CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Appendix:Japanese glossary - Wiktionary, the free dictionary</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwiktionarymwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bbdeeed3-c2ac-4c9e-8c3c-c3ae4f484c7e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Appendix","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":100,"wgPageName":"Appendix:Japanese_glossary","wgTitle":"Japanese glossary","wgCurRevisionId":81477640,"wgRevisionId":81477640,"wgArticleId":1856359,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null, "wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Japanese links with redundant wikilinks","Japanese links with redundant alt parameters","Japanese appendices","Language-specific Wiktionary glossary pages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Appendix:Japanese_glossary","wgRelevantArticleId":1856359,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wiktionary","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":false,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q108488215","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"]};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.LanguagesAndScripts":"ready","ext.gadget.Palette":"ready","ext.gadget.Site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","codex-search-styles":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.LegacyScripts","ext.gadget.RevdelInfo", "ext.gadget.PagePreviews","ext.gadget.Edittools","ext.gadget.defaultVisibilityToggles","ext.gadget.UnsupportedTitles","ext.gadget.WiktGadgetPrefs","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=codex-search-styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.LanguagesAndScripts%2CPalette%2CSite&only=styles&skin=vector"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Wiktionary"> <meta property="og:title" content="Appendix:Japanese glossary - Wiktionary, the free dictionary"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wiktionary/en.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wiktionary/en.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wiktionary (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wiktionary.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wiktionary Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-100 ns-subject mw-editable page-Appendix_Japanese_glossary rootpage-Appendix_Japanese_glossary skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Appendix</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese glossary</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wiktionary, the free dictionary</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>A glossary of Japanese linguistic terms used in the body of this dictionary.</b> <i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary" title="Appendix:Glossary">Appendix:Glossary</a> for terms not specific to <a href="/wiki/Japanese" title="Japanese">Japanese</a>. This page can be linked to using <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:glink/ja#top" title="Template:glink/ja">ja-glossary</a>}}</code> or <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:glink/ja#top" title="Template:glink/ja">glink/ja</a>}}</code>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px 10px"><b>Contents:</b> <a href="#A">A</a> <a href="#B">B</a> <a href="#C">C</a> <a href="#D">D</a> <a href="#E">E</a> <a href="#F">F</a> <a href="#G">G</a> <a href="#H">H</a> <a href="#I">I</a> <a href="#J">J</a> <a href="#K">K</a> <a href="#L">L</a> <a href="#M">M</a> <a href="#N">N</a> <a href="#O">O</a> <a href="#P">P</a> <a href="#Q">Q</a> <a href="#R">R</a> <a href="#S">S</a> <a href="#T">T</a> <a href="#U">U</a> <a href="#V">V</a> <a href="#W">W</a> <a href="#X">X</a> <a href="#Y">Y</a> <a href="#Z">Z</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="atamadaka"></span> <b>Atamadaka</b>gata (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%9E%8B#Japanese" title="頭高型"><b>頭高</b>型</a></i>) – one of four modern Japanese Tokyo pitch accent patterns, in which the first mora of the word is of high pitch followed by a drop to low pitch.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="ateji"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateji" class="extiw" title="w:Ateji">Ateji</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E3%81%A6%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="当て字">当て字</a></i>) – kanji representing a sound that is not from the original phoneme associated with the kanji's used reading. Example: <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BF%E5%8F%B8#Japanese" title="寿司"><ruby>寿<rp>(</rp><rt>す</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>司<rp>(</rp><rt>し</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span> (on’yomi is associated with Sinitic phoneme, but the word is non-Sinitic), <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A8%88#Japanese" title="時計"><ruby>時<rp>(</rp><rt>と</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>計<rp>(</rp><rt>けい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span> (originally unrelated kanji <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><ruby>土<rp>(</rp><rt>と</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>圭<rp>(</rp><rt>けい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>). In some ateji, kanji is chosen to make it a phono-semantic matching, e.g. <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%96%9C%E5%88%A9#Japanese" title="大喜利"><ruby>大<rp>(</rp><rt>おお</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>喜<rp>(</rp><rt>ぎ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>利<rp>(</rp><rt>り</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="bound_form"></span> <b>Bound form</b> (<span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E8%A6%86%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="被覆形"><ruby>被<rp>(</rp><rt>ひ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>覆<rp>(</rp><rt>ふく</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>形<rp>(</rp><rt>けい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">hifukukei</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>) – a unit of language that can only be used as part of a word, not as a word on its own; in Japanese, these manifest in a special way in certain words which have both free and bound forms: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E#Japanese" title="神">神</a> can be used freely as <span class="Jpan" lang="ja">かみ</span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">kami</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, or in forms compounds (e.g. <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><ruby>神<rp>(</rp><rt>かむ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>さぶ</span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">kamusabu</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>) as <span class="Jpan" lang="ja">かむ</span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">kamu</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. Other examples of free-bound pairs include 雨 (あめ/あま), 稲 (いね/いな), 酒 (さけ/さか), 木 (き/こ).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="commonly_used_kanji"></span><b>Commonly used kanji</b> – English translation of <b>Jōyō kanji</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="daiyōji"></span><span class="template-anchor" id="daiyouji"></span><b>Daiyōji</b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="代用字">代用字</a></i>) – a kanji in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" class="extiw" title="w:jōyō kanji">jōyō kanji</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/t%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" class="extiw" title="w:tōyō kanji">tōyō kanji</a> list that is used to replace another kanji not in the list. The two kanji are usually homophonic or semi-homophonic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="gikun"></span> <b><a href="/wiki/gikun" title="gikun">Gikun</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%93#Japanese" title="義訓">義訓</a></i>) has two meanings: <ol><li>Synonym of <a href="#jukujikun">jukujikun</a>.</li> <li>The use of a kanji for its meaning, i.e. <a href="#kun'yomi">kun'yomi</a>. Sometimes used when a new kanji with a narrower meaning replaces (possibly several) previously-used kanji in a term, e.g. 蔑 in <a href="/wiki/%E8%94%91%E3%82%8D" title="蔑ろ">蔑ろ</a>.</li></ol></li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="goon"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-on" class="extiw" title="w:Go-on">Go-on</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%89%E9%9F%B3#Japanese" title="呉音">呉音</a></i>) – the kanji pronunciation before the arrival of <b>Kan’on</b>. One of the <b>on’yomi</b> categories. Goon is the earliest of all borrowed pronunciations, mostly used in Buddhist terms.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="grade_n_kanji"></span><b>Grade <i>n</i> kanji</b> – one of the grade divisions of the kyōiku kanji (educational kanji) ranging from 1 through 6. "Grade <i>S</i>" refers to kanji taught in secondary school.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="heiban"></span> <b>Heiban</b>gata – one of four modern Japanese Tokyo pitch accent patterns, in which there is a generally high pitch throughout the word and after which attached <a href="#particle">particles</a> also take a high pitch.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="hyōgai_kanji"></span><span class="template-anchor" id="hyōgaiji"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgai_kanji" class="extiw" title="w:Hyōgai kanji">Hyōgai kanji</a></b> <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%96%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="表外漢字">表外漢字</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-tr tr">hyōgai kanji</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> or <b>hyōgaiji</b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%96%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="表外字">表外字</a></i>) – kanji outside the jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji lists; most (but not all) such kanji are written in traditional character forms, while marginally some simplifications (shinjitai) are applied.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="jinmeiyō_kanji"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji" class="extiw" title="w:Jinmeiyō kanji">Jinmeiyō kanji</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="人名用漢字">人名用漢字</a></i>) – kanji used for names per the official list, supplement to jōyō kanji. May mean either just the jinmeiyō kanji, or jōyō kanji <i>and</i> jinmeiyō kanji, meaning “all kanji on official lists”. Opposite of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#hyōgaiji">hyōgaiji</a>.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="jōyō_kanji"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" class="extiw" title="w:Jōyō kanji">Jōyō kanji</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="常用漢字">常用漢字</a></i>) – commonly used kanji, per official list.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="jūbakoyomi"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#jūbako" class="extiw" title="w:Kanji">Jūbakoyomi</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%AE%B1%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF#Japanese" title="重箱読み">重箱読み</a></i>) – pronunciation of a two-kanji compound, with the first kanji on’yomi and the second kun’yomi.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="jukujikun"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukujikun" class="extiw" title="w:Jukujikun">Jukujikun</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E5%AD%97%E8%A8%93#Japanese" title="熟字訓">熟字訓</a></i>) – an inseparable reading of a multi-kanji term, e.g. <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5#Japanese" title="今日"><ruby>今日<rp>(</rp><rt>きょう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span>. Also known as <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%93#Japanese" title="義訓">義訓</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-tr tr">gikun</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="kanji"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" class="extiw" title="w:Kanji">Kanji</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="漢字">漢字</a></i>) – Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese writing system.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kan'on"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan-on" class="extiw" title="w:Kan-on">Kan’on</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%9F%B3#Japanese" title="漢音">漢音</a></i>) – the kanji pronunciation brought to Japan during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Tang_China" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese missions to Tang China">Japanese missions to Tang China</a>. One of the <b>on’yomi</b> categories. Kan’on resembles the contemporary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" class="extiw" title="w:Chang'an">Chang'an</a> Chinese dialect, and is more systematic compared to other borrowings.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kan'yōon"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#kan'yōon" class="extiw" title="w:Kanji">Kan’yōon</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E7%94%A8%E9%9F%B3#Japanese" title="慣用音">慣用音</a></i>) – the kanji pronunciation derived from a corrupted or changed form of other regular on’yomi. One of the <b>on’yomi</b> categories.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kateikei"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese grammar">Kateikei</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="仮定形">仮定形</a></i>) – A <i>katsuyōkei</i> used for conditional and subjunctive forms, using the -ba ending. <dl><dd>Termed <b>Izenkei</b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="已然形">已然形</a></i>) in the Classical and Old Japanese, where this form was also used as the main verb in an exclamatory sentence.</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="katsuyōkei"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese grammar">Katsuyōkei</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="活用形">活用形</a></i>) – In traditional Japanese grammar, the 6 "stem forms", <a href="#mizenkei"><i>mizenkei</i></a>, <a href="#ren'yōkei"><i>ren’yōkei</i></a>, <a href="#shūshikei"><i>shūshikei</i></a>, <a href="#rentaikei"><i>rentaikei</i></a>, <a href="#kateikei"><i>kateikei</i></a> and <a href="#meireikei"><i>meireikei</i></a>, from which all the others may be derived in a similar fashion to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/principal_parts" class="extiw" title="w:principal parts">principal parts</a> used for Latin and other languages. <dl><dd>Originated in the Edo period, the <i>katsuyōkei</i> system more closely reflects the vowels of the Classical Japanese verbs than the modern ones. It fails to address some euphonic sound shift in Modern Japanese such as the -a/-o split in <i>mizenkei</i>. Moreover, this system has been criticized because the six forms are not equivalent, with one being solely a combinatory stem, three solely word forms, and two being both. It also fails to capture some inflected forms. However, five of the forms are basic inflected verb forms, and the system also describes almost all extended forms consistently.</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kun'yomi"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun%27yomi" class="extiw" title="w:Kun'yomi">Kun’yomi</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF#Japanese" title="訓読み">訓読み</a></i>) – a reading of a kanji that is not derived from the kanji's original pronunciation borrowed from Chinese. <ul><li>Most <i>kun'yomi</i> are of native Japonic origin, with a few exceptions: <ol><li>Borrowed from Chinese, but attributed to a different kanji, e.g. <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B7%E3%81%84#Japanese" title="酷い"><ruby>酷<rp>(</rp><rt>ひど</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>い</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">hidoi</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> from Chinese-derived <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%81%93#Japanese" title="非道"><ruby>非<rp>(</rp><rt>ひ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>道<rp>(</rp><rt>どう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">hidō</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>.</li> <li>Borrowed from languages other than Chinese, e.g. <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A9#Japanese" title="哩"><ruby>哩<rp>(</rp><rt>マイル</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">mairu</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. <dl><dd><ul><li>Most of this kind of <i>kun'yomi</i> are dated, and are now replaced by pure <a href="/wiki/katakana" title="katakana">katakana</a>, e.g. <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB#Japanese" title="マイル">マイル</a></span>.</li></ul></dd></dl></li></ol></li> <li><i>Kun’yomi</i> is limited to single-kanji readings. For similar readings of inseparable multi-kanji terms, see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#jukujikun"><i>jukujikun</i></a>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kokkun"></span> <b>Kokkun</b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%A8%93#Japanese" title="国訓">国訓</a></i>) — a kanji kun reading with a meaning different from its original Chinese meaning.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kokuji"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokuji" class="extiw" title="w:Kokuji">Kokuji</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="国字">国字</a></i>) – kanji made specifically for the Japanese language. Some of these have been adopted into other languages that use Chinese characters.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kyōiku_kanji"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji" class="extiw" title="w:Kyōiku kanji">Kyōiku kanji</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="教育漢字">教育漢字</a></i>) – Elementary school kanji; literally, “educational kanji”. The elementary level of the jōyō kanji, divided into 6 grades.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="kyūjitai"></span><span class="template-anchor" id="kyujitai"></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" class="extiw" title="w:Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93#Japanese" title="旧字体">旧字体</a></i>) – Japanese traditional characters; literally “old character forms”. This term often refers to the pre-reform appearance of characters in the jōyō list.<sup id="cite_ref-DDJS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDJS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposite to shinjitai. Visually resemble closely to Chinese traditional characters and virtually identical to Korean hanja, with occasional differences.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="meireikei"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese grammar">Meireikei</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="命令形">命令形</a></i>) – A <i>katsuyōkei</i> expressing the imperative mood.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="mizenkei"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese grammar">Mizenkei</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="未然形">未然形</a></i>) – A <i>katsuyōkei</i> used for plain negative (of verbs), causative and passive constructions. The most common use of this form is with the -nai auxiliary that turns verbs into their negative form. The -ō version is used for volitional expression and formed by a euphonic change. <dl><dd>This form never occurs in isolation but only as a stem to which several particles and auxiliaries are attached. This stem originated from resegmentation of an initial *a of several suffixes (auxiliary verbs) as part of the stem.</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="nakadaka"></span> <b>Nakadaka</b>gata (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%9E%8B#Japanese" title="中高型"><b>中高</b>型</a></i>) – one of four modern Japanese Tokyo pitch accent patterns, in which one mora somewhere in the middle of the word carries high pitch, followed by a drop to low pitch.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="nanori"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanori" class="extiw" title="w:Nanori">Nanori</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%97%E3%82%8A#Japanese" title="名乗り">名乗り</a></i>) – special kanji readings used exclusively in Japanese names. The nanori reading of a kanji is often a pronunciation assumed from its synonym or near-synonym.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="odaka"></span> <b>Odaka</b>gata (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BE%E9%AB%98%E5%9E%8B#Japanese" title="尾高型"><b>尾高</b>型</a></i>)) – one of four modern Japanese Tokyo pitch accent patterns, in which the pitch is generally high throughout the word, but the pitch drops at the end, causing attached particles to take low pitch.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="on'yomi"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%27yomi" class="extiw" title="w:On'yomi">On’yomi</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF#Japanese" title="音読み">音読み</a></i>) – a reading of a kanji that is derived from the kanji's original pronunciation borrowed from Chinese, or rarely as in <i>kan’yōon</i>, misunderstood as being so. <i>On’yomi</i> readings are generally categorized into <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#goon"><i><b>goon</b></i></a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#kan'on"><i><b>kan’on</b></i></a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#tōon"><i><b>tōon</b></i></a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#kan'yōon"><i><b>kan’yōon</b></i></a>. <ul><li><i>On'yomi</i> is a "closed" category, i.e, it does not acquire new members. New borrowings of Chinese characters' pronunciations after the 20th century are generally not considered to be <i>on'yomi</i>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="okurigana"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okurigana" class="extiw" title="w:Okurigana">Okurigana</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E3%82%8A%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D#Japanese" title="送り仮名">送り仮名</a></i>) – kana suffixes following kanji stems. For example, in <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8B%E3%82%8B#Japanese" title="見る">見る</a></i>, <span class="Jpan" lang="ja">る</span> is okurigana.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="rendaku"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku" class="extiw" title="w:Rendaku">Rendaku</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%BF%81#Japanese" title="連濁">連濁</a></i>) – <a href="/wiki/voicing" title="voicing">voicing</a> of an <a href="/wiki/unvoiced" title="unvoiced">unvoiced</a> initial consonant in a non-initial component of a word. Usually seen when joining words or morphemes together and in reduplication.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="renjō"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Renjō" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese phonology">Renjō</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E5%A3%B0#Japanese" title="連声">連声</a></i>) – <a href="/wiki/sandhi" title="sandhi">sandhi</a>, a kind of sound fusion between morphemes, such as <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87#Japanese" title="天皇"><ruby>天<rp>(</rp><rt>てん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><ruby>皇<rp>(</rp><rt>のう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></a></span> whose pronunciation is not <i>ten’ō</i> (<i>ten + ō</i>), but <i>ten<b>n</b>ō</i>. Compare <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English">Middle English</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm"><a href="/w/index.php?title=nekename&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="nekename (page does not exist)">nekename</a></i> (whence <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/nickname#English" title="nickname">nickname</a></i>), from reinterpreting <i>an ekename</i> as <i>a nekename</i>; see also earlier <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English">Middle English</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm"><a href="/wiki/ekename#Middle_English" title="ekename">ekename</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">nickname</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="rentaikei"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese grammar">Rentaikei</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="連体形">連体形</a></i>) – A <i>katsuyōkei</i> prefixed to nominals and is used to define or classify the noun, similar to a relative clause in English. In modern Japanese it is practically identical to <a href="#shūshikei"><i>shūshikei</i></a>, except that verbs are generally not inflected for politeness; in old Japanese these forms differed. Further, na-nominals behave differently in <i>shūshikei</i> and <i>rentaikei</i> positions. <dl><dd>This form was also used independently as verbal nouns in the Classical and Old Japanese. Such usage is obsolete in the Modern Japanese, only remaining in some set phrases.</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="ren'yōkei"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese grammar">Ren’yōkei</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%94%A8%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="連用形">連用形</a></i>) – A <i>katsuyōkei</i> used in a linking role (a kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serial_verb_construction" class="extiw" title="w:serial verb construction">serial verb construction</a>). This is the most productive stem form, taking on a variety of endings and auxiliaries, and can even occur independently in a sense similar to the -te ending. This form is also used as verbal nouns, which can mean any of the action, the agent, or the result of a verb. <dl><dd>This form is believed to have been derived from the verb stem + Proto-Japonic <i class="Latn mention" lang="jpx-pro"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/-i" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/-i">*-i</a></i>.</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="shinjitai"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjitai" class="extiw" title="w:Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93#Japanese" title="新字体">新字体</a></i>) – Japanese simplified characters; literally “new character forms”. Opposite to kyūjitai. Used for all regulated kanji, meaning jinmeiyō kanji, including jōyō kanji.</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="shūshikei"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese grammar">Shūshikei</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E6%AD%A2%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="終止形">終止形</a></i>) – A <i>katsuyōkei</i> used at the ends of clauses in predicate positions. This form is also variously known as plain form (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基本形 (page does not exist)">基本形</a></i>) or dictionary form (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%BD%A2#Japanese" title="辞書形">辞書形</a></i>) – it is the form that verbs are listed under in a dictionary. It was used also before modal extensions, final particles, and some conjunctional particles. <dl><dd><i>Shūshikei</i> merged with <a href="#rentaikei"><i>rentaikei</i></a> by about 1600, but the distinction is preserved in the Ryukyuan languages and the Hachijōjima dialects.</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="tōon"></span><span class="template-anchor" id="sōon"></span><span class="template-anchor" id="tōsōon"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" class="extiw" title="w:Tō-on">Tōon</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3#Japanese" title="唐音">唐音</a></i>), also called <b>sōon</b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E9%9F%B3#Japanese" title="宋音">宋音</a></i>) or <b>tōsōon</b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AE%8B%E9%9F%B3#Japanese" title="唐宋音">唐宋音</a></i>) – the kanji pronunciation brought to Japan since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period" class="extiw" title="w:Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, with some as late as in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" class="extiw" title="w:Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. One of the <b>on’yomi</b> categories. Tōon is relatively rare and irregular, as they were introduced piecemeal from China, often along with very specialized terminology. Tōon's distinctive features include: <ul><li>Chinese coda /ŋ/ is transcribed as nasal /N/, instead of close vowels (usually /u/).</li> <li>Chinese entering tone codas -p, -t, -k are dropped completely.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U">U</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="uncommon_kanji"></span><b>Uncommon kanji</b> – English translation of <b>Hyōgaiji</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="wasei_eigo"></span> <b><a href="/wiki/wasei_eigo" title="wasei eigo">Wasei eigo</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E#Japanese" title="和製英語">和製英語</a></i>) – Japanese-made pseudo-anglicisms: Japanese coinages which derive their roots from English, but which are otherwise not real English words, for example <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95#Japanese" title="カッターナイフ">カッターナイフ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">kattānaifu</span></span>, <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">boxcutter</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span>, literally <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">cutter knife</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, from English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/cutter#English" title="cutter">cutter</a></i> + <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/knife#English" title="knife">knife</a></i>. Some <i>wasei eigo</i> are further re-imported into English, such as (perhaps) <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3#Japanese" title="サラリーマン">サラリーマン</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr"><span class="mention-tr tr">sararīman</span></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. (See also <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei_eigo" title="w:Wasei eigo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/15px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/23px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/30px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span> <b class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei_eigo" class="extiw" title="w:Wasei eigo">Wasei eigo</a></b> on Wikipedia.<span class="interProject"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei_eigo" class="extiw" title="w:Wasei eigo">Wikipedia </a></span>)</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="wasei_kango"></span> <b><a href="/wiki/wasei_kango" title="wasei kango">Wasei kango</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E#Japanese" title="和製漢語">和製漢語</a></i>) – Japanese-made Chinese words: Japanese coinages which derive their roots from Chinese, or are created from individual characters' <a href="#on'yomi">on'yomi</a> readings concatenated together. Such words are formed in Japan, do not originally exist in Chinese, and are not used by Chinese speakers (unless such words are re-borrowed back into Chinese).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y">Y</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Y"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="template-anchor" id="yojijukugo"></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yojijukugo" class="extiw" title="w:Yojijukugo">Yoji jukugo</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%97%E7%86%9F%E8%AA%9E#Japanese" title="四字熟語">四字熟語</a></i>) – a four-<a href="#kanji">kanji</a> compound word, often of Chinese origin; many <i>yojijukugo</i> express an idiom or proverb. <ul><li>In its broad sense, this term encompasses virtually all lexemes that are written using four Chinese characters in a row, regardless of their usage or meaning.</li> <li>In its narrow sense, it traditionally only refers to specific subsets, such as those expressing idiomatic meanings that cannot be inferred from the constituent kanji.</li> <li>A term is more likely to be agreed to be a <i>yojijukugo</i> if it has seen long-standing use, as many originally borrowed from Chinese have.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="yomi"></span><b>Yomi</b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF#Japanese" title="読み">読み</a></i>) – a kanji reading (pronunciation).</li> <li><span class="template-anchor" id="yutōyomi"></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#yutō" class="extiw" title="w:Kanji">Yutōyomi</a></b> (<i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E6%A1%B6%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF#Japanese" title="湯桶読み">湯桶読み</a></i>) – pronunciation of a two-kanji compound, with the first kanji kun’yomi and the second on’yomi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DDJS-1"><a href="#cite_ref-DDJS_1-0"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/旧字体#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89"><span class="Jpan" lang="ja">旧字体</span></a>”, in <cite><span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ja:%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%B3%89#電子版" class="extiw" title="w:ja:大辞泉">デジタル大辞泉</a></span></cite> [<cite><span class="e-translation"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijisen#Online_search_engines" class="extiw" title="w:Daijisen">Digital Daijisen</a></span></cite>]‎<sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/daijisen/">[1]</a></sup> (in Japanese), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="w:Tōkyō">Tōkyō</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shogakukan.co.jp/">Shogakukan</a>, updated roughly every four months</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&oldid=81477640">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&oldid=81477640</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_appendices" title="Category:Japanese appendices">Japanese appendices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language-specific_Wiktionary_glossary_pages" title="Category:Language-specific Wiktionary glossary pages">Language-specific Wiktionary glossary pages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_links_with_redundant_wikilinks" title="Category:Japanese links with redundant wikilinks">Japanese links with redundant wikilinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_links_with_redundant_alt_parameters" title="Category:Japanese links with redundant alt parameters">Japanese links with redundant alt parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="The user page for the IP address you are editing as">Not logged in</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Appendix%3AJapanese+glossary" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Appendix%3AJapanese+glossary" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-appendix" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary" title="View the subject page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Appendix</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_talk:Japanese_glossary&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Japanese_glossary"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>History</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" > <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">More</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <h3 >Search</h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wiktionary" aria-label="Search Wiktionary" autocapitalize="none" title="Search Wiktionary [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search the pages for this text" value="Search"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" value="Go"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel" class="vector-legacy-sidebar"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a> </div> <nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Navigation</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-text" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page"><span>Main Page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-requestedarticles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Requested_entries"><span>Requested entries</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random entry</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-Glossary" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary"><span>Glossary</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wiktionary.org&uselang=en" title="Support us"><span>Donations</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Appendix:Japanese_glossary" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Appendix:Japanese_glossary" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=en" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&oldid=81477640" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FAppendix%3AJapanese_glossary"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FAppendix%3AJapanese_glossary"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-coll-print_export" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label" > <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Print/export</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Appendix%3AJapanese+glossary"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Appendix%3AJapanese_glossary&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In other projects</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108488215" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In other languages</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/Viccionari:Glossari_de_japon%C3%A8s" title="Viccionari:Glossari de japonès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viccionari:Glossari de japonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lampiran:Glosari_bahasa_Jepun" title="Lampiran:Glosari bahasa Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lampiran:Glosari bahasa Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA:%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Додатак:Јапански речник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Додатак:Јапански речник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5_l%E1%BB%A5c:Thu%E1%BA%ADt_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nh%E1%BA%ADt" title="Phụ lục:Thuật ngữ tiếng Nhật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phụ lục:Thuật ngữ tiếng Nhật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8" title="Appendix:日語術語表 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Appendix:日語術語表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108488215#sitelinks-wiktionary" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 September 2024, at 00:36.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Definitions and other text are available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About">About Wiktionary</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wiktionary.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Japanese_glossary&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"codex-search-styles\".\n[1.43] Use a CodexModule with codexComponents to set your specific components used: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Codex#Using_a_limited_subset_of_components");mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xqqpl","wgBackendResponseTime":96,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.477","walltime":"0.591","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1960,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":27456,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":390,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1035,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 534.302 1 -total"," 30.29% 161.865 49 Template:m"," 25.03% 133.725 16 Template:ja-r"," 11.54% 61.652 2 Template:template"," 8.17% 43.679 44 Template:anchor"," 5.94% 31.712 3 Template:cog"," 5.51% 29.462 1 Template:R:Digital-Daijisen"," 5.20% 27.785 1 Template:cite-book"," 4.69% 25.058 1 Template:m+"," 2.98% 15.939 1 Template:compactTOC"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.345","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13909749,"limit":104857600}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2ggh","timestamp":"20241124132710","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>