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class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Bahasa+Cina" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Bahasa+Cina" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Bahasa+Cina" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah 历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa_Cina_dalam_pertuturan_各种方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa_Cina_dalam_pertuturan_各种方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bahasa Cina dalam pertuturan 各种方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa_Cina_dalam_pertuturan_各种方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa_Cina_dalam_penulisan_文体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa_Cina_dalam_penulisan_文体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bahasa Cina dalam penulisan 文体</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bahasa_Cina_dalam_penulisan_文体-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Bahasa Cina dalam penulisan 文体</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bahasa_Cina_dalam_penulisan_文体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aksara_Cina_汉字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aksara_Cina_汉字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aksara Cina 汉字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aksara_Cina_汉字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tatabahasa_汉语语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tatabahasa_汉语语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tatabahasa 汉语语法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tatabahasa_汉语语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan_参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan_参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan 参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan_参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_Luar_外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_Luar_外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan Luar 外部链接</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pautan_Luar_外部链接-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pautan Luar 外部链接</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pautan_Luar_外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamus_词典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamus_词典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kamus 词典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamus_词典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_pelajaran_bahasa_Cina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_pelajaran_bahasa_Cina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sumber pelajaran bahasa Cina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_pelajaran_bahasa_Cina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_Pengetahuan_Bahasa_Cina_Am" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_Pengetahuan_Bahasa_Cina_Am"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sumber Pengetahuan Bahasa Cina Am</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_Pengetahuan_Bahasa_Cina_Am-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perisian_Komputer_Bahasa_Cina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perisian_Komputer_Bahasa_Cina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Perisian Komputer Bahasa Cina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perisian_Komputer_Bahasa_Cina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lain-lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lain-lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Lain-lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lain-lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahasa Cina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 224 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-224" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">224 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Cina" title="Bahsa Cina – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Cina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хъутейбзэ – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутейбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ቻይንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="मानक मंदारिन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानक मंदारिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акитаи бызшәа – Abkhazia" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акитаи бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصينية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chin%C3%A9s" title="Idioma chinés – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chinés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Չինարէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chinu" title="Idioma chinu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Chinañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chinañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_dili" title="Çin dili – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چین دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD" title="Hàn-gí – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡытай теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Tiongkok" title="Bhâsa Tiongkok – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Intsik" title="Tataramon na Intsik – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Intsik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%A4sisch" title="Kinäsisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinäsisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91" title="རྒྱ་སྐད – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་སྐད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_sinaek" title="Yezhoù sinaek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù sinaek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Китайски език – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хитад хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_sin%C3%ADtiques" title="Llengües sinítiques – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües sinítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inintsik" title="Inintsik – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inintsik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Китай чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichayina" title="Chichayina – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chichayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieineeg" title="Tsieineeg – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieineeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_(sproggruppe)" title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe) – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشينوية – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1giella" title="Kiinnágiella – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinnágiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ސީނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_keel" title="Hiina keel – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κινεζική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Китаень кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chino" title="Idioma chino – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma chino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_lingvaro" title="Ĉina lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_china" title="Luenga china – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga china" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان چینی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bhasa" title="Chinese bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chinese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Kinesiskt mál – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kinesiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues chinoises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineesk" title="Sineesk – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADnis" title="An tSínis – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSínis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Sheenagh" title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Saina" title="Faʻa Saina – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AConais" title="Sìonais – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìonais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chinesa" title="Lingua chinesa – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="چيني زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چيني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9D_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE" title="Hon-ngî – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" title="중국어 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanci" title="Sinanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_P%C4%81k%C4%93" title="ʻŌlelo Pākē – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Pākē" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չինարեն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiniana_linguo" title="Chiniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chiniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Insik" title="Pagsasao nga Insik – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Insik" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%82%E1%93%AF%E1%91%8E%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Китайаг æвзаг – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китайаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiShayina" title="IsiShayina – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnverska" title="Kínverska – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínverska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinese" title="Lingua cinese – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות סיניות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות סיניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ენა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیٖنی زبان – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖنی زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Қытай тілі – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinek" title="Chinek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chinek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishinwa" title="Gishinwa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gishinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кытай тили – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichina" title="Kichina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Китай кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisinw%C3%A1" title="Kisinwá – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kisinwá" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniafa_ava" title="Siniafa ava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Siniafa ava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_chinwa" title="Lang chinwa – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang chinwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng_chinwaz" title="Lanng chinwaz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng chinwaz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_cinesc" title="Lingaz cinesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz cinesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Китай маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາຈີນ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Sinicae" title="Linguae Sinicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Sinicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABn%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Ķīnīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīnīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Ķīniešu valoda – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Китай чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kinų kalba – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cineise" title="Lengua cineise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua cineise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinwa" title="Lisinwa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisinwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xines" title="Linguas xines – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas xines" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitain_kieli" title="Kitain kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitain kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jugbau" title="jugbau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jugbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cinesa" title="Lengua cinesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua cinesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_nyelv" title="Kínai nyelv – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески јазик – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинески јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sinoa" title="Fiteny sinoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sinoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_%C4%8Aini%C5%BCi" title="Lingwi Ċiniżi – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Ċiniżi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Hainamana" title="Reo Hainamana – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hainamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه صينى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه صينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="چینی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چینی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Cino" title="Bahaso Cino – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_chinesa" title="Lhéngua chinesa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хятад хэл – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनियाँ भाषा – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनियाँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनिया भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Цийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinese" title="Shiinese – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Shiinese" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinum" title="Chinum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chinum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%A9s" title="Chinés – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chinés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayiniffa" title="Chaayiniffa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayiniffa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_tili" title="Xitoy tili – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaping_a_sowal" title="Kuwaping a sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kuwaping a sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چینی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چینی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چينايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaini_languij" title="Chaini languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaini languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino%C3%A9s" title="Chinoés – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chinoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesche_Spraken" title="Chineesche Spraken – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chineesche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_chi%C5%84ski" title="Język chiński – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język chiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chinesa" title="Língua chinesa – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay_tili" title="Qıtay tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_tili" title="Çin tili – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tinit%C5%8D" title="Reo Tinitō – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_simi" title="Chunwa simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кітайскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Китайский язык – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кытай тыла – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinu%C3%A4a" title="Shinuäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Shinuäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenese_leid" title="Cheenese leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tlu" title="Kari Tlu – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tlu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinesiske_Sproaken" title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-china" title="Se-china – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Se-china" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C5%A1haena" title="Setšhaena – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Setšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_kineze" title="Gjuha kineze – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha kineze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinisa" title="Lingua cinisa – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua cinisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="චීන භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چيني ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kitajščina – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Slavik Gereja" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavik Gereja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Chińskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی چینی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески језик – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kieli" title="Kiinan kieli – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tsino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சீன மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кытай теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="చైనీస్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Tiếng Trung Quốc – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони чинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони чинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Saina" title="Tok Saina – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%B3%27x%C4%97ho%27en%C3%B3tse" title="Hesó'xėho'enótse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hesó'xėho'enótse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ince" title="Çince – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD_dili" title="Hytaý dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыдат дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Китай кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Китайська мова – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="خەنزۇچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەنزۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahgun" title="Vahgun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_cineze" title="Łéngua cineze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajan_kel%27" title="Kitajan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitajan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin" title="Tsyin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_kiil" title="Hiina kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Chinwès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chinwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsino_(yinaknan)" title="Tsino (yinaknan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsino (yinaknan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כינעזיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Èdè Ṣáínà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="中文 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87inki" title="Çinki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97nu_kalba" title="Kėnu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Sina" title="Hata Sina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Tionghoa" title="Saro Tionghoa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_China" title="Jaku China – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku China" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_China" title="Bahasa China – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa China" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cini_zyvon" title="Cini zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cini zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7850#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Bahasa_Cina" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Bahasa_Cina" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Bahasa_Cina" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&oldid=6320926" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Bahasa_Cina&id=6320926&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa_Cina"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa_Cina"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bahasa+Cina"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bahasa_Cina&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7850" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:130%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Bahasa Cina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">漢語</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span> <i>Hànyǔ</i>, <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani">中文</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span> <i>Zhōngwén</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Zhongwen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg/200px-Zhongwen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg/300px-Zhongwen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg/400px-Zhongwen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Asli kepada</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China (RRC)</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Tanah_Besar_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanah Besar China">Tanah Besar China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau">Macau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik Chinac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> dan berhampiran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kepulauan_Republik_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kepulauan Republik China (laman tidak wujud)">kepulauan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Krismas" title="Pulau Krismas">Pulau Krismas</a>, juga bahagian <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> dan komuniti Cina lain sekitar dunia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Kawasan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(majoriti): Timur <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> & bahagian Selatan <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><br />(minoriti): Komuniti Cina di Barat <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika">Amerikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasifik">Pasifik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Penutur bahasa</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">lebih dari 1.3 bilion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_bahasa" title="Keluarga bahasa">Keluarga bahasa</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Sino-Tibet" title="Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet">Sino-Tibet</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Bahasa Cina</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_penulisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem penulisan">Sistem penulisan</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">Aksara Cina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Status rasmi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Bahasa rasmi di</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">RRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">RC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Kerjasama_Shanghai" title="Pertubuhan Kerjasama Shanghai">Pertubuhan Kerjasama Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Negara-negara_Asia_Tenggara" title="Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara">Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_pengawal_bahasa" title="Senarai pengawal bahasa">Dikawal selia oleh</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Di RRC: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-language.gov.cn/">pelbagai agensi</a>(dalam Cina)<br />Di RC: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promosi_Majlis_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promosi Majlis Mandarin (laman tidak wujud)">Promosi Majlis Mandarin</a><br />Di Singapura: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majlis_Galakan_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majlis Galakan Mandarin (laman tidak wujud)">Majlis Galakan Mandarin</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempen_Tutur_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kempen Tutur Mandarin (laman tidak wujud)">Kempen Tutur Mandarin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mandarin.org.sg/html/home.htm">[1]</a><br />Di Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Pembakuan_Bahasa_Cina_Malaysia" title="Majlis Pembakuan Bahasa Cina Malaysia">Majlis Pembakuan Bahasa Cina Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Kod bahasa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=">zh</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=84">chi</a></span> (B)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=84">zho</a></span> (T)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Pelbagai:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cdo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cdo">cdo</a></code> – Min Dong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cjy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cjy">cjy</a></code> – Jinyu<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cmn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cmn">cmn</a></code> – Mandarin<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cpx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cpx">cpx</a></code> – Pu Xian<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/czh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:czh">czh</a></code> – Huizhou<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/czo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:czo">czo</a></code> – Min Zhong<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dng" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dng">dng</a></code> – Dungan<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gan" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gan">gan</a></code> – Gan<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hak" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hak">hak</a></code> – Hakka<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hsn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hsn">hsn</a></code> – Xiang<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mnp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mnp">mnp</a></code> – Min Bei<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nan" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nan">nan</a></code> – Min Nan<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wuu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wuu">wuu</a></code> – Wu<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yue" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yue">yue</a></code> – Kantonis</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span id="Sampel"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="float:left;margin-left:0.2em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/Sampel" title="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Sampel"><img alt="Informasi penggunaan templat turunan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div>Sampel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"> <div style="border-radius:0.7em; margin-right:1em;margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><center><b>Sampel teks</b></center></div>Logo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> dalam bahasa Cina yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.<div style="font-family: times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-left:0.8em;margin-top:0.4em;margin-right:0.8em"><div class="bg-wp"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg/170px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg/255px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg/340px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><span style="font-size:80%"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/PWB_-_bantuan_render_-_zh.png" class="internal" title="PWB - bantuan render - zh.png">Teks tidak ditampilkan dengan benar?</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><center><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_sampel_teks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan sampel teks (laman tidak wujud)">Sampel teks lainnya</a></span></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><div style="border-radius:0.7em; margin-right:1em;margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><center><b>Sampel suara</b></center></div><br />Sampel suara bahasa ini, diambil dari <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>noicon</figcaption></figure> <div style="font-size:90%"><center>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Memainkan_berkas_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Memainkan berkas media (laman tidak wujud)">Bantuan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fail:Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav" title="Fail:Edmund Yeo - voice - ch 150127 1828.wav">Fail</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_sampel_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan sampel suara (laman tidak wujud)">Lainnya</a>)</center></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Map-Sinophone_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/220px-Map-Sinophone_World.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/330px-Map-Sinophone_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/440px-Map-Sinophone_World.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="528" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Peta lapangan penutur Cina. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5537384">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00A800; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Kawasan dengan penutur ibunda majoriti.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#80C534; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Kawasan di mana bahasa Cina merupakan bahasa rasmi atau pengantar pendidikan, tetapi bukan ibunda.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#b1ff72; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Kawasan dengan penutur minoriti ketara.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bahasa Cina</b> atau <b>Bahasa Han</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">漢語</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">汉语</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Hànyǔ; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">華語</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">华语</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Huáyǔ; atau <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh">中文</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhōngwén) merupakan bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Han" title="Bangsa Han">bangsa Han</a> yang membentuk sebahagian <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Sino-Tibet" title="Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet">keluarga bahasa Sino-Tibet</a>. Kira-kira satu per lima daripada semua <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> di bumi bertutur dalam suatu bentuk bahasa Cina sebagai bahasa ibunda, menjadikannya bahasa yang paling ramai orang di dunia yang menuturnya sebagai bahasa ibunda. </p><p>Secara amnya, kesemua <a href="/wiki/Variasi_bahasa_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Variasi bahasa Cina">variasi bahasa Cina</a> bersifat sebutan ton dan analitik. Namun, bahasa ini ada keistimewaannya kerana kepelbagaian dalamannya yang meluas. Variasi mengikut kawasan di antara variasi atau "dialek" yang berbeza boleh dibandingkan kepada keluarga bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance (laman tidak wujud)">Romance</a> (keturunan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>); kebanyakan variasi bahasa Cina ditutur cukup banyak kelainannya sehingga tidak dapat saling difahami antara satu sama lain. Terdapat di antara 6–12 kumpulan kawasan yang utama (bergantung kepada skema klasifikasi), yang mana bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_(linguistik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin (linguistik)">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wu" title="Bahasa Wu">Wu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">Kantonis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>) paling ramai penuturnya. Pengenalpastian variasi-variasi bahasa Cina ini sebagai "bahasa" atau "dialek" menimbulkan pertikaian. </p><p>Sebutan bahasa Cina yang <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_baku" title="Bahasa baku">baku</a> berasaskan dialek <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, daripada golongan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin">Bahasa Mandarin</a>. Bahasa Mandarin Baku merupakan bahasa rasmi <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik China</a> di <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, serta salah satu bahasa rasmi <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> (bersama bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">Inggeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil">Tamil</a>). Bahasa Cina—secara tepatnya, bahasa Mandarin baku—merupakan salah satu daripada enam bahasa rasmi <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> (bersama bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">Inggeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" title="Bahasa Perancis">Perancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Russia">Rusia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sepanyol" title="Bahasa Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a>). Bahasa Cina yang ditutur dalam bentuk dialek <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">Kantonis</a> pula merupakan bahasa rasmi <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (bersama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau">Macau</a> (bersama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Portugal">bahasa Portugal</a>). </p> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1px"></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>Rencana ini mengandungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">Bantuan:Aksara khas</a>.</b> Tanpa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">pemberian sokongan</a> yang sewajarnya, anda mungkin melihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specials_(Unicode_block)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specials (Unicode block) (laman tidak wujud)">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_历史"><span id="Sejarah_.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>Sejarah 历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah 历史" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah 历史"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kebanyakan pakar linguistik menggolongkan kesemua variasi bahasa Cina sebagai sebahagian famili bahasa <b>Sino-Tibet</b>, dan turut percaya bahawa terdapat satu bahasa kuno yang digelar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Sino-Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Sino-Tibet (laman tidak wujud)">Proto-Sino-Tibet</a>, yang agak serupa dengan bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Eropah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Indo-Eropah">Proto-Indo-Eropah</a>, daripada mana turunnya bahasa <b>Sinitik</b> dan <b>Tibet-Burma</b>. Hubungan antara Bahasa Cina dan bahasa Sino-Tibet yang lain merupakan satu kawasan kajian yang giat dijalankan, serta landasan percubaan membina semula bahasa Proto-Sino-Tibet. Kesukaran pertama dalam usaha ini adalah, apabila terdapat dokumentasi baik yang membolehkan kita untuk membina semula bunyi sebutan kuno bahasa Cina, namun tiadanya dokumentasi bertulis pembahagian antara bahasa Proto-Sino-Tibet dan Cina. Malah, kebanyakan bahasa yang membolehkan pembinaan semula Proto-Sino-Tibet agak kurang didokumentasi atau sukar difahami. </p><p>Penggolongan perkembangan Bahasa Cina adalah subjek pembahasan yang akademik. Salah satu sistem pemahaman mengenai perkembangan bahasa Cina pertama direka oleh pakar linguistik <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Karlgren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Karlgren (laman tidak wujud)">Bernhard Karlgren</a> pada awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a>. Sistem ini banyak menerima kajian semula, tetapi itupun sering banyak bergantung kepada pandangan dan kaedah Karlgren. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Cina Lama">Bahasa Cina Lama</a> (atau Kuno) (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">上古漢語</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">上古汉语</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Shànggǔ Hànyǔ), merupakan bahasa yang kerap ditutur ketika zaman awal dan pertengahan <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Zhou" title="Dinasti Zhou">Dinasti Zhou</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=1122_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1122 SM (laman tidak wujud)">1122 SM</a> - <a href="/wiki/256_SM" title="256 SM">256 SM</a>), yang mana penulisannya mengandungi catatan-catatan pada artifak <a href="/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa">gangsa</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Puisi" title="Puisi">puisi</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shijing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shijing (laman tidak wujud)">Shijing</a></i>, sejarah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shujing (laman tidak wujud)">Shujing</a></i>, dan sebahagian falsafah <i><a href="/wiki/Yijing" title="Yijing">Yijing</a></i> (<i>I Ching</i>). Elemen-elemen sebutan yang terdapat dalam kebanyakan aksara Cina itu juga menyumbangkan bayangan kepada sebutan Cina kunonya. Sebutan perkataan pinjaman bahasa Cina dalam bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">Jepun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam">Vietnam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">Korea</a>, juga menyumbangkan pemandangan yang berharga. Bahasa Cina Lama mengandungi sistem bunyi yang kaya dengan penggunaan aspirasi yang membezakan <a href="/wiki/Konsonan" title="Konsonan">konsonannya</a>, namun barangkali tidak mempunyai sistem ton. Kerja-kerja membina semuka Bahasa Cina Lama dimulakan dengan pakar falsafah <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing">Dinasti Qing</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Cina Pertengahan">Bahasa Cina Pertengahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中古漢語</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">中古汉语</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhōnggǔ Hànyǔ) merupakan bahasa yang dipakai sewaktu Dinasti-dinasti <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Sui" title="Dinasti Sui">Sui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="Dinasti Tang">Tang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Song" title="Dinasti Song">Song</a> dynasties (abad-abad <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-7" title="Abad ke-7">ke-7</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-10" title="Abad ke-10">ke-10</a> TM). Bahasa Cina Pertengahan boleh dibahagikan kepada zaman awal yang digambarkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadual_rima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadual rima (laman tidak wujud)">jadual rima</a> 切韻 '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qieyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qieyun (laman tidak wujud)">Qieyun</a>' (<a href="/wiki/601" title="601">601</a> AD), dan zaman akhir pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-10" title="Abad ke-10">abad ke-10</a> yang diwakili jadual rima 廣韻 '<a href="/wiki/Guangyun" title="Guangyun">Guangyun</a>'. Pakar <a href="/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik">linguistik</a> amat yakin bahawa mereka dapat memperoleh binaan semula bunyi sebutan Bahasa Cina Pertengahan. Bukti bagi mengenal pasti bentuk sebutan Bahasa Cina Pertengahan diperoleh daripada beberapa sumber: variasi dialek moden, kamus berima, transliterasi (terjemahan bunyi) tulisan bahasa asing, "jadual berima" yang dibina oleh pakar bahasa Cina kuno untuk meringkaskan sistem fonetik, dan terjemahan fonetik Cina bagi perkataan asing. Sungguhpun begitu, segala binaan semula adalah tanggapan awal semata-mata; contohnya, para pengkaji telah menunjukkan bahawa cubaan membina semula <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">bahasa Kantonis</a> moden daripada rima-rima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantopop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantopop (laman tidak wujud)">Cantopop</a> moden boleh meninggalkan gambaran yang tidak tepat mengenai bahasa itu. </p><p>Perkembangan bahasa Cina yang ditutur sejak zaman purba hingga masa kini amat rumit. Kebanyakan orang <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> utara, di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> dan di kawasan luas yang meliputi Manchuria di timur laut hingga wilayah <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> di barat daya, menggunakan pelbagai dialek Mandarin sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_ibunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa ibunda">bahasa ibunda</a>. Meluasnya penggunaan bahasa Mandarin di seluruh China utara terutamanya kesan daripada keluasan tanah pamah di China utara. Sebaliknya, gunung-ganang dan sungai-sungai China selatan mendorong kepada kepelbagaian bahasa. Kemunculan bahasa Mandarin di Sichuan banyak disebabkan sesuatu wabak penyakit pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-12" title="Abad ke-12">abad ke-12</a>. Wabak ini, yang mungkin mempunyai kaitan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Death (laman tidak wujud)">Black Death</a> di Eropah, menyebabkan turunnya pendudukan di kawasan ini, menyebabkan kedatangan orang dari China utara. </p><p>Sehingga pertengahan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a>, kebanyakan warga China selatan tidak fasih berbahasa Mandarin. Bagaimanapun, sungguhpun adanya campuran para pegawai dan rakyat jelata yang petah dalam pelbagai dialek Cina, bahasa Mandarin Nanjing menjadi bahasa utama sekurang-kurangnya sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing">Dinasti Qing</a> yang memakai bahasa Manchu sebagai bahasa rasmi. Sejak <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-17" title="Abad ke-17">abad ke-17</a>, Dinasti Qing telah menyediakan akademi sebutan tepat (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">正音書院</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">正音书院</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhèngyīn Shūyuàn) untuk memastikan sebutan bahasa mengikut piawaian ibu negara iaitu <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, namun kurang berjaya. Sewaktu separuh abad terakhir Dinasti Qing pada lewat <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a>, Mandarin Beijing akhirnya menggantikan Mandarin Nanjing dalam istana diraja. Bagi rakyat umun, walaupun variasi bahasa Mandarin sudah meluas ditutur di China ketika itu, namun tiada wujudnya satu piawaian bagi sebutan bahasa Mandarin. Penutur bukan Mandarin di China selatan masih mengekalkan dialek masing-masing bagi segala aspek kehidupan. Maka penggunaan Bahasa Mandarin Beijing agak terhad. </p><p>Keadaan berubah dengan penubuhan sistem pendidikan persekolahan asas pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik China</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a> yang bertujuan menyampaikan pendidikan bahasa Mandarin kepada orang ramai. Kesannya, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin">Bahasa Mandarin</a> kini fasih ditutur oleh kebanyakan penduduk <a href="/wiki/Tanah_besar_China" title="Tanah besar China">tanah besar China</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Di <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">Bahasa Kantonis</a> kekal sebagai bahasa pengantar pendidikan dan pengucapan, tetapi pengaruh Bahasa Mandarin semakin kuat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahasa_Cina_dalam_pertuturan_各种方言"><span id="Bahasa_Cina_dalam_pertuturan_.E5.90.84.E7.A7.8D.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>Bahasa Cina dalam pertuturan 各种方言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa Cina dalam pertuturan 各种方言" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa Cina dalam pertuturan 各种方言"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Maklumat selanjutnya: <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_lisan" title="Bahasa Cina lisan">Bahasa Cina lisan</a></div> <p>Terdapat tujuh golongan bahasa Cina yang paling dikenali, iaitu (menurut saiz populasi penuturnya): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin">Mandarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">官話</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">官话</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span> atau <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh">北方方言</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span> [nama lama])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wu" title="Bahasa Wu">Wu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">吳</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">吴</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">Kantonis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">粵</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">粤</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien" title="Bahasa Hokkien">Min</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">閩</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">闽</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>)</li> <li>Xiang (<span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh">湘</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hakka" title="Bahasa Hakka">Hakka</a> (<span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh">客家</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span> atau <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh">客</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gan" title="Bahasa Gan">Gan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">贛</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">赣</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>)</li></ul> <p>Baru-baru ini, para pengkaji bahasa Cina juga dapat membezakan 3 lagi kumpulan daripada tujuh-tujuh kumpulan tersebut: </p> <ul><li>Jin (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">晉</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">晋</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>) dari Mandarin</li> <li>Hui (<span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh">徽</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>) dari Wu</li> <li>Ping (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">平話</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="Cina-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">平话</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: zh is deprecated </span>) yang sebahagiannya dari Kantonis</li></ul> <p>Terdapat juga banyak lagi golongan lebih kecil yang belum diklasifikasi, seperti: dialek <b>Danzhou</b> yang ditutur di Danzhou, Pulau <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>; <b>Xianghua</b> (乡话), tidak patut dikelirukan dengan Xiang (湘), yang ditutur di Hunan barat; dan <b>Shaozhou Tuhua</b>, yang ditutur di Guangdong utara. Bahasa <b>Dungan</b> yang ditutur di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>, amat rapat dengan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin">bahasa Mandarin</a>. Namun, bahasa ini tidak dianggap sebagai dialek Cina kerana ditulis dalam <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Cyrillic">abjad Cyrillic</a> dan ditutur oleh penduduk-penduduk di luar <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> yang tidak dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Orang_Cina" title="Orang Cina">orang Cina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahasa_Cina_dalam_penulisan_文体"><span id="Bahasa_Cina_dalam_penulisan_.E6.96.87.E4.BD.93"></span>Bahasa Cina dalam penulisan 文体</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa Cina dalam penulisan 文体" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa Cina dalam penulisan 文体"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhubungan antara bahasa Cina yang ditutur dan yang ditulis agak rumit, disebabkan kenyataan bahawa semasa variasi-variasi Cina ditutur banyak berevolusi sejak berabad-abad lamanya, bahasa Cina ditulis pula tidak banyak berubah. </p><p>Sehingga abad ke-20, kebanyakan penulisan Cina formal adalah dalam bentuk <i>wényán</i> (文言), yang bermaksud bahasa klasik, yang amat berbeza daripada mana-mana dialek Cina dari segi tatabahasa dan perbendaharaan kata, serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Bahasa Latin</a> yang banyak berbeza daripada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa-bahasa Romance">bahasa-bahasa Romance</a> moden. sejak peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_4_Mei" title="Gerakan 4 Mei">Gerakan 4 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a>, piawaian formal bagi penulisan bahasa Cina beralih kepada bentuk <i>báihuà</i> (白話/白话), atau Cina Vernakular, yang berdasarkan tatabahasa dan perbendaharaan kata Mandarin, maka dijadikannya sebagai <b>tulisan Cina baku</b>. </p><p>Aksara-aksara Cina merupakan aksara <b>logogram</b> berbentuk pembayang/maksud yang tidak tertakluk kepada sebutan perkataan. Maka, walaupun nombor satu disebut "yi" dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_(linguistik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin (linguistik)">Bahasa Mandarin</a>, "yat" dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">Bahasa Kantonis</a> dan "tsit" dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien" title="Bahasa Hokkien">Bahasa Hokkien</a>, ketiga-tiga sebutan itu berasal daripada sepatah perkataan Cina kuno dan masih berkongsi satu aksara yang sama ("一"). Sungguhpun demikian, daftar ejaan dialek-dialek Cina tidak seiras sepenuhnya dan banyak ketara perbezaannya. Tambahan pula, perbendaharaan kata dalam penulisan banyak dikongsi antara semua dialek, tetapi perbendaharaan kata pertuturan pula ada perbezaannya. Penulisan Cina mengikut pertuturan lazimnya melibatkan "aksara-aksara khusus dialek" yang mungkin tidak dapat difahami di dialek-dialek lain atau aksara-aksara yang dianggap kuno untuk penulisan Cina moden. </p><p>Bahasa Kantonis unik di kalangan dialek selain Mandarin dengan adanya standard penulisan berasaskan sebutan yang lusa dipakai, merangkumi sebilangan besar aksara tidak rasmi bagi perkataan yang khusus untuk variasi bahasa Cina ini. Sebaliknya, dialek-dialek lain tidak ada standard alternatif yang meluas sebegini. Penulisan dialek Kantonis berasaskan pertuturan biasa luas digunakan dalam ruang sembang dan khidmat penghantaran mesej segera oleh pengguna Internet <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, tetapi bagi komunikasi bertulis yang formal penutur bahasa ini masih memakai tulisan Cina baku. </p><p>Di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, adanya sebilangan wanita yang menulis bahasa mereka dalam tulisan Nü Shu, sejenis tulisan <i>syllabary</i> berhuruf bunyi suku kata (sejenis dengan <i>kana</i> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">bahasa Jepun</a>) yang dibentuk daripada <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">aksara Cina</a>. Bahasa Dungan yang dianggap variasi bahasa Mandarin, ditulis dalam <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Cyrillic">abjad Cyrillic</a> (yang dipakai dalam penulisan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Russia">Bahasa Russia</a>), memandangkan kaum Dungan tinggal di luar <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aksara_Cina_汉字"><span id="Aksara_Cina_.E6.B1.89.E5.AD.97"></span>Aksara Cina 汉字</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Aksara Cina 汉字" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Aksara Cina 汉字"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penulisan Bahasa Cina menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">aksara Cina</a> (漢字/汉字 Pinyin: <i>hànzì</i>), yang berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logogram</a>: setiap 'huruf'nya melambangkan suatu <b>morfim</b> (seunit dalam bahasa yang mempunyai maksud). </p><p>Bukan sahaja sebagai piktograf (<b>gambaran</b> yang membawa maksud), bahkan juga aksara Cina banyak membawa maksud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstrak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abstrak (laman tidak wujud)">abstrak</a>. Hanya beberapa aksara yang dibentuk daripada piktograf. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/100" title="100">100</a> Masihi, ilmuwan masyhur bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xushen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xushen (laman tidak wujud)">Xushen</a> sewaktu zaman <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Han" title="Dinasti Han">Dinasti Han</a> menggolongkan aksara-aksara kepada 6 jenis, cuma 4% daripadanya berbentuk piktograf, dan 82% yang lain sebagai gabungan fonetik yang terdiri daripada unsur <b>radikal</b> yang membayangkan maksud, serta unsur <b>fonetik</b> yang menunjukkan sebutan bagi aksara tersebut. </p><p>Semua aksara moden berasal daripada bentuk kaligrafi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaishu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaishu (laman tidak wujud)">Kaishu</a></i>. Terdapat dua piawaian bagi aksara Cina, iaitu: <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">aksara Cina tradisional</a>, yang digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau">Macau</a>; dan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Mudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Cina Mudah">aksara Cina diringkaskan</a> yang mula digunakan sejak <a href="/wiki/1950-an" title="1950-an">1950-an</a> di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Tanah Besar China</a>. Sistem aksara ringkas mengurangkan bilangan lejang (atau strok) bagi penulisan aksara serta mengurangkan bilangan aksara yang sama makna. <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> yang majoriti penduduknya <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Cina">bangsa Cina</a>, merupakan satu-satunya negara asing yang mengiktiraf dan merasmikan penggunaan aksara yang diringkaskan. Kaum Cina di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> juga menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Mudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Cina Mudah">aksara Cina diringkaskan</a> dalam pendidikan sekolah rendah jenis kebangsaan cina dan sekolah menengah persendirian yang menggunakan bahasa Cina sebagai bahasa pengantar. Kegiatan penerbitan bahasa Cina di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> juga mengutamakan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Mudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Cina Mudah">aksara Cina diringkaskan</a> . </p><p>Pelbagai gaya penulisan dipamerkan dalam seni <a href="/wiki/Kaligrafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaligrafi">kaligrafi</a> Cina, merangkumi <b>skrip cop mohor</b> (篆書, <i>zhuanshu</i>), <b>skrip rumput</b> atau <b>tulisan cepat</b> (草書, <i>caoshu</i>), <b>skrip rasmi</b> (隸書, <i>lishu</i>) dan <b>skrip standard</b> (楷書, <i>kaishu</i>). Artis kaligrafi boleh menulis dalam bentuk aksara tradisional atau diringkaskan, tetapi mereka agak menjurus kepada bentuk tradisional bagi seni tradisi lama. </p><p>Seperti <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Rumi" title="Abjad Rumi">abjad Rumi</a>, terdapat pelbagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukataip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukataip (laman tidak wujud)">mukataip</a> yang wujud untuk pencetakan bahasa Cina, yang mana sebilangan besarnya banyak berteraskan gaya-gaya artis individu atau sekolah-sekolah kaligrafi. </p><p>Tidak adanya catatan kukuh yang menceritakan asal-usul aksara Cina. Menurut lagenda, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cangjie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cangjie (laman tidak wujud)">Cangjie</a>, seorang bangsawan kepada maharaja <a href="/wiki/Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangdi">Huangdi</a> sekitar <a href="/w/index.php?title=2600_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2600 SM (laman tidak wujud)">2600 SM</a>, mencipta aksara Cina. Tetapi, bukti <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a>, terutamanya catatan-catatan nujum yang dijumpai sekitar <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a>-<a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20">ke-20</a>, cuma menjejaki asal-usul aksara Cina sehingga zaman <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Shang" title="Dinasti Shang">Dinasti Shang</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=1700_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1700 SM (laman tidak wujud)">1700 SM</a>. </p><p>Kebanyakan catatan tulang nujum yang dijumpai di <b>Yinxu</b> berasal daripada Dinasti Shang, dan terdapat juga catatan asalan <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Zhou" title="Dinasti Zhou">Dinasti Zhou</a>. Bentuk aksara Cina dalam catatan-catatan tersebut berubah dengan ketara dalam tempoh 200-300 tahun, dan para guru menjejaki masa catatan-catatan Shang kepada pemerintahnya melalui kandungannya, khususnya daripada nama pendeta yang menulis pada <a href="/wiki/Artifak" title="Artifak">artifak</a>-artifak cangkerang atau tulang haiwan. </p><p>Pada masa yang sama dengan akhir zaman Dinasti Shang dan Zhou Barat, terdapatnya catatan gangsa. Sepanjang abad yang lalu, banyak artifak gangsa ditemui di China. Artifak-artifak itu mengandungi teks berebntuk dedikasi yang dicatat oleh bangsawan Zhou, yang mana aksara-aksaranya menonjolkan persamaan dan pengubahsuaian berbanding dengan catatan nujum yang dibincangkan di atas. </p><p>Adalah dikatakan bahawa sewaktu zaman pemerintahan <b>Raja Zhou Xuan</b> (宣王 827-782 SM), bentuk aksara ditulis dikaji semula, maka dijadikannya bentuk tulisan yang bergelar <b>skrip cop mohor besar</b> atau <i>dazhuan</i> (大篆). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tatabahasa_汉语语法"><span id="Tatabahasa_.E6.B1.89.E8.AF.AD.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>Tatabahasa 汉语语法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Tatabahasa 汉语语法" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tatabahasa 汉语语法"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secara amnya, kesemua variasi bahasa Cina ditutur merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_berisolasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa berisolasi (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa berisolasi</a>, yang mana variasi-variasi tersebut bergantung kepada <a href="/wiki/Tatabahasa" title="Tatabahasa">tatabahasa</a> (susun kata dan struktur ayat) dan bukannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfologi (laman tidak wujud)">morfologi</a> (perubahan dalam bentuk perkataan melalui perubahan bunyi). Oleh itu, variasi-variasi tersebut banyak menggunakan partikel tatabahasa untuk melambangkan aspek dan penghayatan tatabahasa. </p><p>Bahasa Cina menampilkan susun kata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjek-Kerja-Objek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjek-Kerja-Objek (laman tidak wujud)">Subjek-Kerja-Objek</a>, dan seperti kebanyakan bahasa-bahasa Asia Timur yang lain, kerap membina ayat melalui binaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topik-komen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topik-komen (laman tidak wujud)">topik-komen</a>. Sungguhpun Bahasa Cina tidak ada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jantina_tatabahasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jantina tatabahasa (laman tidak wujud)">jantina tatabahasa</a>, namun adanya sistem <a href="/wiki/Penjodoh_bilangan" title="Penjodoh bilangan">penjodoh bilangan</a> yang menyeluruh, satu lagi ciri-ciri yang juga ada pada bahasa negara jiran (tetapi tidak tergolong dalam famili bahasa yang sama) seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">Bahasa Jepun</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">Korea</a>. Lihat <b><a href="/wiki/Penjodoh_bilangan_bahasa_Cina" title="Penjodoh bilangan bahasa Cina">penjodoh bilangan bahasa Cina</a></b> bagi liputan menyeluruh perihal ini. </p><p>Satu lagi ciri-ciri tatabahasa lain yang dikongsi semua variasi bahasa Cina ditutur merangkumi penggunaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Binaan_kat_kerja_serial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binaan kat kerja serial (laman tidak wujud)">binaan kat kerja serial</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengguguran_kata_ganti_nama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengguguran kata ganti nama (laman tidak wujud)">pengguguran kata ganti nama</a> (dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengguguran_subjek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengguguran subjek (laman tidak wujud)">pengguguran subjek</a>), serta penekanan kepada aspek berbanding tensa tatabahasa. </p><p>Walaupun tatabahasa pelbagai dialek Cina berkongsi banyak ciri-ciri, namun tidak kurangnya perbezaan di antaranya. Lihat <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatabahasa_Cina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatabahasa Cina (laman tidak wujud)">tatabahasa Cina</a></b> bagi merujuk kepada tatabahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin Baku">Mandarin Baku</a>, serta artikel-artikel dialek Cina yang lain bagi tatabahasa masing-masing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan_参见"><span id="Rujukan_.E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>Rujukan 参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan 参见" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan 参见"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>DeFrancis, John (1984) "The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy", University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0824810686" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1068-6</a></li> <li>Hannas, William C. (1997) "Asia's Orthographic Dilemma", University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/082481892X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1892-X</a></li> <li>Norman, Jerry (1988) "Chinese", Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0521296536" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-29653-6</a></li> <li>Ramsey, S. Robert (1987) "The Languages of China", Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/069101468X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-01468-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_Luar_外部链接"><span id="Pautan_Luar_.E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>Pautan Luar 外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan Luar 外部链接" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan Luar 外部链接"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> <i><b><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh:">Bahasa Cina</a></b></i>, ensiklopedia bebas</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamus_词典"><span id="Kamus_.E8.AF.8D.E5.85.B8"></span>Kamus 词典</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Kamus 词典" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kamus 词典"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekamus.info">Kamus Melayu Cina</a> mempunyai versi atas talian, perisan dan Android</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notariscimahi.co.id">Notaris Indonesia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dict.cn">Free Online Chinese - English Dictionary</a> 1,000,000 perkataan bahasa Inggeris dan Cina</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websaru.com">websaru English Chinese dictionary</a> free online dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhongwen.com">Zhongwen.com:</a> kamus Cina ke Inggeris dan sumber-sumber lain yang dipaparkan dalam bahasa inggeris; pencarian dalam makna bahasa inggeris; teks Cina dipaparkan dalam bentuk grafik (contohnya tidak memerlukan font Cina)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=chardict">MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chineselanguage.org/CCDICT/index.html">Chinese Characters Dictionary</a>: supports Japanese, Korean, Cantonese, Hakka etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asinah.net/china/indonesian.html">Kamus bahasa Cina/bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Chinese-english/">Chinese - English Dictionary</a>: from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org">Webster's Online Dictionary</a> - the Rosetta Edition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/chinese-french-dictionary.html">Chinese - French Dictionary</a> search Chinese, pinyin or French, 30 000 words</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandarintools.com/cedict.html">CEDICT</a> Chinese-English Dictionary Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english-to-chinese.online-dictionary.biz/">Chinese dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103013651/http://english-to-chinese.online-dictionary.biz/">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-01-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Free Chinese-English-Chinese dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stardict.sourceforge.net">Stardict</a> free (GPL) multilanguage dictionary including simplified/traditional Chinese for Unix (Linux, FreeBSD, etc.) and win32</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdict.giga.net.tw">English-Chinese Translation Dictionary</a>: Chinese-English-Chinese Online Dictionary (Taiwan-based; simplified characters not recognised)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/scripts/wordsearch.php">CantoDict</a>: Cantonese-English Dictionary Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/dictionary.html">chinese english interactive dictionary</a> search chinese, pinyin or english</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_pelajaran_bahasa_Cina">Sumber pelajaran bahasa Cina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber pelajaran bahasa Cina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber pelajaran bahasa Cina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-forums.com">Chinese Forums:</a>Discussion of Chinese language and culture with some very knowledgable participants, mostly intermediate or advanced learners of Chinese but also many native speakers / overseas Chinese.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnchinese.elanguageschool.net">Learn Chinese Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513054611/http://learnchinese.elanguageschool.net/">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-05-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Free Chinese Lessons.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinasona.com/bamboo/chinese.html">Chinese Language Information Page</a> A collection of Chinese language learning resources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shufawest.us/language/tonedrill.html">Mandarin Tone Drill</a> Testing your knowledge of Mandarin tones.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyinpractice.com/tones.htm">Pinyin Practice</a> Pinyin practice for Mandarin learners in all levels</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_Pengetahuan_Bahasa_Cina_Am">Sumber Pengetahuan Bahasa Cina Am</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber Pengetahuan Bahasa Cina Am" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber Pengetahuan Bahasa Cina Am"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zanhei.com/">Shanghainese (a Wu Chinese dialect)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228202809/http://www.zanhei.com/">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-12-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: a project to introduce and promote the Shanghai dialect. In the works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/">Chinese Linguistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050212151905/http://www.unet.univie.ac.at/~a9305416/">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-02-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Sites on Chinese linguistics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinolect.org">Sinolect: An introduction and observation to Wu Chinese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wu-chinese.org/">Wu-Chinese.org (江南雅音话吴语)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050804025049/http://www.wu-chinese.org/">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-08-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Introduction, statistical data, vocal records, dialectmaps and literature datum of Wu Chinese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.SatelliteTv-Shanghai.com/">Satellite Tv Programmes in Shanghai(卫星电视节目):</a> You can find dozens of Satellite Tv Programmes in Shanghai</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ezmandarin.com/">Easy Mandarin:</a> An online community with many learning aids for download.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270:">Listing of Chinese dialects in Ethnologue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wintranslation.com/articles/art04_0001_CHapproach.htm">Chinese translation:</a> The Best Approach for Chinese into English Translation! (article)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loecsen.com/travel/discover_pop.php?lang=en&to_lang=18&learn-Chinese/">Learn and listen to useful expressions in Chinese</a> Each expression is presented with an audio recording and an illustration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-tools.com">Chinese Tools</a> Tools for the chinese language, annotation, converters, dictionaries, on-line courses, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perisian_Komputer_Bahasa_Cina">Perisian Komputer Bahasa Cina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Perisian Komputer Bahasa Cina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perisian Komputer Bahasa Cina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scim-im.org/">SCIM input method platform</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319034930/http://www.scim-im.org/">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-03-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Free (GPL) tool for Chinese input via computer. SCIM supports almost all existing Chinese input methods, as well as other languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/ime.html">Chinese input editor</a> Allows you to write Chinese on your computer without installing any software</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dengsoft.com/">Software for Chinese Learning and Research</a> Provides software for Chinese studies like Chinese Article Evaluation, on-line Yuan Opera Information Sytem, and reviews open-source software for Chinese learning.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lain-lain">Lain-lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Lain-lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lain-lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=15769">What’s in a name? In Taiwan, group says a new word is needed for Jews</a> oleh Dan Bloom, diterbitkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency (laman tidak wujud)">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>, August 26, 2005</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bahasa_rasmi_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-bangsa_Bersatu_30px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bahasa_rasmi_PBB" title="Templat:Bahasa rasmi PBB"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Bahasa_rasmi_PBB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Bahasa rasmi PBB (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bahasa_rasmi_PBB&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bahasa_rasmi_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-bangsa_Bersatu_30px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bahasa rasmi <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-bangsa_Bersatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">Inggeris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" title="Bahasa Perancis">Perancis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sepanyol" title="Bahasa Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sumber: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/DGACM/faq_languages.htm">Laman Rasmi PBB</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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