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<li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSU_ambitions_to_become_a_nationwide_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSU_ambitions_to_become_a_nationwide_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>CSU ambitions to become a nationwide party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSU_ambitions_to_become_a_nationwide_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_in_2016–2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_in_2016–2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tensions in 2016–2021</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions_in_2016–2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2025_comeback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2025_comeback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2025 comeback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2025_comeback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forms of cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Group_in_the_Bundestag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_of_the_Group_in_the_Bundestag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leaders of the Group in the Bundestag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Group_in_the_Bundestag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Parliament_(Bundestag)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Parliament_(Bundestag)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Federal Parliament (<i>Bundestag</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Parliament_(Bundestag)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionsparteien" title="Unionsparteien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Unionsparteien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A_/_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="ائتلاف الاتحاد الديمقراطي المسيحي / الاتحاد الاجتماعي المسيحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ائتلاف الاتحاد الديمقراطي المسيحي / الاتحاد الاجتماعي المسيحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%94%D0%A1/%D0%A5%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ХДС/ХСС – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ХДС/ХСС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%94%D0%A1/%D0%A5%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ХДС/ХСС – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="ХДС/ХСС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="حزب اتحادیه (آلمان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب اتحادیه (آلمان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%98%A8" title="우니온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우니온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_CDU/CSU" title="Unione CDU/CSU – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%93%E1%83%99/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99" title="ქდკ/ქსკ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქდკ/ქსკ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(Duitsland)" title="Union (Duitsland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Union (Duitsland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%94%D0%A1/%D0%A5%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ХДС/ХСС – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ХДС/ХСС" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%94%D0%A3/%D0%A5%D0%A1%D0%A3" title="ХДУ/ХСУ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ХДУ/ХСУ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9" title="เซเดอู/เซเอ็สอู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซเดอู/เซเอ็สอู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CDU/CSU" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%94%D0%A1/%D0%A5%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ХДС/ХСС – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ХДС/ХСС" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%9B%9F/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%9B%9F" title="基民盟/基社盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基民盟/基社盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CDU%2FCSU%22">"CDU/CSU"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CDU%2FCSU%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CDU%2FCSU%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CDU%2FCSU%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CDU%2FCSU%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CDU%2FCSU%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #151518; border-bottom:2px solid #151518; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">CDU/CSU</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo-cdu-csu-2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Logo-cdu-csu-2024.svg/200px-Logo-cdu-csu-2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Logo-cdu-csu-2024.svg/300px-Logo-cdu-csu-2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Logo-cdu-csu-2024.svg/400px-Logo-cdu-csu-2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="82" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chairmen</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> (CDU)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Markus Söder</a> (CSU)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Parliamentary leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> (CDU/CSU Group)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1949<span class="noprint">; 76 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1949</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Union" title="Young Union">Young Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Alliance parties</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005973; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Blue (official)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Black (customary)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">208 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_State_Parliaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition of the German State Parliaments">State Parliaments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">605 / 1,894</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Germany_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Germany (European Parliament constituency)">European Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister-President_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President (Germany)">Heads of State Governments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 16</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cducsu.de">www<wbr />.cducsu<wbr />.de</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708725#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #151518;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>CDU/CSU</b>, unofficially the <b>Union parties</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Unionsparteien</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[uˈni̯oːnspaʁˌtaɪən]</a></span>) or the <b>Union</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">political alliance</a> of two <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU) and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU). </p><p>The CSU contests elections only in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, while the CDU operates in the other 15 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of Germany</a>. The CSU also reflects the particular concerns of the largely rural, Catholic <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">south</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the two Christian Democratic parties are commonly described as sister parties, they have shared a common parliamentary group, the CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group, in the German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (German: <i lang="de">CDU/CSU-Fraktion im Deutschen Bundestag</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> in 1949. According to German Federal Electoral Law, members of a parliamentary group which share the same basic political aims must not compete with one another in any federal state.<sup id="cite_ref-germanlawarchive_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germanlawarchive-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parties themselves officially remain completely independent with their own leadership and only few issue- or age-based joint organisations, which makes the alliance informal. However, in practice the committees of the parties harmonise their decisions with each other and the two parties run behind a common candidate for <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>, and the leader of one party is usually invited to party conventions of the other party. </p><p>Both the CDU and CSU are members of the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a>. Both parties sit in the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Union" title="Young Union">Young Union</a>, a common pupil organisation, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pupil_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pupil Union of Germany (page does not exist)">Pupil Union of Germany</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCler_Union_Deutschlands" class="extiw" title="de:Schüler Union Deutschlands">de</a>]</span>, a common student organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Christian_Democratic_Students" title="Association of Christian Democratic Students">Association of Christian Democratic Students</a> and a common <i><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand">Mittelstand</a></i> organisation, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mittelstand_and_Business_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mittelstand and Business association (page does not exist)">Mittelstand and Business association</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstands-_und_Wirtschaftsvereinigung" class="extiw" title="de:Mittelstands- und Wirtschaftsvereinigung">de</a>]</span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fa7406; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_democracy" title="Category:Christian democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/75px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/113px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/150px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">Cultural mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">Dignity of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">State</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Berggrav" title="Eivind Berggrav">Berggrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Dooyeweerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Nell-Breuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ozanam" title="Frédéric Ozanam">Ozanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pottier" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine Pottier">Pottier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Tischner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebba_Busch" title="Ebba Busch">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafcos_Clerides" title="Glafcos Clerides">Clerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami" title="Eddie Fenech Adami">Fenech Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Letta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lipinski" title="Dan Lipinski">Lipinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Pöttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Stegerwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Windthorst</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein)" title="Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies">Centre for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ideas_Network" title="European Ideas Network">European Ideas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Foundation_(European_People%27s_Party)" title="Robert Schuman Foundation (European People's Party)">Schuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #fa7406; border-bottom:1px solid #fa7406; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the CDU and the CSU were established after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and share a perspective based on <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and hold the dominant <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> position in the German political spectrum. The CSU is usually considered the de facto successor of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>–era <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> (BVP), which itself broke away from the all-German Catholic <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> (DZP) after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, but the CSU included also parts of the <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">Bavarian Peasants' League</a> and parts of the Bavarian wing of the DVP. However the CDU's foundation was the result of a major re-organisation of the centre-right political camp compared to the Weimar Republic. Although the CDU was largely built as the <i>de facto</i> successor of the Centre Party, it successfully opened out to non-Catholic Christians (many of them affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> until 1933) and successfully asserted itself as the only major conservative party (outside of Bavaria) against initial competition from other Catholic, Protestant or <a href="/wiki/National_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National conservative">national conservative</a> parties such as the <a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> during the early years of the Federal Republic. </p><p>The BVP became the sister party of the DZP and they did not compete against each other except for the <a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">May 1924 German federal election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1924_Bavarian_state_election" title="1924 Bavarian state election">1924 Bavarian state election</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925 German presidential election</a>. The DZP and BVP were mostly jointly represented at the Imperial governments. Similarly to the modern CDU/CSU split, the Bavarian People's Party was generally seen as the party further to the political right, as evidenced by the 1925 second round of the presidential election when the Center Party backed <a href="/wiki/Rhenish" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish">Rhenish</a> Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition">Weimar Coalition</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a> while the BVP made common cause with the monarchist and nationalist parties in backing Prussian <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">junker</a> and former general <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> despite him being a Protestant and the long-standing mutual animosity between Bavaria and Prussia. </p><p>For short periods of time, there existed </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_People%27s_Party_of_the_Saarland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian People's Party of the Saarland (page does not exist)">Christian People's Party of the Saarland</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christliche_Volkspartei_des_Saarlandes" class="extiw" title="de:Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes">de</a>]</span> as sister party of the CSU during the <a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957 West German federal election</a>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(East_Germany)" title="German Social Union (East Germany)">German Social Union</a> (DSU) as sister party of the CSU before the <a href="/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election" title="1990 East German general election">1990 East German general election</a>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)">East German CDU</a> as sister party of the CDU until the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> and</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baden_Christian-Social_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baden Christian-Social People's Party (page does not exist)">Baden Christian-Social People's Party</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badische_Christlich-Soziale_Volkspartei" class="extiw" title="de:Badische Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei">de</a>]</span> until 1947.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Germany" title="Alliance for Germany">Alliance for Germany</a> was a coalition for the <a href="/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election" title="1990 East German general election">1990 East German general election</a> consisting of the CDU, the DSU and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Awakening">Democratic Awakening</a> which merged into the CDU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSU_ambitions_to_become_a_nationwide_party">CSU ambitions to become a nationwide party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CSU ambitions to become a nationwide party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F048763-0024,_M%C3%BCnchen,_CSU-Parteitag,_Strau%C3%9F,_Kohl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F048763-0024%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_CSU-Parteitag%2C_Strau%C3%9F%2C_Kohl.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F048763-0024%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_CSU-Parteitag%2C_Strau%C3%9F%2C_Kohl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F048763-0024%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_CSU-Parteitag%2C_Strau%C3%9F%2C_Kohl.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F048763-0024%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_CSU-Parteitag%2C_Strau%C3%9F%2C_Kohl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F048763-0024%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_CSU-Parteitag%2C_Strau%C3%9F%2C_Kohl.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F048763-0024%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_CSU-Parteitag%2C_Strau%C3%9F%2C_Kohl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>CSU party rally in June 1976. On the right <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauß</a>, the CSU leader since 1961, on the left <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, leader of the federal CDU since 1973 and main candidate for the <a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">general elections in October 1976</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1970s and then again after 2015, several CSU leaders have expressed the wish to make the CSU a truly independent party without formal ties to the CDU. Usually they combined this wish with an expansion to the rest of Germany. </p><p>After 1969, CDU and CSU were in the opposition in the Bundestag. CDU leader Kohl wanted to win the liberal <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> again for a coalition with the CDU/CSU, while the CSU leader Strauß had different plans. He aimed for a right wing majority without the FDP. Additionally, Strauß thought little of the current CDU leader Kohl, a more moderate Christian Democrat. </p><p>Strauß believed that CDU and CSU should be separate national parties to address different audience: the CDU the moderate, social and liberal voters, the CSU the conservative voters. After the elections they should still form a government together. </p><p>In 1975, the federal CDU declared Kohl to be the next CDU/CSU chancellor candidate for the 1976 general elections – without consulting the CSU.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kohl did well in the elections on October 3, 1976, although <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> and FDP had still enough seats to continue their coalition. Kohl decided to leave his post as prime minister of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate for the chairmanship of the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Wildbad_Kreuth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Wildbad_Kreuth.jpg/220px-A_Wildbad_Kreuth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Wildbad_Kreuth.jpg/330px-A_Wildbad_Kreuth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Wildbad_Kreuth.jpg/440px-A_Wildbad_Kreuth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hans-Seidel-Stiftung</a> is a political foundation linked to the CSU. From 1975 to 2016, it had an educational centre in this building in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Kreuth" title="Kreuth">Kreuth</a>, close to the Austrian border. For decades, <i>spirit of Kreuth</i> was a reference to an independent, conservative CSU.</figcaption></figure> <p>In November that year, the 49 CSU Bundestag members gathered in the party's educational centre in <a href="/wiki/Kreuth" title="Kreuth">Wildbad Kreuth</a>, Southern Bavaria. 30 of them voted for a proposal to form a CSU Bundestag parliamentary group of its own. CDU leader Kohl was informed only later via the media.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 'Kreuth separation decision' <i>(Kreuther Trennungsbeschluss)</i> was a major political earthquake and caused the CDU to react swiftly and resolutely. Kohl threatened the CSU by preparing the creation of a CDU party organization in Bavaria. In March 1977, the <i>CDU Bayern</i> was supposed to be founded in Nuremberg.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the conflict, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktionsgemeinschaft_Vierte_Partei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktionsgemeinschaft Vierte Partei (page does not exist)">Aktionsgemeinschaft Vierte Partei</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bund_Freies_Deutschland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bund Freies Deutschland (page does not exist)">Bund Freies Deutschland</a> (West-Berlin), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christlich_Soziale_W%C3%A4hler_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christlich Soziale Wähler Union (page does not exist)">Christlich Soziale Wähler Union</a> (Saarland), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Union (page does not exist)">Deutsche Union</a> (North Rhine-Westphalia) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partei_Freier_B%C3%BCrger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partei Freier Bürger (page does not exist)">Partei Freier Bürger</a> (Bremen) were founded. On 12 December 1976, the vote was rescinded after the CDU had threatened in turn to form local associations within Bavaria and to run in Bavarian elections against the CSU. </p><p>Strauß himself polemicised against Kohl in a closed CSU meeting on November 24 (this <i><a href="/wiki/Wienerwald_(restaurant)" title="Wienerwald (restaurant)">Wienerwald</a> speech</i> was leaked, and published on November 29 in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That Helmut Kohl will never become chancellor. Being 90 he will write his memoirs: 'I was chancellor candidate for 40 years; lessons and experiences from bitter times.' The last chapter written maybe in Siberia or elsewhere.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Franz Josef Strauß<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>It turned out that most local CSU leaders and also conservative CDU state leaders did not approve a separation between CSU and CDU. The CSU Bundestag members revoked their decision. On December 7, the CDU/CSU Bundestag group elected Kohl as its chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Strauß was the joint CDU/CSU chancellor candidate and lost more than 4 percent of the votes. This ended his ambitions for a federal CSU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensions_in_2016–2021"><span id="Tensions_in_2016.E2.80.932021"></span>Tensions in 2016–2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tensions in 2016–2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Merkel_mit_Horst_Seehofer_1738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Angela_Merkel_mit_Horst_Seehofer_1738.jpg/220px-Angela_Merkel_mit_Horst_Seehofer_1738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Angela_Merkel_mit_Horst_Seehofer_1738.jpg/330px-Angela_Merkel_mit_Horst_Seehofer_1738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Angela_Merkel_mit_Horst_Seehofer_1738.jpg/440px-Angela_Merkel_mit_Horst_Seehofer_1738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Munich scandal</i> of November 2015: <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a>, CSU leader and Bavarian minister-president, with CDU leader and chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, at the 2015 CSU party rally. At this occasion, Seehofer humiliated his guest by letting her stand next to him for minutes while he lamented her liberal politics with regard to refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2000–2018), the CDU left some right wing positions behind and shifted more to the political centre. Especially the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 refugee crisis</a> divided the German population and caused conflict between the CDU and the CSU. </p><p>Therefore, a federal CSU was discussed again among party members and journalists. For example conservative <i>Welt</i> columnist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansgar_Graw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansgar Graw (page does not exist)">Ansgar Graw</a> wrote in 2016 that CDU and CSU lost its stance as a <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> party. As Merkel's CDU could not move to the right without losing credibility, Graw called the CSU to become a federal party, a right wing party that rigorously deports asylum seekers without right to stay.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, former CSU leader <a href="/wiki/Theo_Waigel" title="Theo Waigel">Theo Waigel</a> warned against a separate election campaign. In such a campaign, CDU and CSU would fight much more each other than the rest of the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_German_government_crisis" title="2018 German government crisis">2018 German government crisis</a></div> <p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior,_Building_and_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community">Interior Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a>, a former Minister-President of Bavaria and the leader of the CSU, opposed CDU <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>'s policy on Syrian refugees in Germany. Seehofer hoped to place restrictions on incoming refugees, many of whom enter the country through Bavaria. His stance was seen as being in part motivated by the <a href="/wiki/2018_Bavarian_state_election" title="2018 Bavarian state election">2018 Bavarian state election</a> in which it was feared that the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> would make gains. The dispute threatened to bring down the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet" title="Fourth Merkel cabinet">Merkel government</a> which relied on the CSU for its parliamentary majority as Seehofer had indicated his resignation on 2 July, but he already rescinded it a day later after an agreement over the issue between the coalition parties (the CDU, the CSU and the SPD) had been reached.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, CDU and CSU Bundestag members held separate meetings on the topic of refugees, which was highly unusual. A fake Twitter account announced that CSU leader <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Seehofer</a> had abolished the CDU/CSU alliance and that CDU vice chair <a href="/wiki/Volker_Bouffier" title="Volker Bouffier">Bouffier</a> had called for a CDU in Bavaria. Many journalists published the news, which was interpreted by the <i>Merkur</i> as a sign that such events are considered no longer absurd or unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist Heinrich Oberreuter did not believe in Seehofer's threat to expand the CSU to the rest of Germany. Both parties aim essentially for the same voters. As separate parties in the general elections both would lose voters. The CSU would lose its unique selling point as a Bavarian party. With a CDU in Bavaria, the CSU would fall from 47 to 30 percent in Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A federal CSU was again discussed prior to the general elections of 2021. CSU leader <a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Markus Söder</a> was unhappy about the CDU decision to declare CDU leader Armin Laschet the chancellor candidate and successor of Angela Merkel. In September 2020, the CSU created online memberships for people not living in Bavaria. A survey in May 2021 foresaw that a federal CSU may win at least 9 percent of the votes, especially in Eastern Germany and among FDP voters.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both parties suffered heavy losses in elections after 2017. In the Bavarian state elections of October 2018, the CSU lost 10.5 percent. With 37.2 percent, this was its worst election result since 1950. In the federal elections of 2021, the CDU lost 7.9 percent and the CSU 1.0 percent of the (party list) votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2025_comeback">2025 comeback</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2025 comeback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election">2025 German federal election</a></div> <p>Following the federal election which was held <a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election">on February 23, 2025</a>, the CDU was projected to recapture the most seat in the German parliament, thus returning the CDU/CSU alliance to the power. CDU leader <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> will also serve as the German chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_stances">Political stances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CDU and the CSU usually only differ slightly in their political stances. The CSU is usually considered more socially conservative (especially on family issues, e.g. the CSU favors providing infants' parents with compensation (Betreuungsgeld) if they intend not to use the public day nursery system to work<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the CDU favors public funding of day nurseries). The CSU government in Bavaria has implemented one of the strictest <a href="/wiki/Ladenschlussgesetz" title="Ladenschlussgesetz">regulations for shopping hours in Germany</a> in order to protect employees. The CSU also strongly opposed ideas of an income unrelated system of contributions to public health insurances, a proposal which met a lot of approval in the CDU in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CSU politicians often make their mark as self-declared defenders of Bavaria's state rights and cultural independence from federal or <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> bureaucrats, even in times of conservative federal governments or conservative presidents of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">European Commission</a>. In 1998, then-Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> of the CDU had to pressure the CSU intensely not to veto the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as the new currency in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the name euro was the idea of former CSU chairman <a href="/wiki/Theo_Waigel" title="Theo Waigel">Theo Waigel</a>, who served as finance minister when the euro was introduced and held a very pro-European position in contrast to the Bavarian government of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a>. Since 2016, the CSU has strongly been advocating the idea of a maximum number (Obergrenze) of 200,000 people per year to limit the number of asylum seekers. This is opposed by the CDU because they claim that it is impossible to limit the number through border control.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While both parties officially identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Christianity" title="Non-denominational Christianity">non-denominational Christian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Catholic</a> influence on the CSU is stronger than that on the CDU since Bavaria is predominantly Catholic while Christians in Germany as a whole are approximately equally balanced between Catholics and Protestants. There are nevertheless strong regional differences within Bavaria and Germany as a whole with large predominantly Protestant areas in northern Bavaria and large predominantly Catholic areas in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and South Western Germany having a strong effect on CDU state politicians. <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>'s former CDU Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a> heavily opposed same-sex marriages in July 2017 while the CDU in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> was in favor, with Saarland having the largest share of Catholic Christians in any German state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_cooperation">Forms of cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forms of cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDU and CSU are two separate parties with separate organization. While the CDU is a federal party with members and local affiliations in 15 of the 16 German states, the CSU has members and affiliations only in Bavaria. (CSU online members live outside of Bavaria but have no vote within the party.) Also, the CDU runs only in regional and local elections outside of Bavaria. Both parties do have party lists for the general (federal) elections to the Bundestag: the CDU has 15 lists in each of the 15 non-Bavarian states, the CSU only in Bavaria. </p><p>Since 1972, both parties agreed a joint election manifesto for the federal elections. Sometimes the CSU additionally published a manifesto of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties always gather behind a joint candidate for the chancellorship. There is no approved procedure to select this candidate, creating tensions between both parties from time to time. During the federal campaign, the CSU may decide to present mainly Bavarian candidates on the election posters and not the CDU joint chancellor candidate,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the popular candidates of the CDU may decide not to show up in the Bavarian campaign. </p><p>Both parties together form a parliamentary group (<i>Fraktion</i>) in the Bundestag. Such a <i>Fraktionsgemeinschaft</i> is legal because both parties are no competition of each other during the elections (the voters can nowhere decide between a CDU and a CSU candidate). The <i>Fraktionsgemeinschaft</i> (parliamentary group alliance) works on the basis of a <i>Fraktionsvertrag</i> (parliamentary group agreement) with some special provisions for the CSU, e.g. with regard to speaking time in the Bundestag. </p><p>The parliamentary group has one chair and one or more vice chairs (12 in the 2021 Bundestag). The chair has always been a CDU member. The First Deputy chair is <i>ex officio</i> the leader of the <i>CSU-Landesgruppe</i>. The <i>Fraktion</i> is divided into 16 <i>Landesgruppen</i> (state groups), comprising the <i>Fraktion</i> members per state. The <i>CSU-Landesgruppenchef</i> is considered one of the most prolific members of the Bundestag parliamentary group. Historically, most of these politicians have become members of the federal government. </p><p>CDU and CSU always take part in coalition negotiations together, although they behave like two different parties. Both parties join a federal government coalition together; there has never been only one of them in government. At least one major government department is 'given' to the CSU. In the past, the CSU often lead the departments for postal services (when this ministry still existed), transportation, constructions, or agriculture. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">European elections</a>, CDU and CSU have separate party lists. In the European Parliament, they form a group within the parliamentary group of the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders_of_the_Group_in_the_Bundestag">Leaders of the Group in the Bundestag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leaders of the Group in the Bundestag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> (1949–1955; 1961–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a> (1955–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> (1964–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a> (1973–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> (1976–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dregger" title="Alfred Dregger">Alfred Dregger</a> (1982–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2002–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Kauder" title="Volker Kauder">Volker Kauder</a> (2005–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brinkhaus" title="Ralph Brinkhaus">Ralph Brinkhaus</a> (2018–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Parliament_(Bundestag)"><span id="Federal_Parliament_.28Bundestag.29"></span>Federal Parliament (<i>Bundestag</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Federal Parliament (Bundestag)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Election </th> <th rowspan="3" colspan="2">Chancellor candidate </th> <th colspan="4">CDU </th> <th colspan="4">CSU </th> <th colspan="3">CDU/CSU </th> <th rowspan="3">Status </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Constituency </th> <th colspan="2">Party list </th> <th colspan="2">Constituency </th> <th colspan="2">Party list </th> <th rowspan="2">% </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats </th> <th rowspan="2">+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a> </th> <td rowspan="10" style="background-color: #151518"> </td> <td rowspan="5" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (CDU) </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>5,978,636 </td> <td>25.2 </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>1,380,448 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>31.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">139 / 402</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a> </th> <td>9,577,659 </td> <td>34.8 </td> <td>10,016,594 </td> <td>36.4 </td> <td>2,450,286 </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>2,427,387 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>45.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">249 / 509</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 110</span> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">11,975,400 </td> <td rowspan="2">39.7 </td> <td rowspan="2">11,875,339 </td> <td rowspan="2">39.7 </td> <td rowspan="2">3,186,150 </td> <td rowspan="2">10.6 </td> <td rowspan="2">3,133,060 </td> <td rowspan="2">10.5 </td> <td rowspan="2">50.2 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">277 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957–1960)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960–1961)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a> </th> <td>11,622,995 </td> <td>36.3 </td> <td>11,283,901 </td> <td>35.8 </td> <td>3,104,742 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>3,014,471 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td>45.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">251 / 521</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (CDU) </td> <td rowspan="2">12,631,319 </td> <td rowspan="2">38.9 </td> <td rowspan="2">12,387,562 </td> <td rowspan="2">38.0 </td> <td rowspan="2">3,204,648 </td> <td rowspan="2">9.9 </td> <td rowspan="2">3,136,506 </td> <td rowspan="2">9.6 </td> <td rowspan="2">47.6 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">251 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–1966)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966–1969)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> (CDU) </td> <td>12,137,148 </td> <td>37.1 </td> <td>12,079,535 </td> <td>36.6 </td> <td>3,094,176 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>3,115,652 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>46.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">250 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> (CDU) </td> <td>13,304,813 </td> <td>35.7 </td> <td>13,190,837 </td> <td>35.2 </td> <td>3,620,625 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>3,615,183 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>44.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">234 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> (CDU) </td> <td>14,423,157 </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td>14,367,302 </td> <td>38.0 </td> <td>4,008,514 </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>4,027,499 </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>48.6 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">254 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: #008AC5"> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> (CSU) </td> <td rowspan="2">13,467,207 </td> <td rowspan="2">35.6 </td> <td rowspan="2">12,989,200 </td> <td rowspan="2">34.2 </td> <td rowspan="2">3,941,365 </td> <td rowspan="2">10.4 </td> <td rowspan="2">3,908,459 </td> <td rowspan="2">10.3 </td> <td rowspan="2">44.5 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">237 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–82)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982–83)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a> </th> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color: #151518"> </td> <td rowspan="5" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> (CDU) </td> <td>15,943,460 </td> <td>41.0 </td> <td>14,857,680 </td> <td>38.1 </td> <td>4,318,800 </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>4,140,865 </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>48.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">255 / 520</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a> </th> <td>14,168,527 </td> <td>37.5 </td> <td>13,045,745 </td> <td>34.4 </td> <td>3,859,244 </td> <td>10.2 </td> <td>3,715,827 </td> <td>9.8 </td> <td>44.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">234 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 21 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a> </th> <td>17,707,574 </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td>17,055,116 </td> <td>36.7 </td> <td>3,423,904 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>3,302,980 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>43.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">319 / 662</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 85 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a> </th> <td>17,473,325 </td> <td>37.2 </td> <td>16,089,960 </td> <td>34.2 </td> <td>3,657,627 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>3,427,196 </td> <td>7.3 </td> <td>41.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">294 / 672</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 25 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a> </th> <td>15,854,215 </td> <td>32.2 </td> <td>14,004,908 </td> <td>28.4 </td> <td>3,602,472 </td> <td>7.3 </td> <td>3,324,480 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>35.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">245 / 669</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 49 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #008AC5"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a> (CSU) </td> <td>15,336,512 </td> <td>32.1 </td> <td>14,167,561 </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td>4,311,178 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td>4,315,080 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td>38.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">248 / 603</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a> </th> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color: #151518"> </td> <td rowspan="4" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (CDU) </td> <td>15,390,950 </td> <td>32.6 </td> <td>13,136,740 </td> <td>27.8 </td> <td>3,889,990 </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>3,494,309 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>35.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">226 / 614</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 22 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a> </th> <td>13,856,674 </td> <td>32.0 </td> <td>11,828,277 </td> <td>27.3 </td> <td>3,191,000 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>2,830,238 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">239 / 622</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a> </th> <td>16,233,642 </td> <td>37.2 </td> <td>14,921,877 </td> <td>34.1 </td> <td>3,544,079 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>3,243,569 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>41.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">311 / 631</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 72 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a> </th> <td>14,027,804 </td> <td>30.2 </td> <td>12,445,832 </td> <td>26.8 </td> <td>3,255,604 </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>2,869,744 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>32.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">246 / 709</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 65 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a> (CDU) </td> <td>10,445,571 </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td>8,770,980 </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>2,787,904 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>2,402,826 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>24.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">197 / 735</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 50 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election">2025</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> (CDU) </td> <td>12,601,967 </td> <td>25.5 </td> <td>11,194,700 </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td>3,271,730 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>2,963,732 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">208 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="skin-invert no table-no2"><abbr title="To be announced">TBA</abbr> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="2">CDU </th> <th colspan="2">CSU </th> <th colspan="3">CDU/CSU </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a> </th> <td>10,883,085 </td> <td>39.1 (#2) </td> <td>2,817,120 </td> <td>10.1 (#3) </td> <td>49.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 78</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a> </th> <td>9,308,411 </td> <td>37.5 (#1) </td> <td>2,109,130 </td> <td>8.5 (#3) </td> <td>46.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">39 / 78</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a> </th> <td>8,332,846 </td> <td>29.5 (#2) </td> <td>2,326,277 </td> <td>8.2 (#4) </td> <td>37.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">31 / 78</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a> </th> <td>11,346,073 </td> <td>32.0 (#2) </td> <td>2,393,374 </td> <td>6.8 (#4) </td> <td>38.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">47 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a> </th> <td>10,628,224 </td> <td>39.3 (#1) </td> <td>2,540,007 </td> <td>9.4 (#4) </td> <td>48.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">53 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a> </th> <td>9,412,997 </td> <td>36.5 (#1) </td> <td>2,063,900 </td> <td>8.0 (#4) </td> <td>44.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">49 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a> </th> <td>8,071,391 </td> <td>30.7 (#1) </td> <td>1,896,762 </td> <td>7.2 (#6) </td> <td>37.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a> </th> <td>8,807,500 </td> <td>30.0 (#1) </td> <td>1,567,258 </td> <td>5.3 (#6) </td> <td>35.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">34 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a> </th> <td>8,437,093 </td> <td>22.6 (#1) </td> <td>2,354,816 </td> <td>6.3 (#5) </td> <td>28.9 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany">2024</a> </th> <td>9,431,567 </td> <td>23.7 (#1) </td> <td>2,513,300 </td> <td>6.3 (#5) </td> <td>30.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; color:inherit; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestantism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholicism in Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media 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class="reference-text">Since 2021</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.rtl.lu/news/science-and-environment/a/1411254.html">"Austria Greens in spotlight after strong election gains"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RTL_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_L%C3%ABtzebuerg" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg">RTL</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 30 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTL&rft.atitle=Austria+Greens+in+spotlight+after+strong+election+gains&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.rtl.lu%2Fnews%2Fscience-and-environment%2Fa%2F1411254.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Ezrow2011" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence Ezrow (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wthzLK6m8gC&pg=PA320">"Electoral systems and party responsiveness"</a>. In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). <i>Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19519-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19519-8"><bdi>978-3-642-19519-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electoral+systems+and+party+responsiveness&rft.btitle=Political+Economy+of+Institutions%2C+Democracy+and+Voting&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-19519-8&rft.au=Lawrence+Ezrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wthzLK6m8gC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlipour2023" class="citation news cs1">Alipour, Nick (11 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/road-to-the-chancellery-german-conservatives-battle-for-top-position/">"Road to the chancellery: German conservatives battle for top position"</a>. <i>Euractiv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Road+to+the+chancellery%3A+German+conservatives+battle+for+top+position&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft.aulast=Alipour&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Froad-to-the-chancellery-german-conservatives-battle-for-top-position%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/germany/159.htm">"Christian Democrat Union/Christian Social Union"</a>. Country Studies, Germany. Retrieved 18 December 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/groups/cducsu-group/245714">"Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) parliamentary group"</a>. German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Democratic+Union%2FChristian+Social+Union+%28CDU%2FCSU%29+parliamentary+group&rft.pub=German+Bundestag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fparlament%2Ffraktionen%2Fcducsu%2Fcducsu%2F245192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-germanlawarchive-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-germanlawarchive_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=228">"Federal Electoral Law"</a>. German Law Archive. Retrieved 18 December 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Peter Schwarz: Helmut Kohl. Eine politische Biographie. DVA, Munich 2012, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Peter Schwarz: Helmut Kohl. Eine politische Biographie. DVA, Munich 2012, pp. 249/250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Peter Schwarz: Helmut Kohl. Eine politische Biographie. DVA, Munich 2012, pp. 251–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich August Winkler: <i>Der lange Weg nach Westen: Deutsche Geschichte vom «Dritten Reich» bis zur Wiedervereinigung.</i> 4th edition. Volume 2. C. H. Beck, Munich 2002,, pp. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Peter Schwarz: Helmut Kohl. Eine politische Biographie. DVA, Munich 2012, pp. 254/256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Birnbaum: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/horst-seehofer-gegen-angela-merkel-der-eklat-von-muenchen/12620372.html">Der Eklat von München</a>. In: tagesspiegel, 20th November 2015, last seen 9th May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ansgar Graw: <i>Lasst die CSU bundesweit antreten! In: Welt Online.</i> 16 October 2017, last seen 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Waigel nennt bundesweite CSU "Katastrophe für die Union"</i>. In: Tagesspiegel. 12 May 2017, last seen 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kingsley, Patrick (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/world/europe/germany-merkel-coalition.html">"As Europe's Liberal Order Splinters, Trump Wields an Ax"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Neumann: <i>"Dann können wir das Licht ausmachen": CSU-Politiker hoffen und bangen im Asyl-Streit</i>. In: Merkur.de. 16 June 2018, last seen 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Experte: "Bundesweite Ausdehnung würde die CSU 15 Prozent in Bayern kosten".</i> In: Focus.de. 12 June 2018, last seen 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>CSU käme auf mindestens 9 Prozent.</i> In: FAZ.net. dpa, 4 May 2021, last seen 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/german-exit-polls-clear-win-171847620.html?fr=yhssrp_catchall">"German exit polls: Clear win for Merz's centre-right CDU/CSU"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+exit+polls%3A+Clear+win+for+Merz%27s+centre-right+CDU%2FCSU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fgerman-exit-polls-clear-win-171847620.html%3Ffr%3Dyhssrp_catchall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/23/europe/german-election-results-cdu-afd-intl/index.html">"Merz warns Europe should seek 'independence' from US after conservatives win German election - and far-right support surges"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merz+warns+Europe+should+seek+%27independence%27+from+US+after+conservatives+win+German+election+-+and+far-right+support+surges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2025%2F02%2F23%2Feurope%2Fgerman-election-results-cdu-afd-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csu.de/aktuell/meldungen/februar-2017/betreuungsgeld-ein-voller-erfolg/">"Care money a complete success"</a>. <i>csu.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=csu.de&rft.atitle=Care+money+a+complete+success&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csu.de%2Faktuell%2Fmeldungen%2Ffebruar-2017%2Fbetreuungsgeld-ein-voller-erfolg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/kopfpauschale-gestoppt-csu-schicksalstage-der-regierung-merkel-1.953512-2">"CDU health experts Spahn: Reform is an opportunity for black and yellow"</a>. <i>sueddeutsche.de</i> (in German). 3 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4917">0174-4917</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sueddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=CDU+health+experts+Spahn%3A+Reform+is+an+opportunity+for+black+and+yellow&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.issn=0174-4917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fkopfpauschale-gestoppt-csu-schicksalstage-der-regierung-merkel-1.953512-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirtgen1997" class="citation news cs1">Wirtgen, Klaus (13 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-8799032.html">"The Stoiber system"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. Vol. 42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=The+Stoiber+system&rft.volume=42&rft.date=1997-10-13&rft.aulast=Wirtgen&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-8799032.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/1.5128123">"CSU chief Seehofer pounds on upper limit"</a>. <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i>. 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=CSU+chief+Seehofer+pounds+on+upper+limit&rft.date=2017-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2F1.5128123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDU%2FCSU" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hss.de/archiv/parteiprogramme/programme-zu-den-bundestagswahlen/">CSU-Programme zu den Bundestagswahlen</a>, Hans-Seidel-Stiftung, last seen 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luisa Billmayer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fr.de/politik/markus-soeder-armin-laschet-wahlkampf-bundestagswahl-bayern-csu-cdu-90578049.html">"Nicht nur den Armin zeigen": Söder will für die Bundestagswahl offenbar auch eigene Plakate</a>. In: Frankfurter Rundschau, 16 May 2021, last seen 9 May 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cducsu.de">CDU/CSU-Fraktion im Deutschen Bundestag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraktionsprotokolle.de/">Minutes of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group from the 1st to the 7th legislative period (1949–1976)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Germany2100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_political_parties" title="Template:German political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_political_parties" title="Template talk:German political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Germany2100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><br />(733 seats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (206)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (117)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Seidler" title="Stefan Seidler">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">BD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uwe_Witt" title="Uwe Witt">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dirk_Spaniel" title="Dirk Spaniel">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the<br /><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a><br />(96 seats for Germany)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">FW</a> (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">PMUT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Everding" title="Sebastian Everding">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">ÖDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manuela_Ripa" title="Manuela Ripa">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helmut_Geuking" title="Helmut Geuking">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Progress_(Germany)" title="Party of Progress (Germany)">Party of Progress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lukas_Sieper" title="Lukas Sieper">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the<br />16 <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">state parliaments</a><br />(1,893 seats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (458, 16/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (523, 15/16, not in Bavaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (275, 14/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (291, 13/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (80, 9/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (66, 7/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (47, 6/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">FW</a> (44, 3/16)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regional parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (85; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (4; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">BD</a> (7; in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Rakicky" class="extiw" title="de:Jozef Rakicky">1</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor parties<br />(without representation<br />at the state level or above)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_C_%E2%80%93_Christians_for_Germany" title="Alliance C – Christians for Germany">Alliance C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Human_Rights,_Animal_and_Nature_Protection" title="Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection">Animal Protection Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Pogo_Party_of_Germany" title="Anarchist Pogo Party of Germany">APPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Alliance" title="Basic Income Alliance">Basic Income Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergpartei,_die_%C3%9CberPartei" title="Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei">Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrechtsbewegung_Solidarit%C3%A4t" title="Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität">BüSo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_United_Civic_Movements/Free_Voters" title="Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters">BVB/FW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_Diversity_and_Awakening" title="Democratic Alliance for Diversity and Awakening">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Motion" title="Democracy in Motion">Democracy in Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">dieBasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(East_Germany)" title="German Social Union (East Germany)">DSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Party_of_Germany" title="Feminist Party of Germany">Feminist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaking_up_Parliament_%E2%80%93_Voice_of_the_Last_Generation" title="Shaking up Parliament – Voice of the Last Generation">Last Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Reason" title="Party of Reason">Party of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Germany)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Germany)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statt_Party" title="Statt Party">Statt Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">The Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">The Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Urbane._Eine_HipHop_Partei" title="Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei">The Urbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Rejuvenation_Research" title="Party for Rejuvenation Research">Verjüngungsforschung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wir_B%C3%BCrger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wir Bürger">Wir Bürger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Notes: <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>CDU</b>: does not participate in state elections in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, an associated party <b>CSU</b> participates here.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>AfD</b>: is currently not in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>The Greens</b>: are currently not in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Thuringia</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>FDP</b>: is currently only in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, Bremen, Hamburg, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, and Schleswig-Holstein.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>The Left</b>: is currently only in the state parliaments of Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Saxony</a>, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>BSW</b>: is currently only in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Berlin</a>, Brandenburg, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony, and Thuringia.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>FW</b>: is currently only in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony; does not participate in state elections in <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, an associated party <b>BVB/FW</b> participates here.</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708725#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708725#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata388" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708725#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/63149066349365600440">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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