते हैं। खड़िया जल में घुलती नहीं है, वह जल में अविलेय (insoluble) है। पर बहुत महीन खड़िया यद्यपि पानी के साथ घुलती नहीं है, तथापि वह पायस या इमल्शन बन जाती है। नमक जल में विलेय है। क्या नमक अपरिमित मात्रा में जल में घुल सकता है? नहीं, जल में नमक के, वस्तुत: किसी भी लवण के, जल में घुलने की एक सीमा होती है। यह सीमा ताप और, गैसों की दशा में, दबाव पर भी निर्भर करती है। जिस नमक के विलयन में और नमक न घुल सके, उसे हम नमक का संतृप्त (saturated) विलयन कहते हैं। जिस विलयन में और नमक घुल जाता है, उसे असंतृप्त (unsaturated) विलयन कहते हैं। कभी कभी हम कुछ ठोस पदार्थों को इतनी मात्रा में घुला सकते हैं कि विलयन में उनकी मात्रा संतृप्त विलयन में उपस्थित मात्रा से अधिक रहे, तो ऐसे विलयन को अतिसंतृप्ता (supersaturated) विलयन कहा जाता है। अतिसंतृप्ता विलयन सामान्यत: अस्थायी होते हैं और किसी विशिष्ट परिस्थिति में ही बनते हैं। अधिक घुला हुआ ठोस उससे कभी भी निकल कर अलग हो जा सकता है। घुलनेवाले पदार्थ को विलेय (solute) और घुलानेवाले पदार्थ को विलयाक (solvent) कहते हैं। जब गैसें या कोई ठोस किसी द्रव में घुलता है, तब द्रव को विलायक एवं गैस या ठोस को विलेय कहते हैं। जब एक द्रव दूसरे द्रव में घुलता है, तब अधिक मात्रावाले द्रव को विलायक और कम मात्रावाले द्रव को विलेय कहते हैं।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="विलायक"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.95"></span>विलायक</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: विलायक" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>विलायक 2 प्रकार के होते हैं&nbsp;: एक को ध्रुवीय (Polar) और दूसरे को अध्रुवीय (Nonpolar) कहते हैं। ध्रुवीय विलायकों में हाइड्रॉक्सिल या कार्बोक्सिल समूह रहते हैं और ये अपेक्षया सक्रिय होते हैं तथा इनका परावैद्युतांक ऊँचा होता है। अध्रुवीय विलायक रसायनत निष्क्रिय होते हैं और इनका परावैद्युतांक निम्न होता है। ध्रुवीय विलायक अधिक प्रबल होते हैं और अनेक पदार्थों को घुलाते हैं। एक दूसरी दृष्टि से विलायकों को अकार्बनिक और कार्बनिक विलायकों में विभाजित किया गया है। अकार्बनिक विलायकों में जल का स्थान सर्वोपरि है। विलायक के रूप में इसकी श्रेष्ठता इस कारण है कि यह सरलता से शुद्ध रूप में प्राप्य है। यह न विषाक्त और न ज्वलनशील होता है। ऊष्मा से इसमें कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता और अनेक पदार्थों को यह घुलाता है। ओषधियों में भी विलायक के रूप में इसका व्यवहार व्यापक रूप से होता है। पर अनेक कार्बनिक पदार्थ जल में नहीं घुलते हैं। इन कार्बनिक पदार्थों को घुलाने के लिए जिन विलायकों का व्यवहार होता है, उन्हें कार्बनिक विलायक कहते हैं। अनेक उद्योगधंधों में कार्बनिक विलायकों का व्यवहार होता है। कुछ कार्बनिक विलायक हाइड्रोकार्बन, कुछ हैलोजेन यौगिक, कुछ ऐल्कोहॉल, कीटोन, ईथर और एस्टर होते हैं। कुछ विलायक बड़े वाष्पशील होते हैं तथा कुछ विषाक्त भी। अत: इनके प्रयोग में बड़ी सावधानी बरतनी होती है। ऐसे वाष्पशील एवं विषाक्त विलायक <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="पेट्रोल">पेट्रोल</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="नैफ्था (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">नैफ्था</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="बेंजीन">बेंज़ीन</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="टॉलूइन (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">टॉलूइन</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="मेथेनॉल">मेथेनॉल</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="एथानॉल (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">एथानॉल</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="शराब">ब्यूटेनॉल</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="एसीटोन">एसीटोन</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ईथर">ईथर</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="क्लोरोफॉर्म">क्लोरोफॉर्म</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="टैट्रा क्लोरो ईथेन">कार्बन टेट्राक्लोराइड</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ऐमिल ऐसीटेट (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">ऐमिल ऐसीटेट</a> आदि हैं। इन विलायकों का बहुत बड़ी मात्रा में उपयोग <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="पेंट">पेंट</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="वार्निश">वार्निश</a>, लाक्षारस और अन्य नाना प्रकार के आवरण चढ़ाने के लेपों में होता है।</p> <p>अनेक वस्तुओं की सफाई में विलायक काम में आते हैं। लकड़ी और धातु के सामानों की सफाई भी विलायकों द्वारा होती है। इनसे मैल धुलकर निकल जाती है और वस्तु साफ हो जाती है। एक समय ऊनी वस्त्रों की धुलाई में पेट्रोल, या बेंजाइन व्यापक रूप से प्रयुक्त होता था। ज्वलनशीलता के कारण हाइड्रोकार्बनों का स्थान क्लोरीनवाले यौगिक, ट्राइक्लोरोएथिलीन और कार्बन टेट्राक्लोराइड ले रहे हैं। भोज्यपदार्थों, ओषधियों और अंगरागों में विषहीन विलायकों का ही प्रयोग होना चाहिए। इनमें अरुचिकर गंध या स्वाद भी न रहना चाहिए। इसलिए टिंचर निष्कर्षों आदि में केवल एथिल ऐल्कोहॉल का व्यवहार होता है। जहाँ अवाष्पशील या मीठे स्वादवाले विलायक की आवश्यकता पड़ती है, वहाँ ग्लिसरॉल और ग्लाइकॉल प्रयुक्त होते हैं। अनेक प्राकृतिक पदार्थों से किसी विशिष्ट यौगिक के निकालने में भी विलायकों का उपयोग होता है। प्राकृतिक स्रोतों से विलायकों के द्वारा ही ऐल्केलॉइड, क्लोरोफिल, पेनिसिलिन, तेल आदि नाना प्रकार के पदार्थ निकाले जाते हैं।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="गैस"><span id=".E0.A4.97.E0.A5.88.E0.A4.B8"></span>गैस</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: गैस" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><b>यदि</b> दो गैसों को एक दूसरे के संपर्क में लाया जाए, तो उसके दो परिणाम हो सकते हैं&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li>(1) दोनों के बीच में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="रासायनिक अभिक्रिया">रासायनिक क्रिया</a> होकर एक तीसरा पदार्थ बन सकता है, जैसे अमोनिया गैस और <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड">हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड</a> गैसों के मिलाने से होता है;</li> </ul> <ul> <li>(2) यदि दोनों गैसों के बीच कोई रासायनिक क्रिया नहीं होती है, तो दोनों परस्पर मिल जाते हैं, जैसे नाइट्रोजन और ऑक्सीजन गैसों को मिलाने से होता है। ऐसी दशा में दोनों गैसे मिलकर एक समांग मिश्रण बन जाती है। यहाँ दोनों गैसें किसी भी अनुपात में मिलाई जा सकती हैं। यहाँ संतृप्ति का कोई प्रश्न ही नहीं उठता।</li> </ul> <p>यदि गैस को द्रव के संपर्क में लाया जाए, तो विशिष्ट ताप और दाब पर गैस द्रव में घुलकर संतृप्त विलयन बनाती है। कुछ गैसें, जैसे अमोनिया, या हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड, जल में बहुत अधिक घुलती हैं और कुछ गैसें, जैसे नाइट्रोजन, या ऑक्सीजन, जल में कम घुलती हैं। गैसों की विलेयता गैसों की प्रकृति, विलायकों की प्रकृति, ताप और दबाव पर निर्भर करती है, जैसा नीचे की सारणी से प्रकट है&nbsp;:</p> <dl> <dt> कुछ गैसों की विलेयता </dt> </dl> <p>(एक लिटर जल में विलेय का आयतन लिटर में)</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>गैस का नाम</th> <th>0° और 760 मिमी. दाब</th> <th>20° और 760 मिमी. दाब</th> </tr> <tr> <td>अमोनिया</td> <td>1,300</td> <td>710</td> </tr> <tr> <td>हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड</td> <td>506</td> <td>442</td> </tr> <tr> <td>कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड</td> <td>1.71</td> <td>0.878</td> </tr> <tr> <td>नाइट्रोजन</td> <td>0.0235</td> <td>0.164</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ऑक्सीजन</td> <td>0.049</td> <td>0.031</td> </tr> <tr> <td>हाइड्रोजन</td> <td>0.0215</td> <td>0.0184</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>ऊपर की सारणी से स्पष्ट है कि ऊँचे ताप से गैसों की विलेयता कम हो जाती है और अधिक दबाव से विलेयता बढ़ जाती है। सोडावाटर की बोतल में अधिक दबाव पर ही <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड">कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड</a> अधिक घुला हुआ रहता है और बोतल के खोलने पर दबाव कम होने पर अधिक घुली हुई गैस बुदबुद करके निकल जाती है। यदि गैसों के मिश्रण को घुलाया जाए, तो विभिन्न गैसें स्वतंत्र रूप से अपनी विलेयता के अनुसार घुलती हैं तथा दूसरी गैस की उपस्थिति से उनकी विलेयता पर कोई असर नहीं पड़ता है।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="द्रव"><span id=".E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B5"></span>द्रव</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: द्रव" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>कई द्रव एक दूसरे में किसी भी अनुपात में मिलाने से घुल जाते हैं। जल और मेथेनॉल सब अनुपात में विलेय हैं। इन्हें हम मिश्रणीय (miscible) कहते हैं। वे ही द्रव मिश्रणीय द्रव होते हैं, जिनमें परस्पर रसायनत: समानता होती है। कुछ द्रव ऐसे हैं जो एक दूसरे में बिल्कुल नहीं घुलते, जैसे पारा और पानी, पानी और बेंज़ीन। इन्हें हम अमिश्रणीय (nonmiscible) कहते हैं। कुछ द्रव ऐसे होते हैं जो एक दूसरे में कुछ घुल जाते हैं और घुलकर दो स्तर बनाते हैं। ऐसे दो द्रव जल और ईथर हैं। जल और ईथंर के मिलाने से दो स्तर बन जाते हैं। ऊपर का स्तर ईथर का और नीचे का स्तर जल का होता है। परंतु ऊपर के ईथर के स्तर में कुछ जल तथा नीचे के जल के स्तर में कुछ ईथर भी घुला हुआ रहता है। ये अंशत: मिश्रणीय द्रव होते हैं और इन दोनों स्तरों को संयुग्मी स्तर (conjugate layers) कहते हैं। यहाँ भी विलेयता ताप और कुछ सीमा तक दाब पर निर्भर करती है।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="ठोस"><span id=".E0.A4.A0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B8"></span>ठोस</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: ठोस" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>द्रवों में ठोसों की विलेयता सीमित होती है। प्रत्येक ताप पर ठोसों की एक निश्चित मात्रा ही द्रव में घुलती है। यह बहुत कुछ विलेय और विलायक की प्रकृति पर निर्भर करती है। साधारणतया अनेक लवण जल में विलयशील होते हैं। कुछ लवण, जैसे <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अमोनियम नाइट्रेट">अमोनियम नाइट्रेट</a>, जल में बहुत विलयशील हैं और कुछ लवण, जैस कैल्सियम सल्फेट, जल में अल्प विलेय होते हैं। जब कोई ठोस किसी द्रव में घुलता है, तो सामान्यतया ऊष्मा का अवशोषण होता है। ताप की वृद्धि से सामान्यत: ठोसों की विलेयता बढ़ जाती है, पर इसमें कुछ अपवाद भी हैं। कैल्सियम सल्फेट और कैल्सियम ऐसीटेट की विलेयता ताप की वृद्धि से कुछ कम हो जाती है। यदि किसी ठोस की विलेयता उच्च ताप पर अधिक है, तो <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="क्रिस्टलन">क्रिस्टलन</a> द्वारा उस ठोस का शोधन किया जा सकता है। ऊँचे ताप पर संतृप्त विलयन बनाकर, उसको ठंढा करने से अधिक मात्रा में विलेय पदार्थ के क्रिस्टल पृथक होकर शुद्ध रूप में प्राप्त होते हैं। अशुद्धियों की मात्रा कम रहने से संतृप्त विलयन नहीं बनता और ठंढा करने से क्रिस्टल नहीं निकलते हैं।</p> <p>ठोसों का ठोसों में भी विलयन बनता है। या तो ये पूरा घुल कर मिश्रणीय ठोस बन सकते हैं अथवा अंशत: घुलकर संयुग्मी स्तर (conjugate layer) बना सकते हैं। अनेक मिश्रधातुएँ ठोसों के विलयन है, या अंशत: मिश्रणीय मिश्रण हैं। ठोसों के विलयन मात्र ठोसों के मिलाने से नहीं बनते, अपितु इन्हें पूरा गलाकर मिलाने पर बनते हैं।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="विलयनों_का_सांद्रण"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3"></span>विलयनों का सांद्रण</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: विलयनों का सांद्रण" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> मुख्य लेख: <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="सान्द्रता">सान्द्रता</a> </div> <p>साधारणतया किसी वस्तु की विलेयता को उसके प्रतिशत संघटन में प्रदर्शित करते हैं। जब हम कहते हैं कि नमक का अमुक विलयन 15% विलयन है, तो इसका आशय यही होता है कि 100 आयतन विलायक में 15 ग्राम नमक घुला हुआ है। यह रीति वैज्ञानिक नहीं है। वैज्ञानिक रीति में सांद्रण को ग्राम-अणु-सांद्रण द्वारा प्रदर्शित करते हैं। एक लिटर विलयन में जितनी ग्राम-अणु-भार की मात्रा घुली हुई होती है उसी से सांद्रण की माप जानी जाती है। इसे ग्राम-अणुकता (molarity) कहते हैं। चूँकि ताप और दाब से विलयन का आयतन घटता बढ़ता है, अत: सांद्रण प्रदर्शित करने के लिए यह उपयुक्त नहीं है। इसके स्थान में ग्राम आण्वता (molality) का व्यवहार होता है। 100 ग्राम विलयन में विलेय का कितना ग्राम अणु (moles) घुला हुआ है यह ग्राम आण्वता दर्शाती है। यदि विलयन तनु है, तो किसी विशिष्ट विलेय और विलायक के लिए ग्राम अणुकता और आण्वता विभिन्न सांद्रण के लिए एक दूसरे के समानुपात में होते हैं। विश्लेषण में विलयनों का सांद्रण नॉर्मलता (normality, N) द्वारा प्रदर्शित किया जाता है। नॉर्मल विलयन के एक लिटर में किसी विलेय का एक ग्रामतुल्यांक घला रहता है। विलयनों के अन्य सांद्रण नार्मलता में ही सूचित किए जाते हैं, जैसे 2 नार्मल, 5 नार्मल 10 नार्मल, दशांश नार्मल, सहस्रांश नार्मल इत्यादि।</p> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="विलयन_हेतु_राउल्ट_नियम"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.81_.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9F_.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.AE"></span>विलयन हेतु राउल्ट नियम</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: विलयन हेतु राउल्ट नियम" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>राउल्ट नामक वैज्ञानिक ने विलयन (solution) के वाष्प दाब तथा विलेय के सांद्रण के मध्य एक मात्रात्मक सम्बंध स्थापित किया जिसे राउल्ट नियम कहते है।</p> <dl> <dt> सिद्धान्त </dt> </dl> <p>किसी विलयन में अवाष्पशील विलेय उपस्थित होने पर स्थिर ताप पर अवाष्पशील विलेय के विलयन के उपर present विलायक का वाष्प दाब विलायक के मोल प्रभाज के समानुपाती होता है।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="इन्हें_भी_देखें"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82"></span>इन्हें भी देखें</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: इन्हें भी देखें" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="कलिल">कलिल</a> या कोलॉइड</li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="विलेयता">विलेयता</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="मिश्रण">मिश्रण</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="मिश्रातु">मिश्रातु</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="राउल्ट का नियम">राउल्ट का नियम</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अणुसंख्य गुणधर्म">अणुसंख्य गुणधर्म</a></li> </ul><!-- NewPP limit 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href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="RK12" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1710481847"> <span>अंतिम बार 15 मार्च 2024 को 05:50 बजे संपादित किया गया</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>भाषाएँ</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplossing_(chemie)" title="Oplossing (chemie) – अफ़्रीकी" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oplossing (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ़्रीकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="محلول – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%25C3%25B3n" title="Disolución – अस्तुरियन" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्तुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusyon_(kimika)" title="Solusyon (kimika) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Solusyon (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Рашчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рашчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Разтвор – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разтвор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25A3" title="দ্রবণ – बंगाली" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রবণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="बंगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastvor" title="Rastvor – बोस्नियाई" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rastvor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluci%25C3%25B3_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Solució química – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solució química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25DB%2595" title="گیراوە – सोरानी कुर्दिश" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیراوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="सोरानी कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztok" title="Roztok – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roztok" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D1%2580%25C4%2595%25D0%25BB%25D1%2587%25C4%2595%25D0%25BA" title="Ирĕлчĕк – चूवाश" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирĕлчĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="चूवाश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opl%25C3%25B8sning_(kemi)" title="Opløsning (kemi) – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opløsning (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B6sung_(Chemie)" title="Lösung (Chemie) – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lösung (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CE%25B9%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BB%25CF%2585%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1" title="Διάλυμα – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάλυμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry) – अंग्रेज़ी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Solution (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solva%25C4%25B5o" title="Solvaĵo – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solvaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%25C3%25B3n" title="Disolución – स्पेनिश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahus" title="Lahus – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lahus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluzio" title="Disoluzio – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disoluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="محلول – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuos" title="Liuos – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liuos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chimie)" title="Solution (chimie) – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solution (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaslag%25C3%25A1n" title="Tuaslagán – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuaslagán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%25C3%25B3n" title="Disolución – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%2594" title="תמיסה – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otopine" title="Otopine – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otopine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solisyon" title="Solisyon – हैतियाई" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="हैतियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldat" title="Oldat – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oldat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AE%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Լուծույթներ – आर्मेनियाई" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուծույթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Larutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausn" title="Lausn – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lausn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluzione_(chimica)" title="Soluzione (chimica) – इतालवी" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soluzione (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इतालवी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25AE%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ხსნარები – जॉर्जियाई" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხსნარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerway" title="Amerway – कबाइल" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amerway" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="कबाइल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2596" title="Ерітінді – कज़ाख़" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ерітінді" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कज़ाख़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259A%25A9%25EC%2595%25A1" title="용액 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutio_(chemia)" title="Solutio (chemia) – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solutio (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluzion" title="Soluzion – लॉमबर्ड" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Soluzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="लॉमबर्ड" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirpalas" title="Tirpalas – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tirpalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0%25C4%25B7%25C4%25ABdums" title="Šķīdums – लातवियाई" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķīdums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लातवियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="ലായനി – मलयालम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലായനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मलयालम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Уусмал – मंगोलियाई" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уусмал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="मंगोलियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="द्रावण – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रावण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan" title="Larutan – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Larutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2598%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="घोल – नेपाली" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="नेपाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplossing_(scheikunde)" title="Oplossing (scheikunde) – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oplossing (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B8sning_(kjemi)" title="Løsning (kjemi) – नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løsning (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solucion_(quimia)" title="Solucion (quimia) – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solucion (quimia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbula" title="Bulbula – ओरोमो" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bulbula" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ओरोमो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2598%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25B2" title="ਘੋਲ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztw%25C3%25B3r" title="Roztwór – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roztwór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o" title="Solução – पुर्तगाली" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chullusqa" title="Chullusqa – क्वेचुआ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chullusqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="क्वेचुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%25C8%259Bie_(chimie)" title="Soluție (chimie) – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soluție (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – रूसी" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otopina" title="Otopina – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otopina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solution (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztok" title="Roztok – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roztok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raztopina" title="Raztopina – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raztopina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyungu" title="Munyungu – शोणा" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munyungu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="शोणा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millan" title="Millan – सोमाली" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Millan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="सोमाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tret%25C3%25ABsirat" title="Tretësirat – अल्बानियाई" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tretësirat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Раствор – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Раствор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B6sning_(kemi)" title="Lösning (kemi) – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lösning (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmumunyo" title="Mmumunyo – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmumunyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D" title="கரைசல் – तमिल" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரைசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तमिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="สารละลาย – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารละลาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25C3%25B6zelti" title="Çözelti – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çözelti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Розчин – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розчин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="محلول – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محلول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritma" title="Eritma – उज़्बेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eritma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज़्बेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%25C5%2582usion" title="Sołusion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sołusion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_d%25E1%25BB%258Bch" title="Dung dịch – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dung dịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solusyon" title="Solusyon – वारै" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solusyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वारै" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-solution" title="I-solution – ख़ोसा" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-solution" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ख़ोसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%25C3%25B4ng-e%25CC%258Dk" title="Iông-e̍k – मिन नान" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25BA%25B6%25E6%25B6%25B2" title="溶液 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="溶液" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कैंटोनीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-hi.svg" alt="विकिपीडिया" width="120" height="28" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.75em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">अन्तिम परिवर्तन 05:50, 15 मार्च 2024।</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">उपलब्ध सामग्री <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hi">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> के अधीन है जब तक अलग 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